Navigation acts. Cromwell's Navigation Act Significance for Great Britain
So-called law passed by Cromwell on 9 Oct. 1651 and played a large role in the history of English trade. It was published, on the one hand, to encourage the English merchant fleet, and on the other hand, to destroy Holland's primacy at sea. Under the force of the N. Act, goods from Asia, and Africa, and America could be imported into Great Britain only on ships that belonged to British subjects, and whose crew consisted of at least 3/4 British subjects; from Europe goods could be imported on British ships or on the ships of the country in which the goods were produced or in whose harbors they could first be loaded onto a ship. The import of salted fish into England and the colonies was allowed only if it was caught on British ships. Finally, coastal navigation was provided exclusively to English ships. This law affected the interests of Holland so much that in the same year it declared war on England. Soon after the publication of the N. Act, its effect was suspended due to the war with Spain, but already in 1660 (under Charles II) it was resumed, with significant additions relating mainly to trade with the colonies. It was established that all goods from the colonies must first go to English harbors; goods can only be transported to the colony on British ships; goods from Russia and specially named goods from Europe (enumerated articles), such as firewood, salt, tobacco, potash, olive oil, flax, bread, sugar, wine, vinegar, etc., can only be imported into England and only on English ships . The assessment given to the N. Act by economists is very different. Proponents of free trade considered it a drag economic development England; others recognized it as not without significance both economically and politically; protectionists, going to the opposite extreme of free traders, attributed all the successes of English maritime trade to the N. Act. A. Smith, although he considered the National Act unfavorable for foreign trade, nevertheless called it the wisest government act, due to its political significance. In the end, the N. Act undoubtedly contributed to the development of English maritime trade in an era when England's trade and fleet were in their infancy and required protective measures. With the achievement of primacy in trade and industry, England ceased to need such measures. The first steps towards the abolition of the National Act were made after the declaration of independence of the North American colonies, when some deviations from the National Act were allowed in favor of the United States. Gradually with early XIX V. benefits in maritime relations are acquired by Prussia, Russia, Spain, and Holland. Liberal influence economic direction expressed in the 40s in the appointment of a parliamentary commission to study navigation laws (1847). The N. Act was repealed in 1849, with the exception of the article on cabotage; the latter was repealed in 1854, and with it the last remnant of the N. Act disappeared from English legislation.
- - an optical aeronautical instrument designed to determine in flight drift angles, aircraft ground speed and heading angles of landmarks...
Marine dictionary
- - So called. law passed by Cromwell on 9 Oct. 1651 and played a big role in the history of English trade...
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron
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orthographic dictionary Russian language
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Together. Apart. Hyphenated. Dictionary-reference book
- - NAVIGATION, -and...
Dictionary Ozhegova
- - NAVIGATIONAL, navigational, navigational. 1. adj. to navigation. Navigation season. 2. Serving for navigation. Navigation map. Navigation tables...
Ushakov's Explanatory Dictionary
- - navigation I adj. 1. ratio with noun navigation I, associated with it 2. Characteristic of navigation, characteristic of it. II adj. 1. ratio with noun navigation II, associated with it 2...
Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova
To increase the merchant fleet and encourage the navigation of the English nation, which, by the grace of good conduct and the protection of God, is so important means for the welfare and safety of the English commonwealth, it is ordained by this Parliament and its authority, that from and after the first day of December, 1651, and from that time forward, no produce or merchandise growing, manufactured, or manufactured in Asia, Africa, or America, or in any parts thereof, or on the islands belonging to them or to any of them, which are marked or indicated on the ordinary plans or maps of these countries, whether those which are English plantations or others, shall not be imported or brought into the English State, or to Ireland, or to any other lands, islands, plantations or territories belonging to or in the possession of the English State, in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels, than those which truly and truly belong only to to the citizens of the English State or its plantations, as the owners, or actual owners thereof, and the captain and most of the sailors of which are also citizens of the English State, upon pain of confiscation and loss of all goods which shall be imported contrary to the provisions of this act, and also on pain of forfeiture of the ship (with all its equipment, guns and accessories), on which the above goods or products will be delivered or imported; half of the confiscation will go to the State, and the other half to any person or persons who seize the goods or products and seek their rights in any court in which judicial records are kept within the State.
