Alexander Petrovich kazhdan. Kazhdan Alexander Petrovich Alexander Kazhdan

Alexander Kazhdan
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Alexander Petrovich (Peisakhovich) Kazhdan(English) Alexander Kazhdan; September 3 ( 19220903 ) , Moscow - May 29, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, USA) - Soviet and American Byzantine historian, Armenianist, one of the leading 20th century specialists on Byzantium and Greater Armenia, editor of the fundamental “Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium”.

Biography

After 1978, Alexander Kazhdan’s books were removed from Soviet libraries, and his articles were removed from scientific circulation. The manuscript of his monograph “Two days in the life of Constantinople” was “stuck” in the Moscow publishing house “Iskusstvo” for 30 years.

In the USA, Kazhdan trained a whole galaxy of Byzantine researchers, and among his Russian students, S. A. Ivanov stands out.

Son David (Dmitry) is an Israeli (formerly American) mathematician, a specialist in the theory of group representations. Grandson Eli Kazhdan is a long-time adviser and ally of Natan Sharansky, who held a number of positions in the Israeli civil service.

Main works

• Agrarian relations in Byzantium XIII-XIV centuries. M., 1952.
• Religion and atheism in ancient world. M., 1957.
• Essays on the history of Byzantium and the South Slavs. M., 1958. (Co-authored with G. G. Litavrin).
• Village and city in Byzantium 9th-10th centuries. Essays on the history of Byzantine feudalism. M., 1960.
• From Christ to Constantine. M., 1965.
• . M., 1968. (German translation: Byzanz und seine Kultur. Berlin, 1973; Italian translation: Bisanzio e la sua civiltà. Bari, 1983).
• Byzantine culture (X-XII centuries). 2nd ed., rev. and additional St. Petersburg: Aletheya, 2006.
• Book and writer in Byzantium. M., 1973. (Italian translation: La produzione intellettuale a Bisanzio. Libri e scrittori in una società colta. Napoli, 1983).
• Social composition of the ruling class of Byzantium in the 11th-12th centuries. M., 1974. (Italian translation: L’aristocrazia bizantina. Dal principio dell’XI alla fine del XII secolo. Palermo, 1997).
• Armenians as part of the ruling class of the Byzantine Empire in the 11th-12th centuries. Yerevan, 1975.
• People and Power in Byzantium. An Introduction to Modern Byzantine Studies. Washington, 1982. (In collaboration with G. Constable).
• Studies on Byzantine Literature of the XIth and XIIth Centuries. Cambridge-New York-Paris, 1984. (In collaboration with Simon Franklin).
• Change in Byzantine Culture in the XIth and XIIth Centuries. Berkeley, 1985. (In collaboration with A. W. Epstein).
• Authors and Texts in Byzantium. Aldershot-Brookfield, 1993.
• A History of Byzantine Literature. 650–850. Athens, 1999. (In collaboration with L. F. Sherry and Ch. Angelidi; Russian translation: History of Byzantine literature (650-850). St. Petersburg, 2002).
• Two days in the life of Constantinople. St. Petersburg, 2002.
• Nikita Choniates and his time. St. Petersburg, 2005.
• A History of Byzantine Literature. 850–1000. Athens, 2006. (Russian translation: History of Byzantine literature (850-1000). St. Petersburg, 2012).

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Notes

Links

• in the Byzantine Temporary
• in the electronic encyclopedia "Blackberry"

Excerpt characterizing Kazhdan, Alexander Petrovich

Suddenly the wondrous crystal slammed shut... The miracle ended as unexpectedly as it began. Everything around immediately became chilly and empty... As if it was winter outside.
– What was that, Radomir?! This is much more than we were taught!.. – Magdalena asked in shock without taking her eyes off the green “stone”.
“I just opened it a little.” So you can see. But this is just a grain of sand of what he can do. Therefore, you must keep it, no matter what happens to me. At any cost... including your life, and even the lives of Vesta and Svetodar.
Staring at her with his piercing blue eyes, Radomir persistently waited for an answer. Magdalene nodded slowly.
- He punished this... Wanderer...
Radomir just nodded, clearly understanding who she was talking about.
– For thousands of years, people have been trying to find the Key of the Gods. But no one knows what he really looks like. And they don’t know its meaning,” Radomir continued much softer. – There are the most incredible legends about him, some are very beautiful, others are almost crazy.

