Christian relics. Sacred objects used in Orthodox worship Sacred objects of Christianity
For many centuries, people have tried at all costs to find at least some things related to Jesus Christ, and no wonder, because many of them, according to legend, have healing properties. Today we will tell you about the eight most important relics associated with Jesus Christ.
Life-giving Cross
The Life-Giving Cross is the cross on which, according to Christian beliefs, Jesus Christ was crucified. It is one of the main Christian relics. According to legend, the cross was found by Queen Helena, the mother of the Roman Emperor Constantine I, in 326. She ordered the destruction of the temple built on the site of Christ's crucifixion and the excavation of three crosses - one - the blessed one, on which Christ hung, and the other two, on which the robbers were crucified. According to legend, in order to determine which cross Jesus was crucified on, all three crosses were brought to a terminally ill woman, who recovered as soon as she touched the Life-Giving Cross.
Over its history, the tree of the Life-Giving Cross was divided into particles of different sizes, which can now be found in many churches and monasteries around the world. According to a study conducted in the 19th century, the total weight of all documented fragments of the Cross is only about 1.7 kg.
Veronica's Veil (Veil of Veronica) is a miraculous image of Jesus Christ, which, according to legend, appeared on the scarf that Saint Veronica gave to Jesus Christ when he carried his cross to Calvary. The history of this relic is quite ambiguous, because the first mentions of it are found only in the Middle Ages. In the Middle Ages, many copies of the scarf were created, until in 1600 the Pope issued a ban on its copying.
According to legend, the true Plath of Veronica is kept in the Cathedral of St. Peter's in Rome. This is a thin fabric in which the image of the face of Jesus Christ can be seen in the light. The Vatican calls the Plata Veronica the most valuable relic of Christianity, which is kept in St. Peter's Basilica. In 1628, Pope Urban VIII issued a ban on public display of the painting, and since then it has been removed from the column for public viewing only once a year - on the fifth Sunday supper of Lent. The display time, however, is limited, and the board itself is shown from the high loggia of the Pillar of St. Veronica. Only canons of St. Peter's Basilica are allowed to approach the relic.
Veronica's Plaid shown from the balcony of St. Peter's Basilica
The crown of thorns is a crown of plant branches with thorns, which, according to the Gospels, was placed on the head of Jesus Christ by Roman soldiers during His desecration. Today, the relic, revered as the Crown of Thorns of God, is located in Paris, in the Cathedral of Notre Dame de Paris. Despite numerous studies, the authenticity of the crown could not be proven. The relic is displayed on every first Friday of the month, Good Friday, and every Friday of Lent.
Nails
While believers around the world debate whether three or four nails were needed to crucify Jesus Christ, there are already at least 30 such relics in the world. According to legend, the nails were found by the same Queen Helen during the excavation of the Life-Giving Cross. She gave some of the nails to her son Constantine I, who used them to create a royal diadem and a bridle for his horse. It is rumored that one of the nails was used to create the Iron Crown, which is kept in the Temple of John the Baptist in Italy.
Holy Grail
The Holy Grail is the cup from which Jesus Christ ate at the Last Supper and into which Joseph of Arimathea collected the blood from the wounds of the Savior crucified on the cross. Despite the titanic efforts of many generations of researchers, the Holy Grail was never found.
Conspiracy theorists claim that the word “grail” refers to the blood of Jesus’ descendants. According to other researchers, the Holy Grail may mean the breast of Mary Magdalene.
Foreskin of Jesus Christ
If the Holy Grail is the most coveted relic, then the foreskin of Jesus is certainly the most unusual. The foreskin (or prepuce) is a product of the Circumcision of the Lord, or in simple words, part of the skin of Christ’s penis. Numerous monasteries and churches have declared and continue to declare that they have a sacred prepuce, and numerous miraculous properties are attributed to the relic itself. According to some reports, there are as many as 18 preputies in the world, but officially, the church does not recognize any of them.
