Artistic style of speech. Speech styles. See what "Artistic style" is in other dictionaries

Artistic style, as we noted above, finds application in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function.

The world of fiction is a "recreated" world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author's fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphoricalness, meaningful diversity of the artistic style of speech.

The lexical composition in the artistic style of speech has its own characteristics. The words that form the basis and create the imagery of this style include figurative means of the Russian literary language, as well as words that realize their meaning in the context. These are words with a wide range of uses. Highly specialized words are used to a small extent, only to create artistic authenticity in describing certain aspects of life.

In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is very widely used, revealing meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text. The author uses not only the vocabulary of the codified literary language, but also a variety of figurative means from colloquial speech and vernacular.

The emotionality and expressiveness of the image come to the fore in the artistic text. Many words that in scientific speech act as clearly defined abstract concepts, in newspaper and journalistic speech - as socially generalized concepts, in artistic speech carry concrete sensory representations. Thus, the styles are complementary to each other. For example, the adjective "lead" in scientific speech realizes its direct meaning - "lead ore", "lead, bullet", in artistic speech it forms an expressive metaphor - "lead clouds", "lead night". Therefore, in artistic speech an important role is played by phrases that create a kind of figurative representation.

The means of verbal figurativeness primarily include tropes: metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, personification, figurative comparison, epithet, hyperbole, etc., as well as syntactic-poetic figures: anaphora, epiphora, etc.

Tropes are lexical-semantic phenomena, they are different cases of using a word in a figurative sense. However, as you know, not every figurative meaning is figurative for modern linguistic consciousness.

For example, a metaphor is a word or figure of speech used in a figurative sense to define an object or phenomenon on the basis of some analogy or similarity. However, they usually distinguish between metaphors of a general language character (erased or petrified), metaphors that retain "freshness", and metaphors of a proper poetic nature, which differ in their individual character.

Epithet - a word that figuratively defines an object or action, emphasizing their characteristic property, is also most commonly used in artistic speech, where it performs an aesthetic function. The epithet is often metaphorical: The joyful ray of a young day has not yet penetrated into the gorge (Lermontov); Sweat was dripping from his copper open face (Paustovsky); She smiled with a blue childish smile (Sholokhov). Epithets are also widely used in journalistic speech, which is due to the expressive function of journalism: gigantic construction, a bright future; angry protest; feats of arms.

Other means of verbal imagery, such as metonymy, synecdoche, etc., are also most characteristic of artistic speech.

Examples of metonymy as a word or expression, the figurative meaning of which is based on the external or internal connection (adjacency) of two objects or phenomena: Well, eat another plate, my dear (Krylov); And in the door - jackets, overcoats, sheepskin coats (Mayakovsky).

Synecdoche is a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them (a part instead of a whole, a singular instead of a plural, or, conversely, a specific name instead of a generic one or vice versa), for example: And it was heard before dawn how the Frenchman rejoiced (Lermontov); We all look at Napoleons (Pushkin).

The syntactic resources of the language are also expressive means. These are, for example, appeals, various forms of transmitting someone else's speech - direct and improperly direct speech. Introductory words, phrases and sentences also have stylistic resources. Different semantic groups of introductory words are not equally common in known functional styles. In artistic speech, introductory words are widely used, expressing the emotional assessment of the statement or its expressive nature.

Among the stylistic resources of syntax, which have long been singled out by tradition, are the means of the so-called poetic syntax. These are special syntactic devices and poetic figures that are widely used in fiction and journalism; they are extremely rare in scientific speech and almost absent (at least in their usual function) in official business speech.

Among the means of poetic syntax, anaphora should be mentioned - the method of monophony in a number of successive sentences; epiphora - the same ending; repetition of words and their complete parallelism, stanza ring (with the same beginning and ending); antithesis - combining words with opposite meanings for stylistic purposes; gradation associated with an increase in expressiveness; period, as a special semantic and rhythmic-melodic construction of a sentence, and some others.

