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Seas of the Atlantic Ocean

Black Sea

Sea of ​​Azov

Environmental problems of the Black and Azov seas

Protection of the marine environment in the Black Sea region

Comparative characteristics of the Black and Azov seas

Where to rest? 10 differences on the example of Yeysk (Azov coast of Russia) and Sochi (Black Sea coast of the Western Caucasus in the Krasnodar region of Russia)

Seas of the Atlantic Ocean

The southern seas of the Russian Federation include the Caspian, Azov and Black Seas. These seas are combined into one group, since they have a close geographical position, and they are located relatively close to each other. These seas are of tectonic origin and are the "descendants" of the Tethys Ocean, which currently no longer exists.

The southern seas were formed as a result of the periodic uplift and lowering of the earth's crust. Similar movements were observed in all southern territories. The formation of these seas also contributed to the periodic increase in either salty waters of the ocean or fresh river waters. A similar formation of the southern seas led to their separation from the oceans. The Caspian Sea is completely isolated, while the Black and Azov Seas are partially isolated from the World Ocean.

The waters of the southern seas have a peculiar chemical composition. Their waters contain a large amount of chlorides, but they are less than in ocean water. But the content of carbonates exceeds oceanic indicators. Another characteristic feature of the waters of the southern seas is the low salt content. In these seas, most of the water balance consists of river waters. The content of fresh water in the Sea of ​​Azov is one eighth of the total volume. The proportion of river waters is large (although much less than that of the Sea of ​​Azov) near the Black and Caspian Seas.

The southern seas are characterized by features of a continental climate. But each sea has its own specific climatic features. Features of the continental climate are most clearly seen in the northern part of the Caspian Sea. In the Sea of ​​Azov and the northwestern zone of the Black Sea, continentality is not so clearly seen.

Caspian Sea

There are almost no tides in the southern seas. Only in the Black Sea does the water level fluctuate due to tidal waves. Changes in the water level are 7 - 8 cm. All the southern seas are characterized by surge processes, which reach their greatest strength in the northern regions of the Caspian and Azov Seas and near the Crimean coast of the Black Sea. The significance of surge and surge is especially great for the vertical exchange of waters in the Black Sea.

In the southern seas, seiches (standing waves that occur in closed or partially closed water bodies) are clearly manifested, which arise as a result of a rapid change in atmospheric pressure over the body of water. Due to the fact that the Caspian Sea does not have access to the waters of the World Ocean, long-term changes in the water level are observed in this sea. In different historical periods, the degree of filling of the basin of the Caspian Sea was different. Currently, there is a decrease in the amount of continental waters as a result of human activities and changing climatic conditions.

In the southern seas, scientists distinguish between two regional types: estuary-shelf and oceanic. The Sea of ​​Azov, the northern part of the Caspian Sea and the northwestern Black Sea belong to the estuary-shelf type. They are characterized by: a small depth of water, a high content of fresh water, a strong influence of atmospheric processes. In connection with these features, these seas react very quickly to natural and anthropogenic changes, which in turn affects the chemical composition of the waters and their biological conditions. In sea waters of this type, an ice cover forms every year, but during the winter its presence is irregular.

Sea of ​​Azov

The deep-water parts of the Caspian and Black Seas belong to the oceanic type. Due to the fact that these areas of the seas are characterized by a huge amount of water masses, there are minor changes caused by external factors. The features of these basins are determined, first of all, by the processes that occur during the internal exchange of water. In these areas of the seas, a constant chemical composition of water masses is observed.

As a result of human activity in the southern seas, there is a deterioration in the ecological state. The following factors contribute to water pollution: the widespread development of shipping and an increase in the number of seaports, the operation of industrial enterprises, soil dumping, runoff of urban polluted waters and storm drains.

Black Sea, breakwater

A large amount of pollutants enter the Sea of ​​Azov along with the waters of the Don, Kuban, Mius and other small rivers.

The waters of the Black Sea, which belong to the Russian Federation, are classified as "Moderately polluted". There is a low oxygen content here, which negatively affects the flora and fauna of the sea. Periodically, oil and oil products enter the waters of the Black Sea due to accidents on ships and together with industrial effluents. The ecological state of the resort areas is constantly deteriorating, as a result of the strong impact of human activities. It is necessary to build a large number of water protection facilities.

The most polluted areas of the Black Sea are located near the cities of Sochi, Novorossiysk, Primorsko-Akhtarsk. It is possible to improve water quality by applying a number of measures: the active introduction of treatment facilities, the timely renewal of sewerage networks, and strict control over the treatment of storm water. The increase in the number of ships that serve the port, the activities of the ships of the military fleet, which is based in the port of Novorossiysk, negatively affects the ecological state of the Black Sea waters. black sea ecological resort

The greatest environmental damage to the waters of the Caspian Sea is caused by the river runoff of polluted waters, wastewater that enters the sea from enterprises. Agriculture and water management periodically emit poisonous substances. The waters of the Caspian Sea are polluted with oil products, phosphorus, and an increase in the content of phenols is observed here. Among the districts of Dagestan, the following are “contaminated”: Lopatin, Makhachkala, Kaspiysk, Izberbash and Derbent, as well as the mouths of the Sulak and Samur rivers. The waters of the Terek River (in the coastal area) are classified as "dirty".