(It’s true that there are various wonderful legends about the Key of the Gods. In what languages ​​have they not tried to paint the largest emeralds for centuries!.. In Arabic, Jewish, Hindu and even Latin... But for some reason no one wants to understand that this will not make the stones magical, no matter how much someone wants it... The proposed photographs show: the Iranian pseudo Mani, and the Great Mogul, and the Catholic “talisman” of God, and the Emerald “tablet” of Hermes (Emeral tablet) and even the famous Indian Cave of Apollo from Tiana, which, according to the Hindus themselves, was once visited by Jesus Christ (You can read more about this in the book “The Holy Country of Daaria”, which is currently being written. Part 1. What did the Gods know?))
“It just worked, apparently, someone’s ancestral memory once worked, and the person remembered that there was once something unspeakably great, given by the Gods.” But I can’t understand WHAT... So the “seekers” have been walking around for centuries, unknown why, and circling in circles. It’s as if someone punished him: “go there - I don’t know where, bring that - I don’t know what”... They only know that there is great hidden power in him, unprecedented knowledge. The smart ones are chasing knowledge, but the “dark ones”, as always, are trying to find it in order to rule the rest... I think this is the most mysterious and most (to each in their own way) desired relic that has ever existed on Earth. Now everything will depend only on you, my dear. If I'm gone, don't lose him for anything! Promise me this, Maria...
Magdalene nodded again. She understood that this was the sacrifice that Radomir asked of her. And she promised him... She promised to keep the amazing Key of the Gods at the cost of her own life... and the lives of children, if necessary.
Radomir carefully placed the green miracle into her palm - the crystal was alive and warm...
The night passed too quickly. It was already dawn in the east... Magdalena took a deep breath. She knew that soon they would come for him to give Radomir into the hands of jealous and deceitful judges... who hated this, as they called, “foreign envoy” with all their callous souls...
Curled into a ball between Radomir’s strong arms, Magdalena was silent. She just wanted to feel his warmth... as much as possible... It seemed that life was leaving her drop by drop, turning her broken heart into cold stone. She could not breathe without him... This, such a dear person!.. He was her half, part of her being, without whom life was impossible. She didn’t know how she would exist without him?.. She didn’t know how she could be so strong?.. But Radomir believed in her, trusted her. He left her with a DEBT that did not allow her to give up. And she honestly tried to survive...
Despite all her superhuman composure, Magdalena hardly remembered what happened next...

She knelt right under the cross and looked Radomir in the eyes until the very last moment... Before his pure and strong soul left her unnecessary, already dead body. A hot drop of blood fell on Magdalena’s mournful face, and merging with a tear, rolled to the ground. Then the second one fell... So she stood, motionless, frozen in the deepest grief... mourning her pain with bloody tears...
Suddenly, a wild, more terrible scream shook the surrounding space... The scream was piercing and drawn-out. It chilled my soul, squeezing my heart with an icy vice. It was Magdalene who screamed...
The earth answered her, shuddering with its entire old mighty body.
Then darkness came...
People ran away in horror, not making out the road, not understanding where their unruly feet were taking them. As if blind, they bumped into each other, darting in different directions, and again they stumbled and fell, not paying attention to their surroundings... Screams rang out everywhere. Crying and confusion engulfed Bald Mountain and the people watching the execution there, as if only now they were allowed to see clearly - to truly see what they had done...
Magdalena stood up. And again a wild, inhuman scream pierced the tired Earth. Drowning in the roar of thunder, the cry snaked around like evil lightning, frightening frozen souls... Having freed the Ancient Magic, Magdalene called on the old Gods for help... She called on the Great Ancestors.
The wind ruffled her wondrous golden hair in the darkness, surrounding her fragile body with a halo of Light. Terrible bloody tears, still flowing on her pale cheeks, made her completely unrecognizable... Something like a formidable Priestess...
Magdalene called... Wringing her hands behind her head, she called her Gods again and again. She called the Fathers who had just lost their wonderful Son... She couldn’t give up so easily... She wanted to bring Radomir back at any cost. Even if you are not destined to communicate with him. She wanted him to live... no matter what.

