Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Great Soviet Encyclopedia - Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic Mari ASSR as the new name

Which have their own statehood. This entity, located in the European part of Russia, has had the rights of autonomy since Soviet times. This region is quite distinctive and is of interest for research in various fields. Let's take a closer look at what the Mari Republic and its population are like.

Territorial location

The republic is located in the east of the European part Russian Federation. In the north and west, this subject of the federation borders on the Nizhny Novgorod region, in the north and east - on the Kirov region, in the southeast - on Tatarstan, and in the south - on Chuvashia.

The Mari Republic is located in a temperate climate zone with a temperate continental climate.

The area of ​​the territory of this subject of the federation is 23.4 thousand square meters. km, which is the 72nd indicator among all regions of the country.

The capital of the Mari Republic - Yoshkar-Ola

Brief historical background

Now let's take a look at the history of the Republic of Mari El.

Since ancient times, these territories were inhabited by Finno-Ugric tribes, which, in fact, are the titular nation of the republic. In ancient Russian chronicles, they were called Cheremis, although they called themselves Mari.

After the formation of the Golden Horde, the Mari tribes became part of it, and after the collapse of this state into parts, they became tributaries. As a result of the annexation of Kazan by Ivan the Terrible in 1552, the lands of the Mari became part of the Russian kingdom. Although the western tribes of the Cheremis accepted Russian citizenship even earlier and were baptized. After that, the history of the Mari is inextricably linked with the fate of Russia.

But some Mari tribes did not want to accept Russian citizenship so easily. Therefore, the period from 1552 to 1585 was marked by a number of Cheremis wars, the purpose of which was to force the Mari tribes to accept Russian citizenship. In the end, the Mari were subjugated, and their rights were significantly limited. But in subsequent years, they took an active part in various uprisings, for example, in the Pugachev uprising of 1775.

Meanwhile, the Mari began to adopt Russian culture. They developed their own script based on the Cyrillic alphabet, and after the opening of the Kazan Seminary, some representatives of this people were able to get a good education.

After the Bolsheviks came to power in 1920, the Mari Autonomous Republic was created. In 1936, the Mari Autonomous Republic (MASSR) was formed on its basis. At the very end of the existence of the USSR, in 1990, it was transformed into the Mari SSR.

After the collapse Soviet Union and the formation of the Russian Federation, one of the subjects of this state was the Mari Republic, or, as it is called in another way, the Republic of Mari El. the constitution of this public education provides for the equal use of these names.

The population of the republic

The population of the Mari Republic at the moment is 685.9 thousand people. This is only the 66th result among all subjects of the federations of Russia.

The population density in the republic is 29.3 people/sq. km. For comparison: in the Nizhny Novgorod region, this figure is 42.6 people/sq. km, in Chuvashia - 67.4 people / sq. km, and in the Kirov region - 10.8 people / sq. km.

Despite the fact that the Mari are the indigenous and state-forming people of Mari El, at the moment they are not the most numerous ethnic group in the republic. Most of all among the population of this region are Russians. They make up 45.1% of total number residents of the subject of the federation. Maris in the republic make up only 41.8%. The last census, in which the Mari outnumbered the Russians, was carried out in 1939.

Among other ethnic groups, the Tatars are the most numerous. Their number is 5.5% of the total population in Mari El. In addition, Chuvash, Ukrainians, Udmurts, Belarusians, Mordovians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis and Germans live in the republic, but their number is significantly less than that of the three above-mentioned peoples.

Spread of religions

It is quite common in Mari El a large number of various religions. At the same time, 48% consider themselves Orthodox Christians, 6% are Muslims and 6% are supporters of the ancient Mari pagan religion. At the same time, about 6% of the population are atheists.

In addition to the confessions listed above, there are Catholic communities in the region, as well as communities of various Protestant movements.

Administrative division

The Republic of Mari El consists of fourteen districts and three cities of regional subordination (Yoshkar-Ola, Volzhsk and Kozmodemyansk).

The most populated areas of the Mari Republic: Medvedevsky (67.1 thousand inhabitants), Venigovsky (42.5 thousand inhabitants), Sovetsky (29.6 thousand inhabitants), Morkinsky (29.0 thousand inhabitants). Geographically, the largest is the Kilemarsky district (3.3 thousand sq. km).

Yoshkar-Ola - the capital of Mari El

The capital of the Mari Republic is the city of Yoshkar-Ola. It is located approximately in the center of this region. Currently, about 265.0 thousand inhabitants live in it with a population density of 2640.1 people / sq. m. km.

Among the nationalities, Russians predominate, and even more pronounced than in the whole republic. Their number is 68% of the total population. The Mari following them have a share of 24%, and the Tatars - 4.3%.

The city was founded back in 1584 as a Russian military fortification. From the moment of foundation and until 1919 it was called Tsarevokokshaysk. In 1919, after the Bolshevik revolution, it was named Krasnokokshaisk. In 1927, it was decided to rename it to Yoshkar-Ola, which is translated from Mari as "red city".

At present, Yoshkar-Ola is a relatively large regional center with a developed infrastructure, industry and culture.

Other cities of the republic

The rest of the cities of the Mari Republic are much smaller than Yoshkar-Ola. The largest of them, Volzhsk, has a population of 54.6 thousand inhabitants, which is almost five times less than in the capital of the republic.

Others boast even smaller populations. Thus, 20.5 thousand people live in the city of Kozmodemyansk, 18.1 thousand people live in Medvedevo, 11.5 thousand people live in Zvenigovo, and 10.4 thousand people live in the village of Sovetsky.

The remaining settlements of the republic have a population of less than 10,000 people.

Infrastructure of the Republic

In comparison with other regions of Russia, the infrastructure of the Mari Republic, excluding the city of Yoshkar-Ola, cannot be called highly developed.

There is only one airport on the territory of the republic, located in its capital. In addition, the region has 2 bus stations and 51 bus stations. Rail transport is represented by fourteen stations.

The houses of the Mari Republic are often built of wood. This material has been used for more than one hundred years as ideal for these places. Fortunately, there is enough wood in the region. But at the same time, skyscrapers and private houses are being built more and more often from modern building materials.

Since the beginning of this millennium, large-scale reconstruction work has been carried out in the capital of the republic, Yoshkar-Ola, aimed at restoring the cultural and architectural monuments of the city.

Economy of the Republic

Metalworking and mechanical engineering are the most developed among the branches of industry. There are also enterprises operating in the woodworking, textile and food industries. Almost all production is concentrated in the cities of Yoshkar-Ola and Volzhsk.

In agriculture, animal husbandry is most developed, mainly cattle breeding and pig breeding. Crop production specializes in the cultivation of the following crops: cereals, flax, fodder crops, potatoes and other vegetables.

Tourism

The Mari Republic is famous for its huge potential. Rest in this region, of course, differs from the usual seaside resorts, but it can bring no less, and perhaps even more pleasure. Nothing can replace the clean air that fills the protected corners of this region.

Of particular note are the lakes in the Mari Republic. There are a large number of them in the region, and they are of considerable interest to tourists. Especially noteworthy is Kulikovo Lake near the city of Volzhsk.

For those tourists who prefer organized recreation, recreation centers, children's camps and sanatoriums of the Mari Republic open their doors.

It is noteworthy that although the titular nation of Mari El is the Mari, the majority of the inhabitants of the region are ethnic Russians.

Prior to the creation of the Mari Autonomous Region in 1920, the Mari did not have their own self-government, and the territory of the present Republic of Mari El was divided between several provinces.

Outside the Mari Republic, there are more Mari than inside it.

General characteristics of the Mari Republic

Although the Mari Republic cannot be called an advanced industrial region of Russia, this region has great potential. His main wealth is hardworking people. Most of the inhabitants of the region are ethnic Russians and Mari. The region is quite sparsely populated and has only one city, which can be called conditionally large - the capital Yoshkar-Ola.

In addition to human potential, the Mari Republic is known throughout Russia for its unique recreational resources. Healthy rest in this region can cure a large number of diseases.