Paraphrase (paraphrase) - a turnover consisting in replacing the name of an object or phenomenon with a description of its essential features or an indication of its characteristic features - is widely used, in addition to fiction, in journalistic speech: desert ship (camel); queen of fields (corn); king of beasts (lion).

Artistic speech, especially poetic speech, is characterized by inversion, i.e. changing the usual order of words in a sentence in order to enhance the semantic significance of the word or to give the whole phrase a special stylistic coloring.

The syntactic structure of artistic speech reflects the flow of figurative-emotional impressions of the author, so here you can find the whole variety of syntactic structures. Each author subordinates linguistic means to the fulfillment of his ideological and aesthetic tasks.

In artistic speech, deviations from structural norms are also possible for the author to highlight some thought, feature that is important for the meaning of the work. They can be expressed in violation of phonetic, lexical, morphological and other norms.

In the artistic style of speech, the speech polysemy of the word is widely used, which opens up additional meanings and semantic shades in it, as well as synonymy at all language levels, which makes it possible to emphasize the subtlest shades of meanings. This is explained by the fact that the author strives to use all the richness of the language, to create his own unique language and style, to a bright, expressive, figurative text.

Lecture. FUNCTIONAL STYLES OF THE MODERN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AND THEIR INTERACTION. The language of fiction.

1. Scope of application. Artistic features.

2. Features of linguistic means of artistic style.

The artistic style of speech as a functional style is used in fiction, which performs a figurative-cognitive and ideological-aesthetic function. In order to understand the features of the artistic way of knowing reality, thinking, which determines the specifics of artistic speech, it is necessary to compare it with the scientific way of knowing, which determines the characteristic features of scientific speech.

Fiction, as well as other types of art, is characterized by a concrete-figurative representation of life, in contrast to the abstract, logical-conceptual, objective reflection of reality in scientific speech. A work of art is characterized by the perception through feelings and the re-creation of reality, the author seeks, first of all, to convey his personal experience, his understanding and understanding of a particular phenomenon.

For the artistic style of speech, attention to the particular and the accidental is typical, followed by the typical and the general. Remember the well-known "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, where each of the shown landowners personified certain specific human qualities, expressed a certain type, and all together they were the "face" of Russia contemporary to the author.

The world of fiction is a “recreated” world, the depicted reality is, to a certain extent, the author’s fiction, which means that the subjective moment plays the main role in the artistic style of speech. The whole surrounding reality is presented through the vision of the author. But in a literary text, we see not only the world of the writer, but also the writer in this world: his preferences, condemnations, admiration, rejection, etc. This is connected with emotionality and expressiveness, metaphorical, meaningful versatility of the artistic style of speech. Let's analyze a short excerpt from N. Tolstoy's story "Foreigner without food":

“Lera went to the exhibition only for the sake of her student, out of a sense of duty. Alina Kruger. Personal exhibition. Life is like loss. Free admission". A bearded man with a lady wandered in the empty hall. He looked at some of the work through a hole in his fist, he felt like a professional. Lera also looked through her fist, but did not notice the difference: the same naked men on chicken legs, and in the background the pagodas were on fire. The booklet about Alina said: "The artist projects a parable world onto the space of the infinite." I wonder where and how they teach to write art history texts? They are probably born with it. When visiting, Lera loved to leaf through art albums and, after looking at a reproduction, read what a specialist wrote about it. You see: the boy covered the insect with a net, on the sides the angels are blowing pioneer horns, in the sky there is a plane with the signs of the Zodiac on board. You read: “The artist views the canvas as a cult of the moment, where the stubbornness of details interacts with an attempt to comprehend everyday life.” You think: the author of the text rarely happens in the air, keeps on coffee and cigarettes, intimate life is complicated by something.(Star. 1998. No. 1).

