Genghis Khan years of life and reign. Genghis Khan - biography. What was in Genghis Khan's will?

According to legend, the genus of Genghis goes back to the Mongolian tribe, descended from a woman named Alan-Goa, who, after the death of her husband, Dobun-Bayan, became pregnant from a ray of light. She gave birth to three sons: those who belong to the family of these sons are called Nirun. The meaning of this word is loins, i.e. the indication of the purity of the loins confirms the origin of these sons from the supernatural light. In the sixth generation from Alan-Goa, Kabul Khan was a direct descendant. From the grandson of the last Yesugei-bahadur came those who received the name Kiyat-burjigin. The word kiyan in Mongolian means “a large stream flowing from the mountains to the lowlands, stormy, fast and strong.”

Kiyat is the plural of Kiyan: it was also used to name those who are closer to the beginning of the family. The children of Yesugei-bahadur were nicknamed Kiyat-Burjigins because they were both Kiyat and Burjigins. Burjigin in Turkic means a person with blue eyes. His skin color turns yellow. The courage of the Burjigins became a proverb.

The son of Yesugei Bahadur, Genghis Khan, was born in 1162 (according to other, more dubious sources, in 1155). From an early age, remaining an orphan for 10 years, he endured many hardships and vicissitudes of fate. But from a young age he learned to understand people and find the right people. Bogorchin-noyon and Boragul-noyon, who were next to him even during the years of defeat, when he had to think about searching for food, were so valued by him that he once said: “Let there be no grief and there is no need for Bogorchi to die! there will be grief and it is not suitable for Boragul to die!” Sorkan-Shira from the Taijiut tribe, which captured Genghis Khan, who contributed to the escape from captivity, subsequently received full honor and respect for his person, children and supporters. Genghis Khan dedicated almost poetic lines to Sorkin’s son, Shira Jiladkan-bahadur, bearing in mind his courage:

“I have not seen a footman who would fight and get the head of the rebellious in his hands! I have not seen (a man) like this hero!”

There was a certain Sorkak, the named father of Genghis. At a time when Genghis was not yet a sovereign, he said: many people strive for power, but in the end Temujin will become the leader and the kingdom will be established behind him by the unanimity of the tribes, for he has the ability and dignity for this, and the marks on his forehead are obvious. . Signs of heavenly all-help and royal valor are obvious. The words turned out to be prophetic. Extreme delicacy characterizes Chingiz's attitude towards his first and beloved wife Borte. He did not allow anyone to doubt her chastity after a year of her captivity. From relationships of personal loyalty, a model of vassalage was formed, which he subsequently erected into a system. The personal qualities of Genghis Khan, with all their originality, fit into the age-old characters and age-old motives by which politicians lived and still live: the desire to instill the indisputability of their leadership, the path (sometimes difficult) of advancement to the top of power through treachery and devotion, through hatred and love, through betrayal and friendship, the ability to assess situations and make decisions that bring success.

The line of succession from Genghis Khan was carried over the centuries by his direct and indirect descendants - the Genghisids - in the vast Asian region. There is a certain identity of family traits in the activities of the Chingizids in general, and those who emerged as leaders of the consolidation and formation of a unified Kazakh statehood. From the first-born of Chinkhiz Khan Jochi in the sixteenth generation we have the famous Ablai, his grandson Kenesary. The latter's grandson Azimkhan (1867-1937) enjoyed great respect from the people. He participated in the Alash-Orda government as a hydro-reclamation specialist and contributed to the introduction of Kazakhs to agriculture, and was repressed as an “enemy of the people.”

In the life of Genghis Khan, two main ones can be distinguished. stage: this is the period of the unification of all Mongol tribes into a single state and the period of conquest and the creation of a great empire. The border between them is marked symbolically. His original name was Tengrin Ogyugsen Temujin. At the kurultai in 1206, he was proclaimed the Divine Genghis Khan, his full name in Mongolian became Delkyan ezen Sutu Bogda Genghis Khan, i.e. the Lord of the world, sent by God Genghis Khan.

European historiography has long been dominated by the tradition of portraying Genghis Khan as a bloodthirsty despot and barbarian. Indeed, he received no education and was illiterate. But the very fact that he and his heirs created an empire that united 4/5 of the Old World, from the mouths of the Danube, the borders of Hungary, Poland, Veliky Novgorod to the Pacific Ocean, and from the Arctic Ocean to the Adriatic Sea, the Arabian Desert, the Himalayas and the mountains of India testifies to at least least about him as a brilliant commander and prudent administrator, and not just a conqueror-destroyer and terrorist.

Best of the day

As a conqueror he has no equal in world history. As a commander, he was characterized by the courage of strategic plans and deep foresight of political and diplomatic calculations. Intelligence, including economic intelligence, organization of courier communications on a large scale for military and administrative purposes - these are his personal discoveries. In the reassessment of the personality of Genghis Khan, a movement called the Eurasian played a significant role. In relation to Genghis Khan, Eurasians abandoned the concept of the “Tatar-Mongol yoke,” which is associated with the ideas of Russia-Eurasia as a special historical and cultural region, equally dissimilar from Western Europe, the Middle East or China, Russia as the heir to the Mongol Empire of the 13th-14th centuries . The second idea of ​​the Eurasians is to explain the reasons for the sharp increase in the activity of the Mongol tribes in Transbaikalia under the leadership of Genghis Khan by a specific feature - passionarity. A person endowed with passionarity is obsessed with an irresistible desire for activity for the sake of an abstract ideal, a distant goal, for the achievement of which the passionary sacrifices not only the lives of those around him, but also his own. There are periods of sharp increase in the number of passionaries in the ethnic group compared to ordinary people. According to the terminology of Genghis Khan, there are “people of long will”, for whom honor and dignity are more valuable than anything else, well-being and even life itself. They are opposed by those who value safety and well-being above their personal dignity and honor.

The network of communication lines he created, which opened up unprecedented access for government and private needs, ensured trade and cultural exchange within the empire. Genghis Khan wanted to provide such convenience to trade that throughout his entire empire one could wear gold on one’s head like ordinary vessels, without fear of robbery and oppression.

His attention to personnel policy is evidenced by the facts of respect for the bearers of technology and culture, concern for the education of his children, and the involvement of a descendant of the Khitan house, Elü Chutsai, in the service. This philosopher and astrologer was in charge of the administration, finances, and office of the empire. Marco Polo notes among the noble traits of Genghis Khan that he did not violate property rights in the conquered countries.

The most important component of the spiritual heritage of Genghis Khan is the code of laws he compiled, perfect for his time, the so-called Yas. He elevated the written law to a cult and was a supporter of strong law and order.

In addition to strict adherence to the law, Genghis Khan considered religiosity to be the most important basis of statehood.

Genghis Khan died in 1227 and was buried in the area of ​​Purkash-Kaldun (now this place is not identified). According to legend, once in this area, under the shade of a green tree, Genghis Khan, having experienced “a certain inner joy,” said to those close to him: “The place of our last home should be here.”

V.I. Vernadsky came up with the idea that the legacy of Genghis Khan has “tremendous world-historical significance”, thanks to which “peoples of different, often very high, cultures were able to influence each other.”

Emphasizing the extraordinary personal qualities of Genghis Khan, it is not worthwhile, in contrast to the tradition that portrayed him as a cruel conqueror, to embellish Temujin’s political appearance, but to perceive him in all the multidimensionality of his traits, both positive and negative. Like any conqueror, he fought, therefore, he destroyed, destroyed, plundered, robbed, but at the same time he attracted the vanquished to his side, and tried in a number of cases to show thriftiness, prudence, concern for the future and the strength of his conquests.

Genghisism is a concept that the Kazakh researcher V.P. Yudin considered necessary to introduce into historical science. It meant not only that certain practical traditions, including the tradition of inheriting military art, continued to operate for a long time in the large territory conquered by him and his descendants. What is meant is something else, namely, ideology, and, moreover, so powerful that it could consolidate on a large scale and for a long time what can be called the geopolitical legacy of Genghis Khan.

V.P. Yudin calls this ideology a worldview, an ideology, a philosophy, a sanction of the social system and the structure of social institutions, a political and legal system, a cultural doctrine, the basis of education, and a means of regulating behavior in society.

About the Great Shaker of the Universe!
yadik 20.09.2006 04:25:20

The article correctly noted that a more extraordinary person did not exist!

Delkhen Ezyn Suuta Bogdo Genghis Khan
08.10.2012 06:41:55

Man of the Millennium, and this title was given on behalf of humanity, and became one of its last titles. For me, he is a Symbol of the superiority of the power of the human Soul over all earthly trials and obstacles, the impulse of the soul for the good of all people, although some people did not understand and do not understand what is more important to them.

Pedigree

Since ancient times, the Mongols kept family lists ( urgiin bichig) of their ancestors. The ancestry of Genghis Khan, the founder of the Mongol Empire, was and remains connected with the history of the Mongols themselves.

Five children of Alan-goa gave rise to five Mongolian clans - from Belgunotai came the Belgunot clan, from Bugunotai - Bugunot, from Buhu-Khadaki - Khadakin, from Bukhatu-Salji - Saljiut. The fifth - Bodonchar, was a brave warrior and ruler, from him came the Borjigin family.

From the four children of Duva-Sokhor - Donoy, Dogshin, Emneg and Erkheh - four tribes of Oirats descended. Already at that time, the first Mongol state was formed, Khamag Mongol Ulus, whose existence dates back to the middle of the 12th century.

Biography

Birth and early years

Temujin was born in the Delyun-Boldok tract on the banks of the Onon River (in the area of ​​Lake Baikal) in the family of one of the leaders of the Mongolian Taichiut tribe, Yesugei-bagatura (“bagatur” - hero) from the Borjigin clan and his wife Hoelun from the Ungirat tribe, whom Yesugei recaptured from Merkita Eke-Chiledu. It was named after the captured Tatar leader Temuchin-Uge, whom Yesugei defeated on the eve of the birth of his son. The year of Temujin’s birth remains unclear, since the main sources indicate different dates. According to Rashid ad-Din, Temujin was born in 1155. The History of the Yuan Dynasty gives 1162 as the date of birth. A number of scientists (for example, G.V. Vernadsky), based on an analysis of sources, point to the year 1167.

At the age of 9, Yesugei-Bagatur betrothed the son of Borte, a 10-year-old girl from an Ungirat family. Leaving his son with the bride's family until he came of age, so that they could get to know each other better, he went home. According to the “Secret Legend,” on the way back, Yesugei stopped at a Tatar camp, where he was poisoned. Upon returning to his native ulus, he fell ill and fell ill, and died three days later.

After the death of Temuchin's father, his followers abandoned the widows (Yesugei had 2 wives) and the children of Yesugei (Temuchin and his younger brother Khasar, and from his second wife - Bekter and Belgutai): the head of the Taichiut clan drove the family from their homes, stealing everything that belonged to her livestock For several years, widows and children lived in complete poverty, wandering in the steppes, eating roots, game and fish. Even in the summer, the family lived from hand to mouth, making provisions for the winter.

The leader of the Taichiuts, Targutai (a distant relative of Temujin), who declared himself the ruler of the lands once occupied by Yesugei, fearing the revenge of his growing rival, began to pursue Temujin. One day, an armed detachment attacked the camp of the Yesugei family. Temujin managed to escape, but was overtaken and captured. They put a block on it - two wooden boards with a hole for the neck, which were pulled together. The block was a painful punishment: a person did not have the opportunity to eat, drink, or even drive away a fly that had landed on his face.