Wikipedia: Alexander Petrovich (Peysakhovich) Kazhdan (eng. Alexander Kazhdan; September 3, 1922, Moscow - May 29, 1997, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, USA) - Russian historian- Byzantinist - Armenologist, one of the largest specialists of the 20th century on Byzantium and Greater Armenia, editor of the fundamental “Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium”.
Born into a merchant family in Moscow. After the revolution, the family experienced hunger and hardship. Father Peisya (Peysakh) Efron (in the Russian version Pyotr Izrailevich Kazhdan), became one of the leading specialists in the technology of manufacturing lubricating oils in the Soviet tank industry under construction. In 1939, Alexander entered the history department of Moscow State University, but due to his “bourgeois origin” it was impossible for him to get higher education in Moscow, and he graduated from the Ufa Pedagogical Institute (1942).
In 1944, Kazhdan married Rimma Izvyanskaya, and in the same year his son Dmitry was born. After defending his dissertation in 1946, the doors of Moscow scientific institutes were again closed to him, this time because of his “cosmopolitan” nationality. The scientist had to wander around freelance positions (pedagogical institutes in Ivanovo, Tula, Velikiye Luki).
Since 1956, Professor Kazhdan worked at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Over two decades he produced numerous publications; among them are scientific books and articles, articles in leading encyclopedias, translations of ancient and medieval authors, popular science articles and books. Kazhdan participated in the work of the editorial board of the Byzantine Timebook yearbook. Kazhdan’s discussion articles were eagerly published by Alexander Tvardovsky in Novy Mir.
In 1975, Kazhdan's son Dmitry received an invitation to take a professorship at Harvard University. Alexander Petrovich's life became more complicated, his wife was fired from her job, and he decided to emigrate. In 1978 he arrived in Vienna with an Israeli visa. But a year later, after a long stay in Paris and Birmingham, Kazhdan settled in the United States, where he worked at the Center for Byzantine Studies in Dumbarton Oaks and taught a course of lectures at Princeton University.
After 1978, Alexander Kazhdan’s books were removed from Soviet libraries, and his articles were removed from scientific circulation. The manuscript of his monograph “Two Days in the Life of Constantinople” was “stuck” in the Moscow publishing house “Iskusstvo” for 30 years.
In the USA, Kazhdan trained a whole galaxy of Byzantine researchers, and among his Russian students, S.A. stands out. Ivanov.
Son David (Dmitry) is an Israeli (formerly American) mathematician, a specialist in the theory of group representations. Grandson Eli Kazhdan is a long-time adviser and ally of Natan Sharansky, who held a number of posts in the Israeli civil service.

KAZHDAN Alexander Petrovich (1922–1997) – Byzantine historian, one of the leading specialists of the 20th century. on Byzantium, editor of the fundamental "Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium". Born into a merchant family in Moscow. Father Peisya (Peysakh) Efron (or in the Russian version Pyotr Izrailevich Kazhdan) became one of the leading specialists in the technology of manufacturing lubricating oils in the Soviet tank industry under construction. Due to his bourgeois origin, the doors of universities in Moscow were closed to Alexander Kazhdan, and he graduated from the Ufa Pedagogical Institute. Even after defending his dissertation in 1946, the doors of Moscow scientific institutes were still closed to him, this time because of his “cosmopolitan” nationality. The family had to wander around to freelance positions in the outback. In 1944, Kazhdan married Rimma Izvyanskaya (everyone who knew her called her Musya); in the same year their son Dmitry was born. Since 1956, Professor A.P. Kazhdan worked at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences, prepared scientific books and articles (including articles for leading Soviet encyclopedias), translations of ancient and medieval authors, popular science publications, participated in the editorial board of the journal "Byzantine Bulletin" (his discussion articles were readily published Alexander Tvardovsky in the magazine “New World”). In 1975, the son of A.P. Kazhdana Dmitry received an invitation to take a professorship at Harvard University (USA). Therefore, Alexander Petrovich’s life became more complicated: his wife was fired from her job, and he decided to emigrate. In 1978 A.P. Kazhdan arrived in Vienna with an Israeli visa, but a year later (after a stay in Paris and Birmingham) he settled in the United States, where he worked at the Center for Byzantine Studies in Dumberton Oaks and taught a course of lectures at Princeton University. After 1978, the name of Alexander Kazhdan, an outstanding scientist and talented educator, as well as his works, were erased from Russian academic life. Books by A.P. Every article was removed from libraries, articles were removed from scientific circulation. The manuscript of his book “Two Days in the Life of Constantinople” was stuck in the Moscow publishing house “Iskusstvo” for 30 years. In the USA A.P. Kazhdan trained a whole galaxy of Byzantine researchers, without idealizing either Byzantine history or culture, without fitting them into any schemes. He wrote a lot about the Byzantine roots of Russian and Eastern European totalitarianism. Largely thanks to the works of A.P. Today's view of Byzantine and all Eastern European culture and history (including the Orthodox component of this culture) in the world is generally positive, and the interest is enormous. Thanks to Alexander Kazhdan, his colleagues and students, historical science was able to overcome prejudices and got rid of both lacquered and solemn and cartoonishly unfair stereotypes.

