Language is the most important tool for communication. Summary: Language is the most important means of human communication. Language is the pantry of the people, its memory
Language is the most important tool for communication between people.
Skillfully and with the greatest benefit to use any tool
only those who study it deeply, carefully,
who knows how it is arranged, what parts it consists of,
how it works, what kind of treatment it requires.
L. Uspensky
The ability to clearly and clearly express their thoughts is required by every person. Speech is a means of communication, the basis of all mental activity. A logically clear, demonstrative, figurative oral and written speech of a student is an indicator of his mental development. The richness of the dictionary is a sign of a high level of human development. Therefore, one of the main tasks of the school is to enrich the vocabulary of students and develop speech skills.
These skills and abilities are developed in the process of active speech activity, that is, through the perception of speech and speaking.
I build my work on the development of the speech of students in the following areas:
work on the sound side of speech (reduced to the formation of the correct pronunciation of words);
work on the lexical meaning of words and their correct use, as well as observationfor the relationship between words by the nature of the expressed meanings, by phonetic design (polysemantic words, homonyms, homophones, homoforms, antonyms, paronyms, synonyms, etc.);
development of coherent speech;
development of a culture of speech.
All these areas are equally important, interconnected, interdependent and can be traced in any lessons, be it mathematics, the world around us, the Russian language, literature...
I often start my lessons with a speech warm-up (work on the sound side of speech, the correct pronunciation of words). In the lessons of the Russian language and reading, I use tongue twisters, tongue twisters (we speak at a different pace, with different intonation), choral reading of sentences and texts. The task "Speak correctly" is very effective: “Read the words, observing the stress: carpenter, call, gate, document, quarter, hired, hired, ease, born, pamper.” Similar work can be organized within the framework of any subject. For example, in a math class, you can offer the following words: kilometer, add, name, perpendicular, parallelepiped. Thales, Descartes, Pythagoras, Newton. I attach great importance to the work on the vocabulary of students, which involves
enrichment and refinement of the dictionary (learning by students of new words and their meanings, shades, emotional and expressive coloring of words, areas of their use, ambiguity and figurative meanings, assimilation of synonyms, antonyms, etc.);
activation of the vocabulary (use of new words in the student's own statements, including them among the constantly used words).
The peculiarity of vocabulary work is that it can be traced in the process of all educational activities. Schoolchildren learn vocabulary related to mathematics, with the study of nature, music, visual arts, social life, games, sports, etc. According to various data, seven-year-old children who come to school have from 3 to 7 thousand words in their vocabulary; by the end of primary school, students' vocabulary is from 8 to 15 thousand words. This means that every day, on average, a student's dictionary is replenished with 5-8 new words, and more than half of the new words the younger student receives in the lessons of the Russian language - reading, grammar.
When working on the lexical meaning of new words, I use the following options for their introduction and consolidation. I pronounce the new word clearly, show its spelling and reveal the meaning by showing the object (its illustration), sign or action. I explain the meanings of many words through the analysis of their morphological structure and word formation. Some words become clear to children if they are introduced into a sentence. To activate the word, I give examples of the use of words in speech and ask the children to make sentences with new words (expressions). To reinforce new words, I offer creative homework: make sentences, a story or a fairy tale, a crossword puzzle using new words, supplement with cognates, pick up synonyms and antonyms for them. I try to instill in children the habit of noticing unknown words in texts and the need to find out their meaning by turning to teachers, parents, using dictionaries.
I organize work on the lexical meaning of words at each lesson. For example, in mathematics lessons I pay special attention to working on terminology. To explain the meanings of mathematical terms, their better assimilation and understanding, I turn to the etymology of words, rely on associative memorization, select fairy tales and poems that mention mathematical terms and their origin. My students use dictionaries to write down mathematical terms. Below are some tasks aimed at the correct application and understanding of the terms.
Find the correct statements: the product of 8 and 3 is 11; The product of 3 and 4 is greater than the sum of 5 and 3.
Read the expressions using terms: 325+17; 97 2 - 453; 432:3.
