Western Baltic type of the Atlanto-Baltic race. According to K. Kuhn's classification

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East Baltic race- a small race (anthropological type) of the large Caucasian race, distinguished by some anthropologists of the first half of the 20th century. Later, the East Baltic type was sometimes distinguished by supporters of the population classification of races.

Birth and use of the term

The term “East Baltic race” was introduced by the Finnish-Swedish anthropologist R. Nordenstreng in the 20s. XX century The term was used, among others, by the German racial theorist G. Günther, the Swedish anthropologist B. Lundman and the American anthropologist K. Kuhn. A similar anthropological type, but under the name “East European”, was distinguished by I. Deniker and E. F. von Eickstedt.

Subsequently, the term was sometimes used in the works of Soviet anthropologists who adhered to the population concept of race: in the classification of V.P. Alekseev () there is an “East Baltic group of populations”, in the classification of M. G. Abdushelishvili () - the “East Baltic type”.

Characteristics and distribution

In typological classifications

According to K. Kuhn's classification

According to the classification of G. F. Debets

This type was also identified by the Soviet anthropologist G. F. Debets (1958) as part of the Baltic race. It is related to the Subural and Laponoid types.

In population classifications

In the classification of V.P. Alekseev, the East Baltic group of populations is characterized by the following characteristics:

The Eastern Baltic group of populations covers the population of Finland, the Baltic countries and Russia.

According to N.N. Cheboksarov is characterized by: blond hair, light eyes, snub nose, straight hair, short stature. It differs from the White Sea type in having greater brachycephaly and the absence of a beard.

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Notes

see also

Links

• Carleton S. Coon. . - 1939. (English)

European subracial subspecies

Caucasian Negroid race Mongoloid race Americanoid race Australasian-Veddoid race Ancient and extinct races

An excerpt characterizing the East Baltic type

– Ils sont arrives, Marieie, [They arrived, Marie,] do you know? - said the little princess, wobbling her belly and sitting heavily on the chair.
She was no longer in the blouse in which she had sat in the morning, but she was wearing one of her best dresses; her head was carefully adorned, and there was a liveliness on her face, which, however, did not hide the drooping and deadened contours of her face. In the attire in which she usually wore to social gatherings in St. Petersburg, it was even more noticeable how much she had looked worse. M lle Bourienne also unnoticed some improvement in her outfit, which made her pretty, fresh face even more attractive.
– Eh bien, et vous restez comme vous etes, chere princesse? – she spoke. – On va venir annoncer, que ces messieurs sont au salon; il faudra descendre, et vous ne faites pas un petit brin de toilette! [Well, are you still wearing what you were wearing, princess? Now they will come to say that they are out. We’ll have to go downstairs, but at least you’ll dress up a little!]
The little princess rose from her chair, called the maid and hastily and cheerfully began to come up with an outfit for Princess Marya and put it into execution. Princess Marya felt insulted in her sense of self-worth by the fact that the arrival of her promised groom worried her, and she was even more insulted by the fact that both of her friends did not even imagine that it could be otherwise. To tell them how ashamed she was for herself and for them was to betray her anxiety; Moreover, to refuse the outfit that was offered to her would have led to lengthy jokes and insistence. She flushed, her beautiful eyes went out, her face became covered with spots, and with that ugly expression of victim that most often settled on her face, she surrendered to the power of m lle Bourienne and Lisa. Both women cared quite sincerely about making her beautiful. She was so bad that not one of them could think of competing with her; therefore, quite sincerely, with that naive and firm conviction of women that an outfit can make a face beautiful, they set about dressing her.
“No, really, ma bonne amie, [my good friend], this dress is not good,” said Lisa, looking sideways at the princess from afar. - Tell me to serve, you have masaka there. Right! Well, this may be the fate of life is being decided. And this is too light, not good, no, not good!
It was not the dress that was bad, but the face and the whole figure of the princess, but M lle Bourienne and the little princess did not feel this; It seemed to them that if they put a blue ribbon on their hair combed up, and pulled down a blue scarf from a brown dress, etc., then everything would be fine. They forgot that the frightened face and figure could not be changed, and therefore, no matter how they modified the frame and decoration of this face, the face itself remained pitiful and ugly. After two or three changes, to which Princess Marya obediently submitted, the minute she was combed up (a hairstyle that completely changed and spoiled her face), in a blue scarf and an elegant dress, the little princess walked around her a couple of times, with her small hand she straightened a fold of her dress here, tugged at a scarf there and looked, bowing her head, now from this side, now from the other.
“No, that’s impossible,” she said decisively, clasping her hands. – Non, Marie, decidement ca ne vous va pas. Je vous aime mieux dans votre petite robe grise de tous les jours. Non, de grace, faites cela pour moi. [No, Marie, this definitely doesn’t suit you. I love you better in your gray everyday dress: please do this for me.] Katya,” she said to the maid, “bring the princess a gray dress, and see, m lle Bourienne, how I will arrange it,” she said with a smile of artistic anticipation joy.
But when Katya brought the required dress, Princess Marya sat motionless in front of the mirror, looking at her face, and in the mirror she saw that there were tears in her eyes and that her mouth was trembling, preparing to sob.