The Shroud of Turin is undoubtedly one of the main Christian relics, kept in the Cathedral of St. John the Baptist in Turin (Italy). The Shroud is a four-meter-long linen cloth, in which, according to legend, the body of Jesus Christ was wrapped after death. It clearly shows two full-length imprints of the human body: from the side of the face and from the side of the back. The Catholic Church does not officially recognize the shroud as authentic, but considers it an important reminder of the Passion of Christ. Some believers are convinced that the shroud contains real imprints of the face and body of Christ, but disputes about its authenticity still continue.
Culture
Religion, no matter how much it adheres to the principles of poverty, is the mother of some of the most magnificent monuments of architecture in human history.
The list below contains buildings and temples of the most common religions.
10. Orthodox Christianity
St. Peter's Basilica is located in the Vatican and has been located at the center of the Catholic Church since its inception. In the first century AD, Saint Peter was buried on this site after his crucifixion. Because St. Peter was the first Pope, early Christians remembered and honored this site. In the 4th century, the first St. Peter's Basilica was built, which in the 16th century underwent a total restoration according to the design of Donato Bramante, Michelangelo, Carlo Maderno and Gian Lorenzo Bernini.
This is one of the largest (if not the largest) architectural monuments of the Renaissance that still exists today. Contrary to popular belief, this building is not an official papal basilica - that honor belongs to the Basilica of St. John Lateran.
9. World religion Islam
Masjid al-Haram is a huge mosque in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. It is the largest in Islam and is also the home of the Kaaba. This is a structure in the form of a black square in which Muslims must pray every day. The Kaaba is believed to contain a stone bearing Abraham's footprint, as well as a black stone that Muslims believe was a meteorite that fell to earth and showed Adam and Eve where to build the altar.
The construction of this mosque began in 630 AD, when Muhammad won a territorial victory and began to establish his own order.
8. Hinduism in India
The Kashi Vishwanath Temple occupies a leading position among the sacred temples of the Hindus. It is located in Varanasi, India (the city is mentioned in Hindu scriptures as the home of Lord Shiva). Every Hindu should generally visit this place at least once in their life and they should also ideally scatter the ashes of their deceased family members in the Ganges River flowing there.
Hindus believe that this city is the oldest city in human history. It is worth noting that the temple has a 15-meter spire made of gold.
7. Buddhism in the world
The most important place in Buddhism is the Mahabodhi Temple, built on a place that, according to Buddhists, is the “Navel of the Earth”. It was here that the Bodhi Tree was located, under which the first Buddha is said to have achieved his enlightenment around 528 BC.
The temple is located in the state of Bihar in India. Unfortunately, in recent years, temple officials have increasingly been accused of fraudulently using donations and selling sacred objects.
6. Sikhism
Sri Harmandir Sahib is the main shrine of Sikhism. The temple is located in the Indian state of Punjab and was built in 1574 AD. It houses the holy scriptures of the Sikhs, the Guru Granth Sahib, consisting of many poems, hymns and religious injunctions.
The temple is also often called “golden” because its upper floors are covered with real gold.
5. Judaism as a religion
Obviously there is no Jewish temple, which is why the Great Synagogue in Budapest is on this list. It is the largest synagogue in Europe and the fifth largest in the world.
There is a Holocaust museum, a school and a cemetery here. The synagogue was built in 1854 and seats three thousand people.
4. Baha'i Temple
While it is not a major Baha'i shrine, the Lotus Temple of India is a new structure, but by far the most interesting architecturally. It is built in the shape of a lotus flower, so the idea was realized 100 percent.
The temple was built in 1986, making it the newest structure on this list. Adherents of all religions are allowed to enter it, however, sermons are prohibited, music is allowed, but musical instruments are prohibited.
3. Chinese philosophy of Confucianism
The Confucius Temple in Qufu, China, is the most important temple of Confucianism. This was the very first structure of this religion, it is still the largest, and is also currently a World Heritage Site.
It is the largest cultural site in modern China, and since it went through major renovations due to a fire immediately after the construction of the Forbidden City, it has very similar features to it.
