Rocket consonant voiced sounds. Voiced consonants. Unpaired voiced consonants
All consonant sounds in Russian are divided into hard and soft, and deaf and voiced. What is the difference between voiced consonants? Our article answers this question.
How voiced sounds are formed
In the process of formation of a consonant sound, not only the voice is involved, but also various noises. They arise due to the fact that various barriers form in the mouth, which are then overcome by the air flow. For example, when pronouncing the sound [b], we close our lips, and the exhaled air breaks this barrier with force.
The children studying the Russian language in the third grade distinguish sounds by deafness-voicedness only in the indicated way. But sometimes schoolchildren in grades 5-6 still distinguish sonorous (very sonorous) and hissing. In the latter there is no voice at all - only noise (with the exception of Zh).
For example, a voiced consonant at the beginning of the word "lynx" is sonorous, and a voiceless consonant at the beginning of the word "pike" is hissing.
The sonorous consonants "l" and "r" can even take on some of the functions of a vowel and form a syllable. This happens, for example, in the word "meaning" (which is why it is sometimes erroneously spelled "meaning").
How to distinguish a ringing sound
There are several signs by which a voiced consonant can be distinguished.
You can pronounce the sound aloud by placing your hand on the throat in the region of the vocal cords; if vibration is felt, the sound is sonorous.
You can simply memorize voiceless and voiced consonants. Or remember, relying on pairs of deafness-voicedness.
There are mnemonic formulas that allow you to remember voiceless and voiced. This is a phrase or word where all sounds are either deaf or voiced. Let us give examples of such formulas.
- Deaf: Styopka, do you want a cabbage? - Fi. (In this phrase, all sounds are deaf)
- voiced: Normal (only sonorants)
Paired and unpaired voiced consonants
Most voiced consonants form voiceless-voiced pairs. In the table below, the top row shows all ringing sounds, and in the lower - paired them are deaf. If there is a dash in one or another row, then the sound is unpaired.
Voicing and stun
In the flow of speech, sounds depend on their "neighbors", so they can change their quality under the influence of the environment.
In Russian, several phenomena are possible:
- Stun
- Assimilation(similarity) by deafness-voicedness.
Stunning occurs at the end of a word. A voiced consonant at the absolute end of a word is pronounced as its voiceless pair. For example, [gr'ip] (mushroom).
Assimilation occurs in the middle of a word. In Russian, the sound is influenced by the neighbor on the right. Most often, a voiced sound becomes deaf due to the fact that it is adjacent to another deaf sound. Assimilation examples: tub, riddle. Less often, the consonant becomes voiced “for the company”. For example, a request [proz'ba].
Similar processes occur in different languages, but in different ways. For example, in the Chuvash language, a voiceless consonant, being between two vowels, becomes voiced.
How to check a doubtful consonant
Because of these linguistic processes, consonants in some positions become dissimilar to themselves. Therefore, they need to be checked.
To determine which sound, deaf or voiced, you need to write in a given word, you should change the word or pick up a single root so that there is a vowel after the consonant. For example, post-pillars, mowing-mowing, pointer-indicate.
The absolute end of a word is not a strong position that makes it possible to distinguish consonants by deafness-voicedness.
There are words that cannot be verified. For example, football, backpack, etc. They must be memorized or looked up in a dictionary.
What have we learned?
From the article we learned that consonants in Russian are voiced and deaf. To form a voiced consonant, more voice is needed than noise. We learned which sounds make up a pair of deafness-voicedness, and which ones do not. We learned what sonorous and hissing sounds are.
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Voiced and voiceless consonants
Recall how speech sounds are born. When a person begins to speak, he exhales air from the lungs. It runs along the windpipe into a narrow larynx, where there are special muscles - the vocal cords. If a person pronounces consonant sounds, then he closes (at least a little) his mouth, because of this, noise is obtained. But consonants make noise in different ways.
Let's conduct an experiment: we close our ears and pronounce the sound [p], and then the sound [b]. When we uttered the sound [b], the ligaments stretched and began to tremble. This trembling turned into a voice. There was a little ringing in my ears.
You can conduct a similar experiment by placing your hands on your neck on the right and left sides, and pronounce the sounds [d] and [t]. The sound [d] is pronounced much louder, more sonorous. Scientists call these sounds voiced, and sounds that consist only of noise - deaf.