He found a way to escape and hide in a small lake, plunging into the water with the block and sticking only his nostrils out of the water. The Taichiuts searched for him in this place, but could not find him. He was noticed by a farm laborer from the Selduz tribe of Sorgan-Shire, who was among them, and decided to save him. He pulled young Temujin out of the water, freed him from the block and took him to his home, where he hid him in a cart with wool. After the Taichiuts left, Sorgan-Shire put Temujin on a mare, provided him with weapons and sent him home. (Subsequently, Chilaun, the son of Sorgan-Shire, became one of the four close nukers of Genghis Khan).

After some time, Temujin found his family. The Borjigins immediately migrated to another place, and the Taichiuts could no longer detect them. At the age of 11, Temujin became friends with his peer of noble origin from the Jardaran tribe, Jamukha, who later became the leader of this tribe. With him in his childhood, Temujin twice became sworn brothers (Andoy).

A few years later, Temujin married his betrothed Borte (by this time Boorchu, also one of the four closest nukers, appeared in Temujin’s service). Borte's dowry was a luxurious sable fur coat. Temujin soon went to the most powerful of the then steppe leaders - Tooril, khan of the Kerait tribe. Tooril was the sworn brother (anda) of Temujin’s father, and he managed to enlist the support of the Kerait leader by recalling this friendship and presenting a sable fur coat to Borte. Upon returning from Tooril Khan, one old Mongol gave his son Jelme into service, who became one of Genghis Khan’s commanders.

Beginning of conquest

With the support of Tooril Khan, Temujin's forces began to gradually grow. Nukers began to flock to him; he raided his neighbors, increasing his possessions and herds (enriching his possessions). He differed from the other conquerors in that during the battles he tried to keep as many people from the enemy ulus alive as possible in order to later attract them to his service. Temujin's first serious opponents were the Merkits, who acted in alliance with the Taichiuts. In the absence of Temujin, they attacked the Borjigin camp and captured Borte (according to assumptions, she was already pregnant and was expecting Jochi’s first son) and Yesugei’s second wife, Sochikhel, Belgutai’s mother. In 1184 (approximately based on the date of birth of Ogedei), Temujin, with the help of Tooril Khan and the Keraits, as well as his anda (sworn brother) Jamukha (invited by Temuchin at the insistence of Tooril Khan) from the Jajirat family, defeated the Merkits and returned Borte, and Belgutai’s mother, Sochikhel, refused to go back.

After the victory, Tooril Khan went to his horde, and Temujin and his anda Jamukha remained to live together in the same horde, where they again entered into a twinning alliance, exchanging golden belts and horses. After some time (from six months to a year and a half), they went their separate ways, with many of Jamukha’s noyons and nukers joining Temuchin (which was one of the reasons for Jamukha’s hostility towards Temuchin). Having separated, Temujin began organizing his ulus, creating a horde control apparatus. The first two nukers, Boorchu and Jelme, were appointed senior in the Khan's headquarters; the command post was given to Subetai-Baghatur, the future famous commander of Genghis Khan. During the same period, Temujin had a second son, Chagatai (the exact date of his birth is unknown) and a third son, Ogedei (October 1186). Temuchin created his first small ulus in 1186 (1189/90 are also probable), and had 3 darkness (30 thousand people) troops.

In the ascension of Temujin as khan of the ulus, Jamukha did not see anything good and looked for an open quarrel with his anda. The reason was the murder of Jamukha's younger brother, Taichar, while trying to drive away a herd of horses from Temujin's possessions. Under the pretext of revenge, Jamukha and his army moved towards Temujin in 3 darkness. The battle took place near the Gulegu Mountains, between the sources of the Sengur River and the upper reaches of Onon. In this first big battle (according to the main source “The Hidden Legend of the Mongols”) Temujin was defeated. This defeat unsettled him for some time and he had to gather strength to continue the fight.

Temujin's first major military enterprise after the defeat from Jamukha was the war against the Tatars, together with Tooril Khan. The Tatars at that time had difficulty repelling the attacks of the Jin troops that entered their possessions. The combined troops of Tooril Khan and Temujin, joining the Jin troops, moved against the Tatars; the battle took place in 1196. They inflicted a number of strong blows on the Tatars and captured rich booty. The Jurchen government of Jin, as a reward for the defeat of the Tatars, awarded high titles to the steppe leaders. Temujin received the title "Jauthuri" (military commissar) and Tooril - "Van" (prince), from which time he became known as Van Khan. Temujin became a vassal of Wang Khan, whom Jin saw as the most powerful of the rulers of Eastern Mongolia.

In 1197-1198 Van Khan, without Temujin, made a campaign against the Merkits, plundered and gave nothing to his named “son” and vassal Temujin. This marked the beginning of a new cooling. After 1198, when the Jin ravaged the Kungirats and other tribes, Jin influence on Eastern Mongolia began to weaken, which allowed Temujin to take possession of the eastern regions of Mongolia. At this time, Inanch Khan dies and the Naiman state breaks up into two uluses, led by Buyruk Khan in Altai and Tayan Khan on the Black Irtysh. In 1199, Temujin, together with Van Khan and Jamukha, attacked Buiruk Khan with their joint forces and he was defeated. Upon returning home, the path was blocked by a Naiman detachment. It was decided to fight in the morning, but at night Van Khan and Jamukha disappeared, leaving Temujin alone in the hope that the Naimans would finish him off. But by morning, Temujin realizes their plan and retreats without engaging in battle. The Naimans began to pursue not Temujin, but Van Khan. The Kereits entered into a difficult battle with the Naimans, and with death evident, Van-Khan sent messengers to Temuchin asking for help. Temujin sent his nukers, among whom Boorchu, Mukhali, Borohul and Chilaun distinguished themselves in battle. For his salvation, Van Khan bequeathed his ulus to Temuchin after his death (but after recent events, he did not believe in it). In 1200, Wang Khan and Temujin set out on a joint campaign against the Taichiuts. The Merkits came to the aid of the Taichiuts. In this battle, Temujin was wounded by an arrow, after which Czhelme nursed him throughout the next night. By morning the Taichiuts disappeared, leaving many people behind. Among them was Sorgan-Shira, who once saved Temujin, and the sharpshooter Jebe, who confessed that it was he who shot Temujin, for which he was forgiven. A pursuit was organized for the Taichuts. Many were killed, some surrendered into service. This was the first defeat inflicted on the Taichiuts.

Genghis Khan elevated the written law to a cult and was a supporter of strong law and order. He created a network of communication lines in his empire, courier communications on a large scale for military and administrative purposes, and organized intelligence, including economic intelligence.

Genghis Khan divided the country into two “wings”. He placed Boorcha at the head of the right wing, and Mukhali, his two most faithful and experienced associates, at the head of the left. He made the positions and ranks of senior and highest military leaders - centurions, thousanders and temniks - hereditary in the family of those who, with their faithful service, helped him seize the khan's throne.

Conquest of Northern China

In 1207-1211, the Mongols conquered the land of the Kirghiz, Khankhas (Khalkha), Oirats and other forest peoples, that is, they subjugated almost all the main tribes and peoples of Siberia, imposing tribute on them. In 1209, Genghis Khan conquered Central Asia and turned his attention to the south.

Before the conquest of China, Genghis Khan decided to secure the eastern border by capturing in 1207 the state of the Tanguts Xi-Xia, who had previously conquered Northern China from the dynasty of the Chinese Song emperors and created their own state, which was located between his possessions and the state of Jin. Having captured several fortified cities, in the summer the “True Ruler” retreated to Longjin, waiting out the unbearable heat that fell that year.

Mongol Archers on Horses

Meanwhile, news reaches him that his old enemies Tokhta-beki and Kuchluk are preparing for a new war with him. Anticipating their invasion and having carefully prepared, Genghis Khan defeated them completely in a battle on the banks of the Irtysh. Tokhta-beki was among the dead, and Kuchluk escaped and found shelter with the Karakitai.

Satisfied with the victory, Temujin again sends his troops against Xi-Xia. After defeating an army of Chinese Tatars, he captured the fortress and passage in the Great Wall of China and in 1213 invaded the Chinese Empire itself, the state of Jin and advanced as far as Nianxi in Hanshu Province. With increasing persistence, Genghis Khan led his troops into the interior of the continent and established his power over the province of Liaodong, central to the empire. Several Chinese commanders defected to his side. The garrisons surrendered without a fight.

Having established his position along the entire Great Wall of China, in the fall of 1213 Temujin sent three armies to different parts of the Chinese Empire. One of them, under the command of the three sons of Genghis Khan - Jochi, Chagatai and Ogedei, headed south. Another, led by the brothers and generals of Genghis Khan, moved east to the sea. Genghis Khan himself and his youngest son Tolui, at the head of the main forces, set out in a southeastern direction. The First Army advanced as far as Honan and, after capturing twenty-eight cities, joined Genghis Khan on the Great Western Road. The army under the command of Temujin's brothers and generals captured the province of Liao-hsi, and Genghis Khan himself ended his triumphant campaign only after he reached the sea rocky cape in Shandong province. But either fearing civil strife, or due to other reasons, he decides to return to Mongolia in the spring of 1214 and makes peace with the Chinese emperor, leaving Beijing to him. However, before the leader of the Mongols had time to leave the Great Wall of China, the Chinese emperor moved his court further away, to Kaifeng. This step was perceived by Temujin as a manifestation of hostility, and he again sent troops into the empire, now doomed to destruction. The war continued.

The Jurchen troops in China, replenished by the aborigines, fought the Mongols until 1235 on their own initiative, but were defeated and exterminated by Genghis Khan's successor Ogedei.

Fight against the Kara-Khitan Khanate

Following China, Genghis Khan was preparing for a campaign in Kazakhstan and Central Asia. He was especially attracted to the flourishing cities of Southern Kazakhstan and Zhetysu. He decided to implement his plan through the valley of the Ili River, where rich cities were located and ruled by Genghis Khan’s longtime enemy, the Naiman Khan Kuchluk.

Campaigns of Genghis Khan and his commanders

While Genghis Khan was conquering more and more cities and provinces of China, the fugitive Naiman Khan Kuchluk asked the gurkhan who had given him refuge to help gather the remnants of the army defeated at the Irtysh. Having gained a fairly strong army under his hand, Kuchluk entered into an alliance against his overlord with the Shah of Khorezm Muhammad, who had previously paid tribute to the Karakitays. After a short but decisive military campaign, the allies were left with a big gain, and the gurkhan was forced to relinquish power in favor of the uninvited guest. In 1213, Gurkhan Zhilugu died, and the Naiman khan became the sovereign ruler of Semirechye. Sairam, Tashkent, and the northern part of Fergana came under his rule. Having become an irreconcilable opponent of Khorezm, Kuchluk began persecution of Muslims in his domains, which aroused the hatred of the settled population of Zhetysu. The ruler of Koylyk (in the valley of the Ili River) Arslan Khan, and then the ruler of Almalyk (northwest of modern Gulja) Bu-zar moved away from the Naimans and declared themselves subjects of Genghis Khan.

Death of Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan's Empire at the time of his death

Upon returning from Central Asia, Genghis Khan once again led his army through Western China. According to Rashid ad-din, in the fall, having migrated to the borders of Xi Xia, while hunting, Genghis Khan fell from his horse and was badly injured. By evening, Genghis Khan began to develop a high fever. As a result, the next morning a council was assembled, at which the question was “whether or not to postpone the war with the Tanguts.” Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi, who was already strongly distrusted, was not present at the council due to his constant evasion of his father's orders. Genghis Khan ordered the army to set out on a campaign to Jochi and put an end to him, but the campaign did not take place, as news of his death arrived. Genghis Khan was ill throughout the winter of 1225-1226.