2. Jainism
Sri Digambar is the largest and oldest Jain temple located in the capital of India, Delhi. It was erected in 1656. In order to enter it you need to follow several rules: no food, no leather clothing and no menstruating women.
There are also other important historical monuments in this region, so it is worth considering visiting these places.
1. Roman paganism
Actually, the Shinto religion should have been at the top of this list due to the least number of followers, but, alas, Shinto shrines are incredibly boring. Instead, in the first place was a temple built in honor of all the gods of Ancient Rome.
The Pantheon is a stunning structure built in 27 BC. It exists to this day largely due to the fact that it was adopted as the Catholic Church when Roman paganism gradually began to fade away. Although the temple contains a large number of Christian changes that were made to make the temple suitable for Christian worship, it still retains its original pagan elements, including numeric and symbolic elements in the design. It is, as you would expect, located in Rome.
The main place in the altar is throne- a consecrated quadrangular table. In the first centuries of Christianity, in the underground churches of the catacombs, the tomb of the martyr served as the altar. In above-ground churches, the thrones were first made of wood, in the form of an ordinary table, then they began to be made of precious metals, stone, and marble.
The throne marks the heavenly throne of God, on which the Lord Almighty Himself is mysteriously present. The throne also represents the tomb of Christ, for the Body of Christ rests on it.
The Holy Altar and sacred objects kept on and near it:
altar cross, holy throne, seven-branched candlestick, tabernacle, altar cross, antimnis, altar gospel
In accordance with the double meaning of the throne, he is clothed in two garments. The lower white clothing is called bitch, it depicts the shroud with which the Body of the Savior was entwined. Outerwear, indium, is made of precious shiny fabric and symbolizes the glory of the throne of the Lord.
The throne is a special place of the presence of the glory of God and only clergy can touch the throne.
On the throne are the antimension, the Gospel, the cross, the tabernacle and the monstrance.
The altar and sacred objects located on it:
spear, censer, altar, spoon, small covers, large air cover, star, paten, holy cup or chalice, ladle and saucer, sponge
Antimens is called a silk cloth consecrated by the bishop with an image on it of the position of the Lord Jesus Christ in the tomb. A particle of the relics of a saint is necessarily sewn into the antimension. This rule dates back to the first centuries of Christianity, when the Liturgy was celebrated at the tombs of martyrs. The Divine Liturgy cannot be celebrated without an antimension. The word "antimins" means "in place of the throne", since, in essence, it is a portable throne. At the antimension, you can celebrate the Liturgy in a camp church or some other place.
On the antimension itself there is a lip (sponge) for collecting particles of the Holy Gifts.
The antimension, folded in four, is wrapped in a silk cloth - oriton, depicting the shrouds with which the Infant Christ was wrapped at Christmas, and at the same time the shroud in which the Body of the Savior was wrapped during burial in the tomb.
On top of the antimension it is necessary Gospel, usually decorated, in a precious binding, with images of the icon of the Resurrection of Christ, and in the corners - the four evangelists.
Next to the Gospel is placed cross, because the Bloodless Sacrifice is offered on the throne in memory of the sacrifice that the Lord made on the cross. This cross, like the Gospel, is called the “altar cross.”
Tabernacle is called a vessel in which the Holy Gifts are stored in case of communion for the sick. Usually the tabernacle is made in the form of a small church.
monstrance is called a small reliquary in which the priest carries the Holy Gifts for communion with the sick at home.
Behind the throne is seven-branched candlestick(candlestick with seven lamps), and behind it altar cross. The place behind the throne at the very eastern wall of the altar is called to the heavenly(high) place.
To the left of the throne, in the northern part of the altar is altar- a small table decorated on all sides with precious clothing. Bread and wine are prepared on it for the Divine Liturgy.
On the altar there are sacred objects:
Holy Chalice or chalice- a vessel into which wine and water are poured, offered at the Liturgy into the Blood of Christ.
Paten- a small round dish on a stand. Bread is placed on it to be broken into the Body of Christ at the Divine Liturgy. The paten marks both the manger and the tomb of the Savior.