Eastern Latvians:

- short stature

- brachycephaly

- Mongolian admixture

They are located between Western Latvians and Finnish-speaking peoples.

Mixing of Latvians with the Baltic peoples.

Latvians differ from Lithuanians:

- shorter height

- brachycephalicity

- gracefulness increases

- moderate skin pigmentation

Finnish-speaking peoples: Ural-Lapponoid small race (Khanty, Mansi, Komi, Mordovians, Moksha, Udmurts).

Moksha: dolichocephaly. Moksha à Subural/Middle Volga type

Turkic peoples:

- Vyatka-Kama type

- Astrakhan Tatars

- Kalmyks (the most Mongoloid)

Moldovans are close to Ukrainians - more intense pigmentation.

Gypsies: maximum pigmentation.

11.03.12

List of literature for the course

Main literature:

1. Historical and ethnographic atlas on agriculture of the Baltic peoples. Vilnius, 1985.
2. Historical and ethnographic atlas on the clothing of the Baltic peoples. Riga, 1986.
3. Kozlova K. I. “Ethnography of the peoples of the Volga region.” M., 1964.
4. “We live on the same land. Population of St. Petersburg and the Leningrad Region." St. Petersburg, 1992.
5. “Peoples of Eastern Europe” - part II. M., 1958.
6. "The peoples of the Volga region and the Urals." M., 1985.
7. From the series “Peoples and Culture”: “Peoples of the Volga region. Udmurts, Maris, Komi Zyrians, etc.” M., 2000.
8. "Baltic-Finnish peoples of Russia"
9. "Tatars". M., 2001.
10. "Turkic peoples: Karaites, Crimean Tatars, Krymchaks." M., 2004.
11. Rudenko S.I. "Bashkirs". M., L., 1955.
12. Gimulatov N.V., Yusupov, Fatykhova “Bashkirs: ethnic history and traditional culture”
13. "Everyday culture of the Chuvash". Cheboksary, 1985.
14. "Peoples of Russia: encyclopedia" ed. Tishko, 1994.

Additional literature:

1. Baltic ethnographic collection. 1952
2. Belitser V.N. "Essays on the ethnography of the Komi people." 1958.
3. Vladykin, Hristolyubova “Ethnography of the Udmurts.” 1991.
4. "Issues of the ethnic history of the Estonian people." Tallinn, 1952.
5. Denisov P.V. "Religious Beliefs of the Chuvash". Cheboksary, 195..
6. "Karelians of the Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic". Petrozavodsk, 1983.
7. Konakov “Ethnoreal groups of the Komi”. M., 1991.
8. Konkova O.I. "Izhora". St. Petersburg, 1999.
9. "Folklore and calendar holidays of Izhora." 2006.
10. Konkova O.I., Kokko V.A. "Ingrian Finns".
11. Kuzeev R.G. "The origin of the Bashkir people." M., 1974.
12. Lukyanchenko T.V. "Material culture of the Sami". M., 1971.
13. "Mordva: historical and ethnographic essays." Saransk, 1981.
14. "Material and spiritual culture of the Mari." Yoshkar-Ola, 1981.
15. II Volume of materials on ethnography: “Peoples of the Baltics, north-west, Volga region, etc. »
16. Pimenov V.V. "Vepsians: essays on ethnic history, genesis and culture." M., 1985.
17. “Baltic-Finnish peoples. History and destinies of neighboring peoples."
18. "The problem of history and culture of the Vepsian people." Petrozavodsk, 1988.
19. Salmin A.K. "The Chuvash Religion System". M., 2005.
20. Semenov V.A. "Ethnography of the Komi". Syktyvkar, 2006.
21. “Family and family life of collective farmers of the Baltic states” - vol. 77. M., 1962 (collection “Proceedings of the IMAE”)
22. “Modern ethnic system of the peoples of the Volga region and the Urals”
23. Strogachev "Veps". Petrozavodsk, 2008.
24. "Tatars of the Middle Volga and Urals." M., 1967.
25. Khalikov A.Kh. "The origin of the Tatars of the Volga region and the Urals." Kazan, 1980.
26. Erdniev U.E. "Kalmyks". Elista, 1980.