Before us is not an objective representation of the exhibition, but a subjective description of the heroine of the story, behind which the author is clearly visible. The text is built on a combination of three artistic planes. The first plan is what Lera sees in the paintings, the second is an art history text that interprets the content of the paintings. These plans are stylistically expressed in different ways, bookishness and abstruseness of descriptions are deliberately emphasized. And the third plan is the author's irony, which manifests itself through the display of the discrepancy between the content of the paintings and the verbal expression of this content, in the assessment of the bearded man, the author of the book text, the ability to write such art history texts.

Greetings, dear readers! Pavel Yamb is in touch. A captivating plot, an interesting presentation, an inimitable, unlike anything style - and it is impossible to tear yourself away from the work. By all indications, this is an artistic style of the text or a kind of book style, since it is most often used in literature, for writing books. It mostly exists in written form. This is the reason for its features.

There are three genres:

• Prose: story, fairy tale, novel, story, short story.
• Dramaturgy: play, comedy, drama, farce.
• Poetry: poem, poem, song, ode, elegy.

Who hasn't done it yet? Leave any comment and download my book, which contains a fable, a parable and a story about copywriters and writers. Look at my art style.

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1. Task 1 of 10

   1 .

   - Yes, he drank the entire scholarship. Instead of buying a “computer” for yourself a new one, or at least a “laptop”

2. Task 2 of 10

   2 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   "Varenka, such a sweet, good-natured and sympathetic girl, whose eyes always shone with kindness and warmth, with a calm look of a real demon, walked to the Ugly Harry bar with a Thompson machine gun at the ready, ready to roll into the asphalt these vile, dirty, smelly and slippery types who dared to stare at her charms and let lustful drool. "

3. Task 3 of 10

   3 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   “But I don’t love him, I don’t love him, that’s all!” And I will never love. And what am I to blame?

4. Task 4 of 10

   4 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   “Based on the results of the experiment, we can conclude that simplicity is the key to success”

5. Task 5 of 10

   5 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   "The transition to a multi-tier architecture of Internet-oriented client-server applications has presented developers with the problem of distributing data processing functions between the client and server parts of the application."

6. Task 6 of 10

   6 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   "Yasha was just a petty dirty trickster, who, nevertheless, had very great potential. Even in his pink childhood, he masterfully stole apples from Aunt Nyura, and not even twenty years had passed, when he switched to banks in twenty-three countries of the world with the same dashing fuse, and managed to clean them so skillfully that neither the police nor Interpol could ever catch him red-handed. "

7. Task 7 of 10

   7 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   “Why did you come to our monastery? - he asked.

   - What do you care, get out of the way! the stranger snapped.

   “Uuuu…” the monk pointedly drawled. Looks like you weren't taught manners. Okay, I'm in the mood today, I'll teach you some lessons.

   - You got me, monk, angard! hissed the uninvited guest.

   “My blood is starting to play!” the churchman groaned with delight, “Please try not to disappoint me.”

8. Task 8 of 10

   8 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   "I ask you to grant me a week's leave to travel abroad for family reasons. I am enclosing my wife's health certificate. October 8, 2012."

9. Task 9 of 10

   9 .

   What style of text does this passage refer to:

   “I am a student of the 7th grade, I took the book “Alice in Wonderland” from the school library for a literature lesson. I promise to return it on January 17th. January 11, 2017"

10. Task 10 of 10

    10 .

    What style of text does this passage refer to:

    “During the war in 45 out of 77 houses survived in Borovoye. Collective farmers had 4 cows, 3 heifers, 13 sheep, 3 pigs. Most of the gardens on household plots, as well as an orchard with a total area of ​​2.7 hectares, belonging to the Krasnaya Zarya collective farm, were cut down. The damage caused by the German fascist invaders to the property of the collective farm and collective farmers is estimated at approximately 230,700 rubles.

The ability to write in this style gives a good advantage when making money writing articles for a content exchange.

The main features of the artistic style

High emotionality, the use of direct speech, an abundance of epithets, metaphors, colorful narration are features of the literary language. Texts act on the imagination of readers, "turning on" their fantasy. It is no coincidence that such articles have gained popularity in copywriting.