Zvezditsa consists of two small metal arcs connected in the middle with a screw so that they can either be folded together or moved apart crosswise. The star symbolizes the star that appeared at the birth of the Savior. It is placed on the paten so that the cover does not touch the particles taken out of the prosphora.
Copy- a knife similar to a spear for removing the lamb and particles from the prosphora. It symbolizes the spear with which the warrior pierced the ribs of Christ the Savior on the Cross.
Liar- a spoon used to give communion to believers.
Sponge or plates - for wiping vessels.
The small covers that cover the bowl and paten separately are called patrons.
The large cover covering the bowl and paten together is called air home. It marks the air space in which the star appeared, leading the Magi to the manger of the Savior. All covers depict the shrouds with which Jesus Christ was wrapped at birth, and His burial shrouds (shroud).
Christianity is one of the most widespread religions. Each temple or piece of church utensils is a real work of art, the oldest of which cost fabulous money. But the value of a Christian relic is not determined by its beauty, but by its religious significance. Any indirect relationship to Christ makes a thing priceless.
Experts around the world argue about how many nails were used during the crucifixion of Christ. Some say three, others say four. Their exact number is unknown, but there are several so-called nails of the Holy Cross that have been revered for many years. According to legend, Emperor Constantine the Great sent his mother Helen to Jerusalem in search of the Cross. Upon her return, Elena brought with her particles of the Life-Giving Cross and nails with which Christ was crucified.
Constantine forged one of the nails into his helmet, and inserted the second into the bridle of his horse. The last, third nail, was reforged into the so-called Iron Crown of the Lombard Kingdom. In addition, there are about 30 more nails scattered throughout Europe, revered as relics. But most likely, some of them have nothing to do with Christ.
The crown of thorns from the head of Christ has been studied by scientists for a long time, but there is no scientific evidence of its authenticity. However, this does not prevent millions of believers from revering it as a shrine. The fate of the crown of thorns was not easy. In 1238, Emperor Baldwin II pawns the crown in a Venetian bank due to financial difficulties.
But thanks to the King of France, Louis the Saint, who bought the crown for a lot of money, the relic was transported to Notre-Dame de Paris in August 1239, where it is kept to this day. The crown originally had 70 thorns, but over the centuries the thorns were divided between French kings and Byzantine emperors.
The first written mentions of the Shroud of Turin appear in the 14th century. The relic was passed from hand to hand over the centuries until it was placed in the Cathedral of John the Baptist in Turin in 1578. The Shroud of Turin is the most famous, studied and at the same time controversial shrine of the Christian world. The Catholic Church has not yet made an official statement about its position regarding it.
According to radiocarbon dating in 1988, the shroud was made between 1260 and 1390. Subsequent studies also show that her age is much younger than expected. Although some experts argue that the research results may be unreliable. At the same time, some believers from all over the world are sure that this is the same shroud in which the body of Christ was wrapped after death.
7. Sir (veil)
After the crucifixion of Jesus, the disciples wrapped his body in a shroud, and the sir (Latin name for a handkerchief for wiping sweat from the face) placed on your face to wipe it off. Sudar - a piece of linen fabric with traces of blood and ichor. A brief mention of it as a funeral payment is contained in the Gospel of John. Most of the information known about the relic was recorded in the 12th century by Pelagius, Bishop of Oviedo. A little earlier, in 1075, the casket in which the sir was kept was found by the national hero of Spain, known as El Cid Campeador.
Now the monastery is kept in Oviedo, where pilgrims can see it three times a year. Radiocarbon dating dates the relic to 700 AD. This means that the sir is older than the shroud, and they could not have been used at the same time. This also casts doubt on its authenticity, if the analysis is to be believed.
According to legend, when Jesus was carrying the cross to Calvary, a pious woman named Veronica gave him a cloth to wipe the sweat from his forehead, after which an image of Christ’s face appeared on the cloth. However, this incident is not described in the Bible. Since the 17th century, the Verona board was considered lost. According to some reports, it was stolen from the Vatican.