Baltika is undoubtedly the most famous and recognizable brewing brand in Russia. Moreover, this statement is true both within our vast country and far beyond its borders.

Today the company produces an incredible number of brands of beer. For sure, among this assortment, absolutely every fan of the foamy drink will be able to find something that suits his taste.

Baltika beer can boast of quite good quality, as well as the right attitude to the composition of the foamy drink and advanced production technologies. If we add to this low prices, we will understand how this manufacturer has managed to maintain the palm in the domestic brewing market for 25 years.

Main characteristics

Country of origin – Russia.

Manufacturer: Baltika brewing company.

Existing container:

• glass bottles 0.33, 0.44, 0.47 and 0.5 liters;
• tin cans 0.5 and 1 liter;
• plastic bottle (PET) 1 liter;
• metal barrel 5 liters;
• kegs 30 liters.

Existing varieties

At the beginning of its existence, the Baltika company chose an amazingly simple way of selecting names for its beer. Each new variety was assigned another serial number. Thus, Baltika 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, and 9 appeared. When the company began brewing non-alcoholic beer, it was assigned the number 0.

However, then, when new varieties and brands appeared, brewers from the Northern capital decided not to go into the next ten and began to show much more imagination in this matter. Thus, the following types of Baltika beer arose:

• Praha (Prague);
• Neon Beer (Neon Beer);
• Cooler;
• Munchen (Munich);
• Venskoe (Vienna);
• Kaliforniyskoe (California);
• Karmi (Karmi);
• Razlivnoe (Draft).

I think it makes no sense to analyze in detail all the existing varieties of Baltika foamy drink. I want to focus on the most popular ones. However, if you are interested in learning details about some other brand, write about it in the comments. In this case, I will add to the article.

For example, in my deep conviction, Baltika No. 6 turned out to be undeservedly forgotten. Under this number lies a magnificent classic. Few people know, but today this is the most titled beer in Russia. No other foamy drink in our country has received so many awards and prizes from the most prestigious international festivals and exhibitions.

No. 3 Classic

Baltika No. 3 Classic is a European light lager or bottom-fermented beer. The ethyl alcohol content in the foamy drink is 4.7%. The extractivity of the initial wort is 12%.

Beer No. 3 is brewed using traditional technology using high-quality ingredients. It consists of purified drinking water, hop products and light barley malt.

The lager is light yellow in color with a golden hue. The foam is stable and fine-grained. The aroma is classic with hop and malt notes. The taste is rich and fresh with a spicy malt bitterness. The aftertaste is long.

Baltika No. 3 first appeared on the shelves of domestic stores back in 1992. Over the past years, the lager has been repeatedly recognized as product of the year in Russia in its category.

No. 7 Export

Baltika No. 7 Export is also a traditional light pasteurized European lager. The strength of the hop drink is 5.4 degrees, and the density of the initial wort is 12%.

The composition of the lager also includes exclusively natural and traditional ingredients: clean drinking water, hops and light barley malt.