And it is further decreed by the above-mentioned authority that no products or goods growing, produced or manufactured in Europe or any part thereof, from the first of December 1651, shall be imported or delivered into this state of England or into Ireland or other lands , islands, plantations and territories belonging to or in the possession of the English State, in no ship or ships, vessel or vessels, except those which belong truly and without fraud only to the citizens of the English State, as their real owners and possessors, and not on any other vessels, except those foreign ships and vessels which actually and properly belong to the citizens of the country or locality where the above-mentioned goods grow, are produced or processed, or of those ports where the said goods can be delivered or are usually originally brought for further transportation; all this under penalty of the same confiscation and loss provided for in the previous part of this act, so that the said confiscations are made and applied as above stated.
And it is further decreed by the aforesaid authority that no products or goods grown, produced or manufactured abroad and which are to be imported into this state in ships belonging to its citizens, shall be brought by them or delivered from any place or places, country or countries other than those in which the said products are grown, produced or manufactured, or from such ports where they may be brought or are usually originally brought for further transportation, and not from any other places or countries, under penalty of confiscation and loss provided for in first part of this act, so that the said confiscations are made and applied as stated above.
And it is further decreed by the above-mentioned authority that not one kind of cod, sea burbot, herring, sardines or any other kind of salted fish, which is usually caught and obtained by the people of the English nation, not one kind of oil that is or will be obtained from any kind of fish, no whalebone, no whale bones shall henceforth be imported into the English State, or into Ireland, or into any other lands, islands, plantations or territories belonging to them or in their possession, unless caught in ships which belong or will belong to the people of the English nation, as their owners and actual owners; and the said fish shall be procured, and the said oil obtained, only by the citizens of the English State, under penalty and loss provided in the first part of this act, in order that the said confiscations shall be made and applied as aforesaid.
And it is further decreed by the authority aforesaid, that no kind of cod, burbot, herring, sardines, or any other kind of salted fish, which shall be caught and obtained by the citizens of the English state, shall, from and after the 1st of February, 1653, be exported from any place or places belonging to the English State, on any other ship or ships, vessel or ships, except those which truly and properly belong to the citizens of the English State, as their real owners, and the captain and the greater part of the sailors of which are by the English, under penalty and penalty as provided in the above first part of this act, so that the said confiscations shall be made and applied as therein stated.
It is provided that neither this Act, nor anything contained herein, shall extend or be applied to restrict the importation of any goods from the Straits or Levantine Seas (here meaning the eastern region of the Mediterranean Sea) loaded on the ships of the English State in ordinary ports and places intended for their initial loading within the straits or Levantine seas, even if the goods in question were not products of the places mentioned.
It is also provided that neither this Act nor anything contained herein shall be applied or applied to restrict the importation of any goods of the East India loaded on the ships of the English nation at the usual ports or places intended for their original loading from for the purpose of despatching to any part of the seas south and east of the Cape of Good Hope, even though the said ports were not the places where they were produced.
It is also provided that it is and appears lawful for all citizens of the English nation, in respect of the ships or vessels belonging to them, the captains and sailors of which are citizens of the English nation, as above stated, to load and deliver from the ports of Spain and Portugal all kinds of goods or products that come from there, or from plantations or properties belonging to one of them.
And it is further decreed by the aforesaid authority that it shall henceforth be unlawful for any person or persons to load or to load and deliver on any vessel or vessels, ship or ships, by the owner or owners, in whole or in part, or by the master whose origin is a foreigner or foreigners (unless they have taken English citizenship or are naturalized) - fish, provisions, goods or other articles, of whatever kind or nature they may be, from one port or harbor of the English state to another port or harbor of the same State, upon pain of punishment to any one who shall act contrary to the precise meaning of this section of this act, by forfeiture of all goods so loaded or shipped, in order that the said confiscations shall be made and enforced as stated in the first parts of this act.
