Lyudmila Petranovskaya: An official attitude towards war is a crime against the psychological well-being of the nation. Reasoning-essay on the topic "man at war" based on literary works What a man survived during the war

To this day, the soldiers who defended our Motherland from enemies are remembered. Those who made these cruel times were children born in 1927 to 1941 and in the subsequent years of the war. These are the children of war. They survived everything: hunger, the death of loved ones, overwork, devastation, the children did not know what fragrant soap, sugar, comfortable new clothes, shoes were. All of them have long been old men and teach the younger generation to cherish everything they have. But often they are not given due attention, and it is so important for them to pass on their experience to others.

Training during the war

Despite the war, many children studied, went to school, whatever they had to.“Schools worked, but few people studied, everyone worked, education was up to grade 4. There were textbooks, but there were no notebooks, the children wrote on newspapers, old receipts on any piece of paper they found. The ink was the soot from the furnace. It was diluted with water and poured into a jar - it was ink. They dressed in school in what they had, neither boys nor girls had a certain uniform. The school day was short, as I had to go to work. Brother Petya was taken by my father's sister to Zhigalovo, he was one of the family who graduated from the 8th grade ”(Fartunatova Kapitolina Andreevna).

“We had an incomplete secondary school (7 classes), I already graduated in 1941. I remember that there were few textbooks. If five people lived nearby, then they were given one textbook, and they all gathered together at one and read, prepared their homework. They gave one notebook per person to do homework. We had a strict teacher in Russian and literature, he called to the blackboard and asked me to recite a poem by heart. If you do not tell, then the next lesson you will definitely be asked. Therefore, I still know the poems of A.S. Pushkin, M.Yu. Lermontov and many others" (Vorotkova Tamara Alexandrovna).

“I went to school very late, there was nothing to wear. The poor and the lack of textbooks existed even after the war ”(Kadnikova Alexandra Yegorovna)

“In 1941, I finished the 7th grade at the Konovalovskaya school with an award - a cut of chintz. They gave me a ticket to Artek. Mom asked me to show on the map where that Artek was and refused the ticket, saying: “It’s far away. What if there's a war?" And I was not mistaken. In 1944 I went to study at the Malyshev secondary school. They got to Balagansk by walkers, and then by ferry to Malyshevka. There were no relatives in the village, but there was an acquaintance of my father - Sobigray Stanislav, whom I saw once. I found a house from memory and asked for an apartment for the duration of my studies. I cleaned the house, did laundry, thereby working for a shelter. From the products until the new year there was a bag of potatoes and a bottle of vegetable oil. It had to be stretched out before the holidays. I studied diligently, well, so I wanted to become a teacher. At school, much attention was paid to the ideological and patriotic education of children. At the first lesson, for the first 5 minutes, the teacher talked about the events at the front. Every day a line was held, where the results of academic performance in grades 6-7 were summed up. The elders reported. That class received the red challenge banner, there were more good students and excellent students. Teachers and students lived as one family, respecting each other. ”(Fonareva Ekaterina Adamovna)

Nutrition, daily life

Most people during the war faced an acute problem of food shortages. They ate poorly, mainly from the garden, from the taiga. They caught fish from nearby water bodies.

“Basically, we were fed by the taiga. We picked berries and mushrooms and prepared them for the winter. The most delicious and joyful was when my mother baked pies with cabbage, bird cherry, potatoes. Mom planted a garden where the whole family worked. There wasn't a single weed. And they carried water for irrigation from the river, climbed high up the mountain. They kept cattle, if there were cows, then 10 kg of butter per year were given to the front. They dug frozen potatoes and collected spikelets left on the field. When dad was taken away, Vanya replaced him for us. He, like his father, was a hunter and fisherman. In our village, the Ilga River flowed, and good fish were found in it: grayling, hare, burbot. Vanya will wake us up early in the morning, and we will go to pick different berries: currants, boyarka, wild rose, lingonberries, bird cherry, dove. We will collect, dry and rent for money and for procurement to the defense fund. Gathered until the dew was gone. As soon as it comes down, run home - you need to go to the collective farm haymaking, row the hay. Food was given out very little, in small pieces, if only there was enough for everyone. Brother Vanya sewed Chirki shoes for the whole family. Dad was a hunter, he got a lot of furs and sold them. Therefore, when he left, a large amount of stock remained. They grew wild hemp and sewed pants from it. The elder sister was a needlewoman; she knitted socks, stockings and mittens" (Fartunatova Kapitalina Andreevna).

