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Economic use of the Pacific Ocean by man. Use of the oceans. Roles for working in groups

Theme: "Pacific Ocean"

Goals: 1. To acquaint students with the physical and geographical features of the Pacific Ocean, the features of nature, and human economic activity in the ocean.

2. Develop the ability to work in a group, analyze, summarize and systematize the material, the ability to work independently. Systematize the ability to work with a map, develop speech, thinking of students.

3. Cultivate a sense of responsibility, independence, the ability to hear others. To instill love for the beauty of the nature of the ocean, the ability to see it.

Equipment:

1. Texts with assignments for students, markers, drawing paper.

2. Atlases, wall map of the world.

3. Presentation for the lesson.

4. Tasks for each group, questionnaires for students.

During the classes:

1. Org. moment.

Guys, do you like when guests come to your house?

So today we have guests. Today at the lesson we will all work in interest groups. Each group will have their own assignment, and our guests also have an assignment to work on during today's lesson.

2. Call stage

Today we will study a geographical object, and which one, try to determine for yourself.

slide 1.

1. Part of this geographical feature is the dirtiest sea on Earth - the Yellow.

2. This geographical feature also includes the deepest sea on Earth - the Philippine Sea.

3. Only in this geographical feature can you see the Great Barrier Reef, built by small animals, and it is so huge that it can even be seen from the moon.

4. It is here that you can observe the most gigantic destructive waves - tsunamis.

5. This geographical object is so huge in area that it can fit all the land on itself, and there will still be a place.

Many of you have probably guessed what geographical object we are talking about. Pacific Ocean.

Slide 2. (Picture of the Pacific Ocean, sound of the sea, teacher reads the text :)

Colorful ocean! In a calm, the mirror-like surface of the water, flooded with bright sunlight, looks whitish, especially near the horizon, which is perceived as fuzzy and blurry. But as soon as a weak breeze pulls the ocean with light ripples, a juicy blue will immediately appear and play on it. A cloud will run into the sun, and the water will darken. Heavy rain clouds will close the sky - and the ocean will become like the sky - gray and gloomy. In the evening, when the sun begins to set, the water lights up with a crimson flame.

Problematic question of the lesson:

Often this ocean is also called the Great. And today in the lesson we will try to correlate the characteristic features of this ocean with its names, and also agree or disagree with the names of this ocean.

Since we have already explored some of the oceans, propose a plan for exploring the ocean based on the data you already know.

Slide 3 ( FGP cluster )

Pacific Ocean:

1. What continents washes.

2. What oceans is associated with.

3. Located relative to:

equator;

zero meridian;

tropics;

polar circles;

4. Climatic zones

5. History of the study.

6. Relief.

7. Climate.

8. Organic world.

9. Types of household activities.

What information can be obtained using only a geographical map? (the student answers at the blackboard with a map.)

Slide 4:

1. What continents washes:

Australia

Antarctica

Slide 5.

2. What oceans is associated with:

Arctic

Indian

Atlantic

slide 6.

3. Located relative to:

Equator - S. p. and S. p.;

zero meridian - Z. p., V. p.;

tropics - cross S. t., Yu. t.;

polar circles - crosses the south p.k.;

Slide 7.

4. Climatic zones:

S.P. - all but arctic

Yu. P. - everything.

Slide 8 ( common branched cluster )

See how much we've already said about the Pacific by being able to read a map. What good fellows we are!

Why do you think the study of any object begins with its geographical location?

3. The stage of realization of the meaning (comprehension of the content)

Work in interest groups.

Yes, precisely because you still do not have enough knowledge on this topic, you will extract them yourself. It was for this purpose that in the last lesson you were divided into interest groups, and some of you chose an additional task of a leading nature. And today in the lesson you will have the opportunity to demonstrate the result of your work to the class.

Distribution of roles in the group:

Please note that the roles are written on your table on a yellow sheet, distribute them among themselves within 30 seconds.

Speaker:

Coordinator:

Secretary:

SOS - director: asks the teacher for help.

Bodrila:

Task explanation: ( written on a piece of paper for each group )

So, the task of each group is as follows:

1. Everyone in the group gets acquainted with the text proposed to your group, in the course of reading, makes some notes for themselves.

2. Together with the group, they try to draw up their own cluster or plan on a drawing paper using markers.

Have questions?

Get to work.

Texts for the group:

4 group; Draws up a complex plan on the topic "Ocean economic activities."

More than 50 coastal countries are located on the shores and islands of the Pacific Ocean, in which approximately half of humanity lives.

The use of the natural resources of the ocean began in antiquity. Several centers of navigation arose here - in China, in Oceania, in South America, on the Aleutian Islands.

The Pacific Ocean plays an important role in the life of many nations. Half of the world's fish catch comes from this ocean . Except fish part of the catch is made up of various shellfish, crabs, shrimps, krill. In Japan, algae and mollusks are grown on the seabed. In some countries, salt and other chemicals are extracted from sea water and desalinated. Metal placers are being developed on the shelf. Oil is being produced off the coast of California and Australia. Ferromanganese ores have been found at the bottom of the ocean. Important sea routes pass through the greatest ocean of our planet, the length of these routes is very large. Navigation is well developed, mainly along the coasts of the mainland.