Main features:

Artistic style is a way of self-expression of the author, so they write plays, poems and poems, novels, stories, novels. He is not like the others.

• Author and narrator are the same person. In the work, the author's "I" is expressed clearly.
• Emotions, the mood of the author and the work are conveyed with the help of all the richness of the means of the language. Metaphors, comparisons, phraseological units are always used when writing.
• Elements of colloquial style and journalism are used to express the author's style.
• With the help of words, artistic images are not just drawn, they have a hidden meaning, thanks to the ambiguity of speech.
• The main task of the text is to convey the author's emotions, to create the appropriate mood in the reader.

The art style does not tell, it shows: the reader feels the situation, as if transported to the places that are being narrated. The mood is created thanks to the author's experiences. The artistic style successfully combines explanations of scientific facts, and imagery, and attitude to what is happening, the author's assessment of events.

Language diversity of style

Compared to other styles, language means are used in all their diversity. There are no restrictions: even scientific terms alone can create vivid images if there is an appropriate emotional mood.

It is clear and easy to read the work, and the use of other styles is only to create color and authenticity. But when writing articles in an artistic style, you will have to carefully monitor the language: it is the book language that is recognized as a reflection of the literary language.

Language features:

• Using elements of all styles.
• The use of language means is completely subordinated to the author's intention.
• Language means perform an aesthetic function.

There is no officiality and dryness here. There are no value judgments. But the smallest details are conveyed to create the appropriate mood for the reader. In copywriting, thanks to the artistic style, hypnotic texts appeared. They create an amazing effect: it is impossible to tear yourself away from reading, and reactions arise that the author wants to evoke.

Mandatory elements of the artistic style are:

• Transfer of author's feelings.
• Allegory.
• Inversion.
• Epithets.
• Comparisons.

Consider the main features of the style. Artwork has a lot of detail.

To form the reader's attitude to the characters or what is happening, the author conveys his own feelings. Moreover, his attitude can be both positive and negative.

Artistic style owes saturation of vocabulary to epithets. Usually these are phrases where one or more words complement each other: unspeakably happy, brutal appetite.

Brightness and imagery are a function of metaphors, combinations of words or individual words used in a figurative sense. Classical metaphors were especially widely used. Example: His conscience gnawed at him for a long time and insidiously, from which cats scratched his soul.

Without comparison, artistic style would not exist. They bring a special atmosphere: hungry like a wolf, unapproachable like a rock - these are examples of comparisons.

Borrowing elements of other styles is most often expressed in direct speech, dialogues of characters. The author can use any style, but the most popular is colloquial. Example:

“How beautiful this landscape is,” the writer said thoughtfully.

“Well, really,” his companion snorted, “so-so picture, not even ice.

To strengthen a passage or give a special color, reverse word order or inversion is used. Example: It is out of place to compete with stupidity.

The best in language, its strongest possibilities and beauty are reflected in literary works. This is achieved through artistic means.

Each author has their own style of writing. Not a single random word is used. Each phrase, each punctuation mark, the construction of sentences, the use or, on the contrary, the absence of names and the frequency of the use of parts of speech are means of achieving the author's intention. And every writer has his own way of expressing himself.

One of the features of the artistic style is color painting. The writer uses color as a way to show the atmosphere, to characterize the characters. The palette of tones helps to dive deep into the work, to present the picture depicted by the author more clearly.

The features of the style include intentionally the same construction of sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals. Rhetorical questions are interrogative in form, but they are narrative in essence. The messages in them are always associated with the expression of the author's emotions:

What is he looking for in a distant country?

What did he throw in his native land?

(M. Lermontov)

Such questions are needed not to get answers, but to draw the reader's attention to a phenomenon, an object, an expression of a statement.

Appeals are often used. In their role, the writer uses proper names, animal names and even inanimate objects. If in a colloquial style the appeal serves to name the addressee, then in the artistic style they often play an emotional, metaphorical role.