Not long ago, Frank Heinrich Feiffer, a German priest from the Jesuit order, a teacher at the Gregorian University in Rome, discovered the Verona plate in the small Italian village of Manopello. Proving the authenticity of a relic is difficult due to its age and risk of damage. However, some experts and many believers are inclined to believe that this board is real.
After Christ's crucifixion, Joseph of Arimathea, one of his secret followers, wipes the blood from Jesus' face with a piece of cloth. According to legend, this fabric was kept in Jerusalem until the Second Crusade, when King Baldwin III gave the relic to Thierry of Alsace, Count of Flanders. When the Count returned to his hometown of Bruges in Belgium, he ordered the cloth to be placed in the chapel of the Basilica of the Holy Blood.
The shrine is kept there to this day in a bottle decorated with gold and angels. Surprisingly, the bottle has never been opened. Modern research has shown that it is made of rock crystal, and is believed to have originally been a perfume bottle.
Every year on the day of the Ascension of the Lord, the city hosts a holiday in honor of the Blood of Christ, which attracts tourists from all over the world. The Bishop of Bruges carries a bottle through the streets, followed by the townspeople, recreating biblical events.
According to legend, Gaius Cassius Longinus, a Roman centurion, plunged a spear into the hypochondrium of the crucified Jesus Christ. There are several spear fragments in the world that claim to be authentic. One of the copies was found in 1908 during the First Crusade in Antioch by an impoverished monk named Peter Bartholomew.
According to the monk, the Apostle Andrew appeared to him and said that the Spear was hidden under St. Peter's Cathedral in the city. Peter Bartholomew told Count Raymond and Bishop Le Puy about his vision. The bishop was skeptical about his words, but the count was inspired. He ordered his men to start digging under the cathedral, but they found nothing.
Then Peter Bartholomew jumped into the dug trench and discovered a metal object that looked like a spear. And although there was no evidence that this was the Spear of Longinus, the crusaders who were under siege believed in the find and found the strength to break the blockade of the city.
The sacred prepuce or sacred foreskin is the most unusual and valuable relic, as it is directly part of the body of Christ. Like all Jewish boys, Jesus was circumcised on the eighth day after his birth. The first mention of the sacred foreskin dates back to 800 AD, and belongs to Charlemagne. The king of the Franks claimed that he received the sacred prepuce from an angel who appeared to him. Charlemagne later gave the relic to Pope Leo III, who placed the imperial crown on its head. So Charles received the title of Roman Emperor.
Since the appearance of the relic in the Catholic Church, controversy has not subsided around it. More than 20 churches that insisted on possessing a sacred prepuce. Surprisingly, the Catholic Church has made an official statement regarding this. Pope Clement VII announced that the real foreskin of Christ was kept in the Abbey of Charoux. Meanwhile, theologians argue that the existence of the sacred prepuce is impossible, since Christ ascended to Heaven, and, therefore, all parts of his body are no longer in the human world.
Savior Not Made by Hands or Miracle-Working Mandylion - an image of Christ, the origin of which remains controversial. The generally accepted version is that King Abgar of Edessa sent his servant Ananias with a letter to Jesus. In the letter, he asked Christ to come and cure him of leprosy. Christ rejected the request, but blessed the king and promised to send a disciple who could cure him.
According to one version, Ananias was an artist and painted a portrait of Christ, and according to another, Christ gave Ananias a towel with which he had just wiped his face, and his image remained on the fabric. With this, Ananias returned to Abgar, and the king of Edessa found the sacred image of Christ.
Despite what Monty Python and Dan Brown may say, the Holy Grail is just the cup from which Christ drank at the Last Supper, and into which Joseph of Arimathea collected the blood from the wounds of the crucified Jesus. In Christianity, the crucifixion and blood of Christ have a special meaning, so the Grail is of great interest to believers and researchers.