Black Sea

Deeply cut into the land. The area of ​​the water surface is 422 thousand km 3 , the average depth is 1315, the greatest -2210 m, the volume of sea water is 555 thousand km 3 . A distinctive feature of the Black Sea is a pronounced vertical stratification (stratification). The upper layer of water 10-15 m thick is saturated with oxygen, salinity is about 1.8%. A powerful benthic elephant with a thickness of 1500-1800 m has a salinity of 2.1-2.2%, is characterized by a complete absence of oxygen and a high concentration of hydrogen sulfide. Between these layers there is a water column with large differences in temperature and salinity, the vertical exchange between the upper and deep layers of water is insignificant. The length of the coastline adjacent to Russia (the coast of the Krasnodar Territory) is 400 km. Marine waters belong to the class of "moderately polluted", there are processes of eutrophication (fertilization of the Black Sea with runoff from agricultural fields) and the formation of oxygen deficiency zones. The main sources of Black Sea pollution are wastewater from industrial enterprises and housing and communal services.

Sea of ​​Azov

It is located in the south of the European part of Russia, deeply cut into the land. It belongs to the inland seas, but is also connected with the World Ocean: the Kerch Strait of Azov Sea connects with the Black Sea. The area of ​​the water area is 38 thousand km 2, the depth is up to 14 m. The territory of Russia includes the eastern part of the sea, adjacent to the Rostov Region 11 Krasnodar Territory. The water quality of the shallow Sea of ​​Azov, to a greater extent than other seas, is determined by the ratio of the volumes of continental runoff and sea water, which is equal to and on average 1:8. Under the influence of winds, the current in the Kerch Strait is variable, therefore, on average, 41 km 3 / year of water flows from the Black Sea to the Azov Sea, and 66.6 km 2 / year from the Azov Sea to the Black Sea. The salt regime and mineralization of the water of the Sea of ​​Azov is the result of mixing fresh river, atmospheric and salty Black Sea waters. There is intensive economic activity in the catchment area. The coal and metallurgical industries are concentrated here, about 2 million hectares of irrigated agricultural land are located, and the population density is high. In recent decades, due to the economic development of the region, the amount of river runoff has significantly decreased, irrevocable water consumption has increased, and the flow of salty Black Sea waters has increased. As a result, the average mineralization of water increased to 12-13 g/l, while biological productivity decreased at the same time.

Environmental problems of the Black and Azov seas

The Black and Azov Seas are the most remote from the World Ocean. The area of ​​their drainage basin is much larger than the area of ​​the seas themselves. This is due to their extreme sensitivity to the influence of human activity. In recent decades, there have been eutrophication processes, pollution of the sea shelf with toxic substances, abrasion (the process of destruction by waves and surf of the shores of reservoirs) of the coast, a decrease in biological diversity and fish stocks, significant losses of recreational resources (resources of all kinds that can be used to meet the needs of the population in recreation and tourism).

The Azov-Black Sea coast of Ukraine is unique: mild climate, magnificent landscapes, and fertile soils - all this makes this region attractive for tourists and valuable for agriculture. According to the All-Russian Society for Nature Conservation, pistachio-juniper woodlands preserved along the Black Sea coast, as well as broad-leaved forests interspersed with sessile oak, are unique. Their floristic composition contains about 60% of relict and endemic (peculiar to a certain geographical area) species. On the slopes of the hills and ridges of the Taman Peninsula, among continuous plowed lands, isolated areas of forb-cereal steppes and semi-desert species have been preserved. The Azov coast - the deltas of the Kuban and Don rivers, the Akhtar-Grivna estuary system - are of particular value for the conservation of biodiversity and fish resources. But all these natural resources are now in the zone of extremely active development, often without taking into account their exceptional ecological, aesthetic and balneological value.

An analysis of the ecological situation indicates that the Black Sea ecosystem is experiencing a significant anthropogenic (due to human activity) load, some areas of the water area have lost the ability to self-purify. The coastal part of the Black Sea experiences the greatest anthropogenic load, especially in the area of ​​activity of ports, river mouths, as well as in the area of ​​large cities.

The ecological situation in the Black Sea basin is somewhat better, which is facilitated by its size and depth. However, the Dnieper, Southern Bug, Dniester, Danube flow into the Black Sea, which annually bring millions of cubic meters of wastewater containing dozens of toxicants. The concentration of radionuclides increased significantly in water and bottom sediments. The shelf is polluted by domestic and sewage effluents, the accompanying tourism industries. Therefore, recently the beaches of Yalta, Feodosia, Evpatoria, Alushta, and Odessa have been closed dozens of times. In the southwestern part of the Black Sea, in connection with the development of underwater oil and gas fields, intensive water pollution by oil products began. In the same region, there are more and more dead zones.

Huge danger is represented by powerful port factories and the Southern port near Odessa. Here, in particular, huge volumes of liquid ammonia are produced and concentrated, and the powerful Odessa-Tolyatti ammonia pipeline is operated. This extremely harmful substance is transported by tankers with a capacity of 50-120 thousand tons. Even one accident at a plant, in a port or on such a tanker can have very serious environmental and economic consequences.

Due to violations of the regional hydrodynamic, hydrochemical and thermal balances of the water masses of the sea, the limit of deep waters saturated with hydrogen sulfide is gradually increasing. If earlier it passed at a depth of 150-200 m, now it has risen to 80-110 m.

Due to water pollution and overfishing, the composition of the Black Sea ichthyofauna has changed significantly. In recent years, there has been a general decline in fish catch, and most of all this concerns valuable species - mackerel, bonito, salmon, goby, mullet, but low-value species - sprat and anchovy - come out on top. Four species of Black Sea sturgeons are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine: beluga, spike, sterlet and Atlantic sturgeon. Of the 23 species of commercial fish caught in 1965, only five remained. In 1957, there was a large population of dolphins in the Black Sea, their annual catch was 35,000 individuals. After a sharp reduction in their numbers, the catch of these animals has long been banned.