Paired consonants in voicing-deafness
Let's try to divide the sounds into two groups according to the method of pronunciation. Let's populate phonetic houses in the city of sounds. Let's agree: deaf sounds will live on the first floor, and sonorous sounds will live on the second. Residents of the first house:
| [b] | [e] | [h] | [G] | [V] | [and] |
| [P] | [T] | [With] | [To] | [f] | [w] |
These consonants are called paired by sonority - deafness.
Rice. 1. Paired voiced and deaf consonants (Source)
They are very similar to each other - real "twins", they are pronounced almost the same: the lips fold the same way, the tongue moves the same way. But they have pairs and softness - hardness. Let's add them to the house.
| [b] | [b '] | [e] | [d'] | [h] | [h '] | [G] | [G'] | [V] | [V'] | [and] |
| [P] | [P'] | [T] | [T'] | [With] | [With'] | [To] | [To'] | [f] | [f'] | [w] |
The sounds [w] and [w] do not have paired soft sounds, they always hard. And they are also called hissing sounds.
All these sounds are denoted by letters:
Unpaired voiced consonants
But not all consonants and letters form pairs. Those consonants that do not have pairs are called unpaired. Let's settle unpaired consonant sounds in our houses.
In the second house unpairedvoiced consonants sounds:
Recall that the sound [th '] always soft. Therefore, in our house he will live alone. These sounds are indicated in writing by letters:
(el)
(and short)
The sounds of the second house are also called sonorous , because they are formed with the help of a voice and almost without noise, they are very sonorous. The word "sonor" in Latin "sonorus" means voiced.
Unpaired voiceless consonants
In the third house we will settle unpaired voiceless consonants sounds:
| [X] | [X'] | [c] | [h'] | [sch'] |
Recall that the sound [ts] is always solid, and [h '] and [u '] - always soft. Unpaired deaf consonants are indicated in writing by letters:
Sounds [h '], [u '] - hissing sounds.
So we populated our city of consonant sounds and letters. Now it’s immediately clear why there are 21 consonants and 36 sounds.
Rice. 2. Voiced and voiceless consonants (Source)
Consolidation of knowledge in practice
1. Consider the pictures and turn one word into another, replacing only one sound. Hint: remember pairs of consonants.
d point - dot
b points - kidney
w ar - heat
fishing rod - duck
2. There are riddles, the meaning of which lies in the knowledge of consonant sounds, they are called charades. Try to guess them:
1) With a deaf consonant I pour into the field,
With a voiced - I myself ring in expanse . (Spike - voice)
2) With the deaf - she cuts the grass,
With a voiced - eats leaves. (Spit - goat)
3) With "em" - pleasant, golden, very sweet and fragrant.
With the letter "el" it happens in winter, and disappears in spring . (Honey-ice)
In order to develop the ability to pronounce some sounds, especially hissing ones, tongue twisters are taught. The tongue twister is told slowly at first, and then accelerates the pace. Let's try to learn tongue twisters:
- Six mice rustle in the reeds.
- The hedgehog has a hedgehog, the snake has a snake.
- Two puppies chewed cheek to cheek on a brush in the corner.
So, today we learned that consonants can be voiced and deaf and how these sounds are indicated in writing.
Russian has 21 consonants and 36 consonants. Consonants and their corresponding consonant sounds:
b - [b], c - [c], d - [g], d - [e], f - [g], d - [d], h - [h], k - [k], l - [l], m - [m], n - [n], n - [n], r - [p], s - [s], t - [t], f - [f], x - [x ], c - [c], h - [h], w - [w], u - [u].
Consonants are divided into voiced and deaf, hard and soft. They are paired and unpaired. There are 36 different combinations of consonants in terms of pairing-unpairing of hard and soft, deaf and voiced: deaf - 16 (8 soft and 8 hard), voiced - 20 (10 soft and 10 hard).
Scheme 1. Consonant letters and consonant sounds of the Russian language.
Hard and soft consonants
Consonants are hard and soft. They are divided into paired and unpaired. Paired hard and paired soft consonants help us distinguish between words. Compare: horse [kon '] - con [kon], bow [bow] - hatch [l'uk].
For understanding, let's explain "on the fingers". If a consonant letter in different words means either a soft or a hard sound, then the sound is paired. For example, in the word cat, the letter k denotes a hard sound [k], in the word whale, the letter k denotes a soft sound [k ']. We get: [k] - [k '] form a pair of hardness-softness. Sounds for different consonants cannot be attributed to a pair, for example [v] and [k '] do not make a pair in hardness-softness, but make a pair [v] - [v ']. If a consonant is always hard or always soft, then it belongs to unpaired consonants. For example, the sound [g] is always solid. There are no words in Russian where it would be soft [zh']. Since there is no pair [w] - [w ’], then it belongs to unpaired ones.
