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Monologue in Russian. What is a monologue in literature: examples. Own experiences and general idea

This article answers the question: "What is a dialogue and a monologue?". It presents the characteristics of these two forms of speech, definitions, varieties of each of them, punctuation and other features. We hope that our article will help you to understand the differences between them in as much detail as possible, to learn something new for yourself.

Dialogue: Definition

Conditions for the dialogue

For the emergence of a dialogue, on the one hand, an initial common base of information is needed, which the participants will share, and on the other hand, it is necessary that there is a minimum difference in the knowledge of the participants in this speech interaction. Otherwise, they will not be able to convey information to each other about the corresponding subject of speech, which means that the dialogue will be unproductive. That is, lack of information negatively affects the productivity of this form of speech. Such a factor can appear not only with low speech competence of the participants in the conversation, but also if they have no desire to start a dialogue or develop it.

A dialogue in which there is only one of the forms of speech etiquette, called etiquette forms, has a formal meaning, in other words, it is not informative. At the same time, the participants have no need or desire to receive information, however, the dialogue itself is formally generally accepted in some situations (for example, when meeting in public places):

Hello!

How are you doing?

OK, thank you. And you?

Everything is fine, I work slowly.

So far, happy!

An indispensable condition for the emergence of a dialogue aimed at obtaining new information is the need for communication. This factor arises as a result of a potential gap in the possession of information and knowledge between its participants.

Dialog types

According to the tasks and goals, the roles of interlocutors and the situation of communication, the following types of dialogues are distinguished: business conversation, everyday dialogue and interview.

Distinctive features of everyday dialogue are a possible deviation from the topic, unplannedness, lack of goals and the need for any decision, a variety of topics of discussion, personal expression, the widespread use of non-verbal (non-verbal) means and methods of communication,

A business conversation is a communication mainly between two participants in a conversation, which is therefore largely interpersonal in nature. At the same time, various techniques and methods of verbal and non-verbal influence of participants on each other are used. A business conversation, although it always has a specific subject, is more personally oriented (unlike, for example, from and occurs mainly between representatives of the same company.

An interview is a communication between a member of the press and someone whose identity is of public interest. Its distinguishing feature is two-address, that is, the interviewer (the one who conducts the interview), when directly addressing the addressee, builds a special dramaturgy of the conversation, relying primarily on the peculiarities of its perception by future readers.

Dialogue punctuation marks

Spelling dialogues in Russian is a very simple topic. If the speakers' remarks begin with a new paragraph, a dash is written before each of them, for example:

What is dialogue and monologue?

These are two forms of speech.

And how do they differ from each other?

The number of participants.

If the replicas are selected without indicating belonging to one or another person, each of them is framed in quotation marks and separated from the next with a dash. For example: "What is dialogue and monologue?" - Forms of Speech. - "Thanks for the tip!".

In the event that the words of the author follow after the statement, the dash is omitted before the next of them: "How do you live?" asked Maria Petrovna. "Nothing, slowly," replied Igor Olegovich.

Knowing these simple rules and applying them in practice, you can always correctly compose a dialogue.

Monologue: Definition

The monologue has a relative length in time (it consists of parts of different volume, which are statements related in meaning and structure), and also differs in the diversity and richness of the vocabulary. The topics of the monologue are very different, which can spontaneously change during its development.

Types of monologue

It is customary to distinguish two main types of monologue.

1. Monologue speech, which is a process of purposeful, conscious communication and appeal to the listener, is mainly used in the oral form of book speech: scientific oral (for example, a report or an educational lecture), oral public and judicial speech. The greatest development was the monologue in artistic speech.

2. A monologue as a speech alone with oneself, that is, directed not to the direct listener, but to oneself. This kind of speech is called "inner monologue". It is not designed to elicit a response from one person or another.

The monologue, of which there are numerous examples, can be both spontaneous, unprepared (most often it is used in colloquial speech), as well as pre-planned and prepared.

Types of monologue by goals

According to the purpose pursued by the statement, there are three main types: informational speech, persuasive and inciting.