Due to the catastrophic decrease in the number of red algae Phyllophora, its extraction is prohibited. This also applies to shellfish, in particular mussels.

The crisis situation is developing in the Black Sea estuaries - the Dnieper-Bugsky, Dniester, Kalamitsky and Karkinitsky bays, and in the Sasyk estuary-lake it is assessed as catastrophic. In the estuaries, toxic "blooms" of blue-green algae are observed, and since the beginning of the 80s, "blooms" similar to the sad "red tides" have appeared both in the estuaries and in the open waters of the sea. All over the world, it is this "bloom" that is considered the most harmful, because the algae that cause it are capable of releasing saxitoxin, the deadly poison of curare, into the water.

Seventeen European countries pollute the Black Sea. One of the leading factors that shape the ecological state of sea waters is the pollution that enters the Black Sea with the runoff of large European rivers. Hundreds of tons of pollutants enter the sea every year. This applies mainly to biogenic substances, mineral fertilizers, pesticides and petroleum products. Of the total amount of industrial and domestic wastewater that enters the Black Sea annually, 60% is supplied by the Dnieper, Dniester and Danube, up to 20% - the coast of the North Caucasus, about 10% - the Sevastopol region and 5% each - the coast of Odessa, the southern coast of Crimea and the coast of Georgia. In 1996, the first international conference on the problem of environmental protection of the Black Sea was held in Istanbul. It was organized by the Council of Europe and PACE (Parliamentary Assembly of the Council of Europe). Also in 1996, an international conference was held in Evpatoria on the problems of local self-government and environmentalists in the Black Sea, Dnieper and Danube basins. The World Bank has joined the financing of works to protect the Black Sea. The European Parliament is doing a lot in this direction. In 2000, the Regulations on the State Inspectorate for the Protection of the Black Sea of ​​the Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of Ukraine were approved. The efforts of the Black Sea Environment Program (BSEP) resulted in two important and specific documents: the Transnational Diagnostic Analysis of the Black Sea and the Strategic Action Plan for the Rehabilitation and Protection of the Black Sea.

If the Black Sea is against the backdrop of an ecological crisis, then the Sea of ​​Azov is a zone of ecological disaster. An acute environmental crisis has gripped the Sea of ​​Azov. This is, without exaggeration, a zone of ecological catastrophe. Even 40-50 years ago, 35 times more fish were caught in it than in the Black Sea, and 12 times more than in the Baltic Sea. 114 species of fish were found in this sea, and the total catch sometimes exceeded 300 thousand tons. A significant part of the catch was made up of valuable sturgeon species. Today, hunting has decreased by an average of 6 times, and the fish caught sometimes contains so many chemicals that it is dangerous to consume it.

There was also a silent biological explosion in the Sea of ​​Azov. Decades ago, the Far Eastern pelengas fish came out of the experimental boxes into the sea and quickly settled throughout the entire water area of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov. Being competitively stronger, the pelengas displaces many native species of the Azov ichthyofauna and has already become one of the main commercial species of this sea.

The waters of Azov have long been famous for their healing properties. Now, as a result of anthropogenic pollution, these properties have been lost. The concentration of pesticides has increased 20 times. Today, in the bottom sediments of the sea, the content of pesticides and heavy metals is many times higher than the norm.

In the 1970s, the first major outbreaks of toxic "bloom" of water by blue-green algae were recorded in the Taganrog Bay. In the 80s they became regular. In 1997, "blooms" were already observed in the open waters of the sea and covered not only its eastern, most polluted part, but also the western one.

The sanitary and epidemiological situation on the coast of Azov has sharply worsened. Every year, large resort areas are periodically declared closed due to non-compliance with sanitary and hygienic standards, outbreaks of especially dangerous infectious diseases, such as cholera.

The main causes of the ecological crisis of Azov:

· Predatory fishing by enterprises of the Ministry of Fisheries of the former USSR, started in the 50s by the method of powerful ocean fishing with the help of huge trawls, boxes, mechanical dredges, instead of traditional small nets, special gear, small launches, designed for sea depths of 5-8 m;

· Construction of dams and reservoirs on the main rivers that feed the sea - the Don and Kuban, and the transformation of these reservoirs into giant industrial sedimentation tanks;

· Implementation of irrigated agriculture and intensive rice cultivation technologies in the basins of the sea runoff instead of cultivation of traditional crops, which led to over-chemicalization and salinization of soils, water pollution, and a significant reduction in the flow of the Don and Kuban rivers;

· Uncontrolled, avalanche-like washing off of pesticides from agricultural fields and their removal to the sea by the waters of the Don and Kuban;

· An increase in the amount of untreated emissions from enterprises of the chemical and metallurgical industries in the cities of Mariupol, Rostov-on-Don, Taganrog, Kamysh-Burun (Mariupol alone “supplies” 800 thousand tons of toxic substances to the Azov basin annually);

· Intensive construction of numerous boarding houses and recreation centers on the coast and sea spits and, as a result, the discharge of domestic waste and sewage into the sea.

To prevent the ecological catastrophe of the Sea of ​​Azov, it is necessary to drastically reduce the irretrievable withdrawal of river runoff and reduce the level of pollution. The possibilities of building a dam between the Sea of ​​Azov and the Black Sea are being studied in order to limit the flow of salty Black Sea waters into the Sea of ​​Azov, options are being developed for the bioreclamation of the Azov Sea basin, the reconstruction of the ichthyofauna, and the establishment of a quota for sturgeon fishing.