Personality of Genghis Khan

The main sources by which we can judge the life and personality of Genghis Khan were compiled after his death (the “Secret Legend” is especially important among them). From these sources we receive fairly detailed information about both Chinggis’s appearance (tall, strong build, broad forehead, long beard) and his character traits. Coming from a people who apparently did not have written language or developed state institutions before him, Genghis Khan was deprived of a book education. With the talents of a commander, he combined organizational abilities, unyielding will and self-control. He possessed enough generosity and friendliness to retain the affection of his associates. Without denying himself the joys of life, he remained a stranger to excesses incompatible with the activities of a ruler and commander, and lived to an old age, retaining his mental abilities in full strength.

Results of the board

But unlike other conquerors for hundreds of years before the Mongols, who dominated Eurasia, only Genghis Khan was able to organize a stable state system and make Asia appear to Europe not just as an unexplored steppe and mountain space, but as a consolidated civilization. It was within its borders that the Turkic revival of the Islamic world then began, which with its second onslaught (after the Arabs) almost finished off Europe.

The Mongols revere Genghis Khan as their greatest hero and reformer, almost as an incarnation of a deity. In European (including Russian) memory, he remained something like a pre-storm crimson cloud that appears before a terrible, all-purifying storm.

Descendants of Genghis Khan

Temujin and his beloved wife Borte had four sons: Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei, Tolui. Only they and their descendants could claim supreme power in the state. Temujin and Borte also had daughters:

• Khodzhin-begi, wife of Butu-gurgen from the Ikires clan;
• Tsetseihen (Chichigan), wife of Inalchi, the youngest son of the head of the Oirats, Khudukha-beki;
• Alangaa (Alagai, Alakha), who married the Ongut noyon Buyanbald (in 1219, when Genghis Khan went to war with Khorezm, he entrusted her with state affairs in his absence, therefore she is also called Tor zasagch gunj (ruler-princess);
• Temulen, wife of Shiku-gurgen, son of Alchi-noyon from the Khongirads, the tribe of her mother Borte;
• Alduun (Altalun), who married Zavtar-setsen, noyon of the Khongirads.

Temujin and his second wife, the Merkit Khulan-Khatun, daughter of Dair-usun, had sons Kulhan (Khulugen, Kulkan) and Kharachar; and from the Tatar woman Yesugen (Esukat), daughter of Charu-noyon, sons Chakhur (Jaur) and Kharkhad.

The sons of Genghis Khan continued the work of the Golden Dynasty and ruled the Mongols, as well as the conquered lands, based on the Great Yasa of Genghis Khan until the 20s of the 20th century. Even the Manchu emperors, who ruled Mongolia and China from the 16th to the 19th centuries, were descendants of Genghis Khan, as for their legitimacy they married Mongol princesses from the golden family dynasty of Genghis Khan. The first prime minister of Mongolia of the 20th century, Chin Van Handdorj (1911-1919), as well as the rulers of Inner Mongolia (until 1954) were direct descendants of Genghis Khan.

The family record of Genghis Khan dates back to the 20th century; in 1918, the religious head of Mongolia, Bogdo Gegen, issued an order to preserve Urgiin bichig(family list) of Mongol princes. This monument is kept in the museum and is called “Shastra of the State of Mongolia” ( Mongol Ulsyn Shastir). Many direct descendants of Genghis Khan from his Golden Family live in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia (PRC), as well as in other countries.

Genetic research

According to Y-chromosome studies, about 16 million men living in Central Asia are descended strictly in the male line from a single ancestor who lived 1000±300 years ago. Obviously, this man could only be Genghis Khan or one of his immediate ancestors.

Chronology of main events

• 1162- Birth of Temujin (also probable dates - 1155 and 1167).
• 1184(approximate date) - Captivity of Temujin's wife - Borte - by the Merkits.
• 1184/85(approximate date) - Liberation of Borte with the support of Jamukha and Togoril Khan. Birth of Genghis Khan's eldest son, Jochi.
• 1185/86(approximate date) - Birth of Genghis Khan's second son - Chagatai.
• October 1186- Birth of Genghis Khan's third son, Ogedei.
• 1186- His first ulus of Temujin (also probable dates - 1189/90), as well as defeat from Jamukha.
• 1190(approximate date) - Birth of Genghis Khan's fourth son - Tolui.
• 1196- The combined forces of Temujin, Togoril Khan and Jin troops advance on the Tatar tribe.
• 1199- Attack and victory of the combined forces of Temujin, Van Khan and Jamukha over the Naiman tribe led by Buiruk Khan.
• 1200- Attack and victory of the joint forces of Temujin and Wang Khan over the Taichiut tribe.
• 1202- Attack and destruction of the Tatar tribe by Temuchin.
• 1203- Attack of the Keraits, the tribe of Van Khan, with Jamukha at the head of the army on the Temuchin ulus.
• Autumn 1203- victory over the Kereits.
• Summer 1204- victory over the Naiman tribe led by Tayan Khan.
• Autumn 1204- victory over the Merkit tribe.
• Spring 1205- Attack and victory over the united forces of the remnants of the Merkit and Naiman tribes.
• 1205- Betrayal and surrender of Jamukha by his nukers to Temuchin and probable execution of Jamukha.
• 1206- At the kurultai, Temuchin is given the title “Genghis Khan”.
• 1207 - 1210- Genghis Khan's attacks on the Tangut state of Xi Xia.
• 1215- Fall of Beijing.
• 1219-1223- Genghis Khan's conquest of Central Asia.
• 1223- victory of the Mongols led by Subedei and Jebe on the Kalka River over the Russian-Polovtsian army.
• Spring 1226- Attack on the Tangut state of Xi Xia.
• Autumn 1227- Fall of the capital and state of Xi Xia. Death of Genghis Khan.

Memory

Genghis Khan in popular culture

The image of Genghis Khan became very popular in the cultural art of the 19th-20th centuries. Genghis Khan is the hero of many books and films; he was also honored by a German musical group. Specific examples.

Genghis Khan (Mong. Chinggis Khaan), proper name - Temujin, Temujin, Temujin (Mong. Temujin) (c. 1155 or 1162 - August 25, 1227). The founder and first great khan of the Mongol Empire, who united the disparate Mongol tribes, the commander who organized the Mongol campaigns of conquest in China, Central Asia, the Caucasus and Eastern Europe. Founder of the largest continental empire in human history. After his death in 1227, the heirs to the empire were his direct male-line descendants from his first wife Borte, the so-called Chingizids.

According to the “Secret Legend”, the ancestor of Genghis Khan was Borte-Chino, who became related to Goa-Maral and settled in Khentei (central-eastern Mongolia) near Mount Burkhan-Khaldun. According to Rashid ad-Din, this event took place in the middle of the 8th century. From Borte-Chino, in 2-9 generations, Bata-Tsagaan, Tamachi, Khorichar, Uudzhim Buural, Sali-Khadzhau, Eke Nyuden, Sim-Sochi, Kharchu were born.

In the 10th generation Borzhigidai-Mergen was born, who married Mongolzhin-goa. From them, in the 11th generation, the family tree was continued by Torokoljin-bagatur, who married Borochin-goa, and Dobun-Mergen and Duva-Sokhor were born from them. Dobun-Mergen's wife was Alan-goa, the daughter of Khorilardai-Mergen from his one of his three wives, Barguzhin-Goa. Thus, the foremother of Genghis Khan came from the Khori-Tumats, one of the Buryat branches.

The three youngest sons of Alan-goa, born after the death of her husband, were considered the ancestors of the Nirun Mongols (“the Mongols themselves”). The Borjigins descended from the fifth, youngest, son of Alan-goa, Bodonchar.

Temujin was born in the Delyun-Boldok tract on the banks of the Onon River in the family of Yesugey-Bagatura from the Borjigin clan. and his wife Hoelun from the Olkhonut clan, whom Yesugei recaptured from the Merkit Eke-Chiledu. The boy was named in honor of the Tatar leader Temujin-Uge, captured by Yesugei, whom Yesugei defeated on the eve of the birth of his son.

The year of Temujin's birth remains unclear, since the main sources indicate different dates. According to the only source during Genghis Khan’s lifetime, Men-da bei-lu (1221) and according to the calculations of Rashid ad-Din, made by him on the basis of authentic documents from the archives of the Mongol khans, Temujin was born in 1155.

“History of the Yuan Dynasty” does not give an exact date of birth, but only names Genghis Khan’s lifespan as “66 years” (taking into account the conventional year of intrauterine life, taken into account in the Chinese and Mongolian tradition of counting life expectancy, and taking into account the fact that the “accrual” the next year of life occurred simultaneously for all Mongols with the celebration of the Eastern New Year, that is, in reality it was more likely about 69 years), which, when counted from the known date of his death, gives 1162 as the date of birth.

However, this date is not supported by earlier authentic documents from the Mongol-Chinese chancellery of the 13th century. A number of scientists (for example, P. Pellio or G.V. Vernadsky) point to 1167, but this date remains the most vulnerable hypothesis to criticism. The newborn was said to be clutching a blood clot in his palm, which foreshadowed his glorious future as the ruler of the world.

When his son was 9 years old, Yesugey-bagatur betrothed him to Borta, an 11-year-old girl from the Ungirat clan. Leaving his son with the bride's family until he came of age, so that they could get to know each other better, he went home. According to the “Secret Legend,” on the way back, Yesugei stopped at a Tatar camp, where he was poisoned. Upon returning to his native ulus, he fell ill and died three days later.

After the death of Temujin’s father, his followers abandoned the widows (Yesugei had 2 wives) and the children of Yesugei (Temujin and his brothers Khasar, Khachiun, Temuge and from his second wife - Bekter and Belgutai): the head of the Taichiut clan drove the family out of their homes, stealing the entire her cattle. For several years, widows and children lived in complete poverty, wandering in the steppes, eating roots, game and fish. Even in the summer, the family lived from hand to mouth, making provisions for the winter.

The Taichiut leader, Targutai-Kiriltukh (a distant relative of Temujin), who declared himself the ruler of the lands once occupied by Yesugei, fearing the revenge of his growing rival, began to pursue Temujin. One day, an armed detachment attacked the camp of the Yesugei family. Temujin managed to escape, but he was overtaken and captured. They put a block on it - two wooden boards with a hole for the neck, which were pulled together. The block was a painful punishment: a person did not have the opportunity to eat, drink, or even drive away a fly that had landed on his face.

One night he found a way to slip away and hide in a small lake, plunging into the water with the block and sticking only his nostrils out of the water. The Taichiuts searched for him in this place, but could not find him. He was noticed by a farm laborer from the Suldus tribe of Sorgan-Shira, who was among them, but who did not betray Temujin. He passed by the escaped prisoner several times, calming him down and pretending to others that he was looking for him. When the night search ended, Temujin climbed out of the water and went to Sorgan-Shir’s home, hoping that he, having saved him once, would help again.

However, Sorgan-Shira did not want to shelter him and was about to drive Temujin away, when suddenly the sons of Sorgan stood up for the fugitive, who was then hidden in a cart with wool. When the opportunity arose to send Temujin home, Sorgan-Shira put him on a mare, provided him with weapons and escorted him on his way (later Chilaun, the son of Sorgan-Shira, became one of the four nukers of Genghis Khan).

After some time, Temujin found his family. The Borjigins immediately migrated to another place, and the Taichiuts could not detect them. At the age of 11, Temujin became friends with his peer of noble origin from the Jadaran (Jajirat) tribe - Jamukha, who later became the leader of this tribe. With him in his childhood, Temujin twice became a sworn brother (anda).

A few years later, Temujin married his betrothed Borte(By this time, Boorchu, also one of the four close nukers, appeared in Temujin’s service). Borte's dowry was a luxurious sable fur coat. Temujin soon went to the most powerful of the steppe leaders of that time - Tooril, khan of the Kereit tribe.