Human economic activity in the Pacific Ocean has led to the pollution of its waters, to the depletion of certain types of biological wealth. So, by the end of the XVIII century. mammals were exterminated - sea cows (a type of pinnipeds), discovered by one of the participants in the expedition of V. Bering. On the verge of extinction at the beginning of the 20th century. there were seals, the number of whales decreased. Currently, their fishery is limited. A great danger in the ocean is water pollution by oil, some heavy metals and waste from the nuclear industry. Harmful substances are carried by currents throughout the ocean. Even off the coast of Antarctica, these substances have been found in the composition of marine organisms.

Presentation by each group of their work,

Before the groups begin their presentations, I want to remind you that the purpose of our lesson is to:

Correlate the characteristic features of this ocean with its names, and also try to agree or disagree with the names of this ocean.

And for this, each group has a sheet, which is divided into sectors "+" and "-". As you listen to your comrades talk about the ocean, you write arguments for or against the name.

You can also ask questions to clarify or clarify the material.

4. Stage of reflection and reflection.

Summary of work: The climax of our work with you has come:

Let's hear your arguments for or against the names "Quiet"

"Great". Which band is ready to start their performance?

There are guys in our class who have chosen an individual task of a leading-edge nature and now they will present to your attention the result of their work, and at the same time we will consolidate the material we have already studied.

Working with the reference abstract "Pacific Ocean."

Teacher question:

What are the features of the Pacific Ocean?

What was the most interesting part of today's lesson? Struck?

What else would you like to know about the Pacific Ocean?

Reflection.

(anonymous profile)

To do this, each of you has orange sheets with questions, answer them. The questionnaire is anonymous, so it is not necessary to sign the sheets. Underline your answer

1. Did you enjoy working in groups?

Yes No Don't know

2. Did you like your role in the group?

Yes No Don't know (both yes and no)

3. How did your group cope with the task?

Fully.

Partially not done.

Failed to complete the task.

4. Assess your activity in the work of the group.

Not very active.

Passive.

Thank you for the lesson.

When you leave the lesson, attach to the mood tree the sheet that matches your mood today in the lesson.

Roles for working in groups:

Speaker : speaks on behalf of the group, presents the result of your joint work.

Coordinator : ensures equal participation of group members, monitors working hours, so that everyone participates in the work.

Secretary : writes down ideas expressed and decisions made.

SOS - director: asks the teacher for help.

Bodrila: inspires the members of the group, encourages, encourages all the ideas expressed in the group and the efforts made by the members of the group.

Roles for working in groups:

Speaker : speaks on behalf of the group, presents the result of your joint work.

Coordinator : ensures equal participation of group members, monitors working hours, so that everyone participates in the work.

Secretary : writes down ideas expressed and decisions made.

SOS - director: asks the teacher for help.

Bodrila: inspires the members of the group, encourages, encourages all the ideas expressed in the group and the efforts made by the members of the group.

Roles for working in groups:

Speaker : speaks on behalf of the group, presents the result of your joint work.

Coordinator : ensures equal participation of group members, monitors working hours, so that everyone participates in the work.

Secretary : writes down ideas expressed and decisions made.

SOS - director: asks the teacher for help.

Bodrila: inspires the members of the group, encourages, encourages all the ideas expressed in the group and the efforts made by the members of the group.

Roles for working in groups:

Speaker : speaks on behalf of the group, presents the result of your joint work.

Coordinator : ensures equal participation of group members, monitors working hours, so that everyone participates in the work.

Secretary : writes down ideas expressed and decisions made.

SOS - director: asks the teacher for help.

Bodrila: inspires the members of the group, encourages, encourages all the ideas expressed in the group and the efforts made by the members of the group.

Tasks for group 1:

Composes a cluster on the topic: "History of research."

3. Present the result of your work.

Working time is limited to 10 minutes. The coordinator must keep track of the time.

Tasks for group 2:

Composes a cluster on the topic: "The relief of the Pacific Ocean."

1. Everyone in the group gets acquainted with the text proposed to your group, in the course of reading, makes some notes for themselves that will be needed when compiling the cluster.

2. Together with a group on a drawing paper, using markers, make up their own cluster

3. Present the result of your work.

Working time is limited to 10 minutes. The coordinator must keep track of the time.

Tasks for group 3:

Makes up a cluster on the topic: "Climate of the Pacific Ocean."

1. Everyone in the group gets acquainted with the text proposed to your group, in the course of reading, makes some notes for themselves that will be needed when compiling the cluster.

2. Together with the group on the paper with the help of markers, make up their own cluster.

3. Present the result of your work.

Working time is limited to 10 minutes. The coordinator must keep track of the time.

Tasks for group 4:

Draws up a complex plan on the topic "Ocean economic activities."

1. Everyone in the group gets acquainted with the text proposed to your group, in the course of reading makes some notes for themselves that will be needed when drawing up the plan.

2. Together with the group on whatman paper, using markers, draw up a plan.

3. Present the result of your work.

Working time is limited to 10 minutes. The coordinator must keep track of the time.

I invite you to analyze your work in groups.

Yes No Don't know

Yes No Don't know (both yes and no)

Fully.

Partially not done.

Failed to complete the task.

He was active (tried to participate everywhere).

Was active most of the time.

Not very active.

Passive.

I invite you to analyze your work in groups.

The questionnaire is anonymous, so it is not necessary to sign the sheets. Underline your answer.

1. Did you enjoy working in groups?

Yes No Don't know

2. Did you like your role in the group?

Yes No Don't know (both yes and no)

3. How did your group cope with the task?

Fully.

Partially not done.

Failed to complete the task.

4. Assess your activity in the work of the group.

He was active (tried to participate everywhere).

Was active most of the time.