Will the Black Sea explode?

The Southern Research Institute of Marine Fisheries and Oceanography (YugNIRO) deals with both private and global environmental problems in case of violation.

The most important problem is the change in the ecosystem of the seas. We know about the death of the Aral Sea. This sea turned into two salt lakes due to the fact that the flow of the rivers that fed it was taken away. A similar catastrophe threatens the Sea of ​​Azov. It began a long time ago - since the construction of the Volga-Don Canal. Then - a series of reservoirs, then - rice cultivation, the creation of an irrigation system ... 40% of the freshwater runoff was taken away. And the result is a tenfold decrease in fish productivity.

The Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov has not become smaller because it is connected to the oceans. The water in it will not decrease, but the salinity changes, and with it the density structure, which violates the production system. There is a destruction of spawning grounds and simply the destruction of the area necessary for semi-anadromous (semi-freshwater) fish. For sturgeon, for example, an increase in water salinity is not harmful, and for semi-freshwater pike perch, it is unacceptable.

A change in the density structure is an extremely serious thing in general. As a result of the increase in water salinity in winter, when the runoff decreases, a large amount of pollutants and simply organic matter is washed out of the bottom sediments. There is intense mixing and the sea is overproduced. And in summer, when the runoff increases, it spreads in the surface layer, while saline waters form a density jump that is impassable for oxygen. And freezes happen.

According to YugNIRO forecasts, the Black Sea will not die, it will simply change if water withdrawal continues. The hydrogen sulfide layer may disappear, and this is almost 2000 meters. The aerated layer is only 90-100 meters. This is where an ecological catastrophe can come, although now the hydrogen sulfide layer has stopped rising, the sea, as it were, brings itself into a stable state.

What is actually the hydrogen sulfide layer in the Black Sea? How is it useful and why is it dangerous? It is absolutely detrimental to living organisms - except for the hydrogen sulfide bacteria that live and produce there. How was it formed? The Black Sea is a specific sea. It has two clearly separated layers - the upper freshened one, the salinity of which is 18 ppm, and the lower, more salty, Mediterranean waters, which have 22 ppm. At the boundary of these layers there is a layer of a sharp jump in salinity, and since salinity determines the density, a sharp jump in density is obtained.

An idea of ​​this two-layer structure will be given by a glass filled with water and oil. At the border of water and oil, there is a blocking layer that prevents turbulent mixing and, consequently, the penetration of oxygen. But organic matter is constantly falling into the sea from above - millions of tons, which requires oxidation, which is impossible without oxygen. As a result, hydrogen sulfide is formed.

The Black Sea is far from the only body of water in which there is hydrogen sulfide. Such, for example, are the Norwegian fjords, where fresh water from the mountains covers salt water. Hydrogen sulfide is formed there instantly.

When the balance of fresh and sea waters is maintained at the natural level, the depth of the hydrogen sulfide layer varies up and down depending on dry and high water years. But with the increase in water intake, which has accelerated since 1979 to two meters per year, over the past 30 years, the hydrogen sulfide layer has risen by 60 meters. In windy conditions, it even comes to the surface in some places. The same in dry years - the gas comes to the surface. Hydrogen sulfide is indeed a combustible gas, but talking about an explosion is simply ridiculous.

If water intake increases and hydrogen sulfide rises to the surface, density overturning may occur, as happened, say, with the Dead Sea. Satellite observations showed that the upper blue layer in this reservoir turned black already on the next orbit, i.e. the flip happened instantly. The fact is that there is a critical value of the density gradient. If it decreases, it is like breaking the ice, and as a result - mixing.

Does this kill life in the sea? Does the Dead Sea owe its name to this? No, it is "Dead" because the water in it is very salty. And what will happen to the Black Sea? It will just become different. First of all, warmer, as heat will be released during mixing. Like the Adriatic Sea - it is at the same depth, in the same climatic zone, but without hydrogen sulfide, and therefore much warmer.

Of course, the transitional moment is dangerous - first of all, for living organisms, since large masses of gas rising up will poison everything in their path. Over time, the sea will recover, but we repeat, it will be different.

Will the air be poisoned? You know, there is the coast of Namibia in Africa. There is the Bengal Current, which brings a lot of nutrients from Antarctica. They are sold in the form of primary products, which are deposited. Where there is a blocking layer, hydrogen sulfide is formed. Thanks to mixing, it has time not only to oxidize, but also to come to the surface. These exits are felt by the population. Blacken white ships, walls of houses, silver. The unpleasant smell of rotten eggs spreads. Some cities are being evacuated. That is, there are precedents in world practice. But even large masses of hydrogen sulfide can evaporate in just a few days, this phenomenon does not pose a mortal danger to people.

So it turns out that it is not hydrogen sulfide that threatens the sea with an explosion, it would be too romantic. An “explosion” is threatened by other, mundane, everyday reasons: a decrease in river flow, pesticides from rice fields, and oil tanks coveted by unfortunate entrepreneurs.

Protection of the marine environment in the Black Sea region

Russian policy in the field of marine environment protection in the Black Sea region has been declared at the highest level as the number one priority, primarily due to several factors:

firstly, Russia plays an important role in the region, where energy resources are transported through the Black Sea and Azov corridors;

secondly, in Sochi, on the Black Sea coast in 2014, the Winter Olympic Games were held.

In this regard, the Russian government is interested in implementing environmental projects in the Black Sea and Azov regions. Marine environmental policy at the federal level is regulated by the Ministry of National Resources, including the Federal Agency for Water Resources, the Ministry of Health and Social Development, the Ministry of Transport, including the Federal Agency for Sea and River Transport, the Federal Service for Hydrometeorology and Environmental Control, and the Federal Service for Environmental, Technological and Nuclear Control.