The weakest link in the general system of language teaching is the work on the development of coherent speech of students. The ability to build various types of sentences is the basis for the development of coherent speech of students. When working on a proposal, I use the following techniques:
compiling sentences using given words (on the topic of an essay, story);
drawing up proposals of a given type according to model schemes;
distribution of proposals, restructuring of their structure;
expression of the same thought in different versions;
editing proposals, eliminating various shortcomings in their construction.
The development of coherent speech occurs when looking at pictures, other visual aids, when reading literary texts and retelling them. Replaying what has been read is an effective technique for developing not only speech, but also thinking. When teaching retelling, I pay special attention to the sequence of presentation, expressiveness, the ability to captivate and interest listeners. The following exercises are effective in working on connected speech:
detailed answers to questions;
analysis of the texts read;
oral stories of students on a given topic, according to a picture, according to observations;
notes on observations, keeping workbooks around the world;
telling literary texts memorized;
improvisation of fairy tales;
acting out situations, dialogues;
various types of dramatization, verbal drawing;
written presentation of exemplary texts;
written compositions of various types;
compiling reviews of read books, performances, films;
business papers: statements, announcements, addresses, telegrams, etc.
various types of retelling (detailed, selective, short, with text restructuring, with creative addition).
One of the most important qualities of coherent speech is the ability to briefly articulate and communicate your thoughts to others, briefly play what you read briefly talk about the episode. In order to develop this skill, I suggest that students try to imagine in a visual, figurative form the situation described in the text. The meaning of the task is to help children formulate clear visual representations that reflect the clearest moments of the content of the text, and then, on their basis, formulate the appropriate verbal generalizations.
Great opportunities for the development of students' speech open up with the integration of lessons. Integrated learning contributes to the deep penetration of students into the word, into the world of colors and sounds, helps to form the skills of competent oral and written speech, and contributes to the harmonious development of the personality.
The use of a variety of methods, techniques, forms and means of teaching activates the activity of children, increases interest in mastering the riches of their native language, cultivates attention to the word, and enriches vocabulary.
Purposeful, consistent and systematic work allows students to form speech that meets the following requirements:
clarity of speech (should be accessible to the listener, focused on the perception of the addressee, take into account his capabilities, interests and other qualities; speech is harmed by excessive confusion, excessive complexity of syntax;
expressiveness of speech;
correctness of speech (compliance with the literary norm - grammatical, orthoepic);
richness of linguistic means (the ability to choose different synonyms and sentence structures in different situations, the best way transmitting content);
accuracy of speech (the ability not only to speak, but also to choose the optimal language means for the set goal - such words, phrases, phraseological units that most accurately convey thoughts and feelings);
logical speech (consistent, clearly constructed, connected in its parts);
purity of speech (elimination of dialect, vernacular, vulgar words from the active vocabulary of students);
knowledge of speech etiquette.
The listed requirements are closely interconnected and act as a complex in the system of school work. Each teacher can contribute something inherent in his specialty: teach a mathematician to a brief and logically complete presentation, a writer - to expressive and emotionally rich speech, a historian - to a consistent presentation and the ability to bring individual facts into a system, etc. The main thing to remember is that concern for the purity, correctness, expressiveness of speech should be common cause all teachers working in the school.
Language is primarily a means of social communication, a means of expression and understanding. Communication (communication - lat. communicatio - message, communication) is a specific form of interaction between people, due to the need to exchange information and implement joint activities. The need for communication is biological in nature. Communication is characteristic of all living beings, but it is in human society, where the need for communication is one of the main and plays an important role, that it acquires the most perfect forms, becomes conscious. In human society, communication acts as a process of establishing contact between members of a particular society, which develops in all spheres of life of the collective and its members.
Communication, as defined by A.A. Leontiev, this is a system of purposeful and motivated processes that ensure the interaction of people in collective activities, realizing social and personal, psychological relations and using specific means, primarily - language. Cognitive aspect of language appears in three situations of its use. … Firstly, language as an instrument of social cognition, as an instrument for obtaining new knowledge by the society. It is the linguistic nature of human thinking in its developed forms that provides a person with the opportunity to operate with images and concepts, form judgments and make conclusions, and as a result of all this, without referring directly to objective reality, to receive new knowledge about it. Secondly, language is an instrument of individual cognition, a way of solving a cognitive task by an individual. … Thirdly, language is a means of “deobjectification” of objective reality, the most important tool for the socialization of the individual.