It involves both all the elements at the same time, and some of them. Everyone has a certain role, but the goal is common: filling the text with colors to maximize the transmission of the transmitted atmosphere to the reader.

Features of speech

The world of fiction is the world that the author sees: his admiration, preferences, rejection. This is what causes the emotionality and diversity of the book style.

Vocabulary features:

1. When writing, template phrases are not used.
2. The words are often used in a figurative sense.
3. Intentional mix of styles.
4. The words are emotional.

The basis of vocabulary, first of all, is figurative means. Highly specialized combinations of words are used only slightly, to recreate a reliable situation in the description.

Additional semantic shades - the use of polysemantic words and synonyms. Thanks to them, an author's, unique, figurative text is formed. Moreover, not only expressions accepted in the literature are used, but also colloquial phrases, vernacular.

The main thing in book styles is its imagery. Every element, every sound matters. Therefore, unhackneyed phrases, author's neologisms, for example, "nikudizm" are used. A huge number of comparisons, special accuracy in describing the smallest details, the use of rhymes. Rhythmic even prose.

If the main task of the conversational style is communication, and the scientific one is the transfer of information, the book ones are designed to have an emotional impact on the reader. And all language means used by the author serve to achieve this goal.

Appointment and its tasks

Artistic style is the building material for creating a work. Only the author is able to find the right words for the correct expression of thought, the transfer of the plot and characters. Only a writer can make readers enter the special world he created and empathize with the characters.

The literary style distinguishes the author from the rest, gives his publications a peculiarity, zest. Therefore, it is important to choose the right style for yourself. Each style has characteristic features, but each writer uses them to create his own handwriting. And it is absolutely not necessary to copy the classic writers if you like it. He will not become his own, but will only turn publications into parodies.

And the reason is that individuality has been and remains at the head of the book style. Choosing your own style is very difficult, but this is what is valued above all. So the main features of the style include sincerity, which makes readers not tear themselves away from the work.

Artistic differs from other styles in the use of linguistic means of other styles. But only for aesthetic purposes. And not the styles themselves, but their features, elements. Literary and non-literary means are used: dialect words, jargon. All the richness of speech is necessary to express the author's intention, to create a work.

Imagery, expressiveness, emotionality are the main things in book styles. But without the author's individuality and special presentation, there would be no artistic as a whole.

No need to get carried away without measure by colloquial style or include scientific terms in the text: only elements of styles are used, but all styles are not mindlessly mixed. Yes, and a description of the smallest details of the apartment, which the main character glanced at, is also useless.

Vernacular, jargon, mixing styles - everything should be in moderation. And the text written from the heart, not compressed and not stretched, will become hypnotic, attracting attention to itself. For this purpose, and serves as an artistic style.

Pavel Yamb was with you. See you!

Literary and artistic style- functional style of speech, which is used in fiction. This style affects the imagination and feelings of the reader, conveys the thoughts and feelings of the author, uses all the richness of vocabulary, the possibilities of different styles, is characterized by figurativeness, emotionality of speech.

In a work of art, the word not only carries certain information, but also serves to aesthetically influence the reader with the help of artistic images. The brighter and more truthful the image, the stronger it affects the reader.

In their works, writers use, when necessary, not only words and forms of the literary language, but also obsolete dialect and vernacular words.

The emotionality of the artistic style differs significantly from the emotionality of the colloquial and journalistic styles. It performs an aesthetic function. Artistic style involves a preliminary selection of language means; all language means are used to create images. A distinctive feature of the artistic style of speech is the use of special figures of speech, which give the narrative color, the power of depicting reality.

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Video lesson in Russian "Speech styles"

How to develop your own literary style. Mini lecture by Elvira Baryakina

Style Issues

Subtitles

Expressive and visual means of language

The means of artistic expression are varied and numerous. This:

1. Tropes (comparisons, personifications, allegory, metaphor, metonymy, synecdoche, etc.)
2. Stylistic figures (epithet, hyperbole, litote, anaphora, epiphora, gradation, parallelism, rhetorical question, silence, etc.)