“We were fed by Baikal. We lived in the village of Barguzin, we had a cannery. There were teams of fishermen, they caught both from Baikal and from the Barguzin River, different fish. Sturgeon, whitefish, and omul were caught from Baikal. In the river there were fish such as perch, roach, crucian carp, burbot. Made canned food was sent to Tyumen, and then to the front. The weak old people, those who did not go to the front, had their own foreman. The brigadier was a fisherman all his life, he had his own boat and net. They called all the inhabitants and asked: "Who needs fish?" Everyone needed fish, since only 400 g were given out per year, and 800 g per employee. Everyone who needed fish pulled a seine on the shore, the old people swam into the river in a boat, set up a seine, then the other end was brought ashore. On both sides, a rope was evenly chosen, and a net was pulled to the shore. It was important not to let the joint out of the “motni”. Then the brigadier divided the fish among all. That is how they fed themselves. At the factory, after they made canned food, they sold fish heads, 1 kilogram cost 5 kopecks. We didn’t have potatoes, and we didn’t have vegetable gardens either. Because there was only a forest around. Parents went to a neighboring village and exchanged fish for potatoes. We did not feel severe hunger ”(Tomar Alexandrovna Vorotkova).

“There was nothing to eat, they walked around the field and picked spikelets and frozen potatoes. They kept cattle and planted vegetable gardens” (Kadnikova Alexandra Yegorovna).

“All spring, summer and autumn I went barefoot - from snow to snow. It was especially bad when they worked on the field. On the stubble, the legs were stabbed into the blood. The clothes were like everyone else's - a canvas skirt, a jacket from someone else's shoulder. Food - cabbage leaves, beet leaves, nettles, oatmeal mash and even the bones of horses that died of hunger. The bones hovered and then sipped salted water. Potatoes, carrots were dried and sent to the front in parcels ”(Fonareva Ekaterina Adamovna)

In the archive, I studied the Book of Orders for the Balagansky Rayzdrav. (Fund No. 23 inventory No. 1 sheet No. 6 - Appendix 2) Found that epidemics of infectious diseases during the war years among children were not allowed, although by order of the District Health Service of September 27, 1941, rural obstetric centers were closed. (Fund No. 23 inventory No. 1 sheet No. 29-Appendix 3) Only in 1943 in the village of Molka an epidemic is mentioned (the disease is not indicated). . I conclude that preventing the spread of infection was a very important matter.

In the report at the 2nd district party conference on the work of the district party committee on March 31, 1945, the results of the work of the Balagansky district during the war years are summed up. It can be seen from the report that 1941, 1942, 1943 were very difficult years for the region. Yields dropped drastically. Potato yield in 1941 - 50, in 1942 - 32, in 1943 - 18 centners. (Annex 4)

Gross grain harvest - 161627, 112717, 29077 centners; received for workdays of grain: 1.3; 0.82; 0.276 kg. According to these figures, we can conclude that people really lived from hand to mouth. (Appendix 5)

Hard work

Everyone worked, both old and young, the work was different, but difficult in its own way. They worked day in and day out from early morning until late at night.

“Everyone worked. Both adults and children from 5 years old. The boys carried hay and drove horses. Until the hay was removed from the field, no one left. The women took the young cattle and raised them, while the children helped them. They took the cattle to the watering place and provided food. In the autumn, while studying, the children still continue to work, being at school in the morning, and at the first call they went to work. Basically, the children worked in the fields: digging potatoes, picking spikelets of rye, etc. Most of the people worked on the collective farm. They worked on a calf, raised cattle, worked in collective farm gardens. We tried to quickly remove the bread, not sparing ourselves. As soon as the bread is removed, the snow will fall, and they will be sent to logging sites. The saws were ordinary with two handles. They felled huge forests in the forest, cut off branches, sawed them into chocks and chopped firewood. The lineman came and measured the cubic capacity. It was necessary to prepare at least five cubes. I remember how my brothers and sisters were bringing firewood home from the forest. They were carried on a bull. He was big, with a temper. They began to move down the hill, and he carried it, fooled around. The cart rolled, and the firewood fell out to the side of the road. The bull broke the harness and ran to the stable. The cattlemen realized that this was our family and sent my grandfather on a horse to help. So they brought firewood to the house already dark. And in winter, the wolves came close to the village, howled. Cattle were often bullied, but people were not touched.