Moderate continental with moderately cold winters and cool summers. The average temperature in January is -13 °С, in July 19 °С. Precipitation 450-500 mm per year. The growing season is about 170 days. There are about 500 rivers and streams in the republic, with a total length of over 7 thousand km. The rivers belong to the Volga basin, which flows along the southern border of the Mari ASSR for 155 km. Left tributaries of the Volga: navigable Vetluga (112 km in the republic) and raftable - Rutka, Bolshaya Kokshaga, Malaya Kokshaga, Ilet. The rivers Nemda, Bui, Urzhumka flow to the northeast. Soddy-podzolic loamy, sandy loamy, sandy soils predominate. On the Mari lowland, there are marsh peat soils, on the Vyatsky Uval - humus-carbonate, and on the right bank of the Volga - gray forest soils. Forests cover more than 1/2 of the territory of the republic, mainly in the west and in the central regions. Valuable conifers predominate: pine (southern part) and fir with spruce (northern part), occupying almost 3/5 of the forests. Along the river valleys - oak-linden forests. The forests have been severely cut down, but large-scale forest planting work has been carried out on the clearings. Of the animals, a wolf, a brown bear, a fox, an elk, a lynx, a hare and a hare, a squirrel, a beaver, a hedgehog, a mole are represented; from birds - upland and waterfowl, etc. There is a Mari reserve. Population: Mari (299 thousand people; 1970, census), Russians (321 thousand people), Tatars (40 thousand people), Chuvashs (9 thousand people), Ukrainians (5 thousand people) and others. The population of the Mari ASSR was (thousand people) 465 in 1920, 489 in 1926, 581 in 1939, 648 in 1959, 685 in 1970. The average population density is 29.8 people. per 1 km2 (1973). The right bank of the Volga and the northeastern regions are more densely populated. As a result of the success of industrialization, the structure of the population changed: the proportion of the urban population increased from 3% in 1920 to 45% in 1973. Cities (1973, thousand inhabitants): Yoshkar-Ola (188), Volzhsk (47), Kozmodemyansk (16). Historical essay. The oldest archaeological monument on the territory of the Mari ASSR belongs to the Upper Paleolithic, a large number of sites - to the Neolithic. The Bronze Age is characterized by tribal movements. The disintegration of the tribal system and the emergence of class relations began from the Early Iron Age (1st millennium BC), tribal alliances arose. Numerous settlements, settlements and burial grounds belong to this time. In the 5th-10th centuries, the formation of the ancient Mari people took place. In the 9th-12th centuries slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting, fishing, handicrafts and trade developed. In the 10th-12th centuries, the Mari were under the economic and cultural influence of Volga-Kama Bulgaria. From the 30s of the 13th century they fell under the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars, from the 15th century the Volga Maris were part of the Kazan Khanate, the northwestern Maris of the Povetluzh region were part of the northeastern Russian principalities. At the same time, they have their princelings. In 1551-52, the Mari became part of the Russian state. In the 2nd half of the 16th century, Russian cities were built: Kokshaisk, Kozmodemyansk, Tsarevokokshaisk and others. In the 17th century, the possessions of Russian landowners appeared in the region. However, most of the Mari were not employed in corvee, they paid yasak to the tsarist government. The Mari people participated in the peasant wars of the early 17th century under the leadership. I. Bolotnikova, in 1670-71 -. T. Razin, in 1773-75 -. I. Pugacheva. Russian peasants settled on the Mari lands, which became state lands. From the end of the 18th century, the rapid development of handicrafts and rural crafts began. There are factories with civilian workers and ascribed peasants. Trade with the Volga cities in bread, butter, furs, honey, etc., contributed to the transformation of a natural economy into a marketable one. The peasants were divided into 3 categories: state (former yasak), economic (former monastic) and privately owned. Significant lands were owned by monasteries and large entrepreneurs. Agriculture was dominated by a three-field system. The growth of market demand for bread led to the expansion of the landowner economy and an increase in the role of the corvée. In the first half of the 19th century, the number of enterprises that used freelance labor increased in the region. The reforms of the 1960s created the conditions for the development of capitalism in agriculture and industry. The differentiation of the peasantry increased. In the 80s - early 90s, 2/3 of the peasant farms were poor. The timber and sawmill industries developed, in which at least 17 thousand seasonal workers were employed by the beginning of the 90s. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, enterprises of the factory and manufactory type were founded; built ship repair, 3 glass and distilleries. In 1913, there were 47 enterprises in the Mari Territory. The first Marxist circle was organized in 1899 by a teacher. I. Kasatkin in Yurino. In 1905, Social Democratic circles arose in Yurino, Kozmodemyansk, Urzhum, Cheboksary, and others. During the Revolution of 1905–07, Mari workers and peasants participated together with Russians in the revolutionary movement (performances in Yurino, Zvenigovsky Zaton, and the surrounding villages). After the February Revolution of 1917 in April-May, Soviets were created in Yurino, Tsarevokokshaisk, Kozmodemyansk, and others, in which, with the exception of the Yurinskiy Soviet, Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, bourgeois nationalists, and kulaks predominated. The Great October Socialist Revolution became a radical turn in the history of the Mari people. Soviet power was established on December 23, 1917 (January 5, 1918) in Tsarevokokshaisk (since 1919 - Krasnokokshaisk), on December 31 (January 13, 1918) in Kozmodemyansk, by mid-1918 - everywhere. The struggle for the power of the Soviets was led by the Bolsheviks. . Krasilnikov, . T. Kochetov and others. In February-April 1918, Bolshevik organizations were created in Kozmodemyansk and Yaransk. In the summer of 1918, counter-revolutionary rebellions broke out in the region (Stepanovsky, Tsarevokokshaysky, Kozmodemyansky, Knyazhninsky and others), but they were suppressed by the Red Army together with the Mari workers. In July 1918, a Mari department was created under the People's Commissariat for National Affairs of the RSFSR. On July 20-24, 1920, the 1st All-Russian Conference of the Mari Communists took place in Kazan. On November 4, 1920, the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR adopted a decree "On the formation of an autonomous region of the Mari people." On November 25, 1920, the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars "On the Autonomous Region of the Mari People" determined the administrative-territorial composition of the region with the center in Krasnokokshaisk (since 1927 - Yoshkar-Ola). On February 20-23, 1921, the 1st Mari regional party conference was held in Krasnokokshaisk, at which the regional committee of the RCP (b) was elected. On June 21-24, 1921, the 1st Congress of Soviets of the Mari Autonomous Okrug elected the Regional Executive Committee. In 1929-32, the Mari Autonomous Okrug was part of the Nizhny Novgorod, in 1932-36 - the Gorky Territories. On December 5, 1936, the Mari Autonomous Okrug was transformed into the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic as part of the RSFSR. On June 21, 1937, the Extraordinary Eleventh Congress of Soviets of the Republic approved the Constitution of the Mari ASSR. During the years of the pre-war five-year plans (1929-40), the Mari people, with the support of the Russian and other peoples of the USSR, built mainly socialism. During these years, 45 industrial enterprises were built and put into operation in the republic. Engineers, technicians, skilled workers, and also experienced party cadres were sent to new buildings and enterprises from the country's industrial centers, especially from Gorky. In Moscow, Leningrad, Gorky and other cities, national personnel were trained for the industry and agriculture of the republic. The output of large-scale industry in the Mari ASSR in 1940 increased by 7.4 times in comparison with 1913. By 1941 the collective farms united 94.2 percent of the peasant farms; the construction of railways began (the first of them Zeleny Dol - Yoshkar-Ola was completed in 1928), a cultural revolution was carried out: illiteracy was basically eliminated, tribal feudal and religious remnants disappeared; national cadres of the working class and the people's intelligentsia have grown; national literature and art developed. The Mari people consolidated into a socialist nation. The region has turned from a backward region of Russia into an industrial-agrarian republic. During the years of the Great Patriotic War 1941-45 the working people of the Mari ASSR showed patriotism at the front and in the rear. 44 people from the republic were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union; more than 14 thousand soldiers were awarded orders and medals. Workers evacuated from the western regions of the USSR were placed and employed on the territory of the republic. In the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, enterprises relocated from Moscow, Leningrad, Odessa and other cities came into operation. A number of Leningrad research institutions were transferred to Yoshkar-Ola. 22 thousand workers of the republic were awarded the medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45". The Mari ASSR provided assistance to the regions and republics that suffered from the fascist occupation. Timber was sent to the mines of Donbass, to Stalingrad; Mechanics and tractor drivers went to Belarus. In 1941-45, the Mari working people supplied the country with about 14 million m3 of timber, about 22 million poods of grain, more than 1.5 million poods of meat, etc. In the post-war five-year plans, the economy and culture of the Mari ASSR were further developed. New large enterprises of machine-building, instrument-making and other branches of industry arose in the republic. The material and cultural standard of living of the people has risen significantly. The rise of the economy and culture was accompanied by a comprehensive expansion of mutual assistance and the deepening of ties between the Mari ASSR and the fraternal republics. National in form, socialist in content, internationalist in spirit and character, the culture of the Mari people flourished. The working people of the republic in the conditions of a developed socialist society, together with the peoples of the entire Soviet Union, are participating in the creation of the material and technical base of communism. In the Mari ASSR in 1974, 19 Heroes of Socialist Labor. For success in the development of the national economy of the Mari ASSR, she was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1965, and the Order of the October Revolution in 1970; in commemoration of the 50th anniversary of the USSR in 1972 - the Order of Friendship of Peoples. . . Khlebnikov, . A. Arkhipov. National economy. During the years of Soviet power, the economy of the Mari ASSR changed radically. As a result of the intensification of agriculture and the rapid pace of industrial development, especially after the Great Patriotic War of 1941–45, modern branches of industry and highly profitable collective-farm and state-farm agriculture have been created. Industry. The gross output of all industry in 1972 increased 27 times over 1940. Over 170 industrial enterprises operate in the republic. Data on the production of certain types of industrial products are given in table 1. Table 1. - Production of certain types of industrial products 384, 1110 Paper, thousand tons 15,231,452,680.8 Cardboard, thousand tons - 14,329,424.4 Building bricks, million pieces 1615136178 Prefabricated reinforced concrete structures and parts, thousand m3 - ... thousand pairs20369204559 Animal butter, t45079716994000 Canned food, thousand conditional cans53032211494071 The leading industry is mechanical engineering and metalworking. Specific gravity it in total industrial production is over 40%. The most important factories are: Electroavtomatika (produces electronic potentiometers), instrumental (round broaches, taps, cutters), commercial engineering (refrigeration equipment), semiconductor devices (cuprox and selenium rectifiers), Contact, Potential (resistors), forest mechanical engineering (pavers of road slabs, machines for the construction of logging roads). Most of the