The long-term action plan of the Ministry of Natural Resources for the exploration and use of natural resources and environmental protection - 2001-2020 is currently being implemented. Recently, some progress has been made in environmental policy on the Black Sea coast of Russia, both from an organizational, legal and legislative point of view. Aspects of integrated coastal zone management are carried out in the main Black Sea and Azov ports of Russia - Taganrog (Sea of ​​Azov), Novorossiysk, Gelendzhik, Tuapse and Sochi (Black Sea). These aspects include the organization of waste management, spatial development plans, regular activities in the field of monitoring the state of the marine environment and appropriate mechanisms to allow the population of the coastal zone to take an active part in the decision-making process.

At the federal legislative level, maritime issues are regulated by the "Code for the Use of Water Resources", the law on the continental shelf, the law on the production and processing of waste, the law on sanitary and epidemiological welfare of the population and the law on environmental protection. At the regional level, several laws have been adopted relating to the Black Sea coastal areas, mainly the Krasnodar Territory and the Rostov Region. Among them are such Krasnodar laws as the law on production and processing, as well as the epidemiological welfare of the population, and the law on natural healing resources, medical zones and resorts in Krasnodar.

In Ukraine, the central government structures dealing with marine environmental issues are represented by the Ministry of Environmental Protection (which includes a specialized department for the Black and Azov Seas and three state environmental inspectorates, namely, for the northwestern sector of the Black Sea, the Black and Azov Seas around the Crimean Peninsula and for the rest of the Ukrainian coast of the Sea of ​​Azov), the Ministry of Health and the Ministry of Transport and Communications (which includes a department for maritime and river transport).

The Ministry of Environmental Protection has territorial offices in all coastal regions of Ukraine - the Crimean Autonomous Republic, Odessa, Nikolaev, Kherson, Zaporozhye, Donetsk and Sevastopol. The conceptual framework of Ukrainian marine environmental policy consists of a national program for the protection and restoration of the Azov and Black Seas.

The national regulatory framework includes the Environmental Protection Law, the main public health laws, the Maritime Trade Code, the Water Code and the Waste Law. In the 1990s, the Ukrainian government adopted a resolution on the rates for calculating compensation and damage caused by pollution from ships and other watercraft in the territorial and internal sea waters of Ukraine.

Comparative characteristics of the Black and Azov seas

Characteristics of the sea	Black Sea	Sea of ​​Azov
1. Basin of which ocean	Atlantic	Atlantic
2. Outlying or internal	Internal	Internal
3. Coastline (indented, none, bays, peninsulas)	Relatively poorly dissected (Crimean Peninsula; Karkinitsky Bay; Tsemesskaya and Gelendzhik bays)	Good indentation (Sivash and Taganrog bays; Taman and Kerch peninsulas; many sandy spits)
4. Depths, bottom topography	Area - 413.5 thousand km 2; average depth - 1271 m; maximum - 2245 m. The bottom, or bed, of the tectonic basin that the sea fills is a flat surface (this is a feature!). The Black Sea is located in a tectonic basin => significant depths	Area - 38.8 thousand km 2; average depth - 8 m; maximum - 14 m. The most shallow sea on Earth (this is a feature!). The Sea of ​​Azov is located on the continental shelf => it is shallow Mud volcanoes operate at the bottom of the sea.
5. Salinity Inland seas and have a limited connection with the Atlantic through a complex system of straits; many rivers bring a large amount of fresh water.
6. Water temperature (ice)	Average January - from -3.0 ° C to +5.3 ° C; Average July - from +22.5 ° C to +24.3 ° C. Ice occurs only in its northern bays (a feature is the warmest sea in Russia!).	Average January - up to -1.0 ° C; Average July - from +24.0 ° C to +32.0 ° C. Completely covered in ice. The Sea of ​​Azov is shallow, located to the north of the Black Sea, and has low salinity.
7. Resources, economic value	The fauna of the sea is poor. Fishing: horse mackerel, anchovy, flounder, ram, sprat. transport value. recreational resource.	A unique reservoir for fish stocks (herring, bream, pike perch, carp, sturgeon, etc.). recreational resource.
8. Environmental issues	Pollution from human waste (domestic and industrial effluents, ballast water discharges).	The waters of the Don and Kuban are used to irrigate arid lands, which greatly reduced the inflow of fresh river water into the sea. And the salty Black Sea water began to flow more. All this led to a sharp reduction in the number of fish.

The Black and Azov Seas, having a number of specific differences (depth and topography of the bottom, salinity and temperature of the water, coastline), have the following common features: they deeply protrude into the Eurasian mainland, the connection of these seas with the Atlantic Ocean is relatively weak and is carried out through other seas and straits, they have common environmental problems that require effective solutions.

Interesting Facts

Black Sea:

1. In Rus', in the old days, the Black Sea was called the Pontic, as well as the Russian. The Turks called it Kara-den-giz, that is, the inhospitable Black Sea.

2. Due to the lack of water exchange with the ocean, the water in the Black Sea from a depth of 100-150 m contains hydrogen sulfide and is almost completely lifeless.

3. The old Russian name for the Sea of ​​Azov is the Surozh Sea. The Scythians (Karagulak) and the Tatar-Mongols (Balyk-dengiz or Chabak-dengiz, i.e. bream) called it “fishy”. In ancient Greece, it was called Meotida - nurse.