Finally, that neither this act nor anything contained herein shall apply to bullion (gold and silver) or goods captured or to be captured as a prize by a ship or ships authorized by the English State.
It is provided that this Act, or anything contained herein, shall not apply or be construed to apply to silk and silk goods which shall be brought by land from any part of Italy and shall there be purchased with the proceeds of English goods sold or for money or in exchange; It is and appears to be lawful for every citizen of the English State to transport such goods in English ships from Ostend, Nieuwport, Rotterdam, Middelburg, Amsterdam or any other port nearby, provided, however, that the owners and possessors first take the oath themselves, or through credible witnesses. , before the Customs Commissioners holding that office, or their deputies, or before the Barons of the Exchequer, that the aforesaid goods were purchased for his or their own account in Italy.
No. 13. Diary of Patrick Gordon (1655-1656)
1655, July 14. I left Stettin and the next morning arrived among the troops as they formed in a wide meadow. They consisted of 34 brigades of infantry and 7,000 cavalry, about 17,000 men in all, with an excellent artillery park. It was a very gratifying and bright sight: regiments on excellent horses, well-dressed and armed infantry, and, best of all, officers in excellent equipment.
Before continuing further, I must deviate a little and state the reasons that the King of Sweden put forward for the invasion of Poland. Although they are given in detail in his declarations and messages to other sovereigns, if you did not have the opportunity to consider these letters, I will give you a brief description of them, along with events in the army or in other places related to this expedition and which have come to my attention. Although incomplete, they can shed light on the most important actions of this expedition.
Firstly, [the King of Sweden] referred to permission, connivance, or rather secret encouragement to Colonel Herman Boota to attack Livonia in 1639, and he proceeded through the provinces of Poland, where he might be prevented.
2. Colonel Krakau's raid on Pomerania, when he was allowed to pass through [Polish] territory and supplied with men and supplies from Puck.
3. Message from King Vladislav, [sent] through his chamberlain Schönbergen to the people of Ezel, encouraging him to revolt.
4. The same applies to the inhabitants of Livonia, and all this happened under King Vladislav.
5. This current king, Jan Casimir, despite the fact that he was recommended by the Polish estate by the Queen of Sweden and sought eternal peace, was the first to refuse to write in his letters to the queen in Latin, for in this language, according to the Treaty of Stumsdorf, the title was taken from Poland and transferred to Sweden. This [was done] with intent in order to refute the main provision of this agreement.
6. He awakened the Livonians to indignation and considered how to capture Riga.
The Cossacks were incited to launch attacks and raids on Livonia. ...
Such were the claims of the King of Sweden to invade Poland. It would be too tedious to list the protests and arguments of the Poles and the Swedish objections, but, I will tell you briefly, the main reason was the following. Having been raised as a soldier and now having received the crown after the abdication of his cousin Queen Christina, the King of Sweden was sure to begin his reign with some glorious deed. He realized that the memory of the honors and riches that many knights had acquired in the German wars under the leadership of Sweden would bring him a great crowd of soldiers at the news that he was taking up arms. This was all the easier to accomplish because recently there had been general peace in Germany, and many troops had been disbanded. Due to his ambition, he had already formed an army, and, except for Poland, there was no sovereign or people to whom he had the slightest claims (although, truly, sovereigns never lack pretexts in order to satisfy their vanity, and their claims are presented as firm and fair grounds).
Moreover, he could not possibly have waited for such an opportunity as now, for for several years now Poland has been shaken by the victorious uprising of the Cossacks, who not only united with the [Crimean] Tatars, but last year also achieved support for their interests from Muscovite; he, with a huge army, launched a strong attack on Lithuania and by that time had brought most of it to submission. [Charles X] also received a lot of favorable information and encouragement from a number of disgraced Polish magnates, and the expelled Polish sub-chancellor Radzievsky further inflamed his ambition, so the time associated with such advantages was not worth wasting.
The Swedish Riksraad was very accommodating and recruited three regiments at its own expense. Also, Cromwell (he never hesitated to work abroad, so that foreigners had no time to delve into his plans and actions at home) provided money, with which four regiments were recruited in the regions of Bremen and Verdun. ...