The main goal of information is the transfer of knowledge. The speaker in this case takes into account, first of all, the intellectual and perception of the text by the listeners.

A variety of informational monologue are various speeches, reports, lectures, reports, messages.

A persuasive monologue is directed primarily to the emotions and feelings of the listener. The speaker first of all takes into account the susceptibility of the latter. To this type of speech belong: solemn, congratulatory, parting words.

A motivational monologue (examples of which are political speeches that are very popular in our time) is primarily aimed at inducing listeners to various actions. It includes: speech-protest, political speech, speech-call for action.

The compositional form of the monologue

A monologue of a person in its structure represents a compositional form, depending either on the functional-semantic or on the genre-stylistic affiliation. The following types of genre-stylistic monologue are distinguished: oratorical speech, official business and artistic monologue on the Russian language, as well as other types. Functional-semantic include narrative, description, reasoning.

Monologues vary in degree of formality and preparedness. So, for example, an oratorical speech is always a pre-planned and prepared monologue, which is certainly pronounced in an official setting. But to some extent it is an artificial form of speech, always striving to become a dialogue. Therefore, any monologue has various means of dialogization. These include, for example, rhetorical questions, appeals, question-answer form of speech, etc. In other words, this is everything that speaks of the desire of the speaker to increase the speech activity of his addressee-interlocutor, to cause his reaction.

The monologue distinguishes between the introduction (in which the subject of the speech is determined by the speaker), the main part and the conclusion (in which the speaker sums up his speech).

Conclusion

Thus, it can be noted that monologue and dialogue are the two main forms of speech, which differ from each other in the number of subjects participating in communication. Dialogue is a primary and natural form, as a way of exchanging opinions and thoughts between its participants, and a monologue is a detailed statement in which only one person is the narrator. Both monologue and dialogic speech exist both in oral and written form, although the latter is always based on and dialogic on the basis of the oral form.

MONOLOGUE, monologue (from mono... and Greek logos - word, speech), a type of speech, completely or almost unrelated (as opposed to dialogic speech; see. Dialogue) with the speech of the interlocutor neither in content., nor in structural terms. Mono-logic speech has a much greater degree of traditionality in the choice of language, compositional, and other means; as a rule, it has a more complex syntax. construction in comparison with replicas in the dialogue. In everyday communication monologue. speech is extremely rare, which gave rise to L.V. Shcherba to assume its derivative from the dialogic (in historical terms). Main communicative situations of its use - the sphere of lawsuit, oratory, communication on television and radio, the situation of learning (the teacher's speech in the classroom, etc.). According to its linguistic and structural-compositional organization monologue. speech is much more complex than other types of speech; these features are studied by the so-called. text linguistics (the problem of a complex syntactic whole, paragraph, etc.).
M. in literature and theater. A component of arts, works or independent, genre, designed through a monologue. speech. In a drama (play, film) - a character's statement addressed to himself or to others, isolated from the replicas of other characters; M. is often used to express lyric-philosophical, intimate or journalistic. outpourings of the hero, his life credo (the famous "To be or not to be..." by Shakespeare's Hamlet or "I won't come to my senses, I'm guilty..." by Griboedov's Chatsky), as well as to describe the events preceding the plot of the play or taking place behind the scenes. Inherent in the tragedy of antiquity, baroque, renaissance, classicism, the drama of romanticism (especially), monodrama, modern. unrealistic drama. A kind of M.-confession or M.-sermon is lyrics, preim. so-called. subjective lyrics that directly convey the experiences of the creator. Monologues are often narrated. genres, e.g. first-person narrative, including tale(by N. Leskov, M. Zoshchenko). However, in the story. monologue style often contains an "alien" word (elements of parody, polemic) and then narrates. monologue is close to dialogue. In realistic. prose con. 19th-20th centuries one of important funds psychological characteristics became internal M., or ".mindflow"(according to foreign terminology).
Lit.: Voloshinov V. N. [with the participation of Bakhtin M. M.], Marxism and Philosophy of Language, 2nd ed., L., 1930; Volkenstein V., Dramaturgy, M., 1969; Bakhtin M. M., Dostoevsky's Word, in his book: Problems of Dostoevsky's Poetics, 3rd ed., M., 1972; Korma n B. O., Alien consciousness in lyrics ..., "Proceedings of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Department of Literature and Language", vol. 32, 1973, c. 3.

the opposite of the dialogue, constituting with it a dual opposition, the poles of which are with each other in a state of ambivalence. M. - expressed in the word, in speech, the revelation of the highest Truth.

