Download presentation: influence of abiotic factors on insects. Presentation on ecology "abiotic environmental factors". In relation to each factor, one can distinguish
Ecological factors 1. Abiotic (factors of inanimate nature) - temperature, light, humidity, salt concentration, pressure, precipitation, relief, etc. 1. Abiotic (factors of inanimate nature) - temperature, light, humidity, salt concentration, pressure, precipitation, relief, etc. 2. Biotic (factors of living nature) - intraspecific and interspecific interaction of organisms 2. Biotic (factors of living nature) - intraspecific and interspecific interaction of organisms 3. Anthropogenic (factors of human influence) - direct human impact on organisms and the impact on their habitat 3. Anthropogenic (human influence factors) – direct human impact on organisms and the impact on their habitat
Abiotic factors (inanimate nature) 1.temperature 1.temperature 2.light 2.light 3.humidity 3.humidity 4.salt concentration 4.salt concentration 5.pressure 5.pressure 6.precipitation 6.precipitation 7.relief 7.relief 8.movement of air masses 8.movement of air masses
Temperature Animal organisms are distinguished: Animal organisms are distinguished: 1. with a constant body temperature (warm-blooded) 1. with a constant body temperature (warm-blooded) 2. with an unstable body temperature (cold-blooded). 2. with unstable body temperature (cold-blooded).
Light visible rays infrared ultraviolet radiation (main main source wavelength 0.3 microns, thermal energy light source, 10% of radiant energy, on Earth), 45% of radiant energy in small quantities wavelength 0.4 - 0.75 microns, required (vitamin D) 45% of the total amount of radiant energy on Earth (photosynthesis)
Plants in relation to light 1. light-loving - have small leaves, highly branched shoots, and a lot of pigment. But increasing the light intensity beyond the optimum suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to obtain good harvests in the tropics. 1. light-loving - have small leaves, highly branched shoots, and a lot of pigment. But increasing the light intensity beyond the optimum suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to obtain good harvests in the tropics. 2. shade-loving - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata. 2. shade-loving - have thin leaves, large, arranged horizontally, with fewer stomata. 3. shade-tolerant - plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting and shading. 3. shade-tolerant - plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting and shading.
Groups of plants in relation to water 1. aquatic plants 2. semi-aquatic plants (terrestrial-aquatic) 3. terrestrial plants 4. plants of dry and very dry places - live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate short-term drought 5. succulents - succulent, accumulate water in your body tissues
Adaptations of organisms to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light: Adaptations of organisms to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light: 1. warm-blooded animals - maintaining a constant temperature by the body 1. warm-blooded animals - maintaining a constant temperature by the body 2. hibernation - prolonged sleep of animals in winter 2 hibernation - prolonged sleep of animals in winter 3. anabiosis - a temporary state of the body in which life processes are slowed down and all visible signs of life are absent 3. anabiosis is a temporary state of the body in which life processes are slowed down and all visible signs of life are absent 4. frost resistance - the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures 4. frost resistance - the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures 5. dormancy - the fitness of perennial plants, which are characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity 5. dormancy - the adaptability of perennial plants, which are characterized by the cessation of visible growth and vital activity 6. summer dormancy is an adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) in tropical regions, deserts, semi-deserts. 6. summer dormancy is an adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) in tropical regions, deserts, semi-deserts.
Task 1 Of the animals listed, name the ones that are cold-blooded (i.e., with an unstable body temperature). Of the animals listed, name those that are cold-blooded (i.e., with an unstable body temperature). Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel. Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel.
Task 2 Of the animals listed, name the ones that are warm-blooded (i.e., with a constant body temperature). Of the animals listed, name those that are warm-blooded (i.e., with a constant body temperature). Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel, polar bear. Crocodile, cobra, lizard, turtle, carp, mouse, cat, steppe kestrel, polar bear.
Task 3 Select from the proposed plants those that are light-loving, shade-loving and shade-tolerant. Choose from the proposed plants those that are light-loving, shade-loving and shade-tolerant. Chamomile, spruce, dandelion, cornflower, meadow sage, steppe feather grass, bracken fern. Chamomile, spruce, dandelion, cornflower, meadow sage, steppe feather grass, bracken fern.