The calculation was carried out at the end of the year according to workdays, some were praised, and some remained in debt, since the families were large, there were few workers and it was necessary to feed the family during the year. They borrowed flour and cereals. After the war, I went to work as a milkmaid on a collective farm, they gave me 15 cows, but in general they give 20, I asked them to give me like everyone else. They added cows, and I overfulfilled the plan, milked a lot of milk. For this they gave me 3 m of blue satin. This was my prize. A dress was sewn from satin, which was very dear to me. There were both hard workers and lazy people on the collective farm. Our collective farm has always exceeded the plan. We collected parcels for the front. Knitted socks, mittens.

There were not enough matches, salt. Instead of matches at the beginning of the village, the old people set fire to a large deck, it slowly burned, smoke. They took coal from it, brought it home and fanned the fire in the furnace. (Fartunatova Kapitolina Andreevna).

“Children worked mainly on firewood. Worked with 6th and 7th grade students. All adults fished and worked at the factory. They worked weekends.” (Vorotkova Tamara Alexandrovna).

“The war began, the brothers went to the front, Stepan died. I worked on a collective farm for three years. First, as a nanny in a manger, then at an inn, where she cleaned the yard with her younger brother, drove and sawed firewood. She worked as an accountant in a tractor brigade, then in a field farm brigade, and in general, she went where she was sent. She made hay, harvested crops, weeded the fields from weeds, planted vegetables in the collective farm garden. (Fonareva Ekaterina Adamovna)

Valentin Rasputin's story "Live and Remember" describes such work during the war. The conditions are the same (Ust-Uda and Balagansk are located nearby, stories about a common military past seem to be written off from one source:

“And we got it,” Lisa picked up. - Right, women, got it? It hurts to remember. On a collective farm, work is fine, it's your own. And only we will remove the bread - already snow, logging. I will remember these logging operations until the end of my life. There are no roads, the horses are torn, they do not pull. And you can’t refuse: the labor front, help our peasants. From the little guys in the first years they left ... And whoever is without children or who is older, they didn’t get off those, went and went. Nastena, she did not miss more than one winter, however. I even went there twice, I left the kids here. Heap these woods, these cubic meters, and take the banner with you to the sleigh. Not a step without a banner. Either it will bring it into a snowdrift, or something else - turn it around, little girls, push. Where you turn out, and where not. He won’t let the wall be torn off: the winter before last, a mare rolled down the hill and didn’t manage to turn around - the sleigh was in negligence, on its side, the mare almost knocked over. I fought, fought - I can not. Got out of strength. I sat on the road and cried. Nastena drove up from behind - I burst into a roar in a stream. Tears welled up in Lisa's eyes. - She helped me. Helped, we went together, but I can’t calm down, I roar and roar. - Even more succumbing to memories, Lisa sobbed. I roar and roar, I can’t help myself. I can not.

I worked in the archives and looked through the Book of Accounting for the Workdays of Collective Farmers of the “In Memory of Lenin” Collective Farm for 1943. Collective farmers and the work they performed were recorded in it. The book is written by family. Teenagers are recorded only by last name and first name - Nyuta Medvetskaya, Shura Lozovaya, Natasha Filistovich, Volodya Strashinsky, in general, I counted 24 teenagers. The following types of work were listed: logging, grain harvesting, hay harvesting, road work, horse care and others. Basically, the following months of work are indicated for children: August, September, October and November. I associate this time of work with hay making, harvesting and threshing grain. At this time, it was necessary to carry out the harvest before the snow, so everyone was attracted. The number of full workdays for Shura is 347, for Natasha - 185, for Nyuta - 190, for Volodya - 247. Unfortunately, there is no more information about the children in the archive. [Fund No. 19, inventory No. 1-l, sheets No. 1-3, 7.8, 10,22,23,35,50, 64,65]