Not very active.

Passive.

I invite you to analyze your work in groups.

The questionnaire is anonymous, so it is not necessary to sign the sheets. Underline your answer.

1. Did you enjoy working in groups?

Yes No Don't know

2. Did you like your role in the group?

Yes No Don't know (both yes and no)

3. How did your group cope with the task?

Fully.

Partially not done.

Failed to complete the task.

4. Assess your activity in the work of the group.

He was active (tried to participate everywhere).

Was active most of the time.

Not very active.

Passive.

Group 1: Composes a cluster on the topic: "History of research."

Many peoples inhabiting the Pacific shores and islands from ancient times made voyages on the ocean, mastered its riches. The beginning of the penetration of Europeans into the Pacific Ocean coincided with the era of the Great Geographical Discoveries. The ships of F. Magellan for several months of navigation crossed a huge body of water from east to west. All this time, the sea was surprisingly calm, which gave Magellan reason to call it the Pacific Ocean.

Much information about the nature of the ocean was obtained during the voyages of J. Cook. A great contribution to the study of the ocean and the islands in it was made by Russian expeditions led by, wa,. In the same 19th century comprehensive studies were carried out on board the ship "Vityaz". Regular scientific voyages since 1949 were made by Soviet expeditionary ships. A special international organization is engaged in the study of the Pacific Ocean.

Group 1: Composes a cluster on the topic: "History of research."

Group 2: Composes a cluster on the topic: "The relief of the Pacific Ocean."

The relief of the ocean floor is complex. The continental shelf (shelf) is well developed only off the coast of Asia and Australia. Continental slopes are steep, often stepped. Large uplifts and ridges divide the ocean floor into basins. Near America is the East Pacific Rise, which is part of the system of mid-ocean ridges. At the bottom of the ocean there are more than 10 thousand individual seamounts, mostly of volcanic origin.

The lithospheric plate, on which the Pacific Ocean lies, interacts with other plates at its boundaries. The edges of the Pacific Plate plunge into a tight space of trenches that encircle the ocean. These movements give rise to earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Here lies the famous "Ring of Fire" of the planet and the deepest Mariana Trench m).

Group 2: Composes a cluster on the topic: "The relief of the Pacific Ocean."

Group 3: Composes a cluster on the topic: "Climate of the Pacific Ocean."

The climate of the ocean is varied. The Pacific Ocean is located in all climatic zones except the Arctic. Above its vast expanses, the air is saturated with moisture. Up to 2000 mm of precipitation falls in the equator region. The Pacific Ocean is protected from the cold Arctic Ocean by land and underwater ridges, so its northern part is warmer than the southern.

The Pacific Ocean is the most restless and formidable among the oceans of the planet. Trade winds blow in its central parts. In the western - monsoons are developed. In winter, a cold and dry monsoon comes from the mainland, which has a significant impact on the climate of the ocean; some of the seas are covered with ice. Often, devastating tropical hurricanes - typhoons ("typhoon" means "strong wind") sweep over the western part of the ocean. In temperate latitudes, storms rage throughout the cold half of the year. Westerly transport of air prevails here. The highest waves up to 30 m high were noted in the north and south of the Pacific Ocean. Hurricanes raise entire water mountains in it.

The properties of water masses are determined by the characteristics of the climate. Due to the large extent of the ocean from north to south, the average annual water temperature on the surface varies from -1 to +29 °C. In general, precipitation in the ocean prevails over evaporation, so the salinity of surface waters in it is somewhat lower than in other oceans.

Group 3: Composes a cluster on the topic: "Climate of the Pacific Ocean."

Group 3: Makes up a cluster

For centuries, people have used the ocean (see the article "") as a source of food, minerals and other valuable products, as a route for transportation, and more recently for tourism. Seaweed is a good fertilizer, as well as a valuable source of substances that serve as food additives. obtained from the sea for more than 4000 years, many minerals are mined in the open sea. The seabed is a source of sand and gravel for construction, and in some areas huge quantities of dead shells are lifted from the bottom, crushed and added to the cement.

When considering the issues of studying and using the oceans in economic activity, it is necessary to pay attention to one more aspect: the territorial affiliation of its individual sections. In ancient times, the oceans were considered the property of all mankind. In the Middle Ages, with the rapid and fairly successful development of navigation, a number of states began to claim exclusive ownership of certain seas and parts of the oceans: Venice considered the Adriatic Sea “its own”, Turkey - the Black Sea, England - the North. The states that claimed rights to certain water areas adhered to their laws.

A law on the free sea was needed. In 1906, the Dutch lawyer H. Grogius first formulated the principle of the free sea, which is still in effect today. It provides for freedom of navigation and fishing in any area of the oceans. However, in order to protect their own coasts, the coastal countries began to create a marine security belt of various widths. The concepts of territorial waters, coastal waters have appeared, and in recent years many problems have arisen around the ownership of the continental shelf.

Territorial waters are considered as part of the waters of the seas and oceans washing the shores of a given state, and are a continuation of its territory with the spread of legal norms to them.

The width of territorial waters was limited for a long time to 3 nautical miles (a nautical mile is 1.85 km - this is the approximate range of a cannonball). At the beginning of the XVIII century. The UK and then the US established a 12-mile zone. A three-mile zone exists in 24 states: France, Japan, Australia, and others. Norway, Finland, Sweden declare a 4-mile width of territorial waters; Spain, Italy, Greece, Sri Lanka, etc. - 6 miles. Thirty-four countries have adopted a 12-mile width. At present, 70 countries have significantly expanded their territorial waters: Cameroon and Tanzania - up to 50 miles, Gabon - up to 100, Somalia - up to 200 miles. The stocks of fish in these waters are of particular importance in determining the width of territorial waters; this concerns, for example, the upwelling area off the coast of South America. Tsarist Russia established a 12-mile width of territorial waters. This width has been preserved in our country to this day.