Task 4 Select animals that lead a diurnal, nocturnal and twilight lifestyle. Select animals that are diurnal, nocturnal, and crepuscular. Owl, lizard, leopard, okapi, polar bear, bat, butterfly. Owl, lizard, leopard, okapi, polar bear, bat, butterfly.
Task 5 Select plants belonging to different groups in relation to water. Choose plants that belong to different groups in relation to water. Dandelion officinalis, ranunculus, sundew, cornflower, cactus, water lily, crassula Dandelion officinalis, ranunculus, sundew, cornflower, cactus, water lily, crassula
Task 6 Select animals belonging to different groups in relation to water. Select animals belonging to different groups in relation to water. Monitor lizard, seal, camel, penguins, giraffes, capybara, squirrel, clown fish, beaver. Monitor lizard, seal, camel, penguins, giraffes, capybara, squirrel, clown fish, beaver.
MBOU secondary school No. 21
I.S. Davydova
Biology teacher
Dyachenko T.A.
2017
- 1.Environmental factors
- 2Classification of environmental factors
- 3 Abiotic factors, classification
- 4 Biotic factors
- 5 Anthropogenic factors
- 6 Effect of light on organisms
- 7 Water as an environmental factor
- 8 Effect of temperature on organisms
- 9. Adaptation of organisms to abiotic factors
- 10. Intensity of action of abiotic factors
Ecology is a science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their habitat. Environmental factors are individual environmental factors.
abiotic
Environmental
factors
Anthropo-
genetic
biotically e
Abiotic factors are factors of inanimate nature
Abiotic
factors
Meteorological
(temperature,
humidity,
pressure)
Geophysical
(radiation,
radiation,
geomagnetism)
Chemical
(Components
water, air,
Biotic factors - the influence of living organisms
phytogenic e
Biotic
factors
microgenic
zoogenic
Anthropogenic factors – human influence on living organisms
Anthropogenic
Household
(direct
satisfaction
needs
person)
Technogenic
(use of machines
and technical
equipment)
- Light is the most important abiotic factor that ensures all life processes on Earth.
- 1. What is photoperiodism and what is its significance?
- 2. What abiotic factor turned out to be the main regulator and signal of seasonal phenomena in the life of plants and animals in the process of evolution?
- 3. What rays are destructive to living things?
- 4. Which rays warm cold-blooded animals?
- Animals?
- 5. What rays do plants use to
- photosynthesis?
Ultraviolet
Visible rays
Infrared rays
- The value of humidity is due to the high water content in the cells and tissues of the body and its role in metabolic processes.
- Determines the nature of flora and fauna in a given area
- Important limiting factor for organisms
- Changes the body's response to temperature fluctuations
- The presence of effective adaptations to unfavorable arid conditions in plants and animals
The effect of temperature on organisms
- The value of temperature is determined by the fact that the rate of chemical metabolic reactions directly depends on it
- 1. Complete the sentence:
- According to ability to support
- body temperature living organs
- lowlands are divided into 2
- groups:
- 1____ 2_______
- 2 . Describe the physiological
- mechanisms of plants and animals
- with unstable body temperature,
- preventing their cooling
- 3 . Indicate the advantages of warm-blooded animals
Part of the earth's surface
Minimum temperature
Maximum temperature
sea waters
Fresh waters
Amplitude
Adaptation of organisms to abiotic factors as a result of evolution
Fitness indicators
plants
Adaptations to the cold
animals
Falling leaves
Cold resistance
Preservation of vegetative organs in the soil
Adaptations for
water shortage
Physiological rest
Long roots
Reduced evaporation
Water storage
Flight to the south
Thick coat
Hibernation
Subcutaneous fat layer
Physiological rest
Water from food
Fat storage
Degree of factor favorability
lower limit
Upper limit
The effect of abiotic environmental factors on living organisms
normal
vital worker-
oppression
oppression
Factor intensity
- 1.Ecology is
- A) science that studies plants, animals, and their habitats
- B) science that studies the relationships between living organisms
- C) science that studies the relationships between living organisms and their environment
- 2 Which of the following factors can be classified as abiotic?