enterprises are located in Yoshkar-Ola, as well as in Volzhsk. In 1973, a large industrial center was built in Volzhsk, consisting of three enterprises: for the production of refrigeration machines, gearboxes, assemblies and assemblies for excavators. The timber industry is based on the forests of the republic and on the wood that is rafted along the Volga tributaries. Due to the decrease forest resources Since 1950, the volume of timber exports has decreased by more than 1/2. Logging is common in the western regions, and wood processing is common along the banks of the Volga and along the railway. At Kozmodemyansk, near the mouth of the Vetluga, the largest raid on the Volga for the formation of rafts. One of the main industries of the republic was the processing of wood in Volzhsk (pulp-and-paper and woodworking plants) and near it. Furniture, wood flour, technological chips for fibreboard, house parts, cold rooms , wood-concrete panels, parquet, etc. In 1972, furniture worth 12 million rubles was produced in the republic (in 1960, 3 million rubles). In Volzhsk, a hydrolysis-yeast plant is being built (1973) (to use woodworking waste). The Mari ASSR is the largest manufacturer of artificial leather (a plant in Yoshkar-Ola), used in the leather goods, footwear and mechanical engineering industries. In the village of Yurino - felting and leather goods production. Knitwear and garment factories have been set up. The factory "Truzhenitsa" has a workshop for artistic embroidery based on folk art. Glass factories operate on local quartz sands in the villages of Krasny Steklovar, Mariets and Leninsky. Plants of wall materials, large-panel housing construction, reinforced concrete products, asphalt concrete and others. The food industry is represented by meat processing plants, bakeries, dairy, butter and cheese, vegetable drying plants, a confectionery factory, etc. There is a large vitamin plant. Agriculture. About 34% of the territory of the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic is used for agricultural land, of which over 4/5 (645 thousand hectares) is occupied by arable land and less than 1/5 (136 thousand hectares) by hayfields and pastures. Over 5 thousand hectares of productive hayfields and pastures are located on drained lands. By the beginning of 1973 there were 132 collective farms and 39 state farms. The number of tractors (in physical units) in agriculture increased from 1,400 in 1940 to 6,400 in 1972, and of grain harvesters, respectively, from 0,300 to 2,000. All collective farms and state farms are electrified. The structure of sown areas is shown in Table 2. Table 2. - Structure of sown areas, thousand hectares cereals sow rye, buckwheat, legumes, oats and wheat. Among industrial crops, fiber flax is widely planted (6,300 ha in 1972). Potatoes are grown. Due to the insufficient natural forage base, more than 1/3 of the crops are occupied by fodder crops. The main agricultural massifs are in the Gornomariysky district and in the north-east of the republic. The gross grain harvest in 1971 amounted to 530.3 thousand tons (232.3 thousand tons in 1960), potatoes 386.4 thousand tons (491.7 thousand tons in 1960). The leading branch of agriculture is dairy and meat cattle breeding (see table 3 for data on the number of livestock). Bred black-and-white breed of cattle, characterized by high productivity. Table 3. - Number of livestock, thousand (at the beginning of the year) . heads at the beginning of 1973). Livestock production in 1972: meat (slaughter weight) 49 thousand tons (9 thousand tons in 1940), milk 300 thousand tons (82 thousand tons in 1940), wool 645 tons (367 tons in 1940), eggs 202 million pieces (37 million pieces in 1940). State purchases of grain crops in 1971 amounted to 76.6 thousand tons, potatoes 73.6 thousand tons (21.2 thousand tons in 1940), vegetables 8.3 thousand tons (1.7 thousand tons in 1940). In 1972, purchases of livestock and poultry (in live weight) amounted to 52 thousand tons (3.6 thousand tons in 1940), milk 128.4 thousand tons (10 thousand tons in 1940), eggs 118.6 million pieces (9.4 million pieces in 1940). In agriculture, high-quality livestock breeding complexes and poultry farms are being introduced, making it possible to transfer animal husbandry to industrial basis. In 1972, 57 livestock complexes were already in operation. Transport. The operational length of public railways is 148 km (1972). The railway line Zeleny Dol - Tabashino crosses the central part of the republic from south to north. In addition, there are 540.5 km of railway sidings for industrial enterprises. Navigation along the Volga and Vetluga rivers. The length of paved roads is 1081 km. The main road junction is Yoshkar-Ola. Union airlines pass through Yoshkar-Ola. The Mari ASSR supplies technical paper, semiconductor devices, commercial refrigeration equipment, vitamins, metal-cutting tools, arts, leather, etc. to other regions of the USSR; receives fuel and industrial raw materials, products light industry and others. For the economic map of the Mari ASSR, see the article Volga-Vyatka economic region. Internal differences. Central industrial area with intensive suburban agriculture; the main industrial center is Yoshkar-Ola. Volga-Iletsky industrial region with timber processing (Volzhsk and its environs) and ship repair (Zvenigovo); agriculture specializes in dairy and meat animal husbandry and potato growing. Northeast Agricultural Region; agro-industrial complexes for the processing of agricultural raw materials are being created; building materials industry. Western forest region with logging, peat extraction, textile, leather, footwear and felting industry, dairy farming. Gornomariysky district (on the right bank of the Volga) with an agro-industrial profile, a forest raid and the main marina of the Mari ASSR - Kozmodemyansky. The well-being of the people on the basis of the growth of the national income of the republic is steadily increasing. The retail turnover of state and cooperative trade, including public catering, in 1972 amounted to 396.9 million rubles and increased by 16.9% compared to 1970 (in comparable prices). In 1972, at the expense of state funds, funds of housing construction cooperatives, and collective farms, residential buildings with a total area of ​​172,300 m2 (14% more than in 1970) were built. In addition, 66.1 thousand m2 were built by collective farms and the population at their own expense and with the help of a state loan total area housing. Social insurance and pension funds are growing. I. K. Orfanov. Healthcare. In 1913, on the territory of the modern Mari ASSR, there were 13 hospitals with a total of 160 beds, 17 feldsher-obstetric stations; 21 doctors worked. During the years of socialist construction, trachoma has been completely eliminated, and the incidence of infectious disease has been sharply reduced. By January 1, 1973, there were 90 hospitals in the republic with 8,200 beds (11,9 beds per 1,000 inhabitants), outpatient care was provided by 101 outpatient medical institutions and 387 rural feldsher-obstetric stations. There were 51 antenatal clinics and 50 children's clinics. 1.5 thousand doctors worked (1 doctor per 449 inhabitants) and more than 6 thousand paramedical personnel. There is a medical school. On the territory of the republic there are Klenogorsk mineral springs, as well as springs in the village of Krasnogorsk, the water of which is used for treatment. Sanatoriums, rest houses. G. F. Church. Public education and cultural and educational institutions. In the 1914/15 academic year, on the territory now occupied by the Mari ASSR, there were 507 general education schools (including 502 primary schools), in which 26,000 students studied. Higher and secondary special educational institutions did not have. In 1972, 20,700 children were brought up in 213 kindergartens. In the 1972/73 academic year, 159 thousand students studied in 659 general education schools of all kinds, 8.6 thousand students in 23 vocational schools, 11.3 thousand students in 13 secondary specialized educational institutions, 3 universities - the Mari University, the Mari Polytechnic Institute named after A. M. Gorky and Mari Pedagogical Institute named after N. K. Krupskaya in Yoshkar-Ola - 12.4 thousand students. As of January 1, 1973, 362 mass libraries (4.5 million copies of books and magazines) were operating in the republic: 2 museums - the Mari Republican Museum of Local Lore in Yoshkar-Ola and the Gornomariysk Regional Museum of Local Lore in the city of Kozmodemyansk; 623 club institutions, 656 cinema installations; 14 palaces and houses of pioneers, 4 stations for young technicians and young naturalists, 5 children's sports schools, a children's excursion and tourist station. See also sections Music and Drama Theatre. Scientific institutions. At the end of 1972, there were more than 10 scientific institutions in the Mari ASSR, including universities, including the Mari Research Institute of Language, Literature, History and Economics under the Council of Ministers of the Mari ASSR (Yoshkar-Ola), the Mari branch of the All-Union Research Institute of Pulp and Paper Industry (Volzhsk), Mari State Agricultural Experimental Station, Mari Polytechnic Institute named after A. M. Gorky. In 1972 there were more than 1,000 scientific workers, including over 250 doctors and candidates of sciences. Printing, broadcasting, television. In 1971, 110 books and pamphlets were published with a total circulation of 905,000 copies; 9 magazine publications were published (one-time circulation of 191 thousand copies), 29 editions of newspapers (without grassroots and collective farms) in the Mari meadow (meadow-eastern), Mari mountain (mountain Mari), Russian, Tatar languages ​​with a one-time circulation of 215 thousand copies (annual circulation 42,474 thousands of copies). Republican newspapers: "Mari Commune" ("Mari Commune", from October 1, 1918, in the Mari meadow language), "Mariyskaya Pravda" (since 1921), "Young Communist" (since 1934), "Yamde Liy" ("Be ready ”, since 1933, in the Mari meadow language). Magazines: "Onchyko" ("Forward", since 1954, in the Mari meadow language) - a literary, artistic and socio-political magazine, a satirical magazine "Pachemysh" ("Osa", in the Mari language since 1957, in Russian since 1958), "Political Information" (in Mari and Russian) and others. Republican radio broadcasting is conducted in Mari and Russian languages ​​2 hours 30 minutes a day; Republican television broadcasts daily 3-hour programs, programs of Central Television and All-Union Radio are broadcast from Moscow. Telecentre - in Yoshkar-Ola. Literature. The fiction of the Mari people arose during the rise of the national liberation movement during the Revolution of 1905-07. During these years, the works of the founders of national literature S. G. Chavain (1888-1942), M. S. Gerasimov-Mikai (1885-1944), N. S. Mukhin (1890-1943) and others appeared. Since its inception, Mari literature has been nourished by two sources: the oral art of the people and the progressive traditions of Russian literature. In 1907-13 Kazan published the annual "Mari Calendar", which published the works of Mari writers in their native language and translated into Russian. The development of Mari literature began after the Great October Socialist Revolution. In the early years, poetry prevails, imbued with the pathos of the struggle against the oppressors, intervention and counter-revolution, calls for a free life. National dramaturgy is also emerging, represented by the plays of A. F. Konakov (1887-1922), M. Shketan (Ya. P. Mayorov, 1898-1937), V. Savi (V. A. Mukhin, 1888-1938), N. S. Mukhin, Tynysh Osypa (I. A. Borisov, 1893 - 1971) and others. In the 1920s, Shketan's stories depict the struggle between the new and the old, the victory of progressive forces in the Mari village (the story "Sins of God", 1923). In magazines ("U ilysh" - " New life”, came out in Moscow in 1922-27, and “U Viy” - “New Force”, came out in Yoshkar-Ola in 1926-36), stories are printed on the pages of newspapers. Eleksein (Ya. A. Alekseev, 1893-1965), I. Lombersky (1896-1956), . Oraya (D. F. Bogoslovsky, 1901-50) and others. By the end of the 20s, the first stories appeared in Mari literature: “Deserters” (1929) by Chavain, dedicated to civil war, and “The collapse of the world” (1928) by Shabdar Osip (I. A. Shabdarov, 1898-1943). Mari poetry becomes more mature and artistically convincing (collection of poems by Shabdar "Sounds of the harp", 1929). Visible features of the new life are included in the work of young poets M. M. Ivanov (born 1905), Y. Yalkain (Y. Y. Yalkaev, 1906-43) and others. In Chavain's drama "Apiary" (1928), which marked the beginning of national dramaturgy, elements of folk-musical choreographic creativity