Tooril was a sworn brother (anda) of Temujin’s father, and he managed to enlist the support of the Kereit leader by recalling this friendship and presenting a sable fur coat to Borte. Upon Temujin’s return from Togoril Khan, one old Mongol gave him his son Jelme, who became one of his commanders, into his service.

With the support of Tooril Khan, Temujin's forces began to gradually grow. Nukers began to flock to him. He raided his neighbors, increasing his possessions and herds. He differed from the other conquerors in that during the battles he tried to keep as many people from the enemy ulus alive as possible in order to later attract them to his service.

Temujin's first serious opponents were the Merkits, who acted in alliance with the Taichiuts. In the absence of Temujin, they attacked the Borjigin camp and Borte was taken prisoner(according to assumptions, she was already pregnant and expecting Jochi’s first son) and Yesugei’s second wife, Sochikhel, Belgutai’s mother.

In 1184 (according to rough estimates, based on the date of birth of Ogedei), Temujin, with the help of Tooril Khan and his Kereyites, as well as Jamukha from the Jajirat clan (invited by Temujin at the insistence of Tooril Khan), defeated the Merkits in the first battle of his life in the interfluve the confluence of the Chikoy and Khilok rivers with the Selenga in the territory of present-day Buryatia and returned to Borte. Belgutai's mother, Sochikhel, refused to go back.

After the victory, Tooril Khan went to his horde, and Temujin and Jamukha remained to live together in the same horde, where they again entered into a twinning alliance, exchanging golden belts and horses. After some time (from six months to a year and a half) they dispersed, while many of Jamukha’s noyons and nukers joined Temujin (which was one of the reasons for Jamukha’s hostility towards Temujin).

Having separated, Temujin began organizing his ulus, creating a horde control apparatus. The first two nukers, Boorchu and Jelme, were appointed senior at the khan's headquarters; the command post was given to Subedey-bagatur, the future famous commander of Genghis Khan. During the same period, Temujin had a second son, Chagatai (the exact date of his birth is unknown) and a third son, Ogedei (October 1186). Temujin created his first small ulus in 1186(1189/90 is also probable) and had 3 tumens (30,000 people) troops.

Jamukha sought an open quarrel with his anda. The reason was the death of Jamukha's younger brother Taichar during his attempt to steal a herd of horses from Temujin's possessions. Under the pretext of revenge, Jamukha and his army moved towards Temujin in 3 darkness. The battle took place near the Gulegu Mountains, between the sources of the Sengur River and the upper reaches of Onon. In this first big battle (according to the main source “The Secret History of the Mongols”) Temujin was defeated.

Temujin's first major military enterprise after the defeat of Jamukha was the war against the Tatars together with Tooril Khan. The Tatars at that time had difficulty repelling the attacks of the Jin troops that entered their possessions. The combined troops of Tooril Khan and Temujin, joining the Jin troops, moved towards the Tatars. The battle took place in 1196. They inflicted a number of strong blows on the Tatars and captured rich booty.

The Jurchen government of Jin, as a reward for the defeat of the Tatars, awarded high titles to the steppe leaders. Temujin received the title "Jauthuri"(military commissar), and Tooril - "Van" (prince), from that time he became known as Van Khan. Temujin became a vassal of Wang Khan, whom Jin saw as the most powerful of the rulers of Eastern Mongolia.

In 1197-1198 Van Khan, without Temujin, made a campaign against the Merkits, plundered and gave nothing to his named “son” and vassal Temujin. This marked the beginning of a new cooling.

After 1198, when the Jin ravaged the Kungirats and other tribes, Jin influence on Eastern Mongolia began to weaken, which allowed Temujin to take possession of the eastern regions of Mongolia.

At this time, Inanch Khan dies and the Naiman state breaks up into two uluses, headed by Buiruk Khan in Altai and Tayan Khan on the Black Irtysh.

In 1199, Temujin, together with Van Khan and Jamukha, attacked Buiruk Khan with their joint forces and he was defeated. Upon returning home, the path was blocked by a Naiman detachment. It was decided to fight in the morning, but at night Van Khan and Jamukha disappeared, leaving Temujin alone in the hope that the Naimans would finish him off. But by morning Temujin found out about this and retreated without engaging in battle. The Naimans began to pursue not Temujin, but Van Khan. The Kereits entered into a difficult battle with the Naiman, and, in the obvious death, Van Khan sent messengers to Temujin asking for help. Temujin sent his nukers, among whom Boorchu, Mukhali, Borohul and Chilaun distinguished themselves in battle.

For his salvation, Van Khan bequeathed his ulus to Temujin after his death.

In 1200, Wang Khan and Timuchin entered into a joint campaign against the Taijiuts. The Merkits came to the aid of the Taichiuts. In this battle, Temujin was wounded by an arrow, after which Jelme nursed him throughout the next night. By morning the Taichiuts disappeared, leaving many people behind. Among them was Sorgan-Shira, who once saved Timuchin, and the marksman Dzhirgoadai, who confessed that it was he who shot Timuchin. He was accepted into the Timuchin army and received the nickname Jebe (arrowhead). A pursuit was organized for the Taichiuts. Many were killed, some surrendered into service. This was the first major victory won by Temujin.

In 1201, some Mongol forces (including the Tatars, Taichiuts, Merkits, Oirats and other tribes) decided to unite in the fight against Timuchin. They took the oath of allegiance to Jamukha and enthroned him with the title of gurkhan. Having learned about this, Timuchin contacted Van Khan, who immediately raised an army and came to him.

In 1202, Temujin independently opposed the Tatars. Before this campaign, he gave an order according to which, under threat of death, it was strictly forbidden to seize booty during a battle and pursue the enemy without an order: the commanders had to divide the captured property between the soldiers only at the end of the battle. The fierce battle was won, and at the council held by Temujin after the battle, it was decided to destroy all the Tatars, except for the children below the cart wheel, as revenge for the ancestors of the Mongols they had killed (in particular Temujin's father).

In the spring of 1203, at Halahaljin-Elet, a battle took place between Temujin’s troops and the combined forces of Jamukha and Van Khan (although Van Khan did not want a war with Temujin, but he was persuaded by his son Nilha-Sangum, who hated Temujin for what Van Khan gave to him preference over his son and thought to transfer the Kereite throne to him, and Jamukha, who claimed that Temujin was uniting with the Naiman Taiyan Khan).

In this battle, Temujin's ulus suffered heavy losses. But Van Khan's son was wounded, which is why the Kereits left the battlefield. To gain time, Temujin began sending diplomatic messages, the purpose of which was to separate both Jamukha and Wang Khan, and Wang Khan from his son. At the same time, a number of tribes that did not join either side created a coalition against both Wang Khan and Temujin. Having learned about this, Wang Khan attacked first and defeated them, after which he began to feast. When Temujin was informed about this, a decision was made to attack with lightning speed and take the enemy by surprise. Without even making overnight stops, Temujin's army overtook the Kereyites and completely defeated them in the fall of 1203. The Kereit ulus ceased to exist. Van Khan and his son managed to escape, but ran into a Naiman guard, and Wang Khan died. Nilha-Sangum was able to escape, but was later killed by the Uyghurs.

With the fall of the Kereyites in 1204, Jamukha and the remaining army joined the Naiman in the hope of Temujin’s death at the hands of Tayan Khan or vice versa. Tayan Khan saw Temujin as his only rival in the struggle for power in the Mongolian steppes. Having learned that the Naimans were thinking about the attack, Temujin decided to launch a campaign against Tayan Khan. But before the campaign, he began to reorganize the command and control of the army and the ulus. In the early summer of 1204, Temujin's army - about 45,000 horsemen - set out on a campaign against the Naiman. Tayan Khan's army initially retreated in order to lure Temujin's army into a trap, but then, at the insistence of Tayan Khan's son, Kuchluk, they entered the battle. The Naimans were defeated, only Kuchluk with a small detachment managed to go to Altai to join his uncle Buyuruk. Tayan Khan died, and Jamukha disappeared even before the fierce battle began, realizing that the Naimans could not win. In the battles with the Naiman, Kublai, Jebe, Jelme and Subedei especially distinguished themselves.

Temujin, building on his success, opposed the Merkit, and the Merkit people fell. Tokhtoa-beki, the ruler of the Merkits, fled to Altai, where he united with Kuchluk. In the spring of 1205, Temujin's army attacked Tokhtoa-beki and Kuchluk in the area of ​​the Bukhtarma River. Tokhtoa-beki died, and his army and most of Kuchluk’s Naimans, pursued by the Mongols, drowned while crossing the Irtysh. Kuchluk and his people fled to the Kara-Kitays (southwest of Lake Balkhash). There Kuchluk managed to gather scattered detachments of Naimans and Keraits, gain favor with the Gurkhan and become quite a significant political figure. The sons of Tokhtoa-beki fled to the Kipchaks, taking with them the severed head of their father. Subedai was sent to pursue them.

After the defeat of the Naiman, most of the Mongols in Jamukha went over to Temujin's side. At the end of 1205, Jamukha himself was handed over to Temujin alive by his own nukers, hoping to thereby save their lives and curry favor, for which they were executed by Temujin as traitors.

Temujin offered his friend complete forgiveness and renewal of old friendship, but Jamukha refused, saying: “just as there is room in the sky for only one sun, so there should be only one ruler in Mongolia.”

He asked only for a dignified death (without bloodshed). His wish was granted - Temujin's warriors broke Jamukha's back. Rashid ad-din attributed the execution of Jamukha to Elchidai-noyon, who cut Jamukha into pieces.

In the spring of 1206, at the source of the Onon River at the kurultai, Temujin was proclaimed great khan over all tribes and received the title “khagan”, taking the name Genghis (Genghis - literally “lord of water” or, more precisely, “lord of the boundless like the sea”). Mongolia has been transformed: the scattered and warring Mongolian nomadic tribes have united into a single state.

Mongol Empire in 1207

A new law has come into force - Yasa of Genghis Khan. In Yas, the main place was occupied by articles about mutual assistance in the campaign and the prohibition of deception of those who trusted. Those who violated these regulations were executed, and the enemy of the Mongols, who remained faithful to their ruler, was spared and accepted into their army. Loyalty and courage were considered good, and cowardice and betrayal were considered evil.

Genghis Khan divided the entire population into tens, hundreds, thousands and tumens (ten thousand), thereby mixing tribes and clans and appointing specially selected people from his confidants and nukers as commanders over them. All adult and healthy men were considered warriors who ran their households in peacetime and took up arms in wartime.

The armed forces of Genghis Khan, formed in this way, amounted to approximately 95 thousand soldiers.

Individual hundreds, thousands and tumens, together with the territory for nomadism, were given into the possession of one or another noyon. The Great Khan, the owner of all the land in the state, distributed land and arats to the noyons, on the condition that they would regularly perform certain duties in return.

The most important duty was military service. Each noyon was obliged, at the first request of the overlord, to field the required number of warriors in the field. Noyon, in his inheritance, could exploit the labor of the arats, distributing his cattle to them for grazing or involving them directly in work on his farm. Small noyons served large ones.

Under Genghis Khan, the enslavement of arats was legalized, and unauthorized movement from one dozen, hundreds, thousands or tumens to others was prohibited. This ban meant the formal attachment of the arats to the land of the noyons - for disobedience the arats faced the death penalty.

An armed detachment of personal bodyguards, called keshik, enjoyed exceptional privileges and was intended to fight against the internal enemies of the khan. The Keshikten were selected from the Noyon youth and were under the personal command of the khan himself, being essentially the khan’s guard. At first, there were 150 Keshikten in the detachment. In addition, a special detachment was created, which was always supposed to be in the vanguard and be the first to engage in battle with the enemy. It was called a detachment of heroes.