In territorial waters, the state has the right to jurisdiction over any foreign ships (military, commercial, tourist), the exercise of administrative and police functions, customs supervision, fishing, maritime honors.

Merchant ships have the right to pass through the territorial waters of another state.

In addition to territorial waters, there are also adjacent zones. These are water areas of the high seas or oceans within which the state has the right to exercise power and control for certain purposes. There are several of these zones: customs zones (exist in 40 states), 3-mile zones of criminal and civil jurisdiction, sanitary zones (from 3 to 18 miles) exist to prevent the spread of epidemics, fishing zones (exist in 40 countries, have a width of up to 50 miles ), conservation zones exist to limit fishing and to reproduce biological resources. There is also an immigration zone established during the period of hostilities. Legally, the width of coastal waters should not exceed 12 miles, but this principle is often violated.

The issue of straits is very important in maritime law. Although the passage to some seas (Mediterranean, Black, Baltic, Japanese, Red) is controlled by one or two states, the straits are considered international, for example, Gibraltar, Dardanelles, Bosphorus, Magellan, La Perouse, Greater and Lesser Belt, Øresund.

Beyond the outer boundary of territorial waters, the open sea begins, as a rule, its shelf part. Almost all coastal countries are fighting for the rights to use the resources of the shelf. Because of the use of the shelf, there are often conflicts.

The Geneva Conference of 1958 recognized the sovereign rights of the coastal states to the continental shelf in relation to the exploration and development of its natural resources. However, these rights do not extend to the waters and the airspace above them. Until now, questions about the width of territorial waters, the right to use the shelf and the bottom of the oceans are among the most controversial in international law.

The most important problem of our time is probably the conviction of states and their political leaders of the need for multilateral cooperation in the study and development of the riches of the oceans. Directions for such cooperation are already clearly emerging:

the study of the physics of the oceans, which is of great practical importance for weather forecasts, fishing and navigation conditions;

study, use and protection of biological resources of various parts of the oceans;

marine geology - exploration and production of minerals, primarily ferromanganese nodules, as well as the development of oil and gas fields on the shelves;

development of measures to combat ocean pollution.

A lot of work has been done over the past half century.

The year 1931 was declared the International Polar Year, and Oceanic Tables (materials for the standard processing of marine observations) were prepared and published for it. In 1957, the 3rd edition of these tables was made. In 1959, the International Oceanological Congress was held in New York. In 1968, the Association of the Global System of Oceanographic Stations (OGOS) was created in Paris. ENESCO and WMO became the coordinator of this association. OGOSS includes oceanographic stations, automatic telemetry buoys, R/V, marine data collection centers. Processing of satellite data, observations and surveys from space stations is also carried out. In 1976, the 14th Pacific Congress took place in Russia (in Khabarovsk).

Joint interstate expeditions are carried out (Troyeks, Poleks, etc.). Developed a joint program PIGARP - research of global atmospheric processes. The "Cut" program was implemented to study the Atlantic from the mouth of the river. Amazon to the coast of Africa. In 1987, the report of the International Commission on Environment and Development (ICED) was published, where in the 10th chapter an analysis of the state and use of the World Ocean is given.

In the last decade, countries have been exchanging information about the nature of the oceans, and jointly calibrating and standardizing instruments and methods for measuring and processing data. Four base stations are already monitoring in the North Atlantic: in the Norwegian Sea on the border with the North (east of Iceland), south of the British Isles, southeast of Newfoundland and east of the isthmus of Florida.

Joint research by a number of countries is just beginning and has a very bright future.

Krill

Krill are the largest crustaceans in the rich plankton of the southern seas. They feed on phytoplankton. There are huge flocks of krill up to several kilometers wide and weighing up to 2 million tons. Krill are eaten by fish, penguins, other sea birds, balens (toothless whales). One whale can eat 4-5 tons of krill per day. Since 1976, people have harvested about 500,000 tons of krill a year, using it as food or fish feed. However, it is important not to deplete krill resources in order not to endanger whales and other animals that feed on them.

Pearl

Pearls are formed in the shells of pearl mollusks when layers of mother-of-pearl envelop a grain of sand or other foreign body that has got inside the shell.

Offshore oil production

And the gas was formed from tiny plants and animals that lived in the sea millions of years ago. After death, they settled to the seabed, covered with layers of sand and silt. The combination of pressure and closed environment turned them into drops of oil in tiny holes in the stone, like water in a sponge. In some places, oil lies at a depth of 2 km under the current bottom. On drilling rigs there is a drill that drills wells in the bottom. The oil or gas is then pumped out and delivered to land via pipelines or tankers. About a quarter of the world's oil is extracted from the sea, or about 3 million m 3 per day.

manganese nodules

Manganese nodules are strange lumps found on the seafloor. They are formed when, dissolved in water, they are deposited around particles such as fish bones or shark teeth. They contain high concentrations of nickel, cobalt and copper, which are beneficial to humans. The best concretions are found in the large deep plains, where there is little rainfall and stable conditions. It is assumed that at the bottom is 1500 trillion. tons of nodules.