The beer pleases the eye with its transparent bright yellow color. The foam is quite fluffy, but not too persistent. The aroma is original with pronounced hop, bread and lemon nuances. The taste is balanced and rich. It is dominated by hop and fruit accents. The aftertaste is pleasant, soft and bitter.

The release of Export No. 7 was timed to coincide with the beginning of the Goodwill Games, which took place in St. Petersburg in 1994.

No. 9 Strong

Baltika No. 9 Strong is a light lager. The beer has a high ethyl alcohol content of 8%. The extractivity of the initial wort is 16%.

The drink recipe is close to the classic one. In its production, purified drinking water, unmalted malting barley, light barley malt and hop products are used.

The beer has a bright golden color. The aroma is quite rich with notes of malt and hops. The taste is distinguished by some harshness, hop bitterness and malt sweetness. Ethyl alcohol is clearly felt.

Baltika No. 9 Strong has always been positioned as a beer brewed for strong and self-confident men. The strong, foamy drink hit store shelves for the first time in 1998.

№0 Non-alcoholic

Baltika No. 0 is a non-alcoholic American lager or bottom-fermented beer. It should be remembered that despite the name, the intoxicating drink still contains a small amount of 0.5% ethyl alcohol.

When creating this variety, the manufacturer somewhat retreated from its adherence to the traditional recipe. Non-alcoholic beer contains drinking water, light barley malt, maltose molasses and hop products.

Baltika No. 0 has a clean light straw color. The foam is medium grain. The aroma is soft with a subtle presence of herbal, malt and hop notes. The taste is balanced and harmonious. It contains herbal and malt undertones with a pronounced hop bitterness.

Draft

Baltika Draft is a light, unfiltered, unpasteurized, bottom-fermented beer. The foamy drink belongs to the category of German lagers. Its strength is 4.6 degrees, and the extract of the initial wort is 10.5%.

The composition of Razlivnoye is laconic and strict. It includes purified drinking water, light barley malt and hop products.

Baltika Razlivnoe has a rich yellow-golden color. The foam head is thick. Hops play a leading role in the aroma. The taste is light and refreshing with a spicy bitterness. The aftertaste pleases with soft honey undertones.

This variety was first brewed in 2010. Baltika Draft is produced using traditional technology, which does not involve pasteurization or filtration.

Munich

Baltika Munich is a top-fermented beer or ale with an ethyl alcohol content of 5% and an initial wort extract of 12%. Beer is brewed using classic Bavarian technology.

This unfiltered ale is made from purified drinking water, light barley malt, hop products and top-fermenting yeast.

The Munich brand is a cloudy yellow-golden hue. The foam cap is thick, high and white. The aroma is formed by the hop component. The taste is refreshing with a slight sourness, which pleasantly contrasts with banana, clove and pear shades.

According to the manufacturer, Baltika Munich was supposed to incorporate all the best that is in German brewing.

Neon Beer

Baltika Neon Beer is a traditional European bottom-fermented beer. The drink contains 4.5% ethyl alcohol. The extractivity of the initial wort is 10.5%.

Neon Beer is brewed using modern brewing technology from purified drinking water, light barley malt, barley and hop products.

The foamy drink has a transparent pale yellow color. The aroma is pleasant with pronounced herbal tones. The taste is harmonious and light.

Neon Beer is a product of summer 2015. According to the manufacturer, it was supposed to personify all modern trends in world brewing.

Historical reference

The Baltika brewing company was registered in 1990 in St. Petersburg. From the first day of operation, the company brewed beer of excellent quality. This allowed the company to quickly become a leader in Russian brewing.

As of today, the company's branches are open in 8 cities of Russia. In addition to St. Petersburg, breweries are located in Yaroslavl, Tula, Samara, Voronezh, Rostov-on-Don, Novosibirsk and Khabarovsk.

The company actively works not only on the domestic but also on the foreign market. Currently, 50% of beer exported from Russia is produced by Baltika.

Starting from the 17th century, anthropologists began to put forward their own classifications of the population according to racial type. Scientists relied on the similarity of external features, that is, morphology served as the basis for research. The debate about the number of major races among anthropologists continues to this day. However, in most typological divisions there are classifications of Russian appearance.