were used. The 1930s were marked by the appearance of works of a major genre - short stories and novels. The socialist transformation of the countryside is shown in Shketan's novel Erenger (1933). The novel The Way of a Woman (1929-37) by Shabdar depicts the path of a Mari woman who, during the years of Soviet power, becomes a conscious builder of a socialist society. The stories and novels of N. V. Ignatiev (1895-1941), Yalkain, Orai and others constitute a chronicle of the life and struggle of the Mari people for their freedom and happiness. In the novel "Elnet" (1936), Chavain deeply and truthfully revealed the ideological growth of the Mari intelligentsia, who boldly followed the path of struggle against tsarism and the national bourgeoisie. Chavain's historical drama "Akpatyr" (1935) is dedicated to the participation of the Mari people in the Peasants' War of 1773-75 led by Emelyan Pugachev. This work is the pinnacle of the Mari dramaturgy of the 30s. Shketan creates his best dramas and comedies at this time. In 1930 S. N. Nikolaev (born in 1908) began to work. His musical comedy "Salika" (1938) has enjoyed constant success with the Mari audience for decades. IN prewar years Mari poetry was represented by the works of Miklai Kazakov (N. I. Kazakov, born 1918), I. Osmin (I. I. Osmin-Loginov, born 1915), M. Main (M. S. Stepanov, born 1914), N Ilyakov (1913-67), A. Bika (A. I. Bikmurzin, born in 1915) and others. The pathos of the poetry of those years is in the ideas of Soviet patriotism and friendship of peoples. During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, poetry resounded with particular force. S. A. Vishnevsky (born in 1920) and Kazakov created verses and poems that expressed a feeling of ardent love for the Motherland and hatred for the enemy. Poetic essays about the feats of arms of the soldiers of the Soviet Army are created by the poet Main; Osmin writes about field workers during the war years in his poems and poems. At this time, G. Matyukovsky (G. I. Matyukov, born in 1926) and A. Kanyushkov (born in 1925) entered Mari poetry. The leading place in the prose of the war years is occupied by essays by N. Lekain (N. S. Eremeev, 1907-60), Ilyakov, Orai, and others, stories and novels by K. K. Vasin (born in 1924), devoted to historical and revolutionary topics. Post-war Mari prose was enriched by Lekain's novels and short stories In the Fire of the Great War (1948) and Land of Ancestors (books 1-2, 1956-60); Orai's "Unfading Star" (1950) and "Through the Mists" (1951); Ilyakov "People and Years" (1957); Eleksein "The Family of Toimakov" (1955); V. M. Ivanov (1923-71) "The Storm" (1965); Erykan "Cholpan Ivan" (1966) and others. Modern Mari prose is represented by stories and novellas by A. Michurin-Azmekey (A. S. Yatmanov, born in 1912), V. N. Kosorotov (born in 1930); A. Asaev (A. A. Asylbaev, born in 1912) and A. Yuzykain (A. M. Mikhailov, born in 1929) wrote their first novels. Vishnevsky, Matyukovsky, Bik, Kanyushkov and others performed with new works. In Mari poetry, the works of M. I. Yakimov (born in 1929) and V. are popular. Columba (born 1935); in 1950 the well-known collection of Kazakov's poems "Poetry is a beloved friend" was published. In 1971, Nikolaev wrote the drama "Commissioners", which is shown in the theaters of the republic and abroad. The attention of the audience is attracted by the dramas of N. M. Arban (born in 1912), A. A. Volkov (born in 1923), K. M. Korshunov (born in 1929), N. F. Rybakov (born in 1932) and others. Russian writers and poets work fruitfully in the republic. A. S. Krupnyakov (born in 1920) published the novels Akpars March (1970) and Lada (1972). Asylbaev, Vasin, M. A. Georgina (born in 1920), V. Stolyarov (born in 1918), S. Eman (S. I. Ibatov, born in 1910) and others work in literary criticism and criticism. Mari literature, like all the multinational literature of the Soviet Union, is developing as the literature of socialist realism. The works of Mari writers have been translated into Russian and the languages ​​of the peoples of the USSR; they become known abroad. Translations of works by Russian and Russian Soviet writers and writers of other Soviet republics. In 1934, the Mari branch of the Writers' Union of the USSR was created. S. Eman. Architecture and fine arts. During archaeological excavations in the Yurinsky district, primitive sculptural images of animals made of clay and stone (mid-2nd millennium BC) were found; since the Bronze Age, metal ornaments appear. Folk architecture is characterized by a log cabin with a U-shaped courtyard, a summer kitchen (“kudo”; a log house without windows with gable roof) and a pantry (a cage, sometimes two-story, with a gallery-balcony on the 2nd floor). Villages were built up randomly until the 2nd half of the 19th century, when street planning was established. In the folk art of the Mari, wood carving (scoops, ladles with handles in the form of a horse, bear, bird), patterned weaving, birch bark weaving and embossing on birch bark, later - metal jewelry, bent and wicker furniture, canes with a burnt pattern . In the ornament geometric figures often combined with plant and zoomorphic motifs. Particularly interesting is the old embroidery, in which the CPSU and the Republican Council of Ministers, 1971, architect S. A. Kleimenov; all - in Yoshkar-Ola), buildings of educational institutions, hotels, sports facilities, cinemas and palaces of culture, residential buildings are being built. The Mari branch of the Union of Architects of the USSR was established in 1941. In the mid-20s, Russian artists V. K. Timofeev and P. A. Radimov, Mari A. V. Grigoriev, K. F. Egorov and E. D. Atlashkina laid the foundations of a professional visual arts. In Kozmodemyansk, State free art workshops were established (1920-23), in Yoshkar-Ola - in 1926 a branch of the AHRR, in 1940 the partnership "Mary the Artist", in 1961 the Mari branch of the Union of Artists of the RSFSR (since 1968 - the Union of Artists of the Mari ASSR). During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, artists produced posters and worked on thematic paintings. I. Osinovi I. M. Plandin. In the post-war period, I. I. Mamaev, A. S. Pushkov, Z. F. Lavrentiev, A. I. Butov, S. F. Podmarev and others paint pictures on the themes of modernity and the history of the Mari people,. S. Belkov and A. P. Zarubin - portraits of contemporaries, P. T. Gorbuntsov, B. S. Pushkov and N. P. Karpov - landscapes. Works of easel and monumental sculpture are created by F. P. Shaberdin,. A. Dedov and V. M. Kozmin. L. L. Akazeev, A. G. Orlov, I. A. Mikhaylin and others work in the field of book and easel graphics in various techniques. The art of theatrical scenery is represented by the work of F. P. Shaberdin and A. A. Brovtsyn, monumental and decorative art - by the work of A. F. Novoselov and I. P. Myasnikov. B. F. Tovarov-Koshkin. Music. Before the Great October revolution the musical culture of the Mari was represented only by folk songs, mostly monophonic, diverse in genres. Due to historical and geographical conditions, folk songs are divided into 3 main groups: mountain, meadow and eastern. Typically songs are based on the pentatonic scale. Often there are variable meters, especially in long songs. For dancers, a clear rhythm and a constant time signature are common. The most characteristic is the 2-part couplet form of songs, consisting of 2 periods. Folk musical instruments include: kusle (harp), shuvyr (bagpipe), tumyr (drum), shiyaltysh (pipe), puch (various types of birch bark and wooden pipes), kovyzh (2-string violin), shushpyk (whistle). Later, the 3-string violin, 2-row harmonica appeared. Mainly dance tunes are performed on folk instruments. In 1908, A. K. Aptriev compiled the first collection of Mari folk songs (“Collection of Cheremis Songs”). The systematic collection of musical folklore begins only after the October Revolution. Many Mari folk songs were recorded and published by V. M. Vasiliev, I. S. Palantai, Ya. A. Eshpay, A. I. Iskandarov, K. A. Smirnov, D. M. Kulshetov. The creation of a technical school of arts in Yoshkar-Ola (1931), a choir chapel (1933), a choir of the Radio Committee (1944), etc. contributed to the development of professional Mari musical culture. as well as arrangements of folk songs, organizer of the first professional choir (for the first time he introduced polyphonic choral singing into Mari music). Composers A. I. Iskandarov and N. A. Sidushkin pay great attention to choral creativity. The first Mari instrumental works (suites for a symphony orchestra) were written by the composer and musicologist Ya. A. Eshpay (Ishpaykin), who used the folklore of the peoples of the Volga region in his work. Instrumental music was developed in the works of L. N. Sakharov, K. R. Geist. The first major works for the symphony orchestra were created by K. A. Smirnov (2 symphonies, etc.). A great contribution to the development of Mari music was made by the composer A. Ya. Eshpay. In a number of his compositions, Mari folk melos (symphonic dances, concertos for piano and orchestra, 3rd symphony) are creatively implemented. A major representative of Mari music is A. B. Luppov, the author of works for a symphony orchestra, the first national ballet - "Forest Legend" (1971). He wrote the first national opera. N. Sapaev (Akpatyr, staged 1963). Since the late 60s, composers I. N. Molotov (opera Elpet, 1970), V. P. Kupriyanov (suite for symphony orchestra, 1970), V. P. Danilov (violin concerto, 1971) have been actively working ). Among the Mari performers: conductors - Honored Art Worker of the RSFSR A. I. Iskandarov, N. A. Sidushkin, B. A. Reznikov, Honored Art Worker of the Mari ASSR L. L. Taigildin, Honored Art Worker of the RSFSR, Honored Artist of the Yakut ASSR G. F. Tanygin; singers - L. K. Krasnov, People's Artist of the Mari ASSR V. E. Smirnova, Honored Artist of the Mari ASSR M. A. Mylnikova, L. F. Kovaleva, A. A. Venediktov, V. A. Vorontsov; instrumentalists - People's Artist of the Mari ASSR P. S. Toidemar, Honored Art Worker of the Mari ASSR A. R. Sidushkina; performer of national dances, Honored Artist of the RSFSR and People's Artist of the Mari ASSR N. P. Druzhinina. Work in the Mari ASSR (1973): Musical and Drama Theater named after M. Shketan (since 1968), Choral Society (1958), Philharmonic Society (1939), Mari Song and Dance Ensemble (1939), art sector of the Mari Research Institute of Language, literature, history and economics (1930), the House of Folk Art (1946), the Mari branch of the Union of Composers of the RSFSR (1940); Music College, 22 music schools. L. A. Novoselova. Drama Theater. The emergence and development of national theatrical art is closely linked with the development of the wealth of folk art, the use of realistic traditions of Russian theater and dramaturgy. In pre-revolutionary times, only one case of a theatrical performance in the Mari language (1910) is known. After the Great October Socialist Revolution, theatrical amateur performances developed greatly, paving the way for the creation of a professional theater. In 1919, the Mobile Theater of the Mari People (Yoshkar-Ola) was opened with the play “Because of the Law” by Tynysh Osip. An important role in the development of a professional realistic theater was played by the productions of Russian classics, plays by Soviet, including Mari, playwrights S. G. Chavain, M. Shketan. Of great importance was the activity of the Mari studio of musical and dramatic art (organized in 1927); the performance of Chavain's Pasika studio (1928), which used the traditions of folk music and choreography, laid the foundations of the Mari musical drama and entered the repertoire of the Mari State Theater, founded in 1929 (in 1948 it was named after M. Shketan). In 1930 the theater team participated in the All-Union Olympiad of National Art in Moscow; communication with the masters of the Russian theater, with representatives of other fraternal republics was fruitful for the figures of the Mari theater. The play "Salika" by S. N. Nikolaev (1938) became a significant phenomenon in the theatrical culture of the republic. The most notable works of the period of the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the first post-war years and the early 50s: "Yanlyk Paset" by N. M. Arban (1944), "The Young Guard" by A. A. Fadeev (1946), "Romeo and Juliet" by W. Shakespeare (1951), "The Inspector General" by N. V. Gogol (1952). Performances staged in the 1930s were resumed on the stage: “Mari Company” (1951), “Akpatyr” and “Apiary” (both in 1956), “Living Water” (1968) by S. G. Chavain, “Eh, parents...” M. Shketana (1952, 1970) and others. For the first time in the Mari Theater, the image of V. I. Lenin was created in the play “The Family” by I. F. Popov (1962). In the 60s - early 70s