The resolution of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks of 09/05/1941 "On the beginning of the collection of warm clothes and linen for the Red Army" indicated a list of things to collect. Schools in the Balagansky district also collected things. According to the list of the head of the school (surname and school not established), the parcel included: cigarettes, soap, handkerchiefs, cologne, gloves, hat, pillowcases, towels, shaving brushes, soap dish, underpants.

Holidays

Despite hunger and cold, as well as such a hard life, people in different villages tried to celebrate holidays.

“There were holidays, for example: when all the bread was removed and the threshing was finished, then the “Threshing” holiday was held. At the holidays, they sang songs, danced, played different games, for example: towns, jumped on a board, prepared a kochul (swing) and rolled balls, made a ball from dried manure. They took a round stone and dried the manure in layers to the desired size. That's what they played. The older sister sewed and knitted beautiful outfits and dressed us up for the holiday. Everyone had fun at the festival, both children and the elderly. There were no drunks, everyone was sober. Most often on holidays they were invited home. We went from house to house, as no one had a lot of treats. ” (Fartunatova Kapitalina Andreevna).

“We celebrated the New Year, Constitution Day and May 1st. Since the forest surrounded us, we chose the most beautiful Christmas tree and put it in the club. The inhabitants of our village carried all the toys they could to the Christmas tree, most were homemade, but there were also rich families who could already bring beautiful toys. Everyone went to this tree in turn. First graders and 4th graders, then 4th-5th grades and then two final grades. After all the schoolchildren, workers from the factory, from shops, from the post office and from other organizations came there in the evening. On holidays they danced: waltz, krakowiak. Gifts were given to each other. After the festive concert, the women held gatherings with alcohol and various conversations. On May 1, demonstrations are held, all organizations gather for it” (Vorotkova Tamara Alexandrovna).

Beginning and end of the war

Childhood is the best period in life, from which the best and brightest memories remain. And what are the memories of the children who survived these four terrible, cruel and harsh years?

Early morning June 21, 1941. The people of our country sleep quietly and peacefully in their beds, and no one knows what awaits them ahead. What torments will they have to overcome and what will they have to put up with?

“We all collective farm removed stones from arable land. An employee of the Village Council rode as a messenger on horseback and shouted "The War has begun." Immediately began to collect all the men and boys. Those who worked directly from the fields were collected and taken to the front. They took all the horses. Dad was a foreman and he had a Komsomolets horse, and he was also taken away. In 1942, a funeral came for dad.

On May 9, 1945, we worked in the field, and again an employee of the Village Council rode with a flag in his hands and announced that the war was over. Who cried, who rejoiced! (Fartunatova Kapitolina Andreevna).

“I worked as a postman and then they call me and announce that the war has begun. Everyone was crying with each other. We lived at the mouth of the Barguzin River, there were still a lot of villages further downstream from us. From Irkutsk, the Angara ship sailed to us; 200 people were placed on it, and when the war began, it gathered all future military men. It was deep-sea and therefore stopped 10 meters from the shore, the men sailed there in fishing boats. Many tears were shed! In 1941, everyone was taken to the front in the army, the main thing was that the legs and arms were intact, and the head was on the shoulders.

“May 9, 1945. They called me and told me to sit and wait until everyone got in touch. They call “Everyone, Everyone, Everyone” when everyone got in touch, I congratulated everyone “Guys, the war is over.” Everyone rejoiced, hugged, some cried! (Vorotkova Tamara Aleksandrovna)

Gennady Dobrov painted those who survived the Great Patriotic War. Terrible portraits that speak of fortitude and a nightmare experienced.