Nordids

The small Nordic race in anthropological classifications is part of the Caucasian type. In Soviet times, they tried not to voice this term due to the unclear geographical boundaries. The first to accept the Nordic theory were representatives of the ideology of racism.

The Nordic race spreads throughout Northern Europe, northwestern Russia, and Western Latvians and Estonians also belong to this type.

People first started talking about the Nordic race thanks to the Russian-French anthropologist Joseph Deniker, who at the beginning of the twentieth century brought tall, thin people with blond hair into a separate category. The Nordic race is characterized by blue and green eyes, a dolichocephalic, that is, elongated skull and pink skin.

Another anatomist of Norwegian origin, Christian Schreiner, wrote that the Nordic type directly resonates with the battle-axe culture, since the Nordic race is most widespread in the central part of Scandinavia. But the American scientist K. Kuhn in the 30s of the twentieth century put forward the version that the Nordic race belongs to the circle of Mediterranean forms after they completed the process of depigmentation. In the appearance of people of this type, the anthropologist finds common features with the ancient representatives of the Danube culture.

Uralides

This race occupies a worthy place between the Mongoloid and Caucasoid types. It is most widespread among residents of Western Siberia and the Volga region. Representatives of this type are characterized by dark hair, which can be either completely straight or curly. The skin is usually moderately pigmented and the eyes are brown. The main distinguishing features are a noticeable fold of the upper eyelid (epicanthus) and a flattened face shape.

Anthropologists from different times agree that the Uralids appeared during the mixing of Caucasoids and Mongoloids. In contrast to this statement is the theory of the mestizo origin of this type. Today, scientists are putting forward a compromise version, arguing that this race reflects the gene flow of Mongoloids and Caucasians and at the same time undifferentiated types.

In the north of the Samara region, human remains were found, the age of which is 11.55 thousand years old according to the calibrated date. When examining the skull, anthropologist V.V. Bunak suggested that it had all the features of the ancient Ural race.

Baltida

Baltids can be distinguished from other racial types due to the characteristics of brachycephaly and mesocephaly. Representatives are characterized by a medium-width face, a straight nose with a thickened tip. Most representatives have light pigmentation of skin and hair.

Anthropologists believe that the appearance of the race goes back to the East Baltic type. Many Baltids have common features with Cro-Magnons and Alpinids. Western Baltids differ from eastern ones in the width of their nose. For some it may be narrow, for others it is always wide. Representatives of the eastern Baltids are of average height, while the western ones are much taller.

Pontids and Gorids

The pontid type is characterized by straight eyebrows and narrow cheekbones. If you put a person in profile, then the cheekbones are noticeable, but not very pronounced. A high forehead and narrow lower jaw, thin lips, straight hair are also distinctive features of this type. The skin is light, but perceives a tan; dark-skinned pontids can also be found. The hair color is light or dark brown, the eyes are brown, but not almond-shaped, the palpebral fissure is straight. Thin-boned and tall, legs longer than the body. In general, the face looks thin and angular, and has an elongated shape.

Among the Russians there are also Gorids, who, according to the Swedish anthropologist Bertil Ludman, belong to the Alpides (Alpinids), who settled to the east and mixed with the Baltids. Therefore, this type is considered intermediate between the inhabitants of the Alps and the Baltics. Their features are sharper than those of the Baltids, but the pigmentation is lighter than that of the Alps.

Russian appearance types

If the concept of race is quite broad and sometimes covers entire countries, then the definition of “anthropological type” is much narrower. In 1959, a large-scale research project was completed - an expedition of anthropologists to all corners of Russia, which lasted 6 years. Based on the data obtained, scientists identified 15 types characteristic of certain areas.

• The Ilmen-Belozersky type has sharp features, a pronounced profile, above average height, and men have a full beard. Every second person in a hundred has light eyes, and 29-40% have light-colored hair.
• The Valdai type is characterized by the same ratio of light eyes and hair to dark as the previous one, but the beard in men is less frequent and the face is wider.
• The Western Upper Volga is similar to the Ilmensky, but the nose is straight, the hair is darker, and the beard is thicker. Less common is the fold of the upper eyelid.