years, along with Russian and foreign classics, plays by Mari playwrights - M. Shketan, S. G. Chavain, S. Nikolaev, N. Arban, K. M. Korshunov, N. F. Rybakov, A. Volkov, Y. Yivan, P. Esenei and others, as well as works of dramaturgy of the fraternal republics. The theater team was replenished with graduates of the Mari studios of the Leningrad Theater Institute (1954) and GITIS (1965). Yoshkar-Ola also has the Republican Russian Drama Theater (founded in 1936) and the Puppet Theater (founded in 1943). Directors N. I. Kalender, N. D. Stanislavsky, G. I. Ioseliani, A. B. Velizhev, E. G. Amantov, I. S. Babenko took an active part in the activities of the Mari Theater, actors - Honored Artists of the RSFSR worked and People's Artists of the Mari ASSR T. G. Grigoriev, G. M. Pushkin, A. G. Strausova, A. T. Tikhonova, People's Artist of the Mari ASSR I. I. Rossygin and others. In the theaters of the republic (1973): Honored Artist of the RSFSR and the Mari ASSR S. I. Ivanov (chief director of the Music and Drama Theater) and G. V. Konstantinov (chief director of the Republican Russian Theater), Honored Artists of the RSFSR and People's Artists of the Mari ASSR N E. Popova, S. I. Kuzminykh, V. N. Privalikhina, M. T. Romanova, I. T. Yakaev, People’s Artists of the Mari ASSR V. D. Burlakov, I. S. Matveev, M. M. Mikhailova , Honored Artists of the Mari ASSR L. A. Bulycheva, L. P. Zhiretskaya, N. A. Konstantinova. A. N. Mikov, I. S. Nikitin, P. P. Repyev, M. N. Sapozhnikova, Honored Artist of the Mari ASSR I. K. Emelyanov (chief director of the Puppet Theater) and others. M. A. Georgina. Lit .: Essays on the history of the Mari ASSR. (From ancient times to the Great October Socialist Revolution), Yoshkar-Ola, 1965; Essays on the history of the Mari ASSR (1917-1960), Yoshkar-Ola, 1960; Essays on the history of the Mari organization of the CPSU, Yoshkar-Ola, 1968; Native Ilyich, compiled by T. I. Bogomolova, T. A. Sadova, h. 1, Yoshkar-Ola, 1963; part 2, ibid., 1960; Mary Writers. Bio-bibliographic reference book, Yoshkar-Ola, 1958; Kryukova T. A., Mari embroidery, L., 1951; her, Material culture of the Mari of the 19th century, Yoshkar-Ola, 1956; Artists of the Mari ASSR. Album. Author of articles and compiler B. F. Tovarov-Koshkin, L., 1963; Eshpay Ya., Music of the Mari people, "Soviet Music", 1946, No. 7; Girshman Ya. M., Mari ASSR, in the book: History of Music of the Peoples of the USSR, vol. 1-3, M., 1970-72: Novoselova L., 50 years of Soviet Mari music, “ Music life", 1970, No. 24; History of the Soviet Drama Theatre, vols. 1-6, M., 1966-71.