- A) spring floods of rivers
- B) deforestation
- C) adding fertilizers to the soil
- 3) Note the sum of the factors that determine life :
- A) mineral salts, relief
- B) temperature, water, light
- B) human influence
- 4. Birds’ molting and migration to warm countries are connected With;
- A) a decrease in air temperature
- B) changes in air temperature
- B) changing the length of the day
- 5. What adaptations contribute to the survival of animals in dry conditions? conditions?
- A) suspended animation
- B) fat accumulation
- C) the formation of metabolic water in the body as a result of oxidative reactions
- 6. Photoperiodism is the reaction of organisms to change
- A) air temperature
- B) air humidity
- C) the ratio of day and night
- 7. Name organisms in which physiological processes accelerate due to increased temperature environment
- A) sparrow B) cat C) flounder D) caterpillar
- 1. Textbook “General Biology”. Mamontov V.I., Zakharov N.I.
- 2. Directory “Biology in tables”
- 3.Handbook “Ecology in tables”
Environmental factors
- 1. Abiotic(factors of inanimate nature) - temperature, light, humidity, salt concentration, pressure, precipitation, relief, etc.
- 2. Biotic(factors of living nature) – intraspecific and interspecific interaction of organisms
- 3. Anthropogenic(human influence factors) – direct human impact on organisms and the impact on their habitat
Abiotic factors (inanimate nature)
- 1.temperature
- 2.light
- 3.humidity
- 4.salt concentration
- 5.pressure
- 6.precipitation
- 7.relief
- 8.movement of air masses
Temperature
- Animal organisms are distinguished:
- 1. with constant body temperature (warm-blooded)
- 2. with unstable body temperature (cold-blooded).
Light
visible rays infrared ultraviolet
radiation
(primary main source wavelength 0.3 µm,
thermal energy light source, 10% radiant energy,
on Earth), 45% radiant energy in small quantities
wavelength 0.4 – 0.75 µm, required (vitamin D)
45% of the total
radiant energy on earth
(photosynthesis)
Plants in relation to light
- 1. photophilous– have small leaves, highly branched shoots, and a lot of pigment. But increasing the light intensity beyond the optimum suppresses photosynthesis, so it is difficult to obtain good harvests in the tropics.
- 2. shade-loving e - have thin leaves, large, located horizontally, with fewer stomata.
- 3. shade-tolerant– plants capable of living in conditions of good lighting and shading.
Groups of plants in relation to water
1. aquatic plants
2. semi-aquatic plants ( terrestrial-aquatic)
3. land plants
4. plants of dry and very dry places - live in places with insufficient moisture, can tolerate short-term drought
5. succulents– juicy, accumulate water in the tissues of their body
Groups of animals in relation to water
1. moisture-loving animals
2. intermediate group
3. dry-loving animals
Laws of action
environmental factors
- The positive or negative impact of an environmental factor on living organisms depends primarily on the strength of its manifestation. Both insufficient and excessive action of the factor negatively affects the life activity of individuals.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Environmental factors are quantifiable
Any factor has certain limits of positive influence on organisms.
In relation to each factor we can distinguish:
-optimum zone (zone of normal life activity,
-pessimum zone (zone of oppression),
- upper and lower limits of endurance of organisms .
Law of Optimum
- The intensity of the environmental factor that is most favorable for the life of an organism is called optimum.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Beyond the limits of endurance, the existence of organisms is impossible.
The value of the environmental factor between the upper and lower limits of endurance is called the tolerance zone.
Species with a wide tolerance zone are called eurybionts,
with a narrow - stenobionts.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Organisms that can tolerate significant temperature fluctuations are called eurythermic , and adapted to a narrow temperature range – stenothermic.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Tolerance curves
The position of the apex indicates optimal conditions for this factor for a given species.
Curves with sharp peaks mean that the range of conditions for the normal existence of a species is very narrow.
Flat curves correspond to a wide range of tolerance.
Laws of action
environmental factors
Towards pressure distinguish:
eury- and stenobate organisms;
In relation to
to the degree of salinity of the environment :
eury- and stenohaline.
Law of the minimum
In 1840, J. Liebig suggested that the endurance of organisms is determined by the weakest link in the chain of its environmental needs.