As A.A.Leontiev notes, communication is one of the activities. “This does not mean that communication in all cases acts as an independent activity; it is important that it can be such, although it can also act as a component, an integral part (and at the same time a condition) of another, non-communicative activity. And if we understand communication as an activity, then it is obvious that the axiom is, firstly, its intentionality (the presence of a specific goals, independent or subordinate to other goals, the presence of a specific motive); secondly, its effectiveness is a measure of the coincidence of the achieved result with the intended goal; thirdly, normativity, expressed primarily in the fact of mandatory social control behind the course and results of the act of communication.
Language is a system of signs and symbols that denote objects and phenomena of the surrounding reality. The main element of the language is the word, which is the sign or symbol adopted to denote certain realities of the world surrounding a person. The word is associated with consciousness, which reflects one or another object that exists in objective reality or in the imagination of a person. Speech- This activity associated with thinking, which is possible only in the presence of language. Speech is the process of using language, i.e. language is realized through speech. Human speech arises in response to the need to enter into communication with someone or to communicate something. The primary function of human speech is communicative. Speech is a tool for communicative purposes. Verbal communication - the process of establishing and maintaining purposeful, direct or indirect contact between people through language. The basic unit of verbal communication is statement as a unit of meaning. The constitutive feature of an utterance is its addressing, targeting.
Speech performs certain functions, each of which corresponds to a specific goal. The main functions of speech are as follows:
Ø indicative(indicative), the purpose of which is to send a message to another with the aim of pointing to an object, conveying information or inducing the addressee to take action;
Ø predicative, the purpose of which is to express one's own opinions on the issue;
Ø emotionally expressive, the purpose of which is to express one's own attitude to an object or situation;
Ø cognitive, its purpose is cognition, expression of the activity of consciousness in the parameters of nomination (designation), reference (definition), evaluation;
Ø regulating, the purpose of which is programming and control of behavior and actions;
Ø semantic(generalization function), the purpose of which is to convey the meaning hidden in thought, reflecting the meaningful properties of objects, phenomena, actions, relations between them in the outside world.
The use of language in a variety of real life situations is speech behavior, a set of speech acts. Speech behavior is determined by one or another type of communication in which communicants enter.
Communication is a complex process of interaction between people, which is possible under certain conditions. One of the conditions for communication is the presence of components or components of communication. The components of communication are: 1) participants - communicants; 2) the subject of communication; 3) means of communication (verbal and non-verbal, or verbal and non-verbal).
Each of the components that make up the complex process of communication performs its function. Communicators (at least two people must participate in communication - the subject - the one who addresses, and the addressee - the one who is addressed) enter into communication with a certain purpose, which involves the satisfaction of emerging needs (social, cognitive, creative, aesthetic and a number of others). The goals of communication can be very different: the transfer of specific information, the acquisition of new knowledge, the establishment of personal or business relationships, the organization of joint activities or games, etc.
The subject of communication, i.e. chosen by the communicants subject, which should be of interest to each of the communicants for more fruitful communication. The subject of communication is reflected in its content representing the information that is transmitted by the participants of the communication to each other. Human communication is multidimensional and rich in content, since it covers all spheres of human life. The content of communication reflects information related to universal human experience, the worldview of a person and society, moral principles, ethical and aesthetic ideals formed in a particular culture.
Means of communication- verbal and non-verbal. Verbal means of communication - verbal. In the process of communication, verbal (or verbal) means are most fully used to convey information. After all, language arose as an element of communication, effective remedy communication through which people come to mutual understanding. “Language as a means of communication is the most differentiated and most productive instrument of human mutual understanding. It is not just a means of expressing thoughts and feelings. In the process of language acquisition, we also acquire culture, which in turn determines our perception, thought process and behavior. And since culture can be understood as communication, language is a pure communicative process in every society we know.”