within the RSFSR. Located in the bass. cf. currents of the Volga. Nov 4 1920 the Mari Autonomous Okrug was formed, which was reorganized on 5 December. 1936 in the ASSR. Area 23.2 thousand km2. Population, according to the 1959 census, 647,680 people. (Mari - 279.5 thousand, Russian - 309.5 thousand, Tatars - 38.8 thousand, etc.), according to an estimate as of January 1. 1965 - 656 thousand people, incl. urban - 234 thousand people, rural - 422 thousand people. In Map. ASSR 12 districts, 3 cities, 10 settlements in the mountains. type (1965). The capital is Yoshkar-Ola. The highest bodies of state the authorities are the top. The Council of the Republic and its Presidium, the highest order. and perform. body - Council of Ministers Mar. ASSR. Tepp. Map. The ASSR has long been inhabited by humans. Monuments are open here. Paleolithic (Yunga-Kusherginskaya site), Mesolithic (Russian-Lugovskaya site) and Neolithic (significant number of sites). The Mesolithic and Neolithic are characterized by the flourishing of matriarchy, the population was engaged in hunting, fishing and gathering. In the Bronze Age (middle of the 2nd millennium - early 1st millennium BC; monuments of the Abashev, Balanov, Chirkovo-Seima and other archeological cultures) matriarchy was replaced by patriarchy. The beginnings of hoe farming and cattle breeding appear. The beginning of the decomposition of the tribal system is associated with the Early Iron Age (1st millennium BC). There are alliances of tribes. Hoe farming and cattle breeding are further developed. Fortified settlements appear (fortified settlements of the Ananyino culture). Decomposition of the tribal system and the emergence of feuds. relations took place from the beginning. 1st millennium AD Large patriarchal families emerged from the family community, elements of the military appeared. democracy (as evidenced by the finds in the burial grounds of Mari-Lugovoy, Ml. Akh-mylovsky). At the same time, on the territory Map. The ASSR is penetrated by nomadic Turkic-speaking tribes. In the 5th-10th centuries. the formation of the ancient Mari people takes place. In the 9th-12th centuries. the Mari inhabited the entire Vyatka-Vetluzhskoe interfluve. They were engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting, and fishing. Blacksmithing, jewelry, and other crafts, trade, and exchange with neighbors have received significant development. Then came plow agriculture. In 10-12 centuries. the Mari were under the economic and cultural influence of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. From the 30s. 13th c. they fall under the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars. In the 13th-15th centuries. Mari are divided into meadow and mountain. From the 15th century the Volga Mari are part of the Kazan Khanate, the north-west, the Povetluzh Mari are part of the north-east. Russian principalities. With the development of feudal relations in the region appear their feudal lords. In Russian annals and bit books ser. 16th century Mari princes are mentioned (Tugai, Atychin, Mamich-Berdei). East conditions were such that the Mari could not form their own statehood. The struggle between Moscow. Prince and the Kazan Khanate, from which the Mari suffered, demanded that they determine their future fate. The Mari joined the Rus. state-woo: in 1551 - mountain, in 1552 - meadow. However, after that, part of the Mari feudal lords, together with the Tat. feudal lords for 20 years fought against Moscow. In the 2nd floor. 16th century cities are being built in the region - Kokshaysk, Kozmodemyansk, Tsarevokokshaysk, etc. The accession of the Mari to Russia gave impetus to the development of production. forces in the region, the influence of Russian increased. culture. The joint struggle with the exploiters strengthened the friendship between the Mari and the Russians. workers. The Mari took an active part in the cross. wars at the beginning 17th century and 1670-71. In the 17th century land appeared in the region. Russian possessions. landlords (Prince V. G. Romodanovsky, then V. S. Sheremetev). Rus. peasants settled on the Mari lands, which became palace and state. Most of the Mari were yasak peasantry. In with. x-ve the leading place was still occupied by agriculture. Plow, harrow, sickle and scythe were used. Some development was received by cattle breeding; horticulture and horticulture appeared. Followed by the performance of the Mari feudal lords in the 2nd half. 16th century and cross. war beginning. 17th century the prohibition of the Mari to engage in blacksmithing and other crafts associated with metal processing somewhat slowed down the development of crafts in the region (until the end of the 18th century). Only woodworking and leather became widespread. craft. From con. 18th century a relatively rapid development of handicrafts and villages began. crafts. There were textile manufactories (kumachovoe production), potash, leather, brick, distilleries, owned by the Russian. merchants and nobles. The workers were civilians, the labor of attached peasants prevailed in auxiliary work. Bread, meat, honey, skins, furs, and other goods were exported to Kazan, Cheboksary, Nizhny Novgorod, and other cities. Merchants-buyers and usurers were active. Commodity growth. relations contributed to the transformation of natural x-va into a commodity. Sat. the population of the region was divided into 3 categories: state (b. yasaknye), economic. (b. monastic) and privately owned peasants. Monasteries were large landowners. Land in the region was also owned by wealthy entrepreneurs (br. Demidov and others). Agriculture was dominated by a three-field system. Growing market demand for bread, especially in con. 18 century, led to the expansion of the landowner's farm and an increase in the role of corvee. With the introduction in the 18th century. provinces ter. The region was divided between Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and then Vyatka provinces. Replacement at the beginning 18th century yasaka by poll tax led to an increase in the oppression of the peasants, who, in addition to direct taxes, paid various indirect taxes and carried a number of duties. The flight of the Mari to Bashkiria, to the Urals intensified. The royal administration aspired to plant Christianity among non-Russians. peoples, incl. and Mari; this increased the indignation of the peasants. In the course of the cross. of the war of 1773-75, Pugachev was joined by the Mari detachments of Turai Ishalin, Akhmer Ageev, Yukey Egorov, Baikey Toikeev, Oski Oskin and others. In the 1st half. 19th century the number of enterprises with civilian labor increased in the region. There was a further decomposition of natural x-va. The abolition of serfdom in 1861 paved the way for the development of capitalism. relations in the x-ve and industrial region, but did not improve the situation of the peasants. The differentiation of the peasantry increased. In 1884-91, among the peasants of the region there were 20.9% without horses, 48.2% with one horse, 23.4% with two horses, and 7.5% with three and many horses. The latter had more than 20% of working cattle. In the 80s - early. 90s 2/3 cross. the yards of the region were poor. The purchase and sale of labor power has become a ubiquitous and mass phenomenon. Developed seasonal crafts of peasants of various economic. types, from handicraft to capitalist. work at home. In the last quarter of the 19th century commercial production develops (tar products were sold in Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan and other cities). The forest industry developed, in a swarm in the con. 80s - early 90s at least 17 tons of seasonal workers were employed. The industry in the region was also represented by factory-management enterprises. and manufactory type, but she experienced long. stagnation, the reason for it was the absence of well. e. The largest enterprises are distilleries and glass factories in the Tsarevokokshaisk district, the Zvenigovsky ship repair plant, the Nartassky distillery and the crystal glassware factory. The largest auction. point was Kozmodemyansk, bargaining. the turnover of which in 1885 was estimated at 636,500 rubles. In the beginning. 20th century there was a certain growth in industry. In 1913 in Kozmodemyanskaya, Cheboksary and Tsarevokokshay districts. 47 enterprises operated (the amount of production was up to 3628 thousand rubles). The first Marxist circle in the region was organized in 1899 in Yurino by the teacher K. I. Kasatkin. The circle started issuing leaflets. In 1905 the first Social-Democrats arose. mugs in Yurino, Kozmodemyansk, etc. During the revolution of 1905-07, the Mari nat. movement, in which 2 streams were designated - revolutionary-democratic. and liberal. This was also reflected in the content of the first regular publications in the Mari language. - "Mari calendars" (published in 1907-14). Stolypinskaya agr. reform did not mean in the region. successes: in 1915-17 farm and bran farms accounted for only 1.3% of the cross. x-in. After Feb. In the revolution of 1917 in the Mari region, the bodies of the royal government were liquidated. But the Soviets were not created immediately. In April - May, Soviets arose: Yurinsky, Sebe-Usadsky, Tsarevokokshaysky, Kozmodemyansky. However, in the majority of the Soviets there were Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, bourgeois. nationalists, kulaks. Since May, the struggle of peasants for land and forests has unfolded in the region. In summer and autumn, mass demonstrations against the grain monopoly took place in the countryside. A group of Bolsheviks was then working in Yurin. At the same time, the activity of the Mari bourgeoisie became more active. nationalists. In July 1917, the 1st All-Russian took place in Birsk. congress of the Mari, expressing confidence in the Provisional. Prospect and laid the foundation for the design of the bourgeois-nationalist. organizations. A radical turn in the history of the Mari people was Oct. socialist. revolution. Nov. 1917 Owls. power was established in Yurin, 23 Dec. 1917 (5 Jan. 1918) - in Tsarevokokshaysk, 31 Dec. 1917 (January 13, 1918) - in Kozmodemyansk, in Jan. and Feb. 1918 - in most volost centers. At the head of the struggle for the power of the Soviets were local revolutionaries - V. A. Barinov, M. P. Krasilnikov, A. A. Losev, P. T. Kochetov, V. T. Dmitriev, A. R. Romanov and others. In 1918, a Bolshevik organization was created in Kozmodemyansk, in March - in Urzhum and Yaransk. In July 1918, a mari department was created under the People's Commissariat for National Affairs of the RSFSR. In the summer of 1918, in the region, which turned out to be close to the area of ​​actions of the White-Czechs, anti-Sovs broke out. mutinies (Stepanov's rebellion, which spread to the north-eastern part of the region; in Tsarevokokshaisk, Kozmodemyansk, Yurin). In suppressing the rebellions, the workers of the region were assisted by the 1st Latvian regiment and a detachment of the Nizhny Novgorod province. military registration and enlistment office. In Aug. 1918 the Tsarevokokshai cell of the RCP(b) took shape. Combeds are created (1500 rural and 34 volost). The working people of the region handed over to the state millions of poods of grain, more than a hundred thousand poods of meat, and other agricultural products. products, the region supplied millions of cubic meters of timber. In July 1920, the 1st All-Russian. conference of Mari communists. In 1920, a discussion of the issue of creating owls was widely developed in the region. autonomy of the Mari people. Nov 4 1920 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree on the formation of the Mari Autonomous Okrug. Decree of 25 Nov. territory was determined. area with the center in Krasnokokshaysk (modern Yoshkar-Ola). Jan 5 1921 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the Regional Revolutionary Committee (I. P. Petrov - pres., S. A. Chernyakov, V. A. Mukhin and others), 15 Jan. 1921 the time was formed. region bureau of the RCP(b) (V. M. Moiseev, I. P. Petrov, I. N. Smirnov, S. A. Chernyakov). Feb 20-23 1921 held the 1st region. part. conference that issued the region. part. org-tion. In 1921, the trade union and Komsomol organizations of the region took shape. The 1st Congress of Soviets of the Mari Autonomous Okrug (June 21-24, 1921) completed the organizational design of the region, elected the regional executive committee (chaired by I.P. Petrov). In the summer of 1921, a drought and forest fires hit the region, destroying about 250 thousand hectares of forest. By the autumn of 1922, the famine and its consequences were largely eliminated. In 1925-27 x-in the region according to the main. indicators reached pre-war. level. In 1929-32, the Mari Autonomous Okrug was part of the Nizhny Novgorod, in 1932-36 - the Gorky Territories. On the path of the socialist construction in the years before the war. five-year plan was eliminated economic. backwardness of the Mari people. Means. logging has been developed. and woodworking. prom-st, glass and mittens-leather production, pulp and paper, printing were re-created. prom-st, production builds. materials. Gross output of large-scale industry increased in 1928 (compared with 1913) by 1.7 times, in 1940 by 7.4 times. In 1928, the construction of the railway station was completed. Zeleny Dol - Yoshkar-Ola, in 1937 - Zeleny Dol - Volzhsk. During the socialist conversions with. x-va by 1937 was collectivized by St. 80% cross. x-c (in 1929 - .3.3%), 22 MTS were created (1940). The sown area in 1940 amounted to 486.2 thousand hectares against 447.9 thousand hectares in 1913. Collectivization introduced fundamental changes in the life of the Mari village. Owls. the government carried out a cultural revolution, put an end to illiteracy. In 1940 in general education. schools, technical schools, universities of the republic studied 114 t.ch. Acad. VASKHNIL V. P. Mosolov, artist A. V. Grigoriev, writers and poets - S. G. Chavain, M. Shketan and others. theater. Dec 5 1936, according to the Constitution of the USSR, the Mari Autonomous Okrug was transformed into Map. ASSR. June 21, 1937 Extraordinary 11th Congress of Soviets Map. The ASSR adopted the Constitution of the Republic. During the years of Vel. Fatherland. war, the Mari people showed high patriotism at the front and in the rear. More than 40 soldiers of the republic were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviets. Union, St. 10 t.h. awarded military orders and medals. Logging. the industry of the republic gave during the war years approx. 14 million m3 of wood. There were large enterprises of the new industry. industries - mechanical engineering. In 1945, the gross output of large-scale industry almost doubled compared to 1940. During the war, the republic surrendered the state of St. 20 million poods of bread, approx. 2 million poods of meat and other products. In the postwar period economy and culture Mar. The ASSR reached a new upsurge. A large construction trust, a sand-lime brick, reinforced concrete products, vitamin, and arts factories have been created. leather, electroautomatics, knitwear factory and other enterprises. Gross industrial output increased in 1964 compared to 1940 by 11.1 times. Production the most important types prom. production in 1964 amounted to: electricity - 307 million kWh (against 50 million kWh in 1940), paper - 68 thousand tons (15 thousand tons), cellulose - 98 thousand tons (29 thousand tons) , animal oil - 1.7 thousand tons (0.5 thousand tons), canned food - 3.9 million conditional cans (0.5 thousand). In the republic in 1965-191 there were collective farms and 13 state farms. In 1964/65 in general education. schools of the republic studied 151.8 thousand people. In 2 universities and 12 cf. specialist. uch. institutions - 16.5 thousand people. A television center has been operating in Yoshkar-Ola since 1960. Nov 3 1965 Decree of the Presidium of the Upper. Council of the USSR Map. ASSR for success in the development of Nar. x-va was awarded the Order of Lenin. In Map. ASSR leave 4 rep. newspapers ("Mariy Kommuna", "Rveze Kommunist" - in the Mari language, "Mariyskaya Pravda" and "Young Communist" - in Russian); literary-art., social-political. magazine "Onchyko" - in the Mari language. East institutions: Mari Research Institute of Language, Literature and History under the Council of Ministers Map. ASSR (1930); historical and philological faculty of the Mari ped. in-ta (1931); local history museum Map. ASSR (1924); Gorno-Mariysk local historian. museum in Kozmodemyansk (1919); state Mar archive. ASSR (1922). Lit .: Archive of K. Marx and F. Engels, vol. XIII, M., 1955, p. 109, 116-17, 263, 265, 289; Lenin V.I., Poln. coll. cit., vol. 3, p. 402-03, 404; Proceedings of the Mari Archaeol. expeditions, vol. 1-2, Yoshkar-Ola, 1960-62; Korobov S. A., Revolutionary. movement in the Mari region during the first bourgeois-democratic. revolutions in Russia (1905-1907), Yoshkar-Ola, 1952; Patrushev A.S., Condition cross. x-va and class. struggle in the villages of the Mari Territory during the First World War, "Proceedings of the Map. Research Institute", c. 16, Yoshkar-Ola, 1961; Khlebnikov A.V., Mari region during the preparation and conduct of the Grand. Oct. socialist. revolution, Yoshkar-Ola, 1958; From the history of the Mari ASSR. Sat. articles, Yoshkar-Ola, 1957; Essays on the history of the Mari ASSR (from ancient times to the Great October Socialist Revolution), Yoshkar-Ola, 1965; Essays on the history of the Mari ASSR (1917-1960), Yoshkar-Ola, 1960; Nar. x-in the Mari ASSR. Statistical Sat., Yoshkar-Ola, 1960. G. A. Arkhipov, A. V. Khlebnikov. Yoshkar-Ola. -***-***-***- Mari ASSR