The artist painted this series in the 70s - on Valaam, in Bakhchisaray, in his native Omsk, on Sakhalin and in Armenia. He met the disabled people he met on the streets, he sought to be admitted to terrible boarding schools for those who were treated especially cruelly by the war. And he painted. So that we can now see the living faces of these people. "War autographs" were not taken to Soviet exhibitions - too creepy and unpatriotic. Dobrov was even called a fascist, enjoying the suffering of people. Of course, it was much easier to pretend that there were practically no disabled people chewed up and spat out by the war.

Only in 1986, Dobrov was allowed to hold a one-day solo exhibition, and then reluctantly forced to extend it for another two days. Visitors flowed into the exhibition hall in an unceasing river, and left in tears. As a result, the artist received the medal "Fighter for Peace" for "Autographs", and the entire series was purchased by the Museum on Poklonnaya Gora.

"I don't want a new war!"

Lost in thought, war invalid, former intelligence officer Viktor Popkov raises his hand in an energetic gesture.

"Unknown Soldier"

No one knew anything about this man's life. As a result of a severe wound, he lost his arms and legs, lost his speech and hearing. The war left him only the ability to see. The drawing was made in a boarding school on the island of Valaam in 1974.

Later, it seemed to be possible to find out (but only presumably) that it was the Hero of the USSR Grigory Voloshin. He was a pilot and survived by ramming an enemy aircraft. Survived - and existed "Unknown" in the Valaam boarding school for 29 years. In 1994, his relatives showed up and erected a modest monument at the Igumensky cemetery, where the dead invalids were buried.

"Scorched by War"

Both are scorched by the war. Front-line radio operator Yulia Emanova against the backdrop of Stalingrad, in the defense of which she took part. A simple village girl who volunteered for the front. On her chest are high awards of the USSR for military exploits - the Order of Glory and the Red Banner.

“I went from the Caucasus to Budapest”

Hero sailor Alexei Chkheidze saved the Royal Palace of Budapest from an explosion in 1945. Almost all of his associates died. Aleksey Chkheidze, who miraculously survived, underwent several operations, had his arms amputated, became blind, and almost completely lost his hearing, found the strength to joke, calling himself a "prosthesis man." Wrote the book "Notes of the Danube Scout".

"Defender of Leningrad"

Former infantryman Alexander Ambarov, who defended Leningrad besieged by the Nazis. Twice during the fierce bombings he was buried alive. Almost not hoping to see him alive, the comrades dug up the warrior. Healed, he again went into battle.

"Family"

Vasily Lobachev defended Moscow, was wounded. Due to gangrene, his arms and legs were amputated. His wife Lydia also lost both legs. They had two sons.

"Portrait of a woman with a burnt face"

This woman was not at the front. Two days before the war, her military husband was sent to the Brest Fortress. She, too, had to go there a little later. Hearing on the radio about the beginning of the war, she fainted - her face in a burning stove. Her husband, as she guessed, was no longer alive. When Dobrov painted her, she sang folk songs to him.

"Frontline Memories"

Muscovite Boris Mileev lost his hands in the war, but did not reconcile himself to the fate of an invalid. He learned to type on a typewriter and worked for many years doing typewritten work.

"Front-line soldier"

Muscovite Mikhail Koketkin was an airborne paratrooper at the front. As a result of a severe wound, he lost both legs. For heroism at the front he was awarded three orders, for peaceful work he also has an order - the Badge of Honor.

"A life lived honestly"

Mikhail Zvezdochkin volunteered for the front with an inguinal hernia. He was disabled, but hid it. Commanded an artillery crew. The war ended in Berlin.

"Letter to a fellow soldier"

Deprived of both hands, Vladimir Eremin from the village of Kuchino near Moscow not only learned to write with his feet, but also graduated from a legal college after the war.

"Medal Story"

Feeling the fingers move along the surface of the medals on the chest of Ivan Zabara. Here they groped for the medal "For the Defense of Stalingrad" "There was hell, but we survived"

"Memory"

The picture shows Georgy Zotov, a war invalid from the village of Fenino near Moscow. Leafing through the newspapers of the war years, the veteran mentally turns back to the past.

"Old Wound"

In a fierce battle, soldier Andrey Fominykh from the Far Eastern city of Yuzhno-Sakhalinsk was seriously wounded. Years passed and his wound never healed.