August 2. The field marshal and the army were camped near Poznan, and the said detachment, under the command of Colonel (later Major General) Betker, walked 4 miles to Sroda and, according to all the rules, set up a camp for the army - in a field near a small stream, a quarter of a mile from the city. But the next morning after the detachment left Poznan, I returned [there] with captains Hardin and Duncan, as well as one Gypsy lieutenant and two Germans, a quartermaster and a corporal. They all left without permission, and although a day later they all returned to the detachment, their absence was noticed and upon arrival both captains were placed under arrest. Thanks to the persistent requests of Colonel Hessen and other friends, they escaped trial, but the remaining three were taken into custody, then brought before the military council and condemned to death. Finally they were allowed to throw the dice, and the lot fell on the lieutenant, who was hanged from an oak tree that grew on the other side of the stream.
That same morning, on the same oak tree, a boy of 14 or 15 years old was hanged just because he threw a stone at a Pole, who, under guard, was trying to find the horses that had been taken from him between the regiments. ...
The field marshal stayed in Poznan for four days, reinforcing the soldiers with city supplies and also receiving a considerable amount of money, and left Colonel Duderstatt there as commandant with 1,200 infantry and 300 cavalry. Having reached Sroda, he camped there [August 7] and surrounded it with a rampart. When he appeared, many nobles began to come with complaints about the robberies and all kinds of violence inflicted on them, which (as soon as the perpetrators were known and captured) were very severely punished, and even the slightest offenses - with shameful death. ...
Two days later, the field marshal ordered his own surgeon, a rather young man, to be hanged for the murder of the suffragan bishop of Gniezno, who was over 60 years old. This doctor and 20 accomplices seized a lot of money and rich booty. He was hanged on a new scaffold [built] on the hill opposite the field marshal's apartment. Some of his accomplices were caught and executed, but most fled.
Such was the severity, not to say tyranny, of this field marshal that for the slightest guilt, anyone caught red-handed had to die. I myself watched as one infantryman entered a poor hut and carried out a jug of milk. The field marshal happened to pass by in a carriage, so the fellow dropped the jug from his hands out of fear; the mistress of the house followed him, crying more from fear than from the harm suffered, as was clear from her loud lamentations. Falling to her knees, she prayed for him when she saw how the poor man, by order of the general, was seized and immediately hanged on the gate. From faithful hands I learned that between Stettin and Konin, where the king came to us, about 470 people were executed, mostly for the most minor offenses. Unnecessary cruelty for an army that was not paid! The king himself believed the same; later many heard him often accuse Wittenberg of extreme severity. ...
1656 . The King of Sweden with his army marched through Warsaw and Prussia; With him were the ambassadors of the Roman Emperor and the King of France, and the whole country submitted to him. The Sandomierz Voivodeship, or palatinate, received a safe conduct not only for cities, but also for individual nobles. Military officials everywhere obeyed and took an oath of allegiance, not excluding the Crown Hetman Pototsky and the Polish Hetman Lyantskoronsky. General Douglas remained in Sandomierz in order to organize this region, while the king approached Prussia, where Field Marshal Stenbock, after the surrender of Warsaw and the defeat of the Mazovian forces, captured some places on the Polish side of the Vistula and immediately, together with Radzievsky, took Strasburg. From there the king went to Thorn, and sent Radzievsky ahead with some troops, mostly Polish. He held a series of negotiations with the magistrates, which ended in surrender, and the king entered the city on December 5. Major General Mardefeld was appointed commandant with three regiments - Colonels Gerfeld, Nairn and Fittinghof.
Here the king gave an audience to the ambassadors of the Roman Emperor, Moscow and Transylvania. ... Here the king was notified by mail of the birth of the young prince, who was born on November 24, old style, between 12 o'clock at night and was named Charles. ...
However, after such a beneficial whirlwind, the King of Sweden still faced a very dangerous storm caused by the return of the King of Poland from Silesia and the uprising of Polish troops. Here I must digress and briefly outline the reasons why the Poles so easily took the side of the Swedes, and now so quickly returned to submission to their former sovereign. I have often heard about this from noble and very sensible people.