4. The Black Sea is one of the most famous in the world. But the first, most ancient name turned out to be the most tenacious: Pontos Melas, Kara-Deniz, Mavri Thalassa, Schwarzemeer, Black Sea - all these names in different languages ​​mean the same thing - the Black Sea.

5. Hypotheses have repeatedly been put forward in the scientific world that the Black Sea arose about six to eight thousand years ago, when the melting glaciers of the world ocean raised the level of the Mediterranean Sea and allowed it to overcome the natural dam, which was the current Bosphorus. After its breakthrough, the waters rushed into the Black Sea with a force equal to the power of 200 Niagara Falls. This natural disaster is reminiscent of the well-known story of the Flood described in the Old Testament. It is noteworthy that the time of the largest natural disaster on earth practically coincides according to both science and religion.

6. Even Herodotus called the Black Sea "by its nature the most amazing." One of its features is that organic life in it exists only in the surface 100-200-meter layer; below, to the very bottom (and the maximum depth of the Black Sea is 2245 m) - a huge motionless mass of water, practically devoid of life, because it is contaminated with hydrogen sulfide.

7. The salinity of the water in the Black Sea is much lower than in other seas. If the salinity of the Mediterranean Sea is 37 ppm, then in the upper layers of the Black Sea - only 18 ppm, and in the lower layers a little more - 22 ppm.

8. The flora of the Black Sea includes 270 species of multicellular green, brown, red bottom algae (cystoseira, phyllophora, zoster, cladophora, ulva, enteromorph, etc.). The phytoplankton of the Black Sea includes at least six hundred species. Among them are dinoflagellates - armored flagellates (Prorocentrum micans, Ceratium furca, small scripsiella Scrippsiella trochoidea, etc.), dinoflagellates (dinophysis, protoperidinium, alexandrium), various diatoms, etc.

9. In winter, the Black Sea does not freeze completely. Only in the northwestern part (near Odessa) does a small area of ​​the sea freeze for a short time. True, in the Byzantine chronicles there are references to the complete freezing of the Black Sea (Pontus) in 401 and in 762 AD.

10. During the Crimean earthquake of 1927, high columns of fire were observed in the Black Sea near Sevastopol: it is believed that hydrogen sulfide (mixed with methane) was burning, which rose to the surface of the sea and ignited.

11. There are no pronounced ebbs and flows in the Black Sea, and water circulation occurs only in the surface layers, which are saturated with oxygen and suitable for the life of marine life. The water temperature in the surface layers in summer can reach +30 °C, and the average water temperature ranges from +8 °C in winter to + 22 °C in summer. The water temperature in the Black Sea near Anapa in the summer months is: in May - 16-19 degrees, in June 19-22, in July-August 22-25 degrees. In autumn, the water temperature in the sea slowly decreases: in September 23-21, and in October 20-18 degrees. After a hot summer and a warm autumn, the sea cools down even more slowly, sometimes in early November you can swim when the water temperature in the Black Sea remains at around +19...17 degrees.

12. According to scientists, in the current century the level of the Black Sea will rise by 1-2 meters. This was announced by Valentina Yanko, professor of the Department of General Marine Geology of the Faculty of Geology and Geography of the Odessa National University, at the 2nd International Conference "The Black Sea-Mediterranean Corridor over the Last 30 Thousand Years: Sea Level Changes and Human Adaptation". Experts note that if nothing changes in the next 50-70 years, all the city beaches of Odessa will go under water.

13. The Black Sea is home to 2500 species of animals. In comparison, for example, with the Mediterranean Sea, which is home to about 9,000 species, this number cannot be considered large. At the very bottom you can find oysters, clams and mussels. And such a predator as a rapana was brought in by ships sailing from the Far East.

14. The most dangerous fish that lives in the waters of the Black Sea is the sea dragon. This fish is poisonous. The poison is found on the gill wings and on the spines of the dorsal fin. Representatives such as stingray and scorpionfish are considered no less dangerous.

15. The Black Sea is different in that at its very bottom (depth over 150-200 meters) life is completely absent. The only exceptions are some bacteria. And all because the layer at the depth of the Black Sea is saturated with hydrogen sulfide.

16. The Black Sea has a single large peninsula - the Crimean.

17. Such representatives of mammals live in the waters of the Black Sea: porpoise, white-bellied seal and two species of dolphins.

18. The mountains that surround the Black Sea are growing all the time. The same applies to the sea itself - it is constantly increasing. The only difference is that mountains grow by about a couple of centimeters in one century, and the sea advances at a speed of 20-25 centimeters in the same time. The ancient city of Taman has already disappeared on the seabed.

19. In the Black Sea there is a very unusual type of planktonic algae - the night-lighter. She is endowed with phosphorus. It is because of the night light in August that you can see how the Black Sea glows.

20. The prickly shark katran is the only shark that lives in the Black Sea. But it does not happen close to the coast, as it is very afraid of people.

Sea of ​​Azov:

1. In antiquity, the Greeks called the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov the Meotian Lake (ancient Greek Mby? Feyt), the Romans Palus Maeotis (“Meotian swamp”), the Scythians Kargaluk, the Meotians Temerinda (which means “mother of the sea”), the Arabs - Bahr al-Azuf, the Turks - Bahr el-Assak or Bahr-y Assak (Dark blue sea; modern tour Azak Denizi) and also - Balysira (Balisira), among the Genoese and Venetians - Mare delle Zabacche.

2. The sea was renamed many times (Samakush, Salakar, Mayutis, etc.). At the beginning of the XIII century. the name of the Saksinsk Sea is approved. The Tatar-Mongol conquerors replenished the collection of the names of Azov: Balyk-dengiz (fish sea) and Chabak-dengiz (chabache, bream sea).