Trope(from other Greek τρόπος - turnover) - in a work of art, words and expressions used in a figurative sense in order to enhance the figurativeness of the language, the artistic expressiveness of speech.

The main types of trails:

• Metaphor(from other Greek μεταφορά - “transfer”, “figurative meaning”) - a trope, a word or expression used in a figurative meaning, which is based on an unnamed comparison of an object with some other on the basis of their common feature. (“Nature here is destined for us to cut a window into Europe”). Any part of speech in a figurative sense.
• Metonymy(ancient Greek μετονυμία - “renaming”, from μετά - “above” and ὄνομα / ὄνυμα - “name”) - a kind of trail, a phrase in which one word is replaced by another, denoting an object (phenomenon) that is in one or another (spatial, temporal, and so on) connection with the object, which is indicated by the replaced word . The replacement word is used in a figurative sense. Metonymy should be distinguished from metaphor, with which it is often confused, while metonymy is based on the replacement of the word “by contiguity” (part instead of the whole or vice versa, representative instead of class or vice versa, receptacle instead of content or vice versa, and the like), and metaphor is “by similarity”. Synecdoche is a special case of metonymy. (“All flags will visit us”, where flags replace countries.)
• Epithet(from other Greek ἐπίθετον - “attached”) - a definition of a word that affects its expressiveness. It is expressed mainly by an adjective, but also by an adverb (“to love passionately”), a noun (“fun noise”), a numeral (“second life”).

An epithet is a word or a whole expression, which, due to its structure and special function in the text, acquires some new meaning or semantic connotation, helps the word (expression) to acquire color, richness. It is used both in poetry (more often) and in prose (“timid breath”; “magnificent sign”).

• Synecdoche(ancient Greek συνεκδοχή) - a trope, a kind of metonymy based on the transfer of meaning from one phenomenon to another on the basis of a quantitative relationship between them. (“Everything is sleeping - both man, and beast, and bird”; “We all look at Napoleons”; “In the roof for my family”; “Well, sit down, luminary”; “Most of all, take care of a penny.”)
• Hyperbola(from other Greek ὑπερβολή “transition; excess, excess; exaggeration”) - a stylistic figure of explicit and intentional exaggeration, in order to enhance expressiveness and emphasize the thought said. (“I’ve said it a thousand times”; “We have enough food for six months.”)
• Litota- a figurative expression that downplays the size, strength, meaning of what is being described. A litote is called an inverse hyperbole. ("Your Pomeranian, lovely Pomeranian, no more than a thimble").
• Comparison- a trope in which one object or phenomenon is likened to another according to some common feature for them. The purpose of comparison is to reveal in the object of comparison new properties that are important for the subject of the statement. (“A man is stupid as a pig, but cunning as hell”; “My house is my fortress”; “He walks like a gogol”; “An attempt is not torture.”)
• In stylistics and poetics, paraphrase (paraphrase, paraphrase; from other Greek. περίφρασις - “descriptive expression”, “allegory”: περί - “around”, “about” and φράσις - “statement”) is a trope that descriptively expresses one concept with the help of several.

Paraphrase is an indirect reference to an object by way of description, not naming. (“Night luminary” = “moon”; “I love you, creation of Peter!” = “I love you, St. Petersburg!”).

• allegory (allegory)- conditional representation of abstract ideas (concepts) through a specific artistic image or dialogue.

For example:

The nightingale is sad at the defeated rose, hysterically sings over the flower.

But the garden scarecrow is shedding tears,

who secretly loved the rose.

• personification(personification, prosopopoeia) - tropes, the assignment of the properties of animate objects to inanimate ones. Very often, personification is used in the depiction of nature, which is endowed with certain human features.

For example:

And woe, woe, grief! And grief girded itself with a bast,

Feet are entangled with bast.

folk song

The state is like an evil stepfather, from whom, alas, you can’t run away, because it’s impossible to take with you

Motherland - a suffering mother.