The Arkhangelsk type are those with a slightly wider nose than the Ilmen type; light-eyed people are more common among them. The beard is even thicker and the face has a more defined profile. Epicanthus is very rare.
The Eastern Upper Volga type of people is characterized by short stature, a concave bridge of the nose is less common, and the hair is on average darker than that of the first two types.

• The Vyatka-Kama is similar to the eastern Upper Volga, the eyes and hair are dark.
• The Vologda-Vyatka type has predominantly light skin, light eyes and hair.
• The Klyazma type is a tall people with a straight nose, brown eyes and light brown hair.
• The central type is, one might say, the arithmetic mean for all Russian types. It has the greatest similarity with the western Upper Volga. Dark hair is found in the majority of the population.
• The Don-Sur type, despite its southern distribution, does not have Mongoloid features, and light eyes are found in every second person. Compared to residents of other southern regions, this type has paler skin.
• The Middle Volga type is characterized by a small face size, and men by a thick beard. 80% have dark hair, but 42% have light irises.
• The steppe type is intermediate between the Don Sur and Middle Volga.
• The Pskov-Poozersky type is very similar in appearance to the Prussians. Many people of this type have light eyes - almost 71%.
• Desno-Semeysky type - Transbaikal Old Believers, who were taken out at the end of the 19th century. from Belarus and Ukraine. They assimilated into Russia, but rarely intermarried with the Buryats and other peoples around them. Therefore, for the area where they lived, their appearance was contrasting - 47% had light eyes, every fourth out of a hundred had blond hair.

With the expansion of globalization, the development of transport and the growth of the economic well-being of the people, the boundaries between individual races and types are increasingly blurred. It is already difficult to find “purely Russians” who do not have a representative of a different race in their family.

(Homo arcticus fennicus according to Sergi)

North-Eastern European mixed type, the result of the introduction and subsequent stabilization of the lapoid element within the Baltic population. The East Baltic type is part of the Baltic continuum, opposite to the Western Baltic type.

East Baltic type (according to Biasutti)

• - The Baltic Shield is an outcrop of the ancient folded foundation of the East European Platform in the region of the Republic. Karelia, Murmansk, partly Leningrad region. Russia, as well as in Finland...

  Geographical encyclopedia

• -, arose in connection with the construction in 1853. from St. Petersburg to Peterhof and was originally called Peterhof...
• - named after Sergo Ordzhonikidze, shipbuilding, one of the oldest and largest in the USSR. It produces gas turbine ships, timber carriers, tankers, refrigerators, research vessels, nuclear...

  St. Petersburg (encyclopedia)

• - North-Eastern European mixed type, the result of the introduction and subsequent stabilization of the lapoid element within the Baltic population...
• - according to N.N. Cheboksarov is a fair-haired, light-eyed, snub-nosed, straight-haired, short, short-faced type of the Russian people. It differs from the White Sea type in having greater brachycephaly and less beard growth...

  Physical Anthropology. Illustrated explanatory dictionary

• - protrusion of the Precambrian basement in the northwestern part of the East European Platform. It is composed of Archean and Lower Proterozoic rocks. Since the Paleozoic, it has periodically risen and been an area of ​​demolition...

  Russian Encyclopedia

• - protrusion of the Precambrian basement in the north-west. East European Platform. To the north-west borders on the folded structures of the Caledonides of Scandinavia, which are thrust onto the crystalline. shield breeds...

  Geological encyclopedia

• - a large structural uplift of the northwestern part of the East European Platform, where its Precambrian folded foundation protrudes to the surface, and the rocks of the younger sedimentary cover are almost...

  Great Soviet Encyclopedia

• - protrusion of the Precambrian basement in the northwestern part of the East European Platform. It is composed of Archean and Lower Proterozoic rocks. Since the Paleozoic, it periodically rose and became an area of ​​demolition...

  Large encyclopedic dictionary

• - BALTIC, oh, oh. 1. see Balts. 2. Relating to the Balts, their languages, way of life, culture, as well as the territories of their residence, internal structure, history; such as the Balts. Baltic languages...

  Ozhegov's Explanatory Dictionary

• - ...
• - ...

  Spelling dictionary of the Russian language

• - ...