Distinctive features. Previously, the Republic of Mari El had a different name. In Soviet times, there was first the Mari Autonomous Region, and then the Mari Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. The Mari, also known as Cheremis, belong to the Finno-Ugric tribes and have been known since the 10th century.

By the will of history, the Mari were squeezed between two fires - Christian Russia in the west and Muslim Tatars in the east. All this was reflected in the culture of the Mari people, divided into mountain and meadow Mari. In total, there are about 600 thousand Mari, and half of them live in the Republic of Mari El, which means "country of husbands."

The economy of the Republic of Mari El is primarily a manufacturing industry. Yoshkar-Ola is the capital of the republic and the largest industrial center. There are enterprises of metallurgy, chemical, woodworking industries. Unfortunately, the economy is not so developed that local residents can boast of high salaries. But the nature in Mari El is worthy of attention, as is the green city of Mari El, spread out in the middle of vast forests.

Geographic location. The Republic of Mari El is one of the regions of the Volga region. There is no need to guess what federal district she enters. Of course, in Privolzhsky. Its neighbors are the Nizhny Novgorod region in the west, the Republic of Tatarstan in the southeast, the Kirov region in the north and the Republic of Chuvashia in the northeast.

The Republic of Mari El is a real river region: 190 rivers flow through it with a watercourse length of more than 100 km. And the largest and most famous of them is Mother Volga. True, most of the territory of Mari El is located on the left bank of the Volga. And on the right bank there is only one district - Gornomariysky. It is so named because it occupies the northern part of the Volga Upland.

Most of the territory of the republic is covered with forests. The largest protected natural areas are the Mari Chodra National Park, famous for its karst lakes, and the Bolshaya Kokshaga Reserve.

Population. Now the population of the Republic of Mari El is 690,349 people. Remarkably, in this national autonomy, the number of inhabitants of the indigenous nationality is approximately equal to the number of Russians (45% and 41.76%, respectively), while in many other similar autonomies, Russians either make up the vast majority of the population, or vice versa, remain in a proud minority. In third place in terms of the number of Tatars - 5.51%.

It should be noted that although there was a slight decrease in numbers compared to what it was 20 years ago, last years the situation is quite stable. There is even a small natural increase in the population, although it is less than 1 person per 1000 inhabitants.

As for religion, almost half of the republic's population are staunch Christians, while Islam is practiced by about 6% of the population.

Crime. The Republic of Mari El is on the 61st place in the criminal rating of regions. Yes, it is mostly quiet and calm here, but this does not mean that there are no crimes at all. There are both thefts and murders of businessmen. In general, everything is like in other regions, but still somehow calmer.

Unemployment rate. The economic situation in Mari El is quite difficult. There are practically no large industries here. Residents are forced to go into trade in order to somehow survive. In terms of unemployment, the republic is in the bottom third of the rating of regions. In 2012, this figure was 6.49%. The average monthly salary in Mari El is only 15.9 thousand rubles. At the same time, the highest incomes are among employees of the banking sector and in government bodies.

Real estate value. In Yoshkar-Ola, the average cost square meter- 40-45 thousand rubles. One-room apartments here are offered at a price of 1 million rubles and more, but the most common figure is 1.6 - 1.8 million rubles for a "one-room apartment". Approximately from the same figures prices for two-room apartments start, and for "three rubles" - already from 2.4 million rubles. Most of the housing stock was built at the end of the 20th century, and already many houses require, if not overhaul, then at least a cosmetic update.

Many new buildings in Yoshkar-Ola are made in the "signature" red color. Photo by Valentina (http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/zvenizaton/)

Climate. Although the republic is not located in the far north, the climate here is quite severe. Long frosty winters and moderately warm summers are the main features of this region, located in the realm of a temperate continental climate. in winter average temperature in the region of −19°С, and the average summer temperature is +18°С.

The weather in Mari El is very unstable. In the middle of winter, thaws may begin for no reason, followed by new frosts, and in spring or autumn frosts may come. In a word, this is not the best climate for agriculture.

Cities of the Republic of Mari El

Of course, all these pluses turn around for the residents of the city. environmental issues. In addition, it should be taken into account that southwestern winds bring here air filled with harmful emissions from industrial enterprises in the north of the Chuvash Republic. Volzhsk is also famous for its hockey team playing in the championship of the highest level, which in itself is a feat for such a small city.

Kozmodemyansk- the third largest city of the republic (21 thousand people) and the center of the Gornomariysky district. Founded in the 16th century by Russian settlers on the right bank of the Volga. Today Kozmodemyansk is the republic's river gate and its only port on the Volga. In addition to the port, there are several large enterprises in the city, including the Potential radioelement plant, owned by the Wessen Group.

MARI AUTONOMIC SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLIC within the RSFSR. Located in the bass. cf. currents of the Volga. Nov 4 1920 the Mari Autonomous Okrug was formed, which was reorganized on 5 December. 1936 in the ASSR. Area 23.2 thousand km 2. Population, according to the 1959 census, 647,680 people. (Mari 279.5 incl., Russians 309.5 incl., Tatars 38.8 incl., etc.), as of January 1. 1965 656 thousand people, incl. urban 234 thousand people, rural 422 thousand people In Map. ASSR 12 districts, 3 cities, 10 settlements in the mountains. type (1965). Capital Yoshkar-Ola. The highest bodies of state the authorities are the top. The Council of the Republic and its Presidium, the highest order. and perform. body Council of Ministers Mar. ASSR.

Tepp. Map. The ASSR has long been inhabited by humans. Monuments are open here. Paleolithic (Yunga-Kusherginskaya site), Mesolithic (Russian-Lugovskaya site) and Neolithic (significant number of sites). The Mesolithic and Neolithic are characterized by the flourishing of matriarchy, the population was engaged in hunting, fishing and gathering. In the Bronze Age (middle of the 2nd millennium beginning of the 1st millennium BC; monuments of the Abashev, Balanov, Chirkovo-Seima and other archeological cultures) matriarchy was replaced by patriarchy. The beginnings of hoe farming and cattle breeding appear. The beginning of the decomposition of the tribal system is associated with the Early Iron Age (1st millennium BC). There are alliances of tribes. Hoe farming and cattle breeding are further developed. Fortified settlements appear (fortified settlements of the Ananyino culture).

Decomposition of the tribal system and the emergence of feuds. relations took place from the beginning. 1st millennium AD Large patriarchal families emerged from the family community, elements of the military appeared. democracy (as evidenced by the finds in the burial grounds of Mari-Lugovoy, Ml. Akh-mylovsky).

At the same time, on the territory Map. The ASSR is penetrated by nomadic Turkic-speaking tribes. In the 510 centuries. the formation of the ancient Mari people takes place. In the 912 centuries. the Mari inhabited the entire Vyatka-Vetluzhskoe interfluve. They were engaged in slash-and-burn agriculture, hunting, and fishing. Blacksmithing, jewelry, and other crafts, trade, and exchange with neighbors have received significant development. Then came plow agriculture. In the 1012 centuries. the Mari were under the economic and cultural influence of the Volga-Kama Bulgaria. From the 30s. 13th c. they fall under the yoke of the Mongol-Tatars. In the 1315 centuries. Mari are divided into meadow and mountain. From the 15th century the Volga Mari are part of the Kazan Khanate, the north-west, the Povetluzh Mari are part of the north-east. Russian principalities. With the development of feudal relations in the region appear their feudal lords. In Russian annals and bit books ser. 16th century Mari princes are mentioned (Tugai, Atychin, Mamich-Berdei).

East conditions were such that the Mari could not form their own statehood. The struggle between Moscow. Prince and the Kazan Khanate, from which the Mari suffered, demanded that they determine their future fate. The Mari joined the Rus. state-wu: in 1551 mountain, in 1552 meadow. However, after that, part of the Mari feudal lords, together with the Tat. feudal lords for 20 years fought against Moscow. In the 2nd floor. 16th century cities are being built in the region Kokshaysk, Kozmodemyansk, Tsarevokokshaysk and others. The accession of the Mari to Russia gave impetus to the development of production. forces in the region, the influence of Russian increased. culture. The joint struggle with the exploiters strengthened the friendship between the Mari and the Russians. workers. The Mari took an active part in the cross. wars at the beginning 17th century and 167071. In the 17th century land appeared in the region. Russian possessions. landlords (Prince V. G. Romodanovsky, then V. S. Sheremetev). Rus. peasants settled on the Mari lands, which became palace and state. Most of the Mari were yasak peasantry. In with. x-ve the leading place was still occupied by agriculture. Plow, harrow, sickle and scythe were used. Some development was received by cattle breeding; horticulture and horticulture appeared. Followed by the performance of the Mari feudal lords in the 2nd half. 16th century and cross. war beginning. 17th century the prohibition of the Mari to engage in blacksmithing and other crafts associated with metal processing somewhat slowed down the development of crafts in the region (until the end of the 18th century). Only woodworking and leather became widespread. craft.

From con. 18th century a relatively rapid development of handicrafts and villages began. crafts. There were textile manufactories (kumachovoe production), potash, leather, brick, distilleries, owned by the Russian. merchants and nobles. The workers were civilians, the labor of attached peasants prevailed in auxiliary work. Bread, meat, honey, skins, furs, and other goods were exported to Kazan, Cheboksary, Nizhny Novgorod, and other cities. Merchants-buyers and usurers were active. Commodity growth. relations contributed to the transformation of natural x-va into a commodity. Sat. the population of the region was divided into 3 categories: state (b. yasaknye), economic. (b. monastic) and privately owned peasants. Monasteries were large landowners. Land in the region was also owned by wealthy entrepreneurs (br. Demidov and others). Agriculture was dominated by a three-field system. Growing market demand for bread, especially in con. 18 century, led to the expansion of the landowner's farm and an increase in the role of corvee.

With the introduction in the 18th century. provinces ter. The region was divided between Kazan, Nizhny Novgorod, and then Vyatka provinces. Replacement at the beginning 18th century yasaka by poll tax led to an increase in the oppression of the peasants, who, in addition to direct taxes, paid various indirect taxes and carried a number of duties. The flight of the Mari to Bashkiria, to the Urals intensified. The royal administration aspired to plant Christianity among non-Russians. peoples, incl. and Mari; this increased the indignation of the peasants. In the course of the cross. During the war of 1773–75, the Mari detachments of Turai Ishalin, Akhmer Ageev, Yukey Egorov, Baikey Toikeev, Oski Oskin and others joined Pugachev.