Speech is the main way of communication inherent only to humans. However, the transfer of information is possible not only through verbal (verbal), but also non-verbal communication, which uses kinetic speech. Kinetic speech – non-verbal means of communication in the form of expressive movements of various parts of the human body. Non-verbal means of communication include facial expressions, gestures, postures, clothes, hairstyles, even objects that surround us, since they all represent a type of message called "non-verbal communication". Non-verbal messages can be encoded through: 1) expressive body movements - the so-called expressive behavior of a person (facial expressions, gestures, postures, etc.); 2) sound design of speech (pitch, loudness, speed, rhythm); 3) a certain way organized microenvironment surrounding a person (i.e. the space that an individual can control or change: from the furnishings of an apartment to the distance at which he prefers to talk with an interlocutor); 4) the use of material objects that have a symbolic meaning (for example, conventional signs).
Non-verbal extralinguistic communication has a number of features that fundamentally distinguish it from verbal linguistic communication, which gives reason to single it out as a special information channel. common system communications. These features are as follows:
Ø polysensory nature of non-verbal communication, i.e. its realization simultaneously through different sense organs (hearing, vision, smell, etc.);
Ø evolutionary historical antiquity compared to verbal speech;
Ø independence from the semantics of speech (words can mean one thing, and voice intonation - another);
Ø significant involuntariness and subconsciousness;
Ø independence from language barriers;
Ø features of acoustic coding means;
Ø features of psychophysiological mechanisms of perception (decoding by the brain).
Non-verbal communication is the exchange of non-verbal messages between people, as well as their interpretation. Every culture has its own body language, body language, and interpretations of specific non-verbal messages. Non-verbal means sometimes replace verbal ones (save them) or supplement their meaning. The following features of non-verbal communication are distinguished: 1) situationality; 2) synthetic; 3) involuntary, spontaneity of many non-verbal actions.
By "communication" is meant the process of transferring speech information, which implies a one-way information connection of the subject and the object, which is monologue. “Communication” refers to the process of interaction between subjects, which is bilateral and dialogic (according to M.S. Kanan). Currently, the concepts of "communication" and "communication" in the scientific literature are used as synonymous, since speech is used in both communication and communication.
The versatility of communication allows us to highlight the following aspects of communication:
Ø informational, in which communication is considered as a type of personal communication that exchanges information between communicants;
Ø interactive, where communication is analyzed as the interaction of individuals in the process of their cooperation;
Ø epistemological, when a person acts as a subject and object of sociocultural knowledge;
Ø axiological, involving the study of communication as a process of exchanging values;
Ø normative, revealing the place and role of communication in the process of normative regulation of the behavior of individuals, as well as the process of transferring and reinforcing stereotypes of behavior;
Ø semiotic, in which communication acts as a specific sign system and as an intermediary in the functioning of various sign systems;
Ø practical, where the process of communication is seen as an exchange of results of activities, abilities, skills and abilities.
Speech communication, which is the unity of information and communicative sides speech activity is carried out when information passes from the subject (sender) encoding the message by means of signs or signals to the addressee (recipient) who is to decode this message. Speech acquires a certain meaning and can be understood only in the structure of a non-speech context. Context(or situation) are the circumstances in which a particular event occurs. The code in speech communication is the language or its variety (dialect, slang, style) that the participants in this communicative act use. An obligatory structural element of verbal communication is feedback, which implies the reaction of the listeners to the speaker's statement, the absence of which leads to the destruction of communication.
Social-role and psychological components play an important role in the process of speech communication. TO psychological the structural moments of the act of speech communication include communicative intention, intent and purpose, i.e. motivational component, which determines what, why and why the author of the statement wants to say, as well as the understanding of the message, i.e. cognitive component. Communicative intent(or communicative intention) is the desire to enter into communication with another. Intention messages are information in its original form, which one partner intends to convey to another, a deep level of generating a message, on which there is only a vague project of the forthcoming statement. Understanding the message consists in the interpretation by the addressee of the received message.
The social components of a communicative act include the status and situational roles of its participants, as well as the stylistic devices they use. status role indicates the behavior prescribed to a person by his social (age, gender, official, etc.) position, or status. At the beginning of each communicative act, its participants are required to adequately realize both their own social role and the role of a partner. Without this, it is impossible to correctly navigate the situation and choose the right demeanor. This can be done when introducing strangers to each other, naming one of its main social roles(my friend, my boss, etc.) or by determining it yourself by appearance and human behavior.