Plan
Introduction
1 Biography

3 Bibliography

Introduction

Alexander Petrovich (Peysakhovich) Kazhdan (eng. Alexander Kazhdan; 1922, Moscow - 1997, Dumberton Oaks, USA) - historian-Byzantine-Armenianist, one of the largest specialists of the 20th century on Byzantium and Greater Armenia, editor of the fundamental “Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium”.

1. Biography

Kazhdan was born into a merchant family in Moscow. After the revolution, the family experienced hunger and hardship. Father Peisya (Peysakh) Efron, or in the Russian version Pyotr Izrailevich Kazhdan, became one of the leading specialists in the technology of manufacturing lubricating oils in the Soviet tank industry under construction. Because of his bourgeois origin, the doors of universities in Moscow were closed to him. Kazhdan graduated from the Ufa Pedagogical Institute. After defending his dissertation in 1946, the doors of Moscow scientific institutes were again closed to him, this time because of his “cosmopolitan” nationality. The family had to wander around to freelance positions in the outback.

In 1944, Kazhdan married Rimma Izvyanskaya (whom everyone who knew her called Musya). In 1944, a son, Dmitry, was born.

Since 1956, Professor Alexander Kazhdan worked at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Among them are scientific books and articles, articles in leading Soviet encyclopedias, translations of ancient and medieval authors, popular science publications and books. Kazhdan participated in the editorial board of the journal “Byzantine Temporary”. Kazhdan’s discussion articles were eagerly published by Alexander Tvardovsky in Novy Mir. In 1975, Kazhdan’s son Dmitry received an invitation to take a professorship at Harvard University (USA).

Alexander Petrovich's life became more complicated, his wife was fired from her job, and he decided to emigrate. In 1978 he arrived in Vienna with an Israeli visa. But a year later, after a long stay in Paris and Birmingham, Alexander Kazhdan settled in the United States, where he worked at the Center for Byzantine Studies in Dumberton Oaks and taught a course of lectures at Princeton University.

After 1978, the works of Alexander Kazhdan, an outstanding scientist and talented educator, were erased from Russian life. Kazhdan's books were confiscated from libraries, articles from scientific circulation. The manuscript of his wonderful book “Two Days in the Life of Constantinople” was stuck in the Moscow publishing house “Iskusstvo” for 30 years.

In the USA, Kazhdan trained a whole galaxy of Byzantine researchers.

Son David (Dmitry) is an American mathematician, specialist in the theory of group representations. Grandson Eli Kazhdan is a long-time adviser and ally of Natan Sharansky, who held a number of posts in the Israeli civil service.

An incomplete bibliography of Kazhdan's works, published in the USA in 1997, contains 692 titles.