Tidal energy

Sea waves and tides can be used. The world's first tidal power plant is located on the Rana River in Brittany, France. Rising at high tide, the water passes through the tunnels in the dam and rotates the blades of the turbines installed there, generating electricity. At low tide, the water rushes back and the turbines spin again.

Tourism

Sandy beaches, cliffs and scenic coastlines attract millions of tourists. There are many types of entertainment such as surfing, sailing, scuba diving, snorkeling and fishing. Even the high seas are now used for tourism, with large cruise ships sailing across the oceans to distant islands.

Fishing

Today, fish provides about 15% of all animal protein consumed by mankind. Fish and fish products are used as animal feed, used as fertilizer, and soap is made from them. Modern fishing boats, using the latest equipment, catch huge shoals of fish at a time. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to restore its numbers.

Answer left Guest

The Pacific Ocean plays an important role in the life of many countries and peoples. The ocean and its seas wash the coasts of the continents, on which there are more than 30 coastal states with a total population of about 2 billion people.

1. Biological resources. ranks 1st in the world in the production of fish and seafood. The main regions are northwestern, western, southeastern.

2.Shipping. The sea routes of the ocean are the longest. Many shipping routes run along the sea coasts, but there are also transportation between North America and Asia. Hawaii and the island of Tahiti serve as important centers for the crossing of these sea routes.

3. The energy resources of the Pacific waters are large and varied, but are still poorly used. Oil on the shelf of South and North America; coal off the coast of Japan, New Zealand, Australia.

4. Industrial desalination of sea water in the USA and Japan.

5.Sea salt mines. Table and rock salt, magnesium, and bromine are extracted from sea water. This fishery is developed in Japan, China, and the Philippines.

The Pacific Ocean and its seas wash the coasts of the continents, on which there are more than 30 coastal states with a total population of about 2 billion people. The main types of natural resources of the ocean are its biological resources. Ocean waters are characterized by high productivity (about 200 kg/km2). In recent years, the Pacific Ocean has ranked first in the world in terms of fish and seafood production. Mining began on the ocean shelf: deposits of oil and gas, tin ores and other non-ferrous metals; from sea water, table and potassium salts, magnesium, and bromine are obtained.

World and regional shipping routes pass through the Pacific Ocean, and a large number of ports are located on the ocean shores.

The most important lines run from the shores of North America to the Far East shores of Asia. The energy resources of the Pacific waters are large and varied, but are still underused.

Human economic activity has led to severe pollution of some areas of the Pacific Ocean.

This was especially evident off the coast of Japan and North America. The stocks of whales, a number of valuable species of fish and other animals have been depleted. Some of them have lost their former commercial value.

Economic use of the Pacific Ocean wikipedia
Site search:

Types of economic activity in the ocean, areas of fish and other fisheries.

The Pacific Ocean plays an important role in the life of many countries and peoples.

The ocean and its seas wash the coasts of the continents, on which there are more than 30 coastal states with a total population of about 2 billion people. 1. Biological resources. ranks 1st in the world in the production of fish and seafood.

The main regions are northwestern, western, southeastern. 2.Shipping. The sea routes of the ocean are the longest. Many shipping routes run along the sea coasts, but there are also transportation between North America and Asia. Hawaii and the island of Tahiti serve as important centers for the crossing of these sea routes. 3. The energy resources of the Pacific waters are large and varied, but are still poorly used.

Oil on the shelf of South and North America; coal off the coast of Japan, New Zealand, Australia. 4. Industrial desalination of sea water in the USA and Japan. 5.Sea salt mines. Table and rock salt, magnesium, and bromine are extracted from sea water. This fishery is developed in Japan, China, and the Philippines.

For centuries, people have used the ocean (see the article "The Life of the Oceans") as a source of food, minerals and other valuable products, as a route for transportation, and more recently for tourism. Seaweed is a good fertilizer, as well as a valuable source of substances that serve as food additives.

Salt has been extracted from sea water for over 4,000 years, and many minerals have been mined offshore. The seabed is a source of sand and gravel for construction, and in some areas huge quantities of dead shells are lifted from the bottom, crushed and added to the cement.

When considering the issues of studying and using the oceans in economic activity, it is necessary to pay attention to one more aspect: the territorial affiliation of its individual sections.

In ancient times, the oceans were considered the property of all mankind. In the Middle Ages, with the rapid and fairly successful development of navigation, a number of states began to claim exclusive ownership of certain seas and parts of the oceans: Venice considered the Adriatic Sea “its own”, Turkey - the Black Sea, England - the North. The states that claimed rights to certain water areas adhered to their laws.

A law on the free sea was needed.

In 1906, the Dutch lawyer H. Grogius first formulated the principle of the free sea, which is still in effect today. It provides for freedom of navigation and fishing in any area of the oceans. However, in order to protect their own coasts, the coastal countries began to create a marine security belt of various widths. The concepts of territorial waters, coastal waters have appeared, and in recent years many problems have arisen around the ownership of the continental shelf.

Territorial waters are considered as part of the waters of the seas and oceans washing the shores of a given state, and are a continuation of its territory with the spread of legal norms to them.

The width of territorial waters was limited for a long time to 3 nautical miles (a nautical mile is 1.85 km - this is the approximate range of a cannonball).