Situational roles revealed during the communication process. They significantly affect the nature of the communicative act. So, a person can be a leader, striving to play a leading role and control the entire process of communication; an intermediary who monitors the progress of communication and balances the interests of different people; a capricious child who violates any prohibitions and makes non-standard judgments; flexible person, ready to adapt to any situation.
Of particular importance are the interlocutors' speech strategies and tactics. Under the strategy of speech communication is understood the process of building communication, aimed at achieving long-term results. The strategy includes the planning of speech interaction depending on the specific conditions of communication and the personalities of the communicators, as well as the implementation of this plan, i.e. conversation line. The goal of the strategy may be to gain authority, influence the worldview, call for action, cooperation, or refrain from any action.
The tactics of verbal communication is understood as a set of methods of conducting a conversation and a line of behavior at a certain stage within a separate conversation. It includes specific techniques for attracting attention, establishing and maintaining contact with a partner and influencing him. To manage the flow of the conversation, it is necessary to think through the big picture in advance and possible options development of a conversation, learn to recognize the key points at which a change of topic is possible, strive to isolate the methods of speech influence used by the interlocutor, evaluate his strategy and tactics.
Language is a historically formed system of meaningful forms, with its help people can turn their thoughts into a kind of public property and even into the spiritual wealth of society.
The concept of "communication" can be much broader, deeper. This becomes clear when looking into the past. Educated people, since the sixteenth century, have communicated at a level that is simply not possible today. Language served as a means of communication, but not only - it was a means of knowledge, a real art. Today, the language of communication is at a fairly low, limited level.
Such a means of communication as language was formed historically, as human society and its needs developed. The nature of the language is symbolic, which means that every word that is a sign has a clear connection with objects and phenomena of the outside world. For each word, as a sign, historically, for several millennia, a certain meaning was assigned, understandable only to that group of people who know and use this language.
The nature of language stands out in its dual function: it is both an instrument of thought and a way of communication for people. Language also keeps the spiritual values of society, works as a mechanism of social, cultural heredity.
With the development of technical and social progress, mankind slowly but surely expanded the range of its needs, because of this, the language also improved and developed, its vocabulary increased, its grammatical essence became more perfect. All this today allows society to transmit not only absolutely any information, but also many details of the information object, any of its shades.
Language is a means of communication and knowledge, but not only. It is also a means of accumulating and transferring social experience. Thanks to communication using language, the reflection of reality in the minds of one person is supplemented by what was in the minds of other people, because of this process, opportunities for information exchange grow.
The main, most perfect form of communication with the help of words is the so-called verbal communication. The level of language proficiency, culture and richness of speech determine the possibilities of communication, its effectiveness. In addition to language, there are other means of communication, these are: gestures, facial expressions, pauses, intonations, manners and even the appearance of a person. Communication, being a live communication of subjects, quite naturally shows the emotions of those who communicate, while it creates a non-verbal aspect of the exchange of information, information.
A special language of feelings, a product of the development of people is called non-verbal communication. It tends to significantly enhance the meaningful effect of verbal communication. Sometimes, under certain circumstances, non-verbal communication able to replace verbal communication. For example, silence can sometimes be more eloquent than words, and glances can convey more feelings than sentences. Also, the means of communication can be musical sounds, deeds and actions, images, drawings, drawings, symbols, signs, and even mathematical formulas. The sign language of the deaf is also a means of communication. The main means of communication is to maintain clarity of thought, and then the language of communication will always be clear.
Language is the main tool for learning and mastering the outside world. It also acts as the main means of communication between people. Equally, language makes it possible to get to know other cultures. Being inseparable from national cultures, languages go with them through the same vicissitudes of fate. Therefore, starting from the New Age, as the world was redistributed into spheres of influence, many languages of ethnic groups and peoples that fell into colonial and other dependence turned out to be more and more squeezed from the historical scene. Today, this situation has become even more complicated. If in the past the problem of survival concerned mainly the languages of dependent and lagging behind in their development countries and peoples, now it also affects the developed European countries.