There are several bowls that claim to be authentic. The most famous is the cup from the Valencia Cathedral, which has a certificate of authenticity from 262 AD. The cup is said to have been used by the first 22 popes, from St. Peter to Pope Sixtus II, who passed it on to St. Lawrence.
Sacred objects used in worship
The main place in the altar is throne- a consecrated quadrangular table. In the first centuries of Christianity, in the underground churches of the catacombs, the tomb of the martyr served as the altar. In above-ground churches, the thrones were first made of wood, in the form of an ordinary table, then they began to be made of precious metals, stone, and marble.
The throne marks the heavenly throne of God, on which the Lord Almighty Himself is mysteriously present. The throne also represents the tomb of Christ, for the Body of Christ rests on it.
Rice. 3. The Holy Altar and sacred objects kept on and near it.
In accordance with the double meaning of the throne, he is clothed in two garments. The lower white clothing is called bitch, it depicts the shroud with which the Body of the Savior was entwined. Outerwear, indium, is made of precious shiny fabric and symbolizes the glory of the throne of the Lord.
The throne is a special place of the presence of the glory of God and only clergy can touch the throne.
On the throne are the antimension, the Gospel, the cross, the tabernacle and the monstrance.
Rice. 4. The altar and sacred objects located on it.
Antimens is called a silk cloth consecrated by the bishop with an image on it of the position of the Lord Jesus Christ in the tomb. A particle of the relics of a saint is necessarily sewn into the antimension. This rule dates back to the first centuries of Christianity, when the Liturgy was celebrated at the tombs of martyrs. The Divine Liturgy cannot be celebrated without an antimension. The word "antimins" means "in place of the throne", since, in essence, it is a portable throne. At the antimension, you can celebrate the Liturgy in a camp church or some other place.
On the antimension itself there is a lip (sponge) for collecting particles of the Holy Gifts.
The antimension, folded in four, is wrapped in a silk cloth - oriton, depicting the shrouds with which the Infant Christ was wrapped at Christmas, and at the same time the shroud in which the Body of the Savior was wrapped during burial in the tomb.
On top of the antimension it is necessary Gospel, usually decorated, in a precious binding, with images of the icon of the Resurrection of Christ, and in the corners - the four evangelists.
Next to the Gospel is placed cross, because the Bloodless Sacrifice is offered on the throne in memory of the sacrifice that the Lord made on the cross. This cross, like the Gospel, is called the “altar cross.”
Tabernacle is called a vessel in which the Holy Gifts are stored in case of communion for the sick. Usually the tabernacle is made in the form of a small church.
monstrance is called a small reliquary in which the priest carries the Holy Gifts for communion with the sick at home.
Behind the throne is seven-branched candlestick(candlestick with seven lamps), and behind it altar cross. The place behind the throne at the very eastern wall of the altar is called to the heavenly(high) place.
To the left of the throne, in the northern part of the altar is altar- a small table decorated on all sides with precious clothing. Bread and wine are prepared on it for the Divine Liturgy.
On the altar there are sacred objects:
Holy Chalice or chalice- a vessel into which wine and water are poured, offered at the Liturgy into the Blood of Christ.
Paten- a small round dish on a stand. Bread is placed on it to be broken into the Body of Christ at the Divine Liturgy. The paten marks both the manger and the tomb of the Savior.
Zvezditsa consists of two small metal arcs connected in the middle with a screw so that they can either be folded together or moved apart crosswise. The star symbolizes the star that appeared at the birth of the Savior. It is placed on the paten so that the cover does not touch the particles taken out of the prosphora.
Copy- a knife similar to a spear for removing the lamb and particles from the prosphora. It symbolizes the spear with which the warrior pierced the ribs of Christ the Savior on the Cross.
Liar- a spoon used to give communion to believers.
Sponge or plates - for wiping vessels.
The small covers that cover the bowl and paten separately are called patrons.
The large cover covering the bowl and paten together is called air home. It marks the air space in which the star appeared, leading the Magi to the manger of the Savior. All covers depict the shrouds with which Jesus Christ was wrapped at birth, and His burial shrouds (shroud).
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