In the 1st floor. 19th century the number of enterprises with civilian labor increased in the region. There was a further decomposition of natural x-va. The abolition of serfdom in 1861 paved the way for the development of capitalism. relations in the x-ve and industrial region, but did not improve the situation of the peasants. The differentiation of the peasantry increased. In 1884-91 among the peasants of the region there were 20.9% horseless, 48.2% one-horse, 23.4% two-horse, and 7.5% three- and many-horse. The latter had more than 20% of working cattle. In the 80s early. 90s 2/3 cross. the yards of the region were poor. The purchase and sale of labor power has become a ubiquitous and mass phenomenon. Developed seasonal crafts of peasants of various economic. types, from handicraft to capitalist. work at home. In the last quarter of the 19th century commercial production develops (tar products were sold in Tsaritsyn, Astrakhan and other cities). The forest industry developed, in a swarm in the con. 80s early. 90s at least 17 tons of seasonal workers were employed. The industry in the region was also represented by factory-management enterprises. and manufactory type, but she experienced long. stagnation, the reason for it was the absence of well. e. The largest enterprises are distilleries and glass factories in the Tsarevokokshaisk district, the Zvenigovsky ship repair plant, the Nartassky distillery and the crystal glassware factory. The largest auction. point was Kozmodemyansk, bargaining. the turnover of which in 1885 was estimated at 636,500 rubles. In the beginning. 20th century there was a certain growth in industry. In 1913 in Kozmodemyanskaya, Cheboksary and Tsarevokokshay districts. 47 enterprises operated (the amount of production was up to 3628 thousand rubles).

The first Marxist circle in the region was organized in 1899 in Yurino by the teacher K. I. Kasatkin. The circle started issuing leaflets. In 1905 the first Social-Democrats arose. circles in Yurino, Kozmodemyansk, etc. During the revolution of 1905-07, the Mari nat. movement, in which 2 streams were designated revolutionary-democratic. and liberal. This was also reflected in the content of the first regular publications in the Mari language. "Mari calendars" (ed. in 190714). Stolypinskaya agr. reform did not mean in the region. successes: in 191517 farm and bran farms accounted for only 1.3% of the cross. x-in. After Feb. In the revolution of 1917 in the Mari region, the bodies of the royal government were liquidated. But the Soviets were not created immediately. In April May, Soviets arose: Yurinsky, Sebe-Usadsky, Tsarevokokshaysky, Kozmodemyansky. However, in the majority of the Soviets there were Socialist-Revolutionaries, Mensheviks, bourgeois. nationalists, kulaks. Since May, the struggle of peasants for land and forests has unfolded in the region. In summer and autumn, mass demonstrations against the grain monopoly took place in the countryside. A group of Bolsheviks was then working in Yurin. At the same time, the activity of the Mari bourgeoisie became more active. nationalists. In July 1917, the 1st All-Russian took place in Birsk. congress of the Mari, expressing confidence in the Provisional. Prospect and laid the foundation for the design of the bourgeois-nationalist. organizations.

A radical turn in the history of the Mari people was Οkt. socialist. revolution. Nov. 1917 Owls. power was established in Yurin, 23 Dec. 1917 (January 5, 1918) in Tsarevokokshaisk, December 31. 1917 (Jan. 13, 1918) in Kozmodemyansk, in Jan. and Feb. 1918 in most volost centers. At the head of the struggle for the power of the Soviets were local revolutionaries V. A. Barinov, M. Φ. Krasilnikov, A. A. Losev, P. T. Kochetov, V. T. Dmitriev, A. R. Romanov and others. 1918 a Bolshevik org-tion was created in Kozmodemyansk, in March in Urzhum and Yaransk. In July 1918, a mari department was created under the People's Commissariat for National Affairs of the RSFSR. In the summer of 1918, in the region, which turned out to be close to the area of ​​actions of the White-Czechs, anti-Sovs broke out. mutinies (Stepanov's rebellion, which spread to the north-eastern part of the region; in Tsarevokokshaisk, Kozmodemyansk, Yurin). In suppressing the rebellions, the workers of the region were assisted by the 1st Latvian regiment and a detachment of the Nizhny Novgorod province. military registration and enlistment office. In Aug. 1918 the Tsarevokokshai cell of the RCP(b) took shape. Combeds are created (1500 rural and 34 volost). The working people of the region handed over to the state millions of poods of grain, more than a hundred thousand poods of meat, and other agricultural products. products, the region supplied millions of cubic meters of timber. In July 1920, the 1st All-Russian. conference of Mari communists. In 1920, a discussion of the issue of creating owls was widely developed in the region. autonomy of the Mari people. Nov 4 1920 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars adopted a decree on the formation of the Mari Autonomous Okrug. Decree of 25 Nov. territory was determined. area with the center in Krasnokokshaysk (modern "Yoshkar-Ola"). Jan 5 1921 The All-Russian Central Executive Committee approved the Revolutionary Committee of the region (I. P. Petrov chairman, S. A. Chernyakov, V. A. Mukhin and others), January 15. 1921 the time was formed. region bureau of the RCP(b) (V. M. Moiseev, I. P. Petrov, I. N. Smirnov, S. A. Chernyakov). Feb 2023 1921 held the 1st region. part. conference that issued the region. part. org-tion. In 1921, the trade union and Komsomol organizations of the region took shape. The 1st Congress of Soviets of the Mari Autonomous Okrug (June 21-24, 1921) completed the organizational design of the region, elected the regional executive committee (Chairman I.P. Petrov). In the summer of 1921, a drought and forest fires hit the region, destroying about 250 thousand hectares of forest. By the autumn of 1922, the famine and its consequences were largely eliminated. In 192527, the region's farm according to the main. indicators reached pre-war. level. In 192932 the Mari Autonomous Okrug was part of the Nizhny Novgorod Territory, and in 193236 the Gorky Territory. On the path of the socialist construction in the years before the war. five-year plan was eliminated economic. backwardness of the Mari people. Means. logging has been developed. and woodworking. prom-st, glass and mittens-leather production, pulp and paper, printing were re-created. prom-st, production builds. materials. Gross output of large-scale industry increased in 1928 (compared with 1913) by 1.7 times, in 1940 by 7.4 times. In 1928, the construction of the railway station was completed. e. Zeleny Dol Yoshkar-Ola, in 1937 Zeleny Dol Volzhsk. During the socialist conversions with. x-va by 1937 was collectivized by St. 80% cross. x-c (in 1929 .3.3%), 22 MTS were created (1940). The sown area in 1940 amounted to 486.2 thousand hectares against 447.9 thousand hectares in 1913. Collectivization introduced fundamental changes in the life of the Mari village. Owls. the government carried out a cultural revolution, put an end to illiteracy. In 1940 in general education. schools, technical schools, universities of the republic studied 114 t.ch. Acad. VASKHNIL V. P. Mosolov, artist A. V. Grigoriev, writers and poets S. G. Chavain, M. Shketan and others. theater.

Dec 5 1936, according to the Constitution of the USSR, the Mari Autonomous Okrug was transformed into Map. ASSR. June 21, 1937 Extraordinary 11th Congress of Soviets Map. The ASSR adopted the Constitution of the Republic.

During the years of Vel. Fatherland. war, the Mari people showed high patriotism at the front and in the rear. More than 40 soldiers of the republic were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviets. Union, St. 10 t.h. awarded military orders and medals. Logging. the industry of the republic gave during the war years approx. 14 million m 3 of wood. There were large enterprises of the new industry. industries mechanical engineering. In 1945, the gross output of large-scale industry almost doubled compared to 1940. During the war, the republic surrendered the state of St. 20 million poods of bread, approx. 2 million poods of meat and other products.

In the postwar period economy and culture Mar. The ASSR reached a new upsurge. A large construction trust, a sand-lime brick, reinforced concrete products, vitamin, and arts factories have been created. leather, electroautomatics, knitwear factory and other enterprises. Gross industrial output increased in 1964 compared to 1940 by 11.1 times. Production of the most important types of industrial. production in 1964 amounted to: electricity 307 million kWh (against 50 million kWh in 1940), paper 68 thousand tons (15 thousand tons), cellulose 98 thousand tons (29 thousand tons) , animal oil 1.7 thousand tons (0.5 thousand tons), canned food 3.9 million conditional cans (0.5 thousand). In the republic in 1965-191 there were collective farms and 13 state farms.

In 1964/65 in general education. schools of the republic studied 151.8 thousand people. In 2 universities and 12 cf. specialist. uch. institutions 16.5 thousand people A television center has been operating in Yoshkar-Ola since 1960. Nov 3 1965 Decree of the Presidium of the Upper. Council of the USSR Map. ASSR for success in the development of Nar. x-va was awarded the Order of Lenin.

In Map. ASSR leave 4 rep. newspapers ("Mari Kommuna", "Rveze Kommunist" in Mari, "Mariyskaya Pravda" and "Young Communist" in Russian); literary-art., social-political. magazine "Onchyko" in the Mari language.

East institutions: Mari Research Institute of Language, Literature and History under the Council of Ministers Map. ASSR (1930); historical and philological faculty of the Mari ped. in-ta (1931); local history museum Map. ASSR (1924); Gorno-Mariysk local historian. museum in Kozmodemyansk (1919); state Mar archive. ASSR (1922).

Lit .: Archive of K. Marx and F. Engels, vol. XIII, M., 1955, p. 109, 11617, 263, 265, 289; Lenin V.I., Poln. coll. cit., vol. 3, p. 40203, 404; Proceedings of the Mari Archaeol. expeditions, v. 12, Yoshkar-Ola, 1960-62; Korobov S. A., Revoluts. movement in the Mari region during the first bourgeois-democratic. revolutions in Russia (19051907), Yoshkar-Ola, 1952; Patrushev A.S., Condition cross. x-va and class. struggle in the villages of the Mari Territory during the First World War, "Proceedings of the Map. Research Institute", c. 16, Yoshkar-Ola, 1961; Khlebnikov A.V., Mari region during the preparation and conduct of the Grand. Οkt. socialist. revolution, Yoshkar-Ola, 1958; From the history of the Mari ASSR. Sat. articles, Yoshkar-Ola, 1957; Essays on the history of the Mari ASSR (from ancient times to the Great. Οkt. Socialist. Revolution), Yoshkar-Ola, 1965; Essays on the history of the Mari ASSR (1917-1960), Yoshkar-Ola, 1960; Nar. x-in the Mari ASSR. Statistical Sat., Yoshkar-Ola, 1960.

G. A. Arkhipov, A. V. Khlebnikov. Yoshkar-Ola.