Each local culture is formed in specific historical and natural conditions, creates its own picture of the world, its own image of a person and its own language of communication. Each culture has its own language system, with the help of which its speakers communicate with each other, but this is not only the purpose and role of language in culture. Outside of language, culture is simply impossible, since language forms the foundation, the internal basis. With the help of language, people transmit and fix symbols, norms, customs. They convey information, scientific knowledge and behavior patterns, beliefs, ideas, feelings, values, attitudes. This is how socialization occurs, which is expressed in the assimilation of cultural norms and the development of social roles, without which a person cannot live in society. Thanks to language, coherence, harmony and stability are achieved in society.
The role of language in the processes of human communication has been the subject of scientific analysis since the beginning of the New Age. It was studied by D. Vico, I. Herder, W. Humboldt and others, thus laying the foundations of linguistics. Today language is also studied by psycholinguistics and sociolinguistics. Great success in the study of language and speech communication was brought by the 20th century, when scientists connected language and culture. The pioneers in the study of the relationship between language and culture were the American cultural anthropologist F. Boas and the British social anthropologist B. Malinovsky. F. Boas pointed out this connection back in 1911, illustrating all comparisons of two cultures through their vocabulary, where it is important in each of the different cultures.
A significant contribution to understanding the relationship between language and culture was made by the famous linguistic hypothesis of Sapir-Whorf, according to which language is not just a tool for reproducing thoughts, it itself forms our thoughts, moreover, we see the world the way we speak. To come to this idea, scientists analyzed not the composition of different languages, but their structures, which explains the relationship between culture and language.
The significance of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis should not be exaggerated: in the final analysis, the content of a person's thoughts and his ideas is determined by their subject. A person is able to live in the real world precisely because life experience forces him to correct errors of perception and thinking when they conflict. Therefore, culture lives and develops in a “language shell”, and not a “shell” dictates the content of culture. But one should not downplay the role of the connection between language, thinking and culture. It is the language that serves as the basis for the picture of the world that develops in every person and puts in order a lot of objects and phenomena observed in the world around. Any object or phenomenon is accessible to a person only when they have a name. Otherwise, they simply do not exist for us. Having given them a name, a person includes a new concept in the grid of concepts that exists in his mind, in other words, he introduces a new element into the existing picture of the world. We can say that language is not only a means of communication or a stimulus of emotions. Each language not only reflects the world, but builds an ideal world in the mind of a person, constructs reality. Therefore, language and worldview are inextricably linked.
In cultural literature, the meaning of language is often assessed as:
§ a mirror of culture, which reflects not only the real, surrounding world, but also the mentality of the people, their national character, traditions, customs, morality, the system of norms and values, the picture of the world;
§ pantry, treasury of culture, since all the knowledge, skills, material and spiritual values accumulated by the people are stored in its language system - folklore, books, in oral and written speech;
§ bearer of culture, since it is with the help of language that it will be passed on from generation to generation;
§ an instrument of culture that forms the personality of a person who, through language, perceives the mentality, traditions and customs of his people, as well as a specific cultural image of the world.
In addition, the language facilitates the adaptation of a person in conditions environment, helps to correctly assess objects, phenomena and their relationship, helps to identify objects of the surrounding world, their classification and ordering of information about it and contributes to the organization and coordination of human activity.
Culture is transmitted through language, the ability to which distinguishes man from all other creatures. Thanks to language, culture is possible as the accumulation and accumulation of knowledge, as well as their transfer from the past to the future. Therefore, a person, unlike animals, does not start anew his development in each next generation. If he did not possess any skills and abilities, his behavior would be regulated by instincts, and he himself would practically not stand out from the environment of other animals. It can be argued that language is both a product of culture, and its important component, and a condition for its existence.
It also means that between the language and the real world there is a person - a native speaker of the language and culture. It is he who realizes and perceives the world through the senses, creates on this basis his ideas about the world. They, in turn, are rationally comprehended in concepts, judgments and conclusions that can be transferred to other people. Therefore, thinking stands between the real world and language.