For several years before this, the Poles had been struggling with many hardships caused by the uprising of their natural subjects - the Cossacks, who, uniting with the Crimean Tatars, inflicted a series of defeats on the Poles and defeated their troops at Zhvanets, Glinany, Pilyavtsy, and at Zbarazh and Zborov forced the king to peace ...
However, this agreement did not last long. When new discord arose, the Cossacks moved to Poland with a powerful army, and near Berestechko in Volhynia they were defeated by the Poles. Realizing that they themselves would not be able to hold out against the Poles for long, they surrendered and submitted to the Muscovites, conjuring them with the power of a single faith to protect and support them. The Muscovites, happy with this opportunity to undermine the power of Poland, if not completely conquer it, took them under their protection. They immediately started hostility with the Poles and in the year of our salvation, 1654, they started a war, entering Poland and Lithuania with a huge army.
So, the Poles were now attacked on the one hand by such formidable enemies as the Muscovites, on the other by the Cossacks and Tatars, and on the third by the Swedes. Confusion and panic gripped them so much that they reached the last extreme. For in that year the Muscovites defeated Prince Radziwill, captured Vilna and the rest of Lithuania, ravaged Lublin, besieged Russian Lemberg and carried out raids all the way to Warsaw and Yaroslav. Throughout Poland there was not a single corner that was not devastated by its enemies. After retreating from Krakow, the king had nowhere to hide in his own kingdom, so he had to flee to Silesia.
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For the increase of the shipping and the encouragement of the navigation of this nation, which under the good provision and protection of God is so great a means of the welfare and safety of this Commonwealth: be it enacted by this present Parliament, and the authority thereof, that from and after the first day of December, one thousand six hundred fifty and one, and from then forwards, no goods or commodities whatsoever of the growth, production or manufacture of Asia, Africa or America, or of any part thereof; or of any islands belonging to them, or which are described or laid down in the usual maps or cards of those places, as well of the English plantations as others, shall be imported or brought into this Commonwealth of England, or into Ireland, or any other lands, islands, plantations, or territories to this Commonwealth belonging, or in their possession, in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but only in such as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of this Commonwealth , or the plantations thereof, as the proprietors or right owners thereof; and whereof the master and mariners are also for the most part of them of the people of this Commonwealth, under the penalty of the forfeiture and loss of all the goods that shall be imported contrary to this act; as also of the ship (with all her tackle, guns and apparel) in which the said goods or commodities shall be so brought in and imported; the one moiety to the use of the Commonwealth, and the other moiety to the use and behoof of any person or persons who shall seize the goods or commodities, and shall prosecute the same in any court of record within this Commonwealth.
And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that no goods or commodities of the growth, production, or manufacture of Europe, or of any part thereof, shall after the first day of December, one thousand six hundred fifty and one, be imported or brought into this Commonwealth of England, or into Ireland, or any other lands, islands, plantations or territories to this Commonwealth belonging, or in their possession, in any ship or ships, vessel or vessels whatsoever, but in such as do truly and without fraud belong only to the people of this Commonwealth, as the true owners and proprietors thereof, and in no other, except only such foreign ships and vessels as do truly and properly belong to the people of that country or place, of which the said goods are the growth, production or manufacture; or to such ports where the said goods can only be, or most usually are first shipped for transportation; and that under the same penalty of forfeiture and loss expressed in the former branch of this Act, the said forfeitures to be recovered and employed as is therein expressed.
And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that no goods or commodities that are of foreign growth, production or manufacture, and which are to be brought into this Commonwealth in shipping belonging to the people thereof, shall be by them shipped or brought from any other place or places, country or countries, but only from those of their said growth, production, or manufacture, or from those ports where the said goods and commodities can only, or are, or usually have been first shipped for transportation; and from none other places or countries, under the same penalty of forfeiture and loss expressed in the first branch of this Act, the said forfeitures to be recovered and employed as is therein expressed.