Aidyn Khanmagomedov, Visa Response

• Irony(from other Greek εἰρωνεία - “pretense”) - a trope in which the true meaning is hidden or contradicts (opposed) to the obvious meaning. Irony creates the feeling that the subject matter is not what it seems. (“Where can we, fools, drink tea.”)
• Sarcasm(Greek σαρκασμός, from σαρκάζω, literally “to tear [meat]”) - one of the types of satirical exposure, caustic mockery, the highest degree of irony, based not only on the increased contrast of the implied and expressed, but also on the immediate intentional exposure of the implied.

Sarcasm is a mockery that can open with a positive judgment, but in general it always contains a negative connotation and indicates a lack of a person, object or phenomenon, that is, in relation to what it is happening. Examples.

Introduction

1. Literary and artistic style

2. Figurativeness as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness

3. Vocabulary with objective meaning as the basis of figurativeness

Conclusion

Literature

Introduction

Depending on the scope of the language, the content of the utterance, the situation and goals of communication, several functional and stylistic varieties, or styles, are distinguished, characterized by a certain system of selection and organization of language means in them.

Functional style is a historically established and socially conscious variety of the literary language (its subsystem), functioning in a certain area of ​​human activity and communication, created by the peculiarities of the use of language means in this area and their specific organization.

The classification of styles is based on extralinguistic factors: the scope of the language, the topics determined by it and the goals of communication. The spheres of application of the language correlate with the types of human activity corresponding to the forms of social consciousness (science, law, politics, art). Traditional and socially significant areas of activity are: scientific, business (administrative-legal), socio-political, artistic. Accordingly, they also distinguish styles of official speech (bookish): scientific, official business, journalistic, literary and artistic (artistic). They are opposed to the style of informal speech - colloquial and everyday.

The literary and artistic style of speech stands apart in this classification, since the question of the legality of its allocation into a separate functional style has not yet been resolved, since it has rather blurred boundaries and can use the language means of all other styles. The specificity of this style is also the presence in it of various figurative and expressive means to convey a special property - figurativeness.

1. Literary and artistic style

As we noted above, the question of the language of fiction and its place in the system of functional styles is solved ambiguously: some researchers (V.V. Vinogradov, R.A. Budagov, A.I. Efimov, M.N. Kozhina, A.N. Vasilyeva, B.N. Golovin) include a special artistic style in the system of functional styles, others (L.Yu. Maksimov, K.A. Panfilov, M.M. Shansky, D.N. Shmelev , V.D. Bondaletov) believe that there are no grounds for this. The following are given as arguments against singling out the style of fiction: 1) the language of fiction is not included in the concept of literary language; 2) it is multi-styled, not closed, does not have specific signs that would be inherent in the language of fiction as a whole; 3) the language of fiction has a special, aesthetic function, which is expressed in a very specific use of linguistic means.

It seems to us that the opinion of M.N. Kozhina that “bringing artistic speech beyond the limits of functional styles impoverishes our understanding of the functions of the language. If we deduce artistic speech from among the functional styles, but consider that the literary language exists in a variety of functions, and this cannot be denied, then it turns out that the aesthetic function is not one of the functions of the language. The use of language in the aesthetic sphere is one of the highest achievements of the literary language, and because of this, neither the literary language ceases to be such, getting into a work of art, nor the language of fiction ceases to be a manifestation of the literary language.

The main goal of the literary and artistic style is the development of the world according to the laws of beauty, the satisfaction of the aesthetic needs of both the author of a work of art and the reader, the aesthetic impact on the reader with the help of artistic images.

It is used in literary works of various kinds and genres: stories, novellas, novels, poems, poems, tragedies, comedies, etc.

The language of fiction, despite the stylistic heterogeneity, despite the fact that the author's individuality is clearly manifested in it, still differs in a number of specific features that make it possible to distinguish artistic speech from any other style.