The word does not reflect the object or phenomenon of the surrounding world itself, but how a person sees this picture that exists in his mind and which is determined by his culture. The consciousness of each person is formed both under the influence of his individual experience and as a result of mastering the experience of previous generations. We can say that language is not a mirror that accurately reflects everything around, but a prism through which one looks at the world and which is different in every culture. Language, thinking and culture are so closely interconnected that they practically form a single whole and cannot function without each other.
The path from the real world to the concept and expression of this concept in the word is different for different peoples, being determined by natural, climatic conditions, as well as the social environment. Due to these circumstances, each nation has its own history, its own cultural and linguistic picture of the world. At the same time, the cultural picture of the world is always richer than the linguistic one. But it is in language that the cultural picture of the world is realized, verbalized, stored and transmitted from generation to generation.
In this process, words are not just the names of objects and phenomena, but a fragment of reality, passed through the prism of the cultural picture of the world and, due to this, acquiring specific features inherent in this people, where the language imposes a certain vision of the world on a person. One and the same fragment of reality, one and the same concept has different forms of linguistic expression in different languages. Therefore, when studying a foreign language, the words of this language, the student gets acquainted with an element of someone else's picture of the world and tries to combine it with his own picture of the world, given by his native language. This is one of the main difficulties in learning a foreign language.
Language practice shows that the language is not a mechanical appendage of any culture, since in this case the potential of the language would be limited to only one culture and the language could not be used in intercultural communication. In fact, one of the leading properties of the language is its universality, which allows a person to use the language as a means of communication in all potentially possible situations of communication, including in relation to other cultures. In intercultural communication, the most problems arise when translating information from one language into another. Obviously, an absolutely accurate translation is impossible because of the different pictures of the world created by different languages. The most frequent case of linguistic inconsistency is the absence of an exact equivalent for the expression of a particular concept, and even the absence of the concept itself. This is due to the fact that the concepts or objects denoted by such terms are unique to a given culture, are absent in other cultures and, therefore, do not have terms for their expression, where there are not very many lexical borrowings in the lexicon of any language (usually no more than 6-7 %). The most difficult situations in intercultural communication are situations where the same concept is expressed differently in different languages. The problem is that the meaning of a word is not limited to just one lexical concept (word denotation), but largely depends on its lexical and phraseological compatibility and connotation - the cultural representation of the people about certain objects and phenomena of reality. A complete coincidence of the named aspects of the word is practically impossible, and therefore it is impossible to translate words only with the help of a dictionary, which gives a long list of possible meanings of the translated word. studying foreign language and using it in communication, one should memorize and use words not separately, according to their meanings, but in natural, most stable combinations inherent in a given language.
In addition, there is a problem of inconsistency between the cultural ideas of different peoples about certain objects and phenomena of reality, which are indicated by the equivalent words of these languages.
The word as a unit of language is correlated with the designated object or phenomenon of the real world. However, in different cultures, this correspondence may be different, since these objects or phenomena themselves, and cultural ideas about them, may be different.
At present, the generally accepted point of view is that in the culture and language of each people there are both universal and national components. Universal meanings, equally understood by all people in the world or representatives of individual cultures, create the basis for intercultural communication; without them, intercultural understanding would be impossible in principle. At the same time, in any culture there are specific cultural meanings fixed in language, moral norms, beliefs, behavior patterns, etc. The connection between language, thinking and culture demonstrated above is part of the developed in the 20th century. semiotic approach to culture, considering culture as a set of signs and texts.
Language is the main means of human communication. With the help of language, people communicate with each other, convey their thoughts, feelings, desires. “Language,” wrote V.I. Lenin, “is the most important means of human communication...” (Poln. sobr. soch., vol. 25, p. 258).As a means of communication, the language is connected with the life of society, with the people - the native speaker of this language. Society cannot exist without language, just as language cannot exist outside of society. Along with the development of society, the language develops and changes. Changes in public life are reflected in the language.
Language arose in ancient times in the process of joint labor activity of people. He helped people understand each other, work together, share their experience and knowledge. “Language,” wrote K. Marx and F. Engels, “arises only from a need, from an urgent need to communicate with other people” (Sobr. soch. 2nd ed., vol. 3, p. 29).
Language is closely connected with thinking, consciousness. Knowledge about the surrounding reality, which people acquire in the process of labor, is fixed in the language - in words, phrases and sentences. With the help of language, people pass on their knowledge and experience from generation to generation.