3. The most reliable should be considered that the modern name of the sea comes from the name of the city of Azov. According to the etymology of the word “azov”, there are a number of hypotheses: after the name of the Polovtsian prince Azum (Azuf), who was killed during the capture of the city in 1067; by the name of the Osos (Asses) tribe, which in turn allegedly came from the Avestan, meaning "fast"; the name is compared with the Turkic word azan - “lower”, and the Circassian uzev - “neck”. The Turkic name of the city of Azov is Auzak. But even in the 1st c. AD Pliny, listing the Scythian tribes in his writings, mentions the Asoki tribe, similar to the word Azov. It is generally accepted that the modern name of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov came to Russian toponymy at the beginning of the 17th century. thanks to the chronicle of Pimen. Moreover, at the beginning it was assigned only to its part (Taganrog Bay), and only during the Azov campaigns of Peter I, the name of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov was assigned to the entire reservoir.

4. The Sea of ​​Azov belongs to flat seas and is a shallow body of water with low coastal slopes. Its volume is small and equal to 320 cubic meters. The Aral Sea exceeds the Azov Sea in area by almost 2 times. The Black Sea is almost 11 times larger than the Sea of ​​Azov in terms of area, and 1678 times in volume.

5. The Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov forms several bays, of which the largest are Taganrog, Temryuk and the strongly isolated Sivash, which is more correctly considered an estuary. There are no large islands in the Sea of ​​Azov. There are a number of shoals, partially flooded with water and located near the coast. Such, for example, are the islands of Biryuchy, Turtle and others.

6. There are no ebbs and flows in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, but this does not mean that its level is not subject to fluctuations. Sea level observations are carried out simultaneously at many coastal hydrometeorological stations with the help of foot-rods or sea recorders. With their help, it was found that level fluctuations have a daily, annual, long-term character and depend on the volume of river runoff, the amount of precipitation, the amount of evaporation, water exchange with the Black Sea, Sivash and other reasons.

7. The Sea of ​​Azov is one of the basins with brackish water and a noticeable fluctuation in salinity. The low salinity of the sea waters is due to the fact that river runoff and atmospheric precipitation play an important role in its water supply. Salinity fluctuations depend on the variability of river runoff, evaporation, water exchange with the more saline Black Sea and Sivash.

8. In the second half of the 20th century, after the flow of the Don, Kuban and other rivers was regulated, the average annual salinity of Azov changed from 10.9 ppm in 1982 to 13.8 ppm in 1976, decreasing during wet periods and increasing during dry periods. One liter of Azov water contains an average of about 12 grams of salts, that is, salinity is 1.2 percent of the mass of water, or 12 ppm. In ppm, or thousandths of a value, it is customary to estimate the salinity of water in oceanology. For comparison, we note that the average salinity of the surface waters of the Black Sea is about 18, and the World Ocean - about 35 ppm.

9. More than 70 species of various fish live in the Sea of ​​Azov, including: beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, flounder, mullet, tyulka, anchovy, ram, fish, shemaya, various types of gobies.

10. Tyulka is the most numerous fish in the Sea of ​​Azov, its catch in some years reached 120 thousand tons. If we distribute all the Azov seals among 6.5 billion inhabitants of the planet, then each will get 15 fish. In the Sea of ​​Azov and in the mouths of the rivers flowing into it, as well as in the estuaries, there are 114 species and subspecies of fish.

11. In 2007, in the Kerch Strait in the area of ​​​​the Russian port of Kavkaz, due to a strong storm on November 11, 4 ships sank - dry cargo ships Volnogorsk, Nakhichevan, Kovel, Hadji Izmail (Georgian flag, Turkish ship owner and crew). 6 vessels broke anchor and ran aground, 2 tankers were damaged (Volgoneft-123 and Volgoneft-139). About 1300 tons of fuel oil and about 6800 tons of sulfur got into the sea.

12. When swimming at night in the Sea of ​​Azov, you can see how the coastal zone glows. Such a wonderful glow is formed due to plankton living near the coastline.

13. The water in the Sea of ​​Azov is less salty than in the Black Sea.

14. The Sea of ​​Azov is the smallest sea in the world.

15. If you try to fill Lake Baikal, you will need water from 94 Seas of Azov.

16. There is another name for the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov - shellfish. It is not difficult to assume that the sea bears such a name because of the large number of mollusks that live in it. At the same time, mollusks feel more than comfortable in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov.

17. The greatest depth of the Sea of ​​Azov is 30.5 meters, and the average depth is about 8 meters. Not much more than in a pond.

18. Local residents have long noticed that the Sea of ​​Azov is rapidly shallowing. This is visible to the naked eye and clear without the conclusions of scientists.

19. If the summer weather stays hot for a couple of days, the water in the Sea of ​​Azov can heat up to 30 degrees. Such water temperature does not happen in more than one sea. But they are not that small either.

20. Doctors say that the sand located on the shores of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov has healing properties. They advise at least 1.5-2 hours to spend swimming in it.

Where to rest?10 differenceson the example of Yeysk (Azov coast of Russia)and Sochi (Black Sea coast of the Western Caucasus in the Krasnodar Territory of Russia)

1. _ The beaches in Yeysk are golden white. This color is given to them by sand and small pieces of shells, resulting from many years of destruction of shells by waves.

In Sochi, the beaches are mostly pebbly and rocky, in some places there are inserts of sand. This sand is called silvery, but, in my opinion, it is loudly said: ordinary gray sand.