"Old Warrior"

When the artist painted Mikhail Kazankov, he was 90 years old. He happened to participate in three wars: Russian-Japanese, World War I, Great Patriotic War.

"Partizan"

Muscovite Viktor Lukin first fought in a partisan detachment. After the expulsion of the fascist invaders from the territory of the USSR, he fought with enemies in the army.

"Warning"

The drawing, based on the memories of the first post-war years, depicts an insane war invalid whom 9-year-old Gennady Dobrov saw in Siberia in 1946. They say the most criminal thing is to take away a person's mind. The war took him away.

"Private war"

Mikhail Guselnikov, former private of the 712th Rifle Brigade, who fought on the Leningrad Front. On January 28, 1943, during the breakthrough of the blockade of Leningrad, a soldier was wounded in the spine. Since then he has been bedridden.

"Wounded in the defense of the USSR"

Alexander Podosenov volunteered for the front at the age of 17. Became an officer. In Karelia, he was wounded by a bullet in the head right through. On the island of Valaam, on Lake Ladoga, he lived all the post-war years, paralyzed, sitting motionless on pillows.

Dmitry Likhachev, academician:

“Compassionate painters are looking for untouched corners of the Earth ... Not knowing compassion, protecting their own feelings, they bypass the tragedy and suffering of people. There are few exceptions, for example, the creative feat of the artist Gennady Dobrov…”

Critic T. Nikitina wrote about the works of Gennady Dobrov:

“He took things that others were even afraid to touch, things that were not only outside the realm of art, but opposed to art; he took what was terrible, mutilated, almost ugly, and did it fearlessly, just as a surgeon fearlessly enters a ward with seriously wounded. He chose human suffering as his material: the fate of war invalids, victims of genocide, poverty, deprivation, madness. He looked into the eyes of the dumb, holy fools, nameless, who had lost everything, even the past, into the eyes of old people and children maimed by wars - and saw in them the greatness and beauty, the true scale of a person, his essence, which is revealed precisely in the enormity of suffering.

JUST RUSSIA

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(based on eyewitness accounts,

residents of the Verkhneketsky district)

Performed:Pekhova Anna -

student 7 "a" class. BSSH №1

Leaders:

teachers of the municipal educational institution "Beloyarsk secondary

secondary school No. 1 "

Coordinator:

head DB, MAU "Culture" CBS

1. Introduction……………………………….………………………………..2

2. Blockade of Leningrad. ………………………………………………..3

From the memoirs of an eyewitness Anna Alexandrovna Premina

3. Occupied territories……………………………………..4

From the memoirs of Olga Ilyinichna Volzhinina

4. Evacuation of the population from the occupied territories….….6

From the memoirs of Zinaida Andreevna Ogladek

5. Special settlers during the war…………………………………..8

From the memoirs of an eyewitness Vyalova Mareta Petrovna

6. Dispossession of peasants…………………………………………… 10

From the memoirs of Zykova Pelageya Mikhailovna

From the memoirs of Nina Stepanovna Kulikova

From the memoirs of Vladimirov Vasily Yakovlevich

7. Conclusion…………………………………………………………....13

8. Application…………………………………………………………..14

Introduction

An entire generation born between 1928 and 1945 had their childhood stolen. "Children of the Great Patriotic War" - this is how they call today's 70 - 80 - year old people. And it's not just the date of birth. They were brought up by the war ....

War is the most tragic event in people's lives. It brings with it pain and loss, cruelty and destruction, the suffering of many people, and especially children.

At all times, war brought grief, death, destruction. And the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945 was especially tragic. And, it is no coincidence that it is called the Great, since it raised the entire Soviet people to fight the Nazis who treacherously attacked the USSR.

Each person during the war years tried with his work at the front and in the rear to bring Victory closer. Children took an active part in this struggle along with adults. It is to these events that I dedicate the material I have collected on the topic: “Children of War”.

Almost every family accompanied their husband, son, brother to the front. Only old people, women and children remained at home, on whose shoulders all the hardships of peasant labor fell. It was necessary to send as much bread and food to the front as possible. The main slogan of that time was: “Everything for the front. Everything for the victory!