And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that no sort of cod-fish, ling, herring, pilchard, or any other kind of salted fish, usually fished for and caught by the people of this nation; nor any oil made, or that shall be made of any kind of fish whatsoever, nor any whale-fins, or whale-bones, shall from henceforth be imported into this Commonwealth or into Ireland, or any other lands, islands, plantations, or territories thereto belonging, or in their possession, but only such as shall be caught in vessels that do or shall truly and properly belong to the people of this nation, as proprietors and right owners thereof; and the said fish to be cured, and the oil aforesaid made by the people of this Commonwealth, under the penalty and loss expressed in the first branch of this present Act; the said forfeit to be recovered and employed as is there expressed.
And it is further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that no sort of cod, ling, herring or pilchard, or any other kind of salted fish whatsoever, which shall bo caught and cured by the people of this Commonwealth, shall be from and after the first of February, one thousand six hundred fifty three, exported from any place or places belonging to this Commonwealth, in any other ship or ships, vessel or vessels, save only in such as do truly and properly appertain to the people of this Commonwealth, as right owners; and whereof the master and mariners are for the most part of them English, under the penalty and loss expressed in the said first branch of this present Act; the said forfeit to be recovered and employed as is there expressed.
Provided always, that this Act, nor anything therein contained, extend not, or be meant to restrain the importation of any of the commodities of the Straits or Levant seas, laden in the shipping of this nation as aforesaid, at the usual ports or places for laying of them heretofore, within the said Straits or Levant seas, though the said commodities be not of the very growth of the said places.
Provided also, that this Act nor anything therein contained, extend not, nor be meant to restrain the importing of any East India commodities laden in the shipping of this nation, at the usual port or places for lading of them heretofore in any part of those seas, to the southward and eastward of Cabo Bona Esperanza, although the said ports be not the very places of their growth.
Provided also, that it shall and may be lawful to and for any of the people of this Commonwealth, in vessels or ships to them belonging, and whereof the master and mariners are of this nation as aforesaid, to load and bring in from any of the ports of Spain and Portugal, all sorts of goods or commodities that have come from, or any way belonged to the plantations or dominions of either of them respectively.
Be it also further enacted by the authority aforesaid, that from henceforth it shall not be lawful to any person or persons whatsoever to load or cause to be laden and carried in any bottom or bottoms, ship or ships, vessel or vessels, whatsoever, whereof any stranger or strangers born (unless such be denizens or naturalized) be owners, or masters, any fish, victual, wares, or things of what kind or nature soever the same shall be, from one port or creek of this Commonwealth, to another port or creek of the same, under penalty to every one that shall offend contrary to the true meaning of this branch of this present Art, to forfeit all the goods that shall be so laden or carried, as also the ship upon which they shall be so laden or carried, the same forfeit to be recovered and employed as directed in the first branch of this present Act.
Lastly, that this Act nor anything therein contained, extend not to bullion, nor yet to any goods taken, or that shall be taken by way of reprisal by any ship or ships, having commission from this commonwealth.
Provided, that this Act, or anything therein contained, shall not extend, nor be construed to extend to any silk or silk wares which shall be brought by laud from any part of Italy, and there bought with the proceed of English commodities, sold either for money or in barter: but that it shall and may be lawful for any of the people of this Commonwealth to ship the same in English vessels from Ostend, Nieuport, Rotterdam, Middelburg, Amsterdam, or any ports thereabouts, the owners and proprietors first making oath by themselves, or other credible witnesses, before the Commissioners of the Customs for the time being or their deputies, or one of the Barons of the Exchequer, that the goods aforesaid were so bought for his or their own proper account in Italy.