  Together. Apart. Hyphenated. Dictionary-reference book

• - Baltic adj. 1. Connected to the Baltic Sea. 2...

  Explanatory Dictionary by Efremova

• - ...

  Spelling dictionary-reference book

• - balt "...

  Russian spelling dictionary

"East Baltic type" in books

WHITE SEA-BALTIC COMBINE – BBK

From the book Russia in a concentration camp author Solonevich Ivan

WHITE SEA-BALTIC COMBINE – BBK SOLO REFLECTIONS The cell is wet and dark. Every morning I use a rag to wipe away trickles of water from the walls and puddles from the floor. By noon, the floor is again covered in puddles. Around seven o’clock in the morning they push a pound of black, inedible bread through my door window -

Salad “Baltic Coast”

From the book The Best Fish Dishes for Holidays and Every Day author Kashin Sergey Pavlovich

Salad “Baltic Coast”

From the book Salads for the New Year's table author Zaitsev Viktor Borisovich

"Baltic Fleet"

From the book The most delicious recipes. Super Easy Cooking Recipes author Kashin Sergey Pavlovich

47. Baltic Landswehr

From the book White Guard author Shambarov Valery Evgenievich

47. Baltic Landswehr The Baltic states in one fell swoop received a full bouquet of “pleasures” - the unbridled banditry characteristic of the first Red invasion, which it escaped under German occupation, and the systematized nightmare characteristic of the second, and the whole

Baltic question

author

The Baltic Question The Little Russian Question, through its direct or indirect effect, complicated Moscow's foreign policy. Tsar Alexei, having started a war with Poland for Little Russia in 1654, quickly conquered all of Belarus and a significant part of Lithuania with Vilna, Kovna and Grodna. While

Baltic Fleet

From the book Course of Russian History (Lectures XXXIII-LXI) author Klyuchevsky Vasily Osipovich

Baltic Fleet With the beginning of the Northern War, the Azov squadron was abandoned, and after the Prut, the Sea of ​​Azov was also lost. All of Peter's efforts were directed towards creating the Baltic Fleet. Back in 1701, he dreamed that he would have up to 80 large ships here. They quickly recruited a crew:

Baltic Bridge

From the book Bridges of St. Petersburg author Antonov Boris Ivanovich

Baltic Bridge The bridge is located opposite the Baltic Station. The length of the bridge is 33 m, width - 4.5 m. The name of the bridge comes from the Baltic Station. The bridge was built in 1957 according to the design of engineer A. A. Kulikov and architect P. A. Areshev. Being at the same time pedestrian, it has

Slavic and Baltic

From the book To the Origins of Rus' [People and Language] author Trubachev Oleg Nikolaevich

Slavic and Baltic An important criterion for the localization of the ancient area of ​​the Slavs is the related relationship of Slavic to other Indo-European languages ​​and, above all, to Baltic. The scheme or model of these relations accepted by linguists radically determines

Baltic village

From the book Historical Districts of St. Petersburg from A to Z author Glezerov Sergey Evgenievich

Baltic village This “St. Petersburg province” was very close to the Baltic station, between the Peterhof highway (now Stachek Avenue) and the Baltic railway line. Once upon a time, the only road that connected this outskirts with

Baltic Fleet

From the book The Great Patriotic War. Large biographical encyclopedia author Zalessky Konstantin Alexandrovich

Baltic Fleet Commander: V. F. Tributs (28.4.1939–15.2.1946) Members of the Military Council: M. G. Yakovenko (6.1941–18.7.1941); N. K. Smirnov (18.7.1941–7.1945) Chiefs of Staff: Yu. A. Panteleev (22.6–29.9.1941); Yu. F. Rall (29.9.1941–15.2.1943); A. N. Petrov (15.2–16.3.1943; 25.10–18.12.1943; 18.12.1943–27.4.1945); M. I. Arapov (16.3–25.10.1943);

From the book “Tsesarevich” Part II. Battleship. 1906-1925 author Melnikov Rafail Mikhailovich

6. Baltic detachment The excitement of returning home, pride in the success of a completed voyage, joy from the success of completed exams, inspiration from being promoted to officer, “Napoleonic plans” for the upcoming service and how many other feelings, hopes and expectations