From the very first days of the war, children came to the aid of adults. They worked together with them on the mowing, weeded and dug potatoes, took part in the harvesting of grain, and the youngest gathered spikelets in the fields so as not to lose a single grain - after all, their fathers and brothers needed bread at the front.

But the guys worked not only in the field in their free time. They worked on farms, helping to raise calves, piglets, poultry. Girls knitted socks, mittens, scarves from wool, sewed pouches for shag, collected parcels for the front. They helped the families of the dead front-line soldiers, carried on a large correspondence with the soldiers, and especially paid attention to those whose families had died, or were under occupation in the territory occupied by the enemy. Frequent guests at the field camps were school propaganda teams with concerts and information from the front. And this is under those conditions when the children did not eat up, were poorly dressed and shod.

I have collected eyewitness memories of those terrible years that I believe should be preserved for history. Memories of military childhood are the last thread connecting the current generation with the true history of the war years. And we have a very short margin of time to record these memories, to comprehend together with the “children of war” their stories about military childhood and to preserve real documents for future generations - in the name of a grateful memory for the outgoing generation, in the name of a peaceful future for future generations.

They shared their memories with me - Vyalova Mareta Petrovna, who survived the blockade of Leningrad, whose parents were special settlers exiled to Siberia from Estonia. , - the children of dispossessed and exiled to the settlement of peasants. and survivors of the German occupation, bombing, famine and evacuation. In my work, I tried to compare the historical chronicle and eyewitness accounts. Here's what I got.

Leningrad blockade

Do not make noise around - he breathes,

He's still alive, he hears everything...

As from the depths of his cries: "Bread!"

Heaven reaches the seventh...

But this firmament is ruthless.

And looks out of all the windows - death

/Anna Akhmatova/

In the summer of 1941, Army Group North was advancing on Leningrad, with a total strength of 500,000 men, under the command of Field Marshal von Leeb. On September 8, 1941, the Nazis captured the city of Shlisselburg at the source of the Neva, surrounding Leningrad from land. The 871-day siege of Leningrad began. “... First, we block Leningrad and destroy the city with artillery and aircraft ... In the spring we will penetrate the city ... we will take everything that remains alive into the depths of Russia or take it prisoner, raze Leningrad to the ground and transfer the area north of the Neva to Finland.”

From the abstracts of the German report "On the Siege of Leningrad", September 21, 1941, Berlin

At the time of the blockade, there were 2 million 544 thousand people in the city, including about 400 thousand children. From the first days of September food cards were introduced in Leningrad. All the cattle available on the collective farms and state farms were slaughtered, the meat was handed over to procurement centers. Feed grain was transported to mills to be ground and used as an additive to rye flour.

"... Life in Leningrad is deteriorating every day. People are beginning to swell, as they eat mustard, they make cakes out of it. Flour dust, which was used to glue wallpaper, is nowhere to be found." "... There is a terrible famine in Leningrad. We drive through the fields and dumps and collect all sorts of roots and dirty leaves from fodder beet and gray cabbage, and there are none."

Rescuing German soldiers.

The target kids were against the walls.

Atrocities were performed by the rite.

And only a crust of bread saved me from hunger,

Peeling potatoes, cake.

And bombs fell on their heads from the sky,

Not everyone is left alive.

We, the children of war, got a lot of grief.

The victory was the reward.

And the chronicle of the terrible years fit into the memory.

Echo found a response to pain.

Literature

Archival materials from the Municipal Archive of the Verkhneketsky District (hereinafter - MAVR). Eyewitness accounts recorded at meetings Reader on the Great Patriotic War Dictionary electronic Internet site “War. Day after day” http://*****/ http://ru. wikipedia. org

Application

Evacuee ID

Certificate of veteran of the Great Patriotic War

Kiselev Oleg

Children who survived the war.

“Let the life of children be bright!

How the world shone in the eyes of the open!

Oh, do not destroy and do not kill -

The earth has had enough of the slain!”

Zhanna Bichevskaya.

The Great Patriotic War- this is a huge spiritual wound in human hearts. This terrible tragedy began on June 22, 1941, and ended only four years later, after four difficult years - on May 9, 1945.