Genghis Khan created a network of message lines, courier communications on a large scale for military and administrative purposes, and organized intelligence, including economic intelligence.

Genghis Khan divided the country into two “wings”. He placed Boorcha at the head of the right wing, and Mukhali, his two most faithful and experienced associates, at the head of the left. He made the positions and ranks of senior and highest military leaders - centurions, thousanders and temniks - hereditary in the family of those who, with their faithful service, helped him seize the khan's throne.

In 1207-1211, the Mongols conquered the land of the forest tribes, that is, they subjugated almost all the main tribes and peoples of Siberia, imposing tribute on them.

Before the conquest of China, Genghis Khan decided to secure the border by capturing the Tangut state of Xi-Xia in 1207, which was located between his possessions and the state of Jin. Having captured several fortified cities, in the summer of 1208 Genghis Khan retreated to Longjin, waiting out the unbearable heat that fell that year.

He captured the fortress and passage in the Great Wall of China and in 1213 invaded directly the Chinese state of Jin, going as far as Nianxi in Hanshu Province. Genghis Khan led his troops deep into the continent and established his power over the province of Liaodong, central to the empire. Several Chinese commanders went over to his side. The garrisons surrendered without a fight.

Having established his position along the entire Great Wall of China, in the fall of 1213, Genghis Khan sent three armies to different parts of the Jin Empire. One of them, under the command of the three sons of Genghis Khan - Jochi, Chagatai and Ogedei, headed south. Another, led by the brothers and generals of Genghis Khan, moved east to the sea.

Genghis Khan himself and his youngest son Tolui, at the head of the main forces, set out in a southeastern direction. The First Army advanced as far as Honan and, after capturing twenty-eight cities, joined Genghis Khan on the Great Western Road. The army under the command of Genghis Khan's brothers and generals captured the province of Liao-hsi, and Genghis Khan himself ended his triumphant campaign only after he reached the sea rocky cape in Shandong province.

In the spring of 1214, he returned to Mongolia and made peace with the Chinese emperor, leaving Beijing to him. However, before the leader of the Mongols had time to leave the Great Wall of China, the Chinese emperor moved his court further away, to Kaifeng. This step was perceived by Genghis Khan as a manifestation of hostility, and he again sent troops into the empire, now doomed to destruction. The war continued.

The Jurchen troops in China, replenished by the aborigines, fought the Mongols until 1235 on their own initiative, but were defeated and exterminated by Genghis Khan's successor Ogedei.

Following China, Genghis Khan was preparing for a campaign in Central Asia. He was especially attracted to the flourishing cities of Semirechye. He decided to implement his plan through the valley of the Ili River, where rich cities were located and ruled by Genghis Khan’s longtime enemy, the Naiman Khan Kuchluk.

While Genghis Khan was conquering more and more cities and provinces of China, the fugitive Naiman Khan Kuchluk asked the gurkhan who had given him refuge to help gather the remnants of the army defeated at the Irtysh. Having gained a fairly strong army under his hand, Kuchluk entered into an alliance against his overlord with the Shah of Khorezm Muhammad, who had previously paid tribute to the Karakitays. After a short but decisive military campaign, the allies were left with a big gain, and the gurkhan was forced to relinquish power in favor of the uninvited guest.

In 1213, Gurkhan Zhilugu died, and the Naiman khan became the sovereign ruler of Semirechye. Sairam, Tashkent, and the northern part of Fergana came under his power. Having become an irreconcilable opponent of Khorezm, Kuchluk began persecution of Muslims in his domains, which aroused the hatred of the settled population of Zhetysu. The ruler of Koylyk (in the valley of the Ili River) Arslan Khan, and then the ruler of Almalyk (northwest of modern Gulja) Bu-zar moved away from the Naimans and declared themselves subjects of Genghis Khan.

In 1218, Jebe's troops, together with the troops of the rulers of Koylyk and Almalyk, invaded the lands of the Karakitai. The Mongols conquered Semirechye and Eastern Turkestan, which Kuchluk owned. In the first battle, Jebe defeated the Naiman. The Mongols allowed Muslims to perform public worship, which had previously been prohibited by the Naiman, which contributed to the transition of the entire settled population to the side of the Mongols. Kuchluk, unable to organize resistance, fled to Afghanistan, where he was caught and killed. The residents of Balasagun opened the gates to the Mongols, for which the city received the name Gobalyk - “good city”.

The road to Khorezm opened before Genghis Khan.

After the capture of Samarkand (spring 1220), Genghis Khan sent troops to capture Khorezmshah Muhammad, who fled across the Amu Darya. The tumens of Jebe and Subedei passed through northern Iran and invaded the southern Caucasus, bringing cities to submission by negotiation or force and collecting tribute. Having learned about the death of the Khorezmshah, the Noyons continued their march to the west. Through the Derbent Passage they entered the North Caucasus, defeated the Alans, and then the Polovtsians.

In the spring of 1223, the Mongols defeated the combined forces of the Russians and Cumans on Kalka, but when retreating to the east they were defeated in Volga Bulgaria. The remnants of the Mongol troops in 1224 returned to Genghis Khan, who was in Central Asia.

Upon returning from Central Asia, Genghis Khan once again led his army through Western China. According to Rashid ad-din, in the fall of 1225, having migrated to the borders of Xi Xia, while hunting, Genghis Khan fell from his horse and was seriously injured. By evening, Genghis Khan began to develop a high fever. As a result, the next morning a council was convened, at which the question was “whether or not to postpone the war with the Tanguts.”

Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi, who was already strongly mistrusted, was not present at the council due to his constant evasion of his father's orders. Genghis Khan ordered the army to go on a campaign against Jochi and put an end to him, but the campaign did not take place, as news of his death arrived. Genghis Khan was ill throughout the winter of 1225-1226.

In the spring of 1226, Genghis Khan again led the army, and the Mongols crossed the Xi-Xia border in the lower reaches of the Edzin-Gol River. The Tanguts and some allied tribes were defeated and lost several tens of thousands killed. Genghis Khan handed over the civilian population to the army for destruction and plunder. This was the beginning of Genghis Khan's last war. In December, the Mongols crossed the Yellow River and entered the eastern regions of Xi-Xia. Near Lingzhou, a clash of a hundred thousand Tangut army with the Mongols occurred. The Tangut army was completely defeated. The path to the capital of the Tangut kingdom was now open.

In the winter of 1226-1227. The final siege of Zhongxing began. In the spring and summer of 1227, the Tangut state was destroyed, and the capital was doomed. The fall of the capital of the Tangut kingdom is directly related to the death of Genghis Khan, who died under its walls. According to Rashid ad-din, he died before the fall of the Tangut capital. According to the Yuan-shi, Genghis Khan died when the inhabitants of the capital began to surrender. The “Secret Legend” tells that Genghis Khan accepted the Tangut ruler with gifts, but, feeling bad, ordered his death. And then he ordered to take the capital and put an end to the Tangut state, after which he died. Sources name different causes of death - sudden illness, illness from the unhealthy climate of the Tangut state, a consequence of a fall from a horse. It is established with certainty that he died in the early autumn (or late summer) of 1227 on the territory of the Tangut state immediately after the fall of the capital Zhongxing (the modern city of Yinchuan) and the destruction of the Tangut state.

There is a version that Genghis Khan was stabbed to death at night by his young wife, whom he forcibly took from her husband. Fearing for what she had done, she drowned herself in the river that night.

According to the will, Genghis Khan was succeeded by his third son Ogedei.

Where Genghis Khan was buried has not yet been established; sources give different places and methods of burial. According to the 17th century chronicler Sagan Setsen, “his original corpse, as some say, was buried on Burkhan-Khaldun. Others say that they buried him on the northern slope of Altai Khan, or on the southern slope of Kentei Khan, or in the area called Yehe-Utek.

The main sources by which we can judge the life and personality of Genghis Khan were compiled after his death (especially important among them "The Hidden Legend"). From these sources we receive information both about Chinggis’s appearance (tall, strong build, broad forehead, long beard) and about his character traits. Coming from a people who apparently did not have written language or developed state institutions before him, Genghis Khan was deprived of a book education. With the talents of a commander, he combined organizational abilities, unyielding will and self-control. He possessed enough generosity and friendliness to retain the affection of his associates. Without denying himself the joys of life, he remained a stranger to excesses incompatible with the activities of a ruler and commander, and lived to an old age, retaining his mental abilities in full strength.

Descendants of Genghis Khan - Genghisids:

Temujin and his first wife Borte had four sons: Jochi, Chagatai, Ogedei, Tolui. Only they and their descendants inherited the highest power in the state.

Temujin and Borte also had daughters: Khodzhin-begi, the wife of Butu-gurgen from the Ikires clan; Tsetseihen (Chichigan), wife of Inalchi, the youngest son of the head of the Oirats, Khudukha-beki; Alangaa (Alagai, Alakha), who married the Ongut noyon Buyanbald (in 1219, when Genghis Khan went to war with Khorezm, he entrusted her with state affairs in his absence, therefore she is also called Toru dzasagchi gunji (princess-ruler); Temulen, wife Shiku-gurgen, son of Alchi-noyon from the Ungirads, the tribe of her mother Borte; Alduun (Altalun), who married Zavtar-setsen, noyon of the Khongirads.

Temujin and his second wife, the Merkit Khulan-Khatun, daughter of Dair-usun, had sons Kulhan (Khulugen, Kulkan) and Kharachar; and from the Tatar woman Yesugen (Esukat), daughter of Charu-noyon, sons Chakhur (Jaur) and Kharkhad.

The sons of Genghis Khan continued the work of their father and ruled the Mongols, as well as the conquered lands, based on the Great Yasa of Genghis Khan until the 20s of the 20th century. The Manchu emperors, who ruled Mongolia and China from the 16th to the 19th centuries, were descendants of Genghis Khan through the female line, as they married Mongol princesses from the line of Genghis Khan. The first prime minister of Mongolia of the 20th century, Sain-Noyon Khan Namnansuren (1911-1919), as well as the rulers of Inner Mongolia (until 1954) were direct descendants of Genghis Khan.

The consolidated genealogy of Genghis Khan was conducted until the 20th century. In 1918, the religious head of Mongolia, Bogdo Gegen, issued an order to preserve the Urgiin bichig (family list) of the Mongol princes. This monument is kept in the museum and is called "Shastra of the State of Mongolia"(Mongol Ulsyn Shastir). Today, many direct descendants of Genghis Khan live in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia (PRC), as well as in other countries.

Death of Genghis Khan

] Meanwhile, the capture of the Tangut kingdom was very difficult for the elderly Conqueror. Having never recovered from his fall from his horse last year, he felt worse and worse. He lived out his last weeks in eastern Gansu. Genghis Khan began to show concern more and more often. He no longer found consolation in past victories and began to constantly talk about death. He asked his doctors only about one thing - a means to prolong life.