The absolutization of M. follows from the absolutization of inversion, which is closely connected with the rejection of dialogue, with the recognition of its secondary importance as a form of mastering M. M. is considered as the only source of Truth-truth, opposing delusion, the devilry of pluralism. Its subject is a totem, its offspring, the first person, a deity, etc. The purpose of the personality is participation in the totem, in its M. Since M. is regarded as the embodiment of the only possible Truth, it can be asserted by any means, including violence, the extermination of carriers of falsehood . The highest social incarnation of M. in extreme authoritarianism, growing into totalitarianism, in embodying its first person, which "all the people consider themselves to be one!" (Platonov A.

Great Definition

Incomplete definition ↓

MONOLOGUE

from Greek - one and - word, speech, thought) - a relatively isolated "segment" of thought or speech, a type of thinking and conversation, formed as a result of active mental and speech activity, designed for passive and indirect perception. Sometimes M. is defined as an intrapersonal thought or speech process. For M., relatively integral segments of the text are typical, consisting of structurally and meaningfully interconnected statements that have an individual compositional structure and relative semantic completeness.

M., as a type of communication, in the ontological sense, is associated with the division of the world into subject and object inherent in European classical philosophy. Traditionally, the subject is considered active - cognizing, perceiving, evaluating the object; the object, in turn, is perceived, comprehended, dependent on the activity of the subject. In this sense, M. opposes dialogue as a mutual and equal communication of two or more consciousnesses, "intersubjective" communication.

From the point of view shared by many thinkers of our century, such as M. Buber, G. Marcel, ?. ?. Bakhtin, European classical philosophy was precisely the "philosophy of the monologue". But they believed that "monological" thinking in philosophy was not primordial and saw in it, rather, a distortion and deformation, rather than the embodiment of tradition - the tradition of philosophy, which itself grows out of dialogue and owes much to it both for its method of "dialectics" and for its problems, and, perhaps, the very understanding of being.

But human consciousness cannot be completely self-identical and self-closed, and in this sense, any M. is dialogized to one degree or another. "Converted" M. contains rhetorical questions that seek to increase the spiritual activity of the addressee, dialogisms and other techniques are included in M. M. carries out real communication; in this case, the speaker directly influences the consciousness of those to whom he is addressing, although the two-way contact between the speaker and the listeners is weakly expressed, their "roles" are strictly delimited and remain unchanged. As for the "solitary", "internal" M., it carries out, as Yu. M. Lotman puts it, auto-communication of the "I-I" type, as opposed to dialogic communication of the "I-Thou" type. Thus, Lotman actualizes the ancient cultural and philosophical tradition, which attaches special importance to "talking with one's soul." For a consistent description of this case, it is very important to take into account the concept of the "polyphony" of consciousness, developed by M. M. Bakhtin, who believed that there can be no "meaning in itself" - it exists only for another meaning.

Basic information

A monologue as a fragment of an epic or lyrical nature, interrupting the action for a while and switching the viewer to reflection, already appears in ancient drama. Sometimes it was an abstract discussion on topics that were not related to the action of the play, with which the choir addressed the viewer (Aristophanes' comedies) or in the form of messengers' stories about events that could not be imagined on stage. Aristotle in his "Poetics" called the monologue one of the important components of the drama, but assigned him the last place among its elements.
The monologue received a new meaning when the “drama of positions” was replaced by a drama of a new type - the “drama of characters”. Its new stage of development occurred at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries. in the Elizabethan theater and the dramaturgy of the French classicists. In the English theater, the proximity of the characters in the play to the audience created a special atmosphere of action - the viewer became the direct addressee of the spoken speech. To achieve greater emotional impact, monologues were introduced into their romantic tragedies by K. Marlo, T. Kid. The main content of the drama was the spiritual movement of the characters, which the monologue was intended to reveal. So the doubts of the protagonist, facing a difficult choice, were reflected by Shakespeare in one of the most famous monologues of world drama "To be or not to be ..."
A monologue may differ in its dramatic function and literary form.