K. Marx and F. Engels pointed out that “language is as ancient as consciousness; language is practical, existing also for other people and only thereby also existing for myself, real consciousness...” (vol. 3, p. 29).
Each language is a complex system. The elements of this system are sounds, words, sentences, which are closely related to each other and form systems in the language: phonetic, morphological, lexical and syntactic.
Necessary
Good to know
It's good to them
Own"
(M. Gorky)
"Language is an amazing tool through which people, communicating with each other, transmit their thoughts to each other."
(L. Uspensky).
"The main character of our language lies in the extreme ease with which everything is expressed in it."
(A. I. Herzen).
Russian language is the state language
Target:
To give students an idea of the Russian language as the state language of the Russian Federation, of the role of language in society; help to realize the importance of a skillful and careful attitude to the native language; to cultivate pride and respect for the Russian language; to inspire the idea of the benefits of owning a culture of speech.
Decor:
Statements about the Russian language of famous writers.
During the classes.
Teacher's word.
2. Conversation.
What is language?
Here's what they say about the language in explanatory dictionary V. I. Dahl: “Language is the verbal speech of a person, according to nationalities; vocabulary and natural grammar; the totality of all the words of the people and their correct combination.
What is language for?
Prove that language is important for a person. Give examples of proverbs and sayings about language, speech.
Many Russian writers and poets spoke about the beauty and richness of the Russian language. ^ Read the recorded statements and remember the words you know about the Russian language.
3. The word of the teacher.
Our state is multinational. And in any multinational state, there is a need to choose one of the developed and widespread languages to overcome the language barrier. A common language for all gives every citizen of the country, regardless of nationality, the opportunity to constantly communicate with representatives of other peoples.
The Russian language has become such a common language for all the peoples of Russia. Russian is the state language of the Russian Federation. This means that all people living in Russia speak it. State documents (decrees, laws, resolutions, etc.) are published in Russian. The Russian language is used in newspapers, on radio and television. It is studied at school.
Why do you think Russian was chosen as the state language?
An important role is played by the fact that Russian is spoken by the majority of the population of our country. The Russian people and their language have rich history. The language itself is rich and varied, it is constantly changing along with the life of the people. But it is also important that the best representatives of the Russian people enriched world science and culture with discoveries in science and technology, literary, musical and pictorial examples, made a huge contribution to the education of their people.
After the 90s of the 20th century, i.e. after the collapse Soviet Union, the Russian language is used by the population of the CIS countries. Russian is considered a second language official language in many former Soviet republics.
The Russian language truly deserves respect and admiration. Many poets dedicated their poems to the Russian language. They sound pride in their native language, admiration for it. And very often there is a call to protect native speech, to keep it in hard time.
5. Reading a poem by I. A. Bunin "The Word".
Silent tombs, mummies and bones, -
Only the word is given life:
From the ancient darkness, on the world churchyard,
Only letters are heard.
And we have no other property!
Though to the best of my ability, in the days of anger and suffering,
Our priceless gift is speech.
6. - A. Akhmatova's poem "Courage" was written in 1942, when the country was waging a difficult war with the Nazis. Akhmatova believes that to preserve the "great Russian word"- means to save the nation itself, because the language is a symbol of the people.
Reading a poem by A. Akhmatova "Courage".
We know what's on the scales now
And what is happening now.
The hour of courage has struck on our clocks,
And courage will not leave us.
It's not scary to lie down under the bullets of the dead,
And we will save you, Russian speech,
Great Russian word.
We'll carry you free and clean
And we will give to our grandchildren, and we will save from captivity
7. Conclusion.
Today we talked about the Russian language. You learned what the state language means, why the Russian language became the state language, how the great and famous people. Treat your native language with care and love. Think about it, study it, love it passionately, and the face of boundless joys will be revealed to you, for the treasures of the Russian language are boundless. (V. Lugovskoy).
Yes, our time is so harsh ...
But we must serve him!
And let the native word live
And let it sound all over the country!
Native language... Native word...
The language is worthy of all glory!
Believe me, I have the right to think so.