Justus Liebig
(1803-1873)
Law of the minimum
Yu. Liebig found that grain yield is often limited not by those nutrients that are required in large quantities, since they are usually present in abundance, but by those that are needed in small quantities and which are not enough in the soil.
Justus Liebig
(1803-1873)
Law of limiting factor
Plant growth is limited by the deficiency of at least one element, the amount of which is below the required minimum.
Liebig called this pattern
law of the minimum.
"Liebig Barrel"
Law of the minimum
In a complex of environmental factors, the one whose intensity is closer to the limit of endurance (to a minimum) is stronger.
Justus Liebig - German chemist and agricultural chemist.
Law of the minimum
- The general formulation of the law of the minimum has caused much controversy among scientists. Already in the middle of the 19th century. it was known that excess exposure could also be a limiting factor, and that different age and sex groups of organisms react differently to the same conditions.
Law of the minimum
- Thus, not only a deficiency (minimum), but also an excess (maximum) of an environmental factor can be limiting.
- The idea of the limiting influence of the maximum, along with the minimum, was developed
W. Shelford in 1913
Ecological valency of the species
Property of species
adapt
to this or that
range
environmental factors
called
ecological plasticity
(or environmental valence) .
The ecological valence of a species is broader than the ecological valence of an individual.
The miller moth is one of the pests of flour and grains - the critical minimum temperature for caterpillars is 7 WITH,
for adults - 23 C, for eggs - 27 WITH.
Acclimatization –
This is a definite restructuring
getting used to new climatic and geographical
conditions.
The position of the optimum and endurance limits can shift within certain limits.
Adaptation of organisms to fluctuations in temperature, humidity and light:
- 1 . warm-blooded animals maintaining a constant body temperature
- 2. hibernation – prolonged sleep of animals in winter
- 3. suspended animation – a temporary state of the body in which life processes are slow and all visible signs of life are absent
- 4. frost resistance b – the ability of organisms to tolerate negative temperatures
- 5. state of rest - fitness of perennial plants, which are characterized by cessation of visible growth and vital activity
- 6. summer peace– an adaptive property of early flowering plants (tulip, saffron) in tropical regions, deserts, semi-deserts.
Abiotic environmental factors The presentation was prepared by: student of the 10th “A” class of MBOU Secondary School No. 131 Yulia Gnezdilova
Abiotic factors are a set of environmental conditions that affect a living organism (temperature, pressure, background radiation, humidity, atmospheric composition, etc.)
Among the abiotic factors, the main ones are: Climatic (the influence of temperature, light and humidity); Geological (earthquake, volcanic eruption, glacial movement, mudflows and avalanches, etc.); Orographic (features of the terrain where the studied organisms live).
Let's consider the action of the main direct-acting abiotic factors: - light; -temperature; - availability of water. Temperature, light and humidity are the most important environmental factors. These factors naturally change both throughout the year and day, and in connection with geographic zoning. Organisms exhibit zonal and seasonal adaptation to these factors.
Light as an abiotic factor Solar radiation is the main source of energy for all processes occurring on Earth. In the spectrum of solar radiation, three regions can be distinguished, different in biological action: - ultraviolet - visible - infrared
Ultraviolet rays with a wavelength of less than 0.290 microns are destructive to all living things; they are retained by the ozone layer of the atmosphere. Only a small part reaches the Earth's surface. These rays are highly chemically active and can damage living organisms. They are necessary in small quantities: under the influence of these rays, vitamin D is formed in the human body, and insects visually distinguish these rays, i.e. see in ultraviolet light. They can navigate by polarized light.
Visible rays with a wavelength of 0.400 to 0.750 µm reaching the Earth's surface are especially important for organisms. Green plants carry out photosynthesis due to this. For most plants and animals, visible light is one of the important environmental factors, although there are those for which light is not a prerequisite for existence (soil, cave and deep-sea species).
Infrared rays with a wavelength of more than 0.750 microns are not perceived by the human eye, but they are a source of thermal energy. These rays are absorbed by the tissues of animals and plants, as a result of which the tissues heat up. Many cold-blooded animals use sunlight to raise their body temperature. Light conditions associated with the Earth's rotation have distinct daily and seasonal cycles. Almost all physiological processes in plants and animals have a daily rhythm with a maximum and minimum at certain hours: for example, at certain hours of the day, a plant flower opens and closes, and animals have developed adaptations to night and day life. Day length (or photoperiod) is of great importance in the life of plants and animals.