At the beginning of the XVIII century. The UK and then the US established a 12-mile zone. A three-mile zone exists in 24 states: France, Japan, Australia, and others. Norway, Finland, Sweden declare a 4-mile width of territorial waters; Spain, Italy, Greece, Sri Lanka, etc. - 6 miles. Thirty-four countries have adopted a 12-mile width. At present, 70 countries have significantly expanded their territorial waters: Cameroon and Tanzania - up to 50 miles, Gabon - up to 100, Somalia - up to 200 miles.

The stocks of fish in these waters are of particular importance in determining the width of territorial waters; this concerns, for example, the upwelling area off the coast of South America.

Tsarist Russia established a 12-mile width of territorial waters. This width has been preserved in our country to this day.

Merchant ships have the right to pass through the territorial waters of another state.

In addition to territorial waters, there are also adjacent zones.

These are water areas of the high seas or oceans within which the state has the right to exercise power and control for certain purposes. There are several of these zones: customs zones (exist in 40 states), 3-mile zones of criminal and civil jurisdiction, sanitary zones (from 3 to 18 miles) exist to prevent the spread of epidemics, fishing zones (exist in 40 countries, have a width of up to 50 miles ), conservation zones exist to limit fishing and to reproduce biological resources.

There is also an immigration zone established during the period of hostilities. Legally, the width of coastal waters should not exceed 12 miles, but this principle is often violated.

Beyond the outer boundary of territorial waters, the open sea begins, as a rule, its shelf part.

Almost all coastal countries are fighting for the rights to use the resources of the shelf. Because of the use of the shelf, there are often conflicts.

Geneva Conference 1958

recognized the sovereign rights of the coastal states to the continental shelf in relation to the exploration and development of its natural resources. However, these rights do not extend to the waters and the airspace above them. Until now, questions about the width of territorial waters, the right to use the shelf and the bottom of the oceans are among the most controversial in international law.

Directions for such cooperation are already clearly emerging:

the study of the physics of the oceans, which is of great practical importance for weather forecasts, fishing and navigation conditions;

study, use and protection of biological resources of various parts of the oceans;

marine geology - exploration and production of minerals, primarily ferromanganese nodules, as well as the development of oil and gas fields on the shelves;

development of measures to combat ocean pollution.

A lot of work has been done over the past half century.

The year 1931 was declared the International Polar Year, and Oceanic Tables (materials for the standard processing of marine observations) were prepared and published for it.

In 1957, the 3rd edition of these tables was made. In 1959, the International Oceanological Congress was held in New York. In 1968, the Association of the Global System of Oceanographic Stations (OGOS) was created in Paris. ENESCO and WMO became the coordinator of this association. OGOSS includes oceanographic stations, automatic telemetry buoys, R/V, marine data collection centers. Processing of satellite data, observations and surveys from space stations is also carried out.

In 1976, the 14th Pacific Congress took place in Russia (in Khabarovsk).

Joint interstate expeditions are carried out (Troyeks, Poleks, etc.). Developed a joint program PIGARP - research of global atmospheric processes.

The "Cut" program was implemented to study the Atlantic from the mouth of the river. Amazon to the coast of Africa. In 1987, the report of the International Commission on Environment and Development (ICED) was published, where in the 10th chapter an analysis of the state and use of the World Ocean is given.

Joint research by a number of countries is just beginning and has a very bright future.

Krill

Krill are the largest crustaceans in the rich plankton of the southern seas.

They feed on phytoplankton. There are huge flocks of krill up to several kilometers wide and weighing up to 2 million tons. Krill are eaten by fish, penguins, other sea birds, balens (toothless whales). One whale can eat 4-5 tons of krill per day. Since 1976, people have harvested about 500,000 tons of krill a year, using it as food or fish feed.

However, it is important not to deplete krill resources in order not to endanger whales and other animals that feed on them.

Pearl

Pearls are formed in the shells of pearl mollusks when layers of mother-of-pearl envelop a grain of sand or other foreign body that has got inside the shell.

Offshore oil production

Oil and gas originated from tiny plants and animals that lived in the sea millions of years ago. After death, they settled to the seabed, covered with layers of sand and silt.

The combination of pressure and closed environment turned them into drops of oil in tiny holes in the stone, like water in a sponge. In some places, oil lies at a depth of 2 km under the current bottom. On drilling rigs there is a drill that drills wells in the bottom.

The oil or gas is then pumped out and delivered to land via pipelines or tankers. About a quarter of the world's oil is extracted from the sea, or about 3 million m3 per day.

manganese nodules

Manganese nodules are strange lumps found on the seafloor. They form when elements dissolved in water are deposited around particles such as fish bones or shark teeth. They contain high concentrations of nickel, cobalt and copper, which are beneficial to humans.

The best concretions are found in the large deep plains, where there is little rainfall and stable conditions. It is estimated that at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean is 1500 trillion.

tons of nodules.

Tidal energy

The energy of sea waves and tides can be used. The world's first tidal power plant is located on the Rana River in Brittany, France. Rising at high tide, the water passes through the tunnels in the dam and rotates the blades of the turbines installed there, generating electricity. At low tide, the water rushes back and the turbines spin again.

Tourism

Sandy beaches, cliffs and scenic coastlines attract millions of tourists. There are many types of entertainment such as surfing, sailing, scuba diving, snorkeling and fishing.

Even the high seas are now used for tourism, with large cruise ships sailing across the oceans to distant islands.

Fishing

Today, fish provides about 15% of all animal protein consumed by mankind. Fish and fish products are used as animal feed, used as fertilizer, and soap is made from them.

Modern fishing boats, using the latest equipment, catch huge shoals of fish at a time. Therefore, it is necessary to take measures to restore its numbers.