Voiced and voiceless consonants
Consonants are voiced and voiceless. Thanks to voiced and deaf consonants, we distinguish words. Compare: ball - heat, count - goal, house - volume. Deaf consonants are pronounced with the mouth almost covered; when they are pronounced, the vocal cords do not work. For voiced consonants, more air is needed, the vocal cords work.
Some consonant sounds have a similar sound in terms of pronunciation, but are pronounced with different tonality - deaf or sonorous. Such sounds are combined in pairs and form a group of paired consonants. Accordingly, paired consonants are a pair of voiceless and voiced consonants.
- paired consonants: b-p, v-f, g-k, d-t, s-s, f-sh.
- unpaired consonants: l, m, n, p, d, c, x, h, u.
Sonorant, noisy and hissing consonants
Sonorant - voiced unpaired consonants. There are 9 sonorous sounds: [th '], [l], [l '], [m], [m '], [n], [n '], [p], [p '].
Noisy consonants are voiced and deaf:
- Noisy voiceless consonants (16): [k], [k'], [n], [n'], [s], [s'], [t], [t'], [f], [f '], [x], [x'], [q], [h'], [w], [w'];
- Noisy voiced consonants (11): [b], [b '], [c], [c '], [g], [g '], [d], [d '], [g], [s ], [h'].
Hissing consonants (4): [g], [h '], [w], [u '].
Paired and unpaired consonants
Consonants (soft and hard, deaf and voiced) are divided into paired and unpaired. The tables above show the division. Let's summarize everything with a diagram:
Scheme 2. Paired and unpaired consonants.
To be able to do phonetic analysis, in addition to consonants, you need to know vowel sounds and the rules of phonetics.
Words with the letter ё must be written through ё. Phonetic parsing of the words "hedgehog" and "hedgehog" will be different!
In Russian, there are words consisting only of voiced consonants, for example: howl, fit, knowledge, flowerpot, fence, yard, yard, froze, ice cream, prayer, friendship, clockwork, distributed.
To this list, you can add words in which voiceless consonants are voiced:
selection, chop, slowed down, collection, harness, fenced off, otbreyu, station, spin.
There are many words in Russian in which all consonants are voiced. These are words such as, for example, ship, ballerina, comb, vision, lemon, lemon, tree, wooden, dawn, young, and many others.
Words in which all consonants are voiced would be the following (examples):
- gallery
- real
- grimm
- iron
- tree
- log
- banner
- storm
- cities, beard
- fashion, model
- puddle, meadows
- shin
- wife, toad,
- sparrow
- war
- fashionable
- Tan
- lemon
- collection (collection)
There are a lot of words in Russian that consist only of voiced consonants. we give examples of such words: knowing, shin, lemon, sea, lemon, tan, meadows, tree, iron, bazaar, fashion, ice cream, knowledge, thunder, ballerina, fence, ship.
Here are some examples of words in which all consonants are voiced:
It probably means that vowel sounds are still present in these words, just consonants - only voiced ones. There are quite a few such words in our language, they are very different, I will give a few of them as an example: lawn, howl, rose, mimosa, thunder, heaped up, clamp, slaughter, log and many others.
In Russian, the following consonants are voiced: B, C, G, D, Zh, Z, Y, L, M, N, R. Of course, a word cannot consist of consonants alone, but there are words that contain only voiced consonants : fight, year, verb, zombie, district, etc.
In Russian, there are words consisting only of voiced consonants. As an example, we give the following words: fence, yard, froze, tan, banner, friendship, clockwork, thunder, thunderstorm, sparrow, wife, sea, hole, gallery.
There are quite a lot of words in Russian that contain only voiced consonants, for example: ringing, howling, dawn, knowledge, fish, mountain, fence, yard, ice cream, friendship, gallery, sparrow, wife, thunder, thunderstorm, fashion, market.
There are many such words in Russian. You can even come up with an algorithm for their creation. Voiced consonants do not form pairs - l, m, p, d. That is, these letters can stand both at the beginning of a word and at the end without a vowel and not be stunned.
For example: mom, llama, sea, rum, swarm, scrap, bark.
And you can also take other voiced consonants, just make sure that the sound does not become deaf - bazaar, mountain, fashion, ice cream.