· Alexander Kazhdan, Lee Sherry, H. Angelidi. History of Byzantine literature. 650-850 Per. from English - St. Petersburg. : Aletheia, 2002, 530 p. (abbreviated translation)

· Kazhdan, Alexander P. (editor) Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2232 pages ; Oxford University Press; 3-Volume Set edition (May 1991)

· A. P. Kazhdan, G. G. Litavrin Essays on the history of Byzantium and the South Slavs 1958

· In search of past centuries, M. Children's literature 1963

· How did man make god?

· From Christ to Constantine, M. Knowledge 1965

· Nikita Choniates and his time, M. Ed. Dmitry Bulanin 2005

· Byzantine culture Aletheia, 2006

· The amazing world of history / Alexander Kazhdan, M. Sovremennik 1998

Plan
Introduction
1 Biography

3 Bibliography

Introduction Alexander Petrovich (Peysakhovich) Kazhdan (eng. Alexander Kazhdan; 1922, Moscow - 1997, Dumberton Oaks, USA) - historian-Byzantine-Armenianist, one of the largest specialists of the 20th century on Byzantium and Greater Armenia, editor of the fundamental “Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium”. 1. Biography Kazhdan was born into a merchant family in Moscow. After the revolution, the family experienced hunger and hardship. Father Peisya (Peysakh) Efron, or in the Russian version Pyotr Izrailevich Kazhdan, became one of the leading specialists in the technology of manufacturing lubricating oils in the Soviet tank industry under construction. Because of his bourgeois origin, the doors of universities in Moscow were closed to him. Kazhdan graduated from the Ufa Pedagogical Institute. After defending his dissertation in 1946, the doors of Moscow scientific institutes were again closed to him, this time because of his “cosmopolitan” nationality. The family had to wander through freelance positions in the outback. In 1944, Kazhdan married Rimma Izvyanskaya (whom everyone who knew her called Musya). In 1944, his son Dmitry was born. Since 1956, Professor Alexander Kazhdan worked at the Institute of History of the USSR Academy of Sciences. Among them are scientific books and articles, articles in leading Soviet encyclopedias, translations of ancient and medieval authors, popular science publications and books. Kazhdan participated in the editorial board of the journal “Byzantine Temporary”. Kazhdan’s discussion articles were eagerly published by Alexander Tvardovsky in Novy Mir. In 1975, Kazhdan’s son Dmitry received an invitation to take a professorship at Harvard University (USA). Alexander Petrovich’s life became more complicated, his wife was fired from her job, and he decided to emigrate. In 1978 he arrived in Vienna with an Israeli visa. But a year later, after a long stay in Paris and Birmingham, Alexander Kazhdan settled in the USA, where he worked at the Center for the Study of Byzantium in Dumberton Oaks and taught a course of lectures at Princeton University. After 1978, the works of Alexander Kazhdan, an outstanding scientist and talented educator, was erased from Russian life. Kazhdan's books were confiscated from libraries, articles from scientific circulation. The manuscript of his wonderful book “Two Days in the Life of Constantinople” was stuck in the Moscow publishing house “Iskusstvo” for 30 years. In the USA, Kazhdan raised a whole galaxy of Byzantine researchers. His son David (Dmitry) is an American mathematician, a specialist in the theory of group representations. Grandson Eli Kazhdan is a long-time adviser and ally of Natan Sharansky, who held a number of posts in the Israeli civil service. Links Why do Jews need St. Nikita Michael Dorfman Bibliography An incomplete bibliography of Kazhdan's works, published in the USA in 1997, contains 692 titles.

Alexander Kazhdan, Lee Sherry, H. Angelidi. History of Byzantine literature. 650-850 Per. from English - St. Petersburg. : Aletheia, 2002, 530 p. (abbreviated translation) Kazhdan, Alexander P. (editor) Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium, 2232 pages; Oxford University Press; 3-Volume Set edition (May 1991) A. P. Kazhdan, G. G. Litavrin Essays on the history of Byzantium and the South Slavs 1958 In search of past centuries, M. Children's literature 1963 How did man make god? From Christ to Constantine, M. Knowledge 1965 Nikita Choniates and his time, M. Ed. Dmitry Bulanin 2005 Byzantine culture Aletheia, 2006 The wonderful world of history / Alexander Kazhdan, M. Sovremennik 1998