What are the types of human economic activity in the Atlantic Ocean

The Atlantic Ocean is actively used by people. Fishing is intensively carried out in it - mackerel, herring, tuna are caught. The Atlantic Ocean is used for transport communications between continents and countries. For
The Suez and Panama Canals have been built for better human communication. On the shores of the ocean are the largest ports in the world. Millions of people rest here, and most of all in the Mediterranean Sea. sand, pebbles .. A lot of wells have been drilled in the North Sea, in the Gulf of Mexico .. Tidal power stations have been built everywhere on the ocean shores. But human activity has worsened the quality of the water ocean, a huge amount of sewage, radioactive waste merges here, that the ocean does not have time to cope with water purification independently, he needs human help. The number of commercial fish in the ocean, animals has decreased a lot ..

“Synonyms for dialect words weak-armed, rukoternik, khoronushki, duck, brunzhat, vertebrae” How to get ethanol from sodium ethoxide

At present, the Pacific coast and the islands of the Pacific Ocean develop and settle very unevenly. The largest centers of industrial development are the US coast (from Los Angeles to San Francisco), the coast of Japan and South Korea. The role of the ocean in the economic life of Australia and New Zealand is important. The South Pacific is a "graveyard" of spacecraft. Here, far from sea lanes, space objects that are out of service are flooded.

Fisheries and sea vessels

The temperate and tropical latitudes of the Pacific Ocean are of greatest commercial importance.

The Pacific Ocean accounts for about 60% of the world's fish catch. Among them are salmonids (salmon, salmon friend, silver, Sim) Clupeiformes (anchovies, herring, sardines), cod (cod, pollock) okunovye (mackerel, tuna), flounder (flounder). Mammals collected: whale with seeds, minke whales, sharks, sea otters, sea, sea funnel; invertebrates: crustaceans, shrimps, oysters, scallops, cephalopods.

Mined quantities of plants (kelp (seaweed), ahnfeltia (agaronos), zoster Zostera and fillospadiks) are processed in the food industry and in medicine. The most productive fishing occurs in the west-central and northwestern Tihog Ocean. The largest fishing powers in the Pacific Ocean: Japan (Tokyo, Nagasaki and Shimonoseki), China (Zhoushan archipelago, Yantai, Qingdao, Dalian), Russia Federation (Primorye, Sakhalin, Kamchatka), Peru, Thailand, Indonesia, Philippines, Chile, Vietnam, South Korea, DPRK, Australian Association, New Zealand, USA.

Road routes

In the Pacific Ocean lay an important ocean and air connection between the states of the Pacific Ocean and transit routes between the countries of the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

The most important ocean routes are from Canada and the United States to Taiwan, China and the Philippines.

The main water artery of the strait in the Pacific Ocean: Bering, Tatarsk, La Perouse, Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, Malacca, Tsugaru, bass, Torres, Cook, Magellan. The Pacific Ocean is connected to the Atlantic Ocean by the artificial Panama Canal, dug between North and South America, at the Isthmus of Panama. Main ports: Vladivostok (general cargo, oil products, fish and seafood, timber, scrap, ferrous and non-ferrous metals), Nakhodka (coal, oil, container, scrap metal, refrigerated cargo), Vostochny, Vanino (coal, oil) (Russian) , Busan (Republic of Korea), Kobe Osaka (oil and oil products, machinery and equipment, vehicles, metals and scrap metal), Tokyo-Yokohama (scrap metal, coal, cotton, grain, oil and rubber, chemicals, wool, machinery and equipment, textiles, automobiles, medicines), Nagoya (Japan), Tyntszin, Qingdao, Ningbo, Shanghai (all types of bulk and general cargo), Hong Kong (textiles, clothing, fibers, radio, electrical appliances, plastic products, machinery, equipment ), Kaohsiung, Shenzhen, Guangzhou (China), Ho Chi Minh City (Vietnam), Singapore (oil, rubber, food, textiles, machinery and equipment) (Singapore), Klang (Malaysia), Jakarta (Indonesia), Manila (Philippines), Sydney (general cargo, iron ore, coal, oil, e and oil products, grain), Newcastle, Melbourne (Australia), Auckland (New Zealand), Vancouver (wood, coal, Ouds, oil and oil products, chemicals and general cargo) ( Canada), San Francisco, Los Angeles (oil Oak, Long Beach (USA), Colon (Panama), Huasco (ore, fish, oil, food) (Chile).

There are a large number of relatively small multi-purpose ports in the Pacific Ocean.
Air transport across the Pacific plays an important role. The first regular ocean flight was made in 1936 on the route San Francisco (USA) - Honolulu (Hawaii) - Manila (Philippines).

Now the main routes of the ocean are laid through the northern and central parts of the Pacific Ocean. Air carriers on internal transport and between the islands are of great importance. In 1902, the United Kingdom located the first underwater telegraph cable (length 12.55 thousand kilometers) under the ocean, which crossed the Fanning Islands and Fiji, linking Canada, New Zealand and the Australian Union.

Radio communication has been widely used and for a long time. Satellite artists are now used to communicate across the Pacific Ocean, which significantly increases the capacity of communication channels between countries.

Mineral resources

The bottom of the Pacific Ocean hides a rich position of various minerals. Oil and gas are produced in the fields of China, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, the United States of America (Alaska), Ecuador (Guayaquil Bay), Australia (Bas Strait) and New Zealand.