Answers:
1 – b; 2 – c, e; 3 - a, d; 4 - b, e; 5 – b; 6 - G; 7 – b; 8 – 1) a, 2) a, 3) b, 4) b; 9 - A; 10 – b; 11 – 1) b, 2) a, 3) b, 4) b, 5) a; 12 - V; 13 - A; 14 - b, c; 15 – 1) b, 2) b, 3) c, 4) a, 5) b, 6) b; 16 - G; 17 - c, d; 18 - V.
Lesson No. 11 Verification work No. 2 on the topic "Phonetics"
Test
Option 1
1. In what words are all consonants voiced?
a) the coast c) again;
b) rich; d) seaside.
a) inter-institutional; to the circus;
b) to the results; d) clean.
3. Which word has four sounds?
a) you sew c) sing
b) flax; d) core.
4. Which word has the sound [d]?
a) business; c) horseshoe;
b) discarded; d) seventeen.
5. In which elephant there is no sound [z]?
a) surrender; c) I go;
b) driving; d) train station.
6. In which elephant there is no consonant sound [ j]?
a) a postman c) sings
b) flight; d) pouring.
7. Which elephant is stressed incorrectly? Correct the mistake.
a) started; c) August;
b) cement; d) wholesale.
8. In which word is the highlighted consonant pronounced firmly?
a) academy c) trend;
b) term; d) tenor.
9. Divide words into syllables.
T-shirt, discovery, classmate, epic, pre-anniversary.
Specify all possible options transfer of the word "discovery".
10. Perform phonetic analysis of the following words.
Radiance, bench, soft.
Option 2
1. In which word are all consonants voiced?
a) frost c) all of a sudden
b) in depth; d) resentment.
2. In which word or combination of words is there no sound [s]?
a) compass; c) personal;
b) at the institute; d) live.
3. Which row of words has more sounds than letters?
a) weeds, only; c) rain, south;
b) at night, south; d) singing, furious.
4. In which row do all words have the sound [k]?
a) suddenly, soft; c) circumference, mileage;
b) throw, to the house; d) to the point, ride.
5. In the words of which series there is no sound [g]?
a) life, book; c) landscape, friendship;
b) defector, gatehouse; d) smear, juggle!
6. Which word has no sound [ j]?
a) jasper; c) solder;
b) take; d) Jamaica.
7. Which word is stressed incorrectly? Correct the mistake
a) security; c) uncork;
b) mold; d) scoop.
a) a terrace c) test;
b) timbre; d) sandwich.
9. Divide words into syllables.
Outline, Saturday, notorious, like, undertake.
Specify all possible options for transferring the outline of the elephant.
Light, eaten, whirlpool.
Option 3
1. In what words are all consonants voiceless?
a) the coast c) swing;
b) rich; d) write it down.
2. In which word or combination of words is there no sound [s]?
a) flimsy; c) uninterested;
b) worldly; d) nation.
3. Which word has more letters than sounds?
a) meat; c) fight
b) drinks; d) a Christmas tree.
4. In what word does the stunning occur?
a) a match; c) a globe;
b) weed; d) do.
5. In which word is there no sound [d]?
a) a gift; c) door;
b) drive up; d) disaster.
6. Which word does not have a consonant [u]?
a) a loader; c) a pilot;
b) a driver; d) sawyer.
7. And which word is stressed incorrectly? Correct the mistake
a) miserable; c) August;
b) catalog; d) call.
8. In which word is the emphasized consonant pronounced softly?
a) academy c) disorientate;
b) deck; d) thesis.
9. Divide words into syllables.
Departure, steelmaking, trapper, antique, background.
Indicate all possible options for transferring the word "prehistory".
10. Perform phonetic analysis of the following words.
Singing, book, swimming.
Codifier
skill number | Tested Skill | job number |
Identify voiced consonants | ||
Determine in which word there is no sound [s] | ||
Determine which word has 4 sounds | ||
Identify the word that has the sound [d] | ||
Which elephant has no sound [h] | ||
Determine in which word there is no [th '] | ||
Correct mistake | ||
Determine in which word the highlighted consonant is pronounced firmly | ||
Divide words into syllables | ||
Perform phonetic analysis of words |
Scheme of Analysis
job number | Surname, name of the student Student activities | |||||||
Define voiced consonants | ||||||||
Defined absence[s] | ||||||||
Defined a word with 4 sounds | ||||||||
Defined a word with sound [d] | ||||||||
Defined a word without a sound [h] | ||||||||
Defined a word without a sound [th '] | ||||||||
Bug fixed | ||||||||