The emperor had heard a lot about the wonderful Chinese sage Chan-Chun, that he allegedly discovered all the secrets of earth and heaven and even knew a remedy that gives immortality. He sent his proven adviser and astrologer Yelu Chutsai to search for him. Having covered a huge distance, the famous sage arrived at Genghis Khan's headquarters. However, he was unable to help the fading ruler. In one of the conversations with him, Chan-Chun explained it this way: “I can tell you the exact truth: there are many means to increase a person’s strength, cure him of illness and protect his life, but there is no medicine to make him immortal.” " Genghis Khan thought for a long time. He realized that there was no salvation. The weakened and helpless Universe Shaker was destined to end his earthly journey in a foreign and cold country, a military campaign in which would be his last. Realizing this, he called his sons Ogedei and Tolui to him and, regretting that two more, Jochi and Chagatai, were not next to him, announced that he was leaving Ogedei as his heir. Instructing his sons, the great commander said: “...I have conquered for you, my sons, a kingdom of such extraordinary width that from its navel in each direction there will be one year’s journey. Now I tell you my last testament: “Always destroy your enemies and exalt your friends, and for this you must always be of the same opinion and all act as one. Stand firmly and menacingly at the head of the entire state and the Mongolian people and do not dare, after my death, to distort or not fulfill my “Yasak”. Although everyone wants to die at home, I am setting out on the last campaign for the sake of a worthy end for my great tribe.”

Genghis Khan ordered his sons not to reveal his death in any way. There should be no crying or screaming. Enemies should not know anything about his death, for this will delight and inspire them. Instead of displays of grief, he asked to inform his soul about the complete victory over the Tanguts: “During the funeral, tell me: they have been exterminated, every last one! Khan destroyed their tribe!

The great conqueror died in late summer or early autumn of 1227, probably in Ordos, near the Zhamhak River (now Inner Mongolia, an autonomous region in northern China). At the time of his death he was 72 years old. Now on the site of the death of the Mongol ruler stands a majestic mausoleum and his huge white stone statue.

There are no fewer legends about the death of Genghis Khan than about his life. The official version is considered to be the consequences of his fall from his horse, which led to a serious illness. At the same time, the Italian traveler Marco Polo writes that the cause of the emperor’s death was a knee wound from an arrow. Another Italian, Giovanni da Plano del Carpini points out a lightning strike.

The most widespread legend in Mongolia is that Genghis Khan died from a wound inflicted on him by the beautiful Tangut Khansha during their first (and only) wedding night. One can only speculate about what actually happened.

Genghis Khan carried a coffin with him for a long time. It was hollowed out from a single ridge of oak, and the inside was lined with gold. After the death of the emperor, his sons secretly placed the coffin in the middle of the yellow tent at night. The body of the deceased was dressed in combat chain mail, and a blued steel helmet was placed on his head. His hands gripped the hilt of a sharpened sword, and on both sides of the coffin were placed a bow and arrows, a flint and a golden drinking cup.

The military leaders, carrying out the emperor's orders, hid the secret of his death. The war with the Tanguts continued with redoubled cruelty. And the coffin with the body of the Shaker of the Universe was wrapped in felt and placed on a two-wheeled cart drawn by twelve bulls. Accompanied by a detachment of Mongol warriors, the ashes were sent on a long journey to their homeland. Along the way, the Mongols killed all living things - people and animals - so that no one would prematurely find out and talk about the death of the emperor. This was required by ancient Altai custom. It was believed that in this way the deceased was provided with servants in a better world.

Only when the funeral cortege reached the main imperial camp in the upper reaches of Kerulen was the news of the death of Genghis Khan made public. At the invitation of Tolui, the princes of the royal family with their wives and military leaders gathered in the camp. They paid their last respects to the deceased. The coffin with the body of Genghis Khan was alternately installed in the yurts of his main wives. Only three months later were residents of the outskirts of the Mongol Empire able to honor the memory of the emperor. After the farewell and mourning of the Great Conqueror ended, his body was buried.

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MINISTRY OF EDUCATION AND SCIENCE OF THE REPUBLIC OF KAZAKHSTAN

KAZAKH NATIONAL UNIVERSITY named after K.I.SATPAEV

Department of History of Kazakhstan

Topic: “Genghis Khan. Years of Reign"

Completed:

1st year student

font 5В072400

Kulmakhanov Ramazan

Checked:

Ph.D. assistant professor

Department of IR

Chatybekova K.K.

Almaty 2011

Genghis Khan

Genghis Khan (1155 or 1162 - August 25, 1227) - a short title of the Mongol khan from the Borjigin clan, who united the scattered Mongol tribes.

The commander who organized the Mongol conquests in China, Central Asia and Eastern Europe. Founder of the Mongol Empire and its first great khan.

After his death in 1227, the heirs of the empire became his direct descendants from his first wife Borte in the male line, the Chingizids.

Biography. Birth and youth

Temujin was born in the Delyun-Boldok tract on the banks of the Onon River (Fig. 1) in the family of one of the leaders of the Mongolian Taichiut tribe, Yesugei-Bagatura from the Borjigin clan and his wife Hoelun from the Ungirat tribe, whom Yesugei recaptured from the Merkit Eke-Chiledu and was named in the honor of the Tatar leader Temuchin-Uge, whom he captured, whom Yesugei defeated on the eve of the birth of his son. The year of Temujin's birth remains unclear, since the main sources indicate different dates. According to Rashid ad-Din, Temujin was born in 1155. The History of the Yuan Dynasty gives 1162 as the date of birth. A number of scientists (for example, G.V. Vernadsky) point to the year 1167.

At the age of 9, Yesugei-Bagatur betrothed his son to Borte, a 10-year-old girl from an Ungirat family. Leaving his son with the bride's family until he came of age, so that they could get to know each other better, he went home. According to the “Secret Legend,” on the way back, Yesugei stopped at a Tatar camp, where he was poisoned. Upon returning to his native ulus, he fell ill and died three days later.

After the death of Temujin’s father, his followers abandoned the widows (Yesugei had 2 wives) and the children of Yesugei (Temudjin and his younger brother Khasar, and from his second wife - Bekter and Belgutai): the head of the Taichiut clan drove the family from their homes, stealing everything that belonged to her cattle. For several years, widows and children lived in complete poverty, wandering in the steppes, eating roots, game and fish. Even in the summer, the family lived from hand to mouth, making provisions for the winter.

The leader of the Taichiuts, Targitai-Kiriltukh (a distant relative of Temujin), who declared himself the ruler of the lands once occupied by Yesugei, fearing the revenge of his growing rival, began to pursue Temujin. One day, an armed detachment attacked the camp of the Yesugei family. Temujin managed to escape, but was overtaken and captured. They put a block on him - two wooden boards with a hole for the neck, which were pulled together. The block was a painful punishment: a person did not have the opportunity to eat, drink, or even drive away a fly that had landed on his face.

He found a way to escape and hide in a small lake, plunging into the water with the block and sticking only his nostrils out of the water. The Taichiuts searched for him in this place, but could not find him. He was noticed by a farm laborer from the Selduz tribe of Sorgan-Shire, who was among them, and decided to save him. He pulled young Temujin out of the water, freed him from the stocks and took him to his home, where he hid him in a cart with wool. After the Taichiuts left, Sorgan-Shire put Temujin on a mare, provided him with weapons and sent him home (later Chilaun, the son of Sorgan-Shire, became one of Genghis Khan’s four close nukers).

After some time, Temujin found his family. The Borjigins immediately migrated to another place, and the Taichiuts could not detect them. At the age of 11, Temujin became friends with his peer of noble origin from the Jadaran (Jajirat) tribe - Jamukha, who later became the leader of this tribe. With him in his childhood, Temujin twice became a sworn brother (anda).

A few years later, Temujin married his betrothed Borta (by this time Boorchu, also one of the four closest nukers, appeared in Temujin’s service). Borte's dowry was a luxurious sable fur coat. Temujin soon went to the most powerful of the steppe leaders of that time - Tooril, the khan of the Kerait tribe. Tooril was a sworn brother (anda) of Temujin’s father, and he managed to enlist the support of the Kereit leader by recalling this friendship and presenting a sable fur coat to Borte. Upon Temujin’s return from Tooril Khan, one old Mongol gave him his son Jelme, who became one of his commanders, into his service.

Beginning of conquest

With the support of Tooril Khan, Temujin's forces began to gradually grow. Nukers began to flock to him; he raided his neighbors, increasing his possessions and herds. He differed from the other conquerors in that during the battles he tried to keep as many people from the enemy ulus alive as possible in order to later attract them to his service.

Temujin's first serious opponents were the Merkits, who acted in alliance with the Taichiuts. In the absence of Temujin, they attacked the Borjigin camp and captured Borte (according to assumptions, she was already pregnant and was expecting Jochi’s first son) and Yesugei’s second wife, Sochikhel, Belgutai’s mother. In 1184 (according to rough estimates, based on the date of birth of Ogedei), Temujin, with the help of Tooril Khan and his Kereyites, as well as Jamukha (invited by Temujin at the insistence of Tooril Khan) from the Jajirat clan, defeated the Merkits and returned Borte. Belgutai's mother, Sochikhel, refused to go back.

After the victory, Tooril Khan went to his horde, and Temujin and Jamukha remained to live together in the same horde, where they again entered into a twinning alliance, exchanging golden belts and horses. After some time (from six months to a year and a half) they dispersed, while many of Jamukha’s noyons and nukers joined Temujin (which was one of the reasons for Jamukha’s hostility towards Temujin). Having separated, Temujin began organizing his ulus, creating a horde control apparatus. The first two nukers, Boorchu and Jelme, were appointed senior at the khan's headquarters; the command post was given to Subetai-Baghatur, the future famous commander of Genghis Khan. During the same period, Temujin had a second son, Chagatai (the exact date of his birth is unknown) and a third son, Ogedei (October 1186). Temujin created his first small ulus in 1186 (1189/90 are also probable) and had 3 tumens (30,000 people) troops.

Jamukha sought an open quarrel with his anda. The reason was the death of Jamukha's younger brother, Taichar, during his attempt to steal a herd of horses from Temudjin's possessions. Under the pretext of revenge, Jamukha and his army marched against Temujin in 3 darkness. The battle took place near the Gulegu Mountains, between the sources of the Sengur River and the upper reaches of Onon. In this first big battle (according to the main source “The Secret History of the Mongols”) Temujin was defeated.

Temujin's first major military enterprise after the defeat from Jamukha was the war against the Tatars together with Tooril Khan. The Tatars at that time had difficulty repelling the attacks of the Jin troops that entered their possessions. The combined troops of Tooril Khan and Temujin, joining the Jin troops, moved towards the Tatars. The battle took place in 1196. They inflicted a number of strong blows on the Tatars and captured rich booty. The Jurchen government of Jin, as a reward for the defeat of the Tatars, awarded high titles to the steppe leaders. Temujin received the title "Jauthuri" (military commissar), and Tooril received the title "Van" (prince), from which time he became known as Van Khan. Temujin became a vassal of Wang Khan, whom Jin saw as the most powerful of the rulers of Eastern Mongolia.

In 1197--1198 Van Khan, without Temujin, made a campaign against the Merkits, plundered and gave nothing to his named “son” and vassal Temujin. This marked the beginning of a new cooling. After 1198, when the Jin ravaged the Kungirats and other tribes, Jin influence on Eastern Mongolia began to weaken, which allowed Temujin to take possession of the eastern regions of Mongolia. At this time, Inanch Khan dies and the Naiman state breaks up into two uluses, headed by Buiruk Khan in Altai and Tayan Khan on the Black Irtysh. In 1199, Temujin, together with Van Khan and Jamukha, attacked Buyruk Khan with their joint forces and he was defeated. Upon returning home, the path was blocked by a Naiman detachment. It was decided to fight in the morning, but at night Van Khan and Jamukha disappeared, leaving Temujin alone in the hope that the Naimans would finish him off. But by morning Temujin found out about this and retreated without engaging in battle. The Naimans began to pursue not Temujin, but Van Khan. The Kereits entered into a difficult battle with the Naimans, and, with death evident, Van-Khan sent messengers to Temujin asking for help. Temujin sent his nukers, among whom Boorchu, Mukhali, Borohul and Chilaun distinguished themselves in battle. For his salvation, Van Khan bequeathed his ulus to Temujin after his death.