According to existing estimates of the depth of the Pacific Ocean, they contain up to 30-40% of all potential oil and gas reserves of the World Ocean. The largest producer of tin concentrates in the world are Malaysia, zircon, ilmenite and others - Australia.

The ocean is rich in Feromangan stones, with reserves up to 7 x 1012 tons. The most extensive stocks were observed in the north of the deepest part of the Pacific Ocean, as well as in the southern and Peruvian basins. The calculation of the main elements in the ore contains an ocean of consistency manganese 1010 7.1 t, nickel 2.3 109 t, copper 1.5 109 t, cobalt 1 109 m.

In the Pacific Ocean, which are rich in gas hydrate deposits deep: the Oregon depression, the Kuril Islands and the Sakhalin shelf of the Sea of Okhotsk, the Nankai Trench in the Sea of Japan and off the coast of Japan, in the Peruvian trench. In 2013, Japan plans to start pilot drilling to extract natural gas from methane hydrate deposits on the Pacific Ocean floor, northeast of Tokyo.

Leisure resources

Recreational resources in the Pacific Ocean are characterized by great diversity.

According to the World Tourism Organization, at the end of the 20th century, for centuries, East Asia and the Pacific accounted for 16% of international tourist visits (by 2020, the proportion is expected to rise to 25%).

The main countries for generating outbound tourism in this region are Japan, China, Australia, Singapore, the Republic of Korea, Russia, the United States and Canada. Main recreation areas: Hawaiian Islands, Polynesia and Micronesia, the east coast of Australia, Bohai Bay and Hainan Island in China, Japan's coast, urban areas and urban agglomerations of the coast of North and South America.

Among the countries with the highest tourist flow (compared to the World Tourism Organization, 2010), the Asia-Pacific region stands out: China (55 million visits per year), Malaysia (24 million), Hong Kong (20 million), Thailand (16 million) Macau (12000000), Singapore (9000000), South Korea (9000000), Japan (9000000), Indonesia (7000000), Australia (6000000), Taiwan (6000000), Vietnam (5000000), Philippines (4000000), New Zealand (3000000) , Cambodia (2000000), Guam (1 million); coastal countries of the Americas: USA (60 million), Mexico (22000000), Canada (16000000), Chile (3000000), Colombia (2000000), Costa Rica (2000000), Peru (2000000) Panama (1 million), Guatemala (1 million), El Salvador (1 million), Ecuador (1 million).

1. Which continents are washed by the Pacific and Indian Oceans?

Pacific Ocean: North and South America, Australia, Antarctica, Eurasia

Islands: Kalimantan, New Guinea, New Zealand, Sumatra, Java, Japanese, Philippine, Hawaiian, Tasmania.

Indian Ocean: Australia, Antarctica, Eurasia, Africa

Islands: Madagascar, Sri Lanka, Sumatra, Java.

2. In what hemispheres and in what climatic zones are these oceans located?

Pacific Ocean: located in the Western Hemisphere in all climatic zones except the Arctic.

Indian Ocean: located in the Eastern Hemisphere, climatic zones - from tropical to Antarctic.

3. The basin of which of the oceans is more ancient?

The Pacific Ocean has the oldest basin.

Questions and tasks after the paragraph

1. Name the features of the nature of each of the oceans.

The nature of the Indian Ocean has many features in common with the nature of the Pacific Ocean, especially in the organic world of the two oceans. The Indian Ocean has a peculiar position on the planet: most of it lies in the Southern Hemisphere. In the north, it is bounded by Eurasia and has no connection with the Arctic Ocean. The shores of the ocean are slightly indented. There are relatively few islands. Large islands are located only on the border of the ocean. There are volcanic and coral islands in the ocean.

The main features of the Pacific Ocean are great depths, frequent movements of the earth's crust, many volcanoes at the bottom, a huge supply of heat in its waters, and an exceptional diversity of the organic world.

2. Which continents have the greatest influence on the nature of each of the oceans? How does it manifest itself?

Due to the fact that the Pacific Ocean is influenced by ocean currents and seasonal pressure drops, it has an impact on Australia and Eurasia.

The Indian Ocean has the greatest influence on the nature of Africa. Trade winds are created over the Indian Ocean and they go to Africa, because of this there is little rain in Africa.

3. Name the types of economic activity in the oceans. In which of them is it most developed? Why?

The Pacific Ocean is heavily exploited by humans. Minerals are mined from the bottom of the ocean; the coastline changes with the construction of ports; recreational areas are expanding. Marine salt mines. Table and rock salt, magnesium, and bromine are extracted from sea water. This fishery is developed in Japan, China, and the Philippines.

The Pacific Ocean plays a huge role in the development of maritime transport, in the implementation of economic and cultural ties between the countries located on its coasts.

In recent years, economic activity has led to severe pollution of the ocean, depleted stocks of fish, whales and other animals.

In the Indian Ocean, off the coast of Australia and Sri Lanka, there are pearl fisheries; on the shelf off Australia, tin, gold, and phosphorites. In the Persian Gulf basin, near India and Australia - oil, gas, iron, manganese.

4. Name and show on the map the largest port cities on the shores of the studied oceans.

Major ports of the Indian Ocean: Aden, Calcutta, Mumbai, Madras, Karachi, Fremantle, Rangoon, Durban, Mombasa, Mogadishu, Chittagong.

Major ports of the Pacific Ocean: Vladivostok, Nakhodka, Shanghai, Singapore, Sydney, Vancouver, Los Angeles, Long Beach, Wasco.