by dramatic function:
- technical monologue, the story of the hero about events that have already occurred or are currently taking place;
- lyrical monologue, the hero's narrative, revealing his strong emotional experiences;
- monologue-reflection, or decision-making monologue, a monologue in the conditions of a tough choice, requiring the adoption of some kind of responsible decision, in which the hero sets out to himself the arguments "for" and "against".

in literary form:
- apart, a few words aside, characterizing the state of the character;
- stanzas, poetic reflections of the hero (typical for the dramaturgy of Classicism);
- dialectic of reasoning, a monologue presented as a logically built sequence of semantic and rhythmic oppositions;
- mindflow (internal monologue, not to be confused with the Stanislavsky System of the same name), a narrative that represents the free flow of the hero’s thoughts, which does not require obvious logic and does not care about literary construction of speech;
- author's word, the direct appeal of the author to the public, as a rule, through one of the characters;
- dialogue in solitude, the dialogue of the hero with the deity, or an appeal to another character in the play, who either does not hear him or does not answer.

Notes

monologue

Meaning:

monol O G

1) The form of speech, a detailed statement of one person, addressed to the audience or to himself.

2) The speech of the character, which is excluded from the conversational communication of the characters, does not imply a direct response (in a literary work).

Modern Dictionary ed. "Great Soviet Encyclopedia"

MONOLOGUE

Meaning:

(from mono ... and Greek logos - speech), a detailed statement of one person; the predominant form in the lyrics, important - in the epic, especially dramatic, genres. In narrative prose of the 19th and 20th centuries. the “inner monologue” of the characters is widespread.

Small academic dictionary of the Russian language

monologue

Meaning:

A, m.

A lengthy speech of a character in a drama, as well as other literary works, addressed to himself, to a group of characters or to the viewer.

Chatsky's monologue.

(Dmitrevsky) stood in the middle of the room and recited Othello's monologue almost to half. S. Aksakov, Ya. E. Shusherin.

Speech alone with oneself or a long speech of one person addressed to the audience.

On the old sofa he lay face down, stretching out his legs, And he spoke, breathing with difficulty, Such monologues: --- What a life! Oh my God! Polonsky, Khandra.

The conversation became a long monologue, and those sitting at the table were only allowed to ask questions and answer “yes” or “no” in monosyllables. Sayanov, Heaven and Earth.

(Greek μονόλογος)

Compiled dictionary of foreign words of the Russian language

monologue

Meaning:

MONOLOGUE

(Greek, from monos - one, and lego - I say). The scene in the theater where the face speaks for itself, expresses its feelings aloud to itself in thought, as opposed to dialogue.

(Source: "Dictionary of foreign words included in the Russian language." Chudinov A.N., 1910)

MONOLOGUE

more or less long speech of a person expressing his thoughts or feelings; speech alone with oneself, as opposed to dialogue, that is, a conversation with another person.

(Source: "The Complete Dictionary of Foreign Words Used in the Russian Language". Popov M., 1907)

MONOLOGUE

Greek monologos, from monos, one, and lego, I say. The speech of a person uttered by him alone.

Monologue in Russian. What is a monologue in literature: examples. Own experiences and general idea

Dialogue: Definition

Conditions for the dialogue

Dialog types

Dialogue punctuation marks

Monologue: Definition

Types of monologue

Types of monologue by goals

Conclusion

MONOLOGUE

Basic information

Notes

Links

see also

See what "Monologue" is in other dictionaries:

monologue

MONOLOGUE

monologue

monologue