In 1200, Wang Khan and Temujin set out on a joint campaign against the Taichiuts. The Merkits came to the aid of the Taichiuts. In this battle, Temujin was wounded by an arrow, after which Jelme nursed him throughout the next night. By morning the Taichiuts disappeared, leaving many people behind. Among them was Sorgan-Shira, who once saved Temujin, and the marksman Jirgoadai, who confessed that it was he who shot Temujin. He was accepted into Temujin's army and received the nickname Jebe (arrowhead). A pursuit was organized for the Taichuts. Many were killed, some surrendered into service. This was the first major victory won by Temujin.

In 1201, some Mongol forces (including the Tatars, Taichiuts, Merkits, Oirats and other tribes) decided to unite in the fight against Temudjin. They took the oath of allegiance to Jamukha and enthroned him with the title Gur Khan. Having learned about this, Temujin contacted Van Khan, who immediately raised an army and came to him.

In 1202, Temujin independently opposed the Tatars. Before this campaign, he issued an order according to which it was strictly forbidden to capture booty during the battle and pursuit of the enemy: the commanders had to divide the captured property between the soldiers only after the end of the battle. A fierce battle was won, and at a council held by Temujin after the battle, it was decided to destroy all the Tatars, except for the children below the cart axle, as revenge for the ancestors of the Mongols they had killed (in particular Temujin's father).

In the spring of 1203, a battle between Temujin’s troops and the combined forces of Jamukha and Van Khan took place. Although Van Khan did not want a war with Temujin, he was persuaded by his son Nilha-Sangum, who hated Temujin because Van Khan preferred him over his son and was thinking of transferring the Kereite throne to him, and Jamukha, who claimed that Temujin was uniting with Naiman Taiyang Khan. In this battle, Temujin's ulus suffered many losses. But Van Khan's son was wounded, which is why the Kereits left the battlefield. To gain time, Temujin began sending diplomatic messages, the purpose of which was to separate both Jamukha and Van Khan, and Van Khan from his son. At the same time, a number of tribes that did not join either side created a coalition against both Wang Khan and Temujin. Having learned about this, Wang Khan attacked first and defeated them, after which he began to feast. When Temujin was informed about this, a decision was made to attack with lightning speed and take the enemy by surprise. Without even making overnight stops, Temujin’s army overtook the Kereyites and completely defeated them in the fall of 1203. The Kereit ulus ceased to exist. Van Khan and his son managed to escape, but came across a Naiman guard, where Tayan Khan ordered Van Khan's head to be cut off. Wang Khan's son was able to escape, but was later killed by the Uyghurs.

With the fall of the Kereyites in 1204, Jamukha and the remaining army joined the Naimans in the hope of Temujin’s death at the hands of Tayan Khan or vice versa. Tayan Khan saw Temujin as his only rival in the struggle for power in the Mongolian steppes. Having learned that the Naimans were thinking about the attack, Temujin decided to launch a campaign against Tayan Khan. But before the campaign, he began to reorganize the command and control of the army and the ulus. In the early summer of 1204, Temujin's army - about 45,000 horsemen - set out on a campaign against the Naiman. Tayan Khan's army initially retreated in order to lure Temujin's army into a trap, but then, at the insistence of Tayan Khan's son, Kuchluk, they entered the battle. The Naimans were defeated, only Kuchluk with a small detachment managed to go to Altai to join his uncle Buyuruk. Tayan Khan died, and Jamukha disappeared even before the fierce battle began, realizing that the Naimans could not win. Kublai, Zhebe, Zhelme and Subetai especially distinguished themselves in battles with the Naimans.

In the autumn of the same year, Temujin, building on his success, opposed the Merkit, and the Merkit people fell. Tokhtoa-beki, the ruler of the Merkits, fled to Altai, where he united with Kuchluk.

In the spring of 1205, Temujin's army attacked Tokhtoa-beki and Kuchluk in the area of ​​the Bukhtarma River. Tokhtoa-beki died, and his army and most of Kuchluk’s Naimans, pursued by the Mongols, drowned while crossing the Irtysh. Kuchluk and his people fled to the Kara-Kitays (southwest of Lake Balkhash). There Kuchluk managed to gather scattered detachments of Naimans and Keraits, gain favor with the Gurkhan and become quite a significant political figure. The sons of Tokhtoa-beki fled to the Kipchaks, taking with them the severed head of their father. Subetai was sent to pursue them.

After the defeat of the Naimans, most of the Mongols of Jamukha went over to Temujin's side. At the end of 1205, Jamukha himself was handed over to Temujin alive by his own nukers, for which they were executed by Temujin as traitors. Jamukha was also executed by Temujin.

Reforms of the Great Khan

In the spring of 1206, at the source of the Onon River at the kurultai, Temujin was proclaimed great khan over all tribes and received the title “Genghis Khan”. Mongolia has been transformed: the scattered and warring Mongolian nomadic tribes have united into a single state.

A new law came into force - Yasa of Genghis Khan. In Yas, the main place was occupied by articles about mutual assistance in the campaign and the prohibition of deception of those who trusted. Those who violated these regulations were executed, and the enemy of the Mongols, who remained faithful to their ruler, was spared and accepted into their army. Loyalty and courage were considered good, and cowardice and betrayal were considered evil.

Genghis Khan divided the entire population into tens, hundreds, thousands and tumens (ten thousand), thereby mixing tribes and clans and appointing specially selected people from his confidants and nukers as commanders over them. All adult and healthy men were considered warriors who ran their households in peacetime and took up arms in wartime. The armed forces of Genghis Khan, formed in this way, amounted to approximately 95 thousand soldiers.

Individual hundreds, thousands and tumens, together with the territory for nomadism, were given into the possession of one or another noyon. The Great Khan, the owner of all the land in the state, distributed land and arats to the noyons, on the condition that they would regularly perform certain duties in return. The most important duty was military service. Each noyon was obliged, at the first request of the overlord, to field the required number of warriors in the field. Noyon, in his inheritance, could exploit the labor of the arats, distributing his cattle to them for grazing or involving them directly in work on his farm. Small noyons served large ones.

Under Genghis Khan, the enslavement of arats was legalized, and unauthorized movement from one dozen, hundreds, thousands or tumens to others was prohibited. This ban meant the formal attachment of the arats to the land of the noyons - for disobedience the arats faced the death penalty.

An armed detachment of personal bodyguards, called keshik, enjoyed exceptional privileges and was intended to fight against the internal enemies of the khan. The Keshikten were selected from the Noyon youth and were under the personal command of the khan himself, being essentially the khan’s guard. At first, there were 150 Keshikten in the detachment. In addition, a special detachment was created, which was always supposed to be in the vanguard and be the first to engage in battle with the enemy. It was called a detachment of heroes. The Russian word “bogatyr” comes precisely from the Mongolian word “bagadur”.

Genghis Khan created a network of message lines, courier communications on a large scale for military and administrative purposes, and organized intelligence, including economic intelligence.

Genghis Khan divided the country into two “wings”. He placed Boorcha at the head of the right wing, and Mukhali, his two most faithful and experienced associates, at the head of the left. He made the positions and ranks of senior and highest military leaders - centurions, thousanders and temniks - hereditary in the family of those who, with their faithful service, helped him seize the khan's throne.

Conquest of Northern China

In 1207-1211, the Mongols conquered the land of the forest tribes, that is, they subjugated almost all the main tribes and peoples of Siberia, imposing tribute on them. In 1209, Genghis Khan conquered Central Asia and turned his attention to the south.

Before the conquest of China, Genghis Khan decided to secure the border by capturing the Tangut state of Xi-Xia in 1207, which was located between his possessions and the state of Jin. Having captured several fortified cities, in the summer of 1208 Genghis Khan retreated to Longjin, waiting out the unbearable heat that fell that year.

Meanwhile, news reached him that his old enemies Tokhtoa-beks and Kuchluk were preparing for a new war with him. Having carefully prepared, Genghis Khan defeated them completely in a battle on the banks of the Irtysh. Tokhtoa-beki was among the dead, and Kuchluk escaped and found shelter with the Karakitai.

Satisfied with the victory, Temujin again sent his troops against Xi-Xia. After defeating an army of Chinese Tatars, he captured the fortress and passage in the Great Wall of China and in 1213 invaded the Chinese state of Jin directly and marched as far as Nianxi in Hanshu Province. With increasing persistence, Genghis Khan led his troops deep into the continent and established his power over the province of Liaodong, central to the empire. Several Chinese commanders went over to his side. The garrisons surrendered without a fight.

Having established his position along the entire Great Wall of China, in the fall of 1213 Temujin sent three armies to different parts of the Chinese Empire. One of them, under the command of the three sons of Genghis Khan - Jochi, Chagatai and Ogedei, headed south. Another, led by the brothers and generals of Genghis Khan, moved east to the sea. Genghis Khan himself and his youngest son Tolui, at the head of the main forces, set out in a southeastern direction. The First Army advanced as far as Honan and, after capturing twenty-eight cities, joined Genghis Khan on the Great Western Road. The army under the command of Temujin's brothers and generals captured the province of Liao-si, and Genghis Khan himself ended his triumphant campaign only after he reached the sea rocky cape in Shandong province. In the spring of 1214, he returned to Mongolia and made peace with the Chinese emperor, leaving Beijing to him. However, before the leader of the Mongols had time to leave the Great Wall of China, the Chinese emperor moved his court further away, to Kaifeng. This step was perceived by Temujin as a manifestation of hostility, and he again sent troops into the empire, now doomed to destruction. The war continued.

The Jurchen troops in China, replenished by the aborigines, fought the Mongols until 1235 on their own initiative, but were defeated and exterminated by Genghis Khan's successor Ogedei.

Fight against the Kara-Khitan Khanate

Following China, Genghis Khan was preparing for a campaign in Kazakhstan and Central Asia. He was especially attracted to the flourishing cities of Southern Kazakhstan and Zhetysu. He decided to implement his plan through the valley of the Ili River, where rich cities were located and ruled by Genghis Khan’s longtime enemy, the Naiman Khan Kuchluk.

Campaigns of Genghis Khan and his commanders

While Genghis Khan was conquering more and more cities and provinces of China, the fugitive Naiman Khan Kuchluk asked the gurkhan who had given him refuge to help gather the remnants of the army defeated at the Irtysh. Having gained a fairly strong army under his hand, Kuchluk entered into an alliance against his overlord with the Shah of Khorezm Muhammad, who had previously paid tribute to the Karakitays. After a short but decisive military campaign, the allies were left with a big gain, and the gurkhan was forced to relinquish power in favor of the uninvited guest. In 1213, Gurkhan Zhilugu died, and the Naiman khan became the sovereign ruler of Semirechye. Sairam, Tashkent, and the northern part of Fergana came under his power. Having become an irreconcilable opponent of Khorezm, Kuchluk began persecution of Muslims in his domains, which aroused the hatred of the settled population of Zhetysu. The ruler of Koylyk (in the valley of the Ili River) Arslan Khan, and then the ruler of Almalyk (northwest of modern Gulja) Bu-zar moved away from the Naimans and declared themselves subjects of Genghis Khan.

In 1218, Jebe's troops, together with the troops of the rulers of Koylyk and Almalyk, invaded the lands of the Karakitai. The Mongols conquered Semirechye and Eastern Turkestan, which were owned by Kuchluk. In the first battle, Jebe defeated the Naiman. The Mongols allowed Muslims to perform public worship, which had previously been prohibited by the Naiman, which contributed to the transition of the entire settled population to the side of the Mongols. Kuchluk, unable to organize resistance, fled to Afghanistan, where he was caught and killed. The residents of Balasagun opened the gates to the Mongols, for which the city received the name Gobalyk - “good city”. The road to Khorezm opened before Genghis Khan.