It was the greatest war in the history of mankind. A huge number of people died in this war. It is terrible to think that our peers took part in this tragedy - children of thirteen or fourteen years old. People gave their lives for the fate of their Motherland, for their comrades. Even the cities that withstood the entire pressure of the Nazi army were awarded the title of heroes.

The Russian people endured a lot in these four years. Remember the heroic feat of Leningrad - for nine hundred days people held out in the surrounded city and did not give it away! People withstood frost, cold, hunger, enemy bombardments, did not sleep, spent the night on the street. Remember Stalingrad...! Remember other cities! Before these feats we must bow our heads. Soon we will be celebrating the sixty-fifth anniversary of the victory, but think about it - at what cost did we get this victory! Russia at that time gave everything for the cause of victory. People considered it holy to give their lives for victory. How many millions of people died in this war. Mothers and wives had no time to mourn their relatives who fought in the trenches, they themselves picked up

weapons and went to the enemy.

Russia was considered a country - a liberator. She not only drove the fascist army out of her borders, but liberated other countries under the yoke of fascism. Few have reached Berlin, but the glory of the dead, their names live in our hearts. During the Great Patriotic War, people showed what the Russian people are capable of and what a great and powerful our country is.

During the war, the whole worldview of a person changes. In moments of danger, he begins to behave and feel completely different than in everyday life, the qualities of character are revealed from a new perspective. In battles, both a feeling of combat excitement, joy from an attack, and feelings of doom and panic can manifest themselves simultaneously.

Fear is a natural form of emotional response to danger. For a person in a non-standard environment, a sense of danger is natural, in addition, very often what seemed dangerous an hour ago changes with an assessment of another danger, and as a result, another fear. For example, fear for the family is replaced by fear for oneself, fear of making oneself look like a coward - fear of being killed, etc. Human behavior during hostilities depends on which type of fear is greater.

Sometimes, because of fear, a person mobilizes the will to combat activity, sometimes, on the contrary, he loses his self-control.

In war, there are many ways to alleviate fear. These are conversations with priests and commanders, calls and inspiring slogans during attacks, chemical stimulants (drugs or alcohol).

Many during the fights appear such qualities as fatalism and superstition. They are a kind of protection against stress, unload the psyche and dull fear. A person may have an unfounded confidence that no matter what happens, he will still remain alive, or vice versa, that no matter how he hides. a bullet, a mine or a projectile will find it.

During hostilities, when a person is on the verge of death, he shows his true nature. All life priorities come down to one thing: the struggle for your life - everything else becomes insignificant. But it is important to note that at the same time someone else's life ceases to seem valuable.

Front-line life also has a strong influence on the psyche: malnutrition and lack of sleep, heat or cold, overwork and the lack of normal comfortable housing. Such inconveniences are very great irritants that change the psychology of a person with great force.

When a person is at war, his psyche begins to rebuild to suit her needs. Therefore, when he again finds himself in a peaceful environment, his consciousness is unadapted to it. First of all, the psyche of a soldier after the war does not want to accept peace, the standard values ​​of society become meaningless. After the hostilities, many still have a desire to solve their problems with the help of weapons, since the psyche cannot be rebuilt in a short time. Associated with this is a greater amount of criminal activity (severe torture of prisoners, sexual violence, looting and robbery, false denunciations) in the war and post-war period than in peacetime. It was in the countries of Europe, and in the USA, and in the USSR.

Also, people who have gone through the war are more likely to have nightmares in their dreams, they are haunted by terrible memories. It is important to remember that the rehabilitation of the military depends on the following main factors:

1. Return home and meeting with loved ones;
2. Raising the status in society, benefits;
3. Active social activity;
4. Communication with a military psychologist.

Thus, each person takes his place in society and must remember that he cannot be lost because he went through the war.

War always has negative consequences in the human psyche, but it is important to overcome the pain and anger that remains after it. After hostilities, the perception of the world changes regardless of the will of man. But as history shows, despite the horrors experienced during the war, most people were able to preserve spiritual values ​​and pass them on to the next generations.