The features of the language of fiction as a whole are determined by several factors. It is characterized by broad metaphor, figurativeness of language units of almost all levels, the use of synonyms of all types, ambiguity, different stylistic layers of vocabulary. In the artistic style (compared to other functional styles) there are laws of perception of the word. The meaning of a word is largely determined by the author's goal setting, genre and compositional features of the work of art, of which this word is an element: firstly, in the context of a given literary work, it can acquire artistic polysemy that is not recorded in dictionaries, and secondly, it retains its connection with the ideological and aesthetic system of this work and is assessed by us as beautiful or ugly, sublime or base, tragic or comic:

The use of linguistic means in fiction is ultimately subordinated to the author's intention, the content of the work, the creation of the image and the impact through it on the addressee. Writers in their works proceed primarily from the fact that they correctly convey the thought, feeling, truthfully reveal the spiritual world of the hero, realistically recreate the language and image. Not only the normative facts of the language, but also deviations from general literary norms are subject to the author's intention, the desire for artistic truth.

The breadth of coverage of the means of the national language by artistic speech is so great that it allows us to assert the idea of ​​the fundamental potential possibility of including all existing linguistic means (albeit, connected in a certain way) in the style of fiction.

These facts indicate that the style of fiction has a number of features that allow it to take its own special place in the system of functional styles of the Russian language.

2. Figurativeness as a unit of figurativeness and expressiveness

Figurativeness and expressiveness are integral properties of the artistic and literary style, therefore, from this we can conclude that figurativeness is a necessary element of this style. However, this concept is still much broader, most often in linguistic science the question of imagery of a word as a unit of language and speech, or, in other words, lexical imagery, is considered.

In this regard, figurativeness is considered as one of the connotative characteristics of a word, as the ability of a word to contain and reproduce in speech communication the concrete-sensual appearance (image) of an object, fixed in the minds of native speakers, - a kind of visual or auditory representation.

In the work of N.A. Lukyanova "On the semantics and types of expressive lexical units" contains a number of judgments about lexical imagery, which we fully share. Here are some of them (in our formulation):

1. Imagery is a semantic component that actualizes sensory associations (representations) associated with a certain word, and through it with a specific object, a phenomenon called a given word.

2. Imagery can be motivated and unmotivated.

3. The linguistic (semantic) basis of motivated figurative expressive words is:

a) figurative associations that arise when comparing two ideas about real objects, phenomena - metaphorical figurativeness (boil - "to be in a state of strong indignation, anger"; dry - "to worry a lot, take care of someone, something");

b) sound associations - (burn, grunt);

c) the figurativeness of the internal form as a result of word-formation motivation (play, star, shrink).

4. The linguistic basis of unmotivated figurativeness is created due to a number of factors: obscuration of the inner form of the word, individual figurative representations, etc.

Thus, we can say that figurativeness is one of the most important structural and semantic properties of a word, which affects its semantics, valence, emotional and expressive status. The processes of formation of verbal imagery are most directly and organically associated with the processes of metaphorization, that is, they serve as figurative and expressive means.

Figurativeness is “figurativeness and expressiveness”, that is, the functions of a language unit in speech with the features of its structural organization and a certain environment, which reflects exactly the plan of expression.

The category of figurativeness, being a mandatory structural characteristic of each language unit, covers all levels of reflection of the surrounding world. It is precisely because of this constant ability to potentially generate figurative dominants that it became possible to talk about such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness.

They, in turn, are characterized precisely by the ability to create (or actualize linguistic figurative dominants) sensory images, their special representation and saturation with associations in the mind. The true function of figurativeness is revealed only when referring to a real objective action - speech. Consequently, the reason for such qualities of speech as figurativeness and expressiveness lies in the language system and can be found at any of its levels, and this reason is figurativeness - a special inseparable structural characteristic of a language unit, while already the objectivity of the reflection of the representation and the activity of its construction can be studied only at the level of the functional implementation of the language unit. In particular, it can be vocabulary with a subject-specific meaning, as the main means of representation.