Temperature as an abiotic factor All chemical processes occurring in the body depend on temperature. Changes in thermal conditions, often observed in nature, deeply affect the growth, development and other manifestations of the life of animals and plants. There are organisms with an unstable body temperature - poikilothermic and organisms with a constant body temperature. - homeothermic.
Poikilothermic animals are able to adapt to high temperatures. This also occurs in different ways: heat transfer can occur due to the evaporation of moisture from the surface of the body or from the mucous membrane of the upper respiratory tract, as well as due to subcutaneous vascular regulation (for example, in lizards, the speed of blood flow through the vessels of the skin increases with increasing temperature).
The most perfect thermoregulation is observed in birds and mammals - homeothermic animals. In the process of evolution, they acquired the ability to maintain a constant body temperature due to the presence of a four-chambered heart and one aortic arch, which ensured complete separation of arterial and venous blood flow; high metabolism; feathers or hair; regulation of heat transfer; well developed nervous system. They acquired the ability to live actively at different temperatures. Most birds have a body temperature slightly above 40 oC, while mammals have a slightly lower body temperature.
Water as an abiotic factor Water plays an exceptional role in the life of any organism, since it is a structural component. The importance of water in the life of a cell is determined by its physicochemical properties. Due to polarity, a water molecule is able to attract any other molecules, forming hydrates, i.e. is a solvent.
Depending on the requirements for the water regime, the following ecological groups are distinguished among plants: Hydratophytes - plants that constantly live in water; Hydrophytes - plants that are only partially immersed in water; Helophytes - marsh plants; Hygrophytes are terrestrial plants that live in excessively moist places; Mesophytes - prefer moderate moisture; Xerophytes are plants adapted to constant lack of moisture; Among xerophytes there are: Succulents - accumulating water in the tissues of their bodies (succulent); Sclerophytes - lose a significant amount of water.
Many desert animals are able to survive without drinking water; some can run quickly and for a long time, making long migrations to watering places (saiga antelopes, camels, etc.); Some animals obtain water from food (insects, reptiles, rodents). Fat deposits of desert animals can serve as a kind of reserve. Many animals have switched to a nocturnal lifestyle or hide in burrows, avoiding the drying effects of low humidity and overheating. Under conditions of periodic dryness, a number of plants and animals enter a state of physiological dormancy - plants stop growing and shed their leaves, animals hibernate. These processes are accompanied by reduced metabolism during dry periods.
Thank you for your attention!
“Environmental monitoring” - For automatic telephone exchanges (0.1-3 people per sq. km) the network density is an order of magnitude or more lower than the EU criteria. The full observation program provides for sampling 4 times per day - at 1.00, 7.00, 13.00 and 19.00. 10. Location of observation points - residential and industrial areas, areas of major highways. 6. 2. 1,2,3,4.
“Environmental development” - Soil, water and air pollution. In Russia, from 20 to 400 1.1 billion people on Earth are deprived of access to clean water. Is growth due to increased hydrocarbon production sustainable? Does society believe in claims of loyalty to nature? Results of the survey “What is ecology?” What does the UNDP environmental program do?
“The impact of environmental factors on the body” - Partially or completely indifferent to the body. All adaptations of organisms to existence in various conditions have been developed historically. Environmental factors. Abiotic and biotic environmental factors. The limit of tolerance. Environmental factors act not individually, but as a whole complex. Have a negative impact.
“Environmental protection” - Department of chemical technology of materials and products of sorption technology (nanoporous materials). International Atomic Energy Agency. Duration of training is 5.5 years. Constantly modernized scientific and technical base, connections with domestic and foreign companies. In accordance with the curriculum, the following disciplines are taught at the department:
“Ecological environmental factors” - Hygrophilic (moisture-loving) - marsh marigold, creeping buttercup, woodlice, mosquitoes, dragonflies. In relation to light, the following types of plants are distinguished: Sometimes a close relationship that benefits both participants is referred to as symbiosis. The passive form is understood as the use of a resource necessary for both types.
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