G. and played a big role in the history of English trade. It was published, on the one hand, to encourage the English merchant fleet, and on the other hand, to destroy Holland's primacy at sea. Under the force of the N. Act, goods from Asia, and Africa, and America could be imported into Great Britain only on ships that belonged to British subjects, and whose crew consisted of at least 3/4 British subjects; from Europe goods could be imported on British ships or on the ships of the country in which the goods were produced or in whose harbors they could first be loaded onto a ship. The import of salted fish into England and the colonies was allowed only if it was caught on British ships. Finally, coastal navigation was provided exclusively to English ships. This law affected the interests of Holland so much that in the same year it declared war on England. Shortly after the publication of the N. act, its effect was suspended due to the war with Spain, but already in the city (under Charles II) it was resumed, with significant additions relating mainly to trade with the colonies. It was established that all goods from the colonies must first go to English harbors; goods can only be transported to the colony on British ships; goods from Russia and specially named goods from Europe (enumerated articles), such as firewood, salt, tobacco, potash, olive oil, flax, bread, sugar, wine, vinegar, etc., can only be imported into England and only on English ships . The assessment given to the N. Act by economists is very different. Supporters of free trade considered it a brake on the economic development of England; others recognized it as not without significance both economically and politically; protectionists, going to the opposite extreme of free traders, attributed all the successes of English maritime trade to the N. Act. A. Smith, although he considered the National Act unfavorable for foreign trade, nevertheless called it the wisest government act, due to its political significance. In the end, the N. Act undoubtedly contributed to the development of English maritime trade in an era when England's trade and fleet were in their infancy and required protective measures. With the achievement of primacy in trade and industry, England ceased to need such measures. The first steps towards the abolition of the National Act were made after the declaration of independence of the North American colonies, when some deviations from the National Act were allowed in favor of the United States. Gradually from the beginning of the 19th century. benefits in maritime relations are acquired by Prussia, Russia, Spain, and Holland. The influence of the liberal economic trend was expressed in the 40s in the appointment of a parliamentary commission to study navigation laws (). The N. act was repealed in the city, with the exception of the article on cabotage; the latter was repealed in the city, and with it the last remnant of the N. Act disappeared from English legislation.
Navigation Act - This is the name of the law issued by Cromwell on October 9, 1651 and which played a big role in the history of English trade. It was published, on the one hand, to encourage the English merchant fleet, and on the other hand, to destroy primacy at sea. Under the force of the Navigation Act, goods from Asia, and Africa, and America could be imported into Great Britain only on ships owned by British subjects, and whose crew consisted of at least 3/4 British subjects; from Europe goods could be imported on British ships or on the ships of the country in which the goods were produced or in whose harbors they could first be loaded onto a ship. The import of salted fish into England and the colonies was allowed only if it was caught on British ships. Finally, coastal navigation was provided exclusively to English ships. This law affected the interests of Holland so much that in the same year it declared war on England. Soon after the publication of the Navigation Act, its effect was suspended due to the war with Spain, but already in 1660 (under Charles II) it was resumed, with significant additions relating mainly to trade with the colonies. It was established that all goods from the colonies must first go to English harbors; goods can only be transported to the colony on British ships; goods from Russia and specially named goods from Europe (enumerated articles), such as firewood, salt, tobacco, potash, flax, bread, sugar, wine, vinegar, etc., can only be imported into England and only on English ships. The assessment given to the Navigation Act by economists is very different. Supporters of free trade considered it a brake on the economic development of England; others recognized it as not without significance both economically and politically; protectionists, going to the opposite extreme to free traders, attributed all the successes of English maritime trade to the Navigation Act. A. Smith, although he considered the Navigation Act to be unfavorable for foreign trade, nevertheless called it the wisest government act due to its political significance. After all, the Navigation Act undoubtedly contributed to the development of English maritime trade in an era when England's trade and navy were in their infancy and required protective measures. With the achievement of primacy in trade and industry, England ceased to need such measures. The first steps towards repealing the Navigation Act were made after the independence of the North American colonies, when some derogations from the Navigation Act were allowed in favor of the United States. Gradually from the beginning of the 19th century. benefits in maritime relations are acquired by Prussia, Russia, Spain, and Holland. The influence of the liberal economic trend was expressed in the 40s in the appointment of a parliamentary commission to study navigation laws (1847). The Navigation Act was repealed in 1849, due to the article on cabotage; the latter repealed in 1854, and with it the last remnant of the Navigation Act disappeared from English law.