To the west

After the conquest of China and Khorezm, the supreme ruler of the Mongol clan leaders, Genghis Khan, sent a strong cavalry corps under the command of Jebe and Subedei to explore the “western lands”. They walked along the southern shore of the Caspian Sea, then, after the devastation of Northern Iran, penetrated into Transcaucasia, defeated the Georgian army (1222) and, moving north along the western shore of the Caspian Sea, met in the North Caucasus a united army of Vainakhs (Chechens and Ingush), Polovtsians , Lezgins, Circassians and Alans. A battle took place, which did not have decisive consequences. Then the conquerors split the ranks of the enemy. They gave gifts to the Polovtsians and promised not to touch them. The latter began to disperse to their nomadic camps. Taking advantage of this, the Mongols easily defeated the Alans and Circassians, and then defeated the Cumans piecemeal, while the Vainakhs managed to avoid complete defeat. After an unsuccessful attempt to capture Lezgin-speaking Derbent, the Mongols bypassed the city. After this, through the territory of other Dagestan highlanders, the Mongols reached the coast of the Caspian Sea north of Derbent, opening their way to the North Caucasus steppes. At the beginning of 1223, the Mongols invaded Crimea, took the city of Surozh (Sudak) and again moved into the Polovtsian steppes.

The Polovtsians fled to Rus'. Polovtsian Khan Kotyan asked for the help of his son-in-law Mstislav the Udal and Mstislav III Romanovich, Grand Duke of Kyiv. At the beginning of 1223, a princely congress was convened in Kyiv, which decided that the forces of the Kyiv, Galician, Chernigov, Seversky, Smolensk and Volyn principalities should support the Polovtsians. The Dnieper, near the island of Khortitsa, was appointed as the gathering place for the Russian united army. Here envoys from the Mongol camp were met, inviting the Russians to break the alliance with the Polovtsians. Taking into account the experience of the Cumans (who in 1222 persuaded the Mongols to break their alliance with the Alans, after which Jebe defeated the Alans and attacked the Cumans), Mstislav executed the envoys. In the battle on the Kalka River, the troops of Daniil Galitsky, Mstislav the Udal and Khan Kotyan, without informing the other princes, decided to “deal” with the Mongols on their own and crossed to the eastern bank, where on May 31, 1223 they were completely defeated while passively contemplating this bloody battle on the part of the main Russian forces led by Mstislav III, located on the elevated opposite bank of the Kalka.

Mstislav III, having fenced himself off with a tyn, held the defense for three days after the battle, and then came to an agreement with Jebe and Subedai to lay down arms and freely retreat to Rus', as he had not participated in the battle. However, he, his army and his princes were captured by the Mongols and cruelly tortured as “traitors to their own army.”

After the victory, the Mongols organized the pursuit of the remnants of the Russian army (only every tenth soldier returned from the Azov region), destroying cities and villages in the Dnieper direction, capturing the inhabitants. However, the disciplined Mongol military leaders had no orders to linger in Rus'. They were soon recalled by Genghis Khan, who considered that the main task of the reconnaissance campaign to the west had been successfully completed. On the way back at the mouth of the Kama, the troops of Jebe and Subedei suffered a serious defeat from the Volga Bulgars, who refused to recognize the power of Genghis Khan over themselves. After this failure, the Mongols went down to Saksin and along the Caspian steppes returned to Asia, where in 1225 they united with the main forces of the Mongol army.

The Mongol forces remaining in China enjoyed the same success as the armies in Western Asia. The Mongol Empire was expanded to include several new provinces that lay north of the Yellow River. After the death of Emperor Xuyin Zong in 1223, the Northern Chinese Empire virtually ceased to exist, and the borders of the Mongol Empire almost coincided with the borders of Central and Southern China, ruled by the Song Dynasty.

Death of Genghis Khan

Upon returning from Central Asia, Genghis Khan once again led his army through Western China. According to Rashid ad-din, in the fall of 1225, having migrated to the borders of Xi Xia, while hunting, Genghis Khan fell from his horse and was seriously injured. By evening, Genghis Khan began to develop a high fever. As a result, the next morning a council was convened, at which the question was “whether or not to postpone the war with the Tanguts.” Genghis Khan's eldest son Jochi, who was already strongly mistrusted, was not present at the council due to his constant evasion of his father's orders. Genghis Khan ordered the army to go on a campaign against Jochi and put an end to him, but the campaign did not take place, as news of his death arrived. Genghis Khan was ill throughout the winter of 1225-1226.

In the spring of 1226, Genghis Khan again led the army, and the Mongols crossed the Xi Xia border in the lower reaches of the Edzin Gol River. The Tanguts and some allied tribes were defeated and lost several tens of thousands killed. Genghis Khan handed over the civilian population to the army for destruction and plunder. This was the beginning of Genghis Khan's last war, designed for the complete extermination of the Tangut people. In December, the Mongols crossed the Yellow River and entered the eastern regions of Xi Xia. Near Lingzhou, a clash of a hundred thousand Tangut army with the Mongols occurred. The Tangut army was completely defeated. The path to the capital of Xi Xia was now open.

Genghis Khan's Empire at the time of his death

In the winter of 1226--1227. The final siege of Zhongxing began. In the spring and summer of 1227, the Tangut state was destroyed, and the capital was doomed. The fall of the capital Xi Xia is directly related to the death of Genghis Khan, who died under its walls. According to Rashid ad-din, he died before the fall of the Tangut capital. According to the Yuan-shi, Genghis Khan died when the inhabitants of the capital began to surrender. The “Secret Legend” tells that Genghis Khan accepted the Tangut ruler with gifts, but, feeling bad, ordered his death. And then he ordered to take the capital and put an end to the Tangut state, after which he died. Sources name different causes of death - sudden illness, illness from the unhealthy climate of the Tangut state, a consequence of a fall from a horse. It is confidently established that he died in the early autumn (or late summer) of 1227 on the territory of the Tangut state of Xi Xia immediately after the fall of the capital Zhongxing (the modern city of Yinchuan) and the destruction of the Tangut state.

According to the will, Genghis Khan was succeeded by his third son Ogedei.

Tomb of Genghis Khan

Where Genghis Khan was buried has not yet been established; sources cite different places and possible burial processions.

According to local legends, the tomb of Genghis Khan is located near Lake Tabasun Nor. The supposed location of the grave is Mount Burkhan-Khaldun, sacred to the Mongols, as well as the Delyun-Boldok tract (Upper Onon).

Genghis Khan commander army campaign

Personality of Genghis Khan

The main sources by which we can judge the life and personality of Genghis Khan were compiled after his death (the “Secret Legend” is especially important among them). From these sources we receive information both about Chinggis’s appearance (tall, strong build, broad forehead, long beard) and about his character traits. Coming from a people who apparently did not have written language or developed state institutions before him, Genghis Khan was deprived of a book education. With the talents of a commander, he combined organizational abilities, unyielding will and self-control. He possessed enough generosity and friendliness to retain the affection of his associates. Without denying himself the joys of life, he remained a stranger to excesses incompatible with the activities of a ruler and commander, and lived to an old age, retaining his mental abilities in full strength.

Results of the board

During the conquest of the Naimans, Genghis Khan became acquainted with the beginnings of written records; some of the Naimans entered the service of Genghis Khan and were the first officials in the Mongolian state and the first teachers of the Mongols. Apparently, Genghis Khan hoped to subsequently replace the Naiman with ethnic Mongols, since he ordered noble Mongolian youths, including his sons, to learn the Naiman language and writing. After the spread of Mongol rule, even during the life of Genghis Khan, the Mongols also used the services of officials and clergy of the conquered peoples, primarily the Chinese and Persians.

In the field of foreign policy, Genghis Khan sought to maximize the expansion of the territory under his control. Genghis Khan's strategy and tactics were characterized by careful reconnaissance, surprise attacks, the desire to dismember enemy forces, setting up ambushes using special units to lure the enemy, maneuvering large masses of cavalry, etc.

Temujin and his descendants swept away great and ancient states from the face of the earth: the state of the Khorezmshahs, the Chinese Empire, the Baghdad Caliphate, and most of the Russian principalities were conquered. Vast territories were placed under the control of the Yasa steppe law.

In 1220, Genghis Khan founded Karakorum, the capital of the Mongol Empire.

Chronology of main events

1162 -- Birth of Temujin (also probable dates are 1155 and 1167).

1184 (approximate date) - Captivity of Temujin's wife - Borte - by the Merkits.

1184/85 (approximate date) -- Liberation of Borte with the support of Jamukha and Toghrul. Birth of the eldest son - Jochi.

1185/86 (approximate date) - Birth of Genghis Khan's second son - Chagatai.

October 1186 - Birth of Genghis Khan's third son, Ogedei.

1186 - His first ulus of Temujin (also probable dates - 1189/90), as well as defeat from Jamukha.

1190 (approximate date) - Birth of Genghis Khan's fourth son - Tolui.

1196 -- The combined forces of Temujin, Togoril Khan and Jin troops attack the Tatar tribe.

1199 - Attack and victory of the combined forces of Temujin, Van Khan and Jamukha over the Naiman tribe led by Buiruk Khan.

1200 - Attack and victory of the joint forces of Temujin and Wang Khan over the Taichiut tribe.

1202 - Attack and destruction of the Tatar tribe by Temujin.

1203 - Attack of the Keraits, Van Khan's tribe, with Jamukha at the head of the army on Temujin's ulus.

Autumn 1203 - victory over the Kereits.

Summer 1204 - victory over the Naiman tribe led by Tayan Khan.

Autumn 1204 - victory over the Merkit tribe.

Spring 1205 - Attack and victory over the united forces of the remnants of the Merkits and Naimans tribe.

1205 - Betrayal and surrender of Jamukha by his nukers to Temujin and probable execution of Jamukha.

1206 -- At the kurultai, Temujin is given the title "Genghis Khan".

1207 - 1210 - Genghis Khan attacks the Tangut state of Xi Xia.

1215 -- Fall of Beijing.

1219-1223 - Genghis Khan's conquest of Central Asia.

1223 - victory of the Mongols led by Subedei and Jebe on the Kalka River over the Russian-Polovtsian army.

Spring 1226 - Attack on the Tangut state of Xi Xia.

Autumn 1227 - Fall of the capital and state of Xi Xia. Death of Genghis Khan.

List of references

Borzhigin G. N. Ertniy etseg ovgod huu urag. - M.: Mongolia, 2005;

Grousset R. Genghis Khan: Conqueror of the Universe. -- M., 2008. (ZhZL series) -- ISBN 978-5-235-03133-3

D "Osson K. From Genghis Khan to Tamerlane. - Paris, 1935;

Kradin N. N., Skrynnikova T. D. Empire of Genghis Khan. -- M.: Eastern Literature, 2006. -- ISBN 5-02-018521-3

Rashid ad-Din Fazlullah Hamadani. Collection of chronicles. -- T. 1. Book. 1. Per. L. A. Khetagurova, 1952

Rashid ad-Din Fazlullah Hamadani. Collection of chronicles. -- T. 1. Book. 2. Per. O. I. Smirnova, 1952;

Yuan-chao bi-shi. The hidden legend of the Mongols. Per. S. A. Kozina, 1941;

Yuan shi. History of the Yuan Dynasty. - M.: Beijing, 1976.

Yurchenko A. G. The image of Genghis Khan in world literature of the XIII-XV centuries. // Yurchenko A. G. Historical geography of political myth. The image of Genghis Khan in world literature of the XIII-XV centuries. - St. Petersburg: Eurasia, 2006. - p. 7-22.

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