2. _ The water in the Black Sea on a fine day is blue to cobalt blue in color. This is due to the fact that sea water absorbs blue and violet rays of the spectrum to a lesser extent than red and orange.

When the sea is shallow, along with blue and purple, red and orange rays are also reflected. It turns out green. Therefore, the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov is greenish. The richly developed phytoplankton also adds greenery to the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov.

3. _ However, the water in the Sea of ​​Azov is not entirely green. Rather greenish-yellow, and in the wind - the color of coffee with milk. The color is caused by the resuspension of bottom silts and sand particles. The Sea of ​​Azov is muddy. Its transparency ranges from 0.5 to 8 m.

The Black Sea is much more transparent. For comparison, the maximum recorded transparency of the Black Sea was 77 m. Unfortunately, this was not in Sochi, but near the Synod.

Sea in Yeysk

Sea in Sochi

4. _ The turbidity of the Sea of ​​Azov does not particularly upset anyone, since the mud responsible for this turbidity has a beneficial effect on the human body. On the beaches of Azov there are many "black" people, smeared from head to toe with healing mud.

On the Black Sea coast there are "little blacks" of a different kind: African students moonlighting as Papuans.

5. _ The Sea of ​​Azov is the smallest sea in the world. Its average depth is 8 meters. You go, you go, and the water is all up to your waist.

The greatest depth of the Black Sea is 2,212 m.

6. _ Because of the shallow depth, the Sea of ​​Azov warms up faster than the Black Sea.

In early June, the water in the Black Sea is still cool, and in the Sea of ​​Azov it is just what you need.

7. _ Another advantage of shallow water is safety. Almost 90% of vacationers on the Sea of ​​Azov are parents or grandmothers with children.

On the Black Sea, the contingent of vacationers is much wider.

8. _ If lambs begin on the Black Sea, you can’t get away from them.

Yeysk is located on the spit. There you can move from one side of the spit to the other, from beach to beach: the direction of the wind will change, the lambs will disappear.

9. _ The water in the Sea of ​​Azov is almost not salty.

In the Black Sea, the water is saltier and smells of iodine.

10. _ The Sea of ​​Azov freezes in winter.

The Black Sea never freezes.

And you choose for yourself where to go: to the Black Sea or the Sea of ​​Azov.

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Despite the relatively short coastline, the southern seas are of great importance for our country. Through the Black, Azov and Caspian Seas, Russia maintains links with both countries of the near and far abroad. From the Azov-Black Sea basin through the Bosporus and Dardanelles one can directly get to the Mediterranean Sea and further to the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

What is the uniqueness of the Black Sea?

The Black Sea is the warmest and friendliest of our seas; it does not freeze off the coast of Russia. This inland sea occupies a vast and deep flat-bottomed basin 2,000 m deep (the greatest depth is 2245 m). A characteristic feature of the sea is a small number of bays and bays and the almost complete absence of islands.

Over the long history of its existence, the Black Sea has experienced repeated ups and downs. Therefore, it is not surprising that at the bottom of the sea, marine archaeologists discover ancient cities and villages buried under a layer of silt.

A distinctive feature of the Black Sea water column is its “two-story structure”. The upper 100-meter layer of water mixes well and, accordingly, is saturated with oxygen. Deeper mixing does not occur, the waters stagnate more and more, and from 100-200 m oxygen is displaced by poisonous hydrogen sulfide gas. At a depth of 1500 m, its content reaches such a concentration that only anaerobic bacteria live here - this is practically a dead zone.

The Black Sea is not rich in fish resources compared to other Russian seas. Apparently, the influence of the hydrogen sulfide zone affects. Of the fish, there are Mediterranean species - mullet, mackerel (these are the main commercial species), as well as anchovy, horse mackerel and freshwater - pike perch, bream, ram and others. Very few migratory species have survived - sturgeon, herring. Much of this is due to sewage pollution.

Rice. 113. Novorossiysk - the largest port of Russia on the Black Sea

Novorossiysk was founded in 1839 as a military fortification on the shore of the Tsemesskaya (Novorossiysk) bay. At the end of the last century, the richest deposits of marls, raw materials for cement production, were discovered near the city, and soon 10 cement plants were operating here. During the Great Patriotic War, the hero city of Novorossiysk became the site of fierce battles: in September 1942, the front stopped on the southeastern outskirts, the city was completely destroyed. Modern Novorossiysk is the largest port in Russia with a cargo turnover of up to 40 million tons. It is the main port for shipping Russian oil abroad, which comes here via an oil pipeline from Western Siberia and the Volga region. Tsemes Bay is a very convenient harbor, the largest ships can enter it; but in autumn and winter there are hurricane-force winds - bora, blowing from the northeast through mountain passes.

What are the problems of the Sea of ​​Azov?

The Sea of ​​Azov is one of the smallest seas in the world and the shallowest: the greatest depth does not even reach 14 m, and the prevailing depths are only 5-7 m. In the eastern part of the sea on the Russian side, hundreds of meters from the coast, the depth usually does not exceed 2-4 m. In summer, the entire water column warms up to 26-28 ° C, in winter the sea freezes.

Through the narrow (only 3 km) and shallow (up to 7 m) Kerch Strait, water is exchanged with the Black Sea. For a long time, the Sea of ​​Azov was distinguished by extraordinary productivity, being the world record holder for fish stocks per unit area. This was facilitated by the shallowness of the sea, good warming and illumination of the entire water column, excellent mixing and saturation of water with oxygen. The main commercial species were sturgeon (beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon), pike perch, bream, carp, ram and herring.

With the regulation of rivers by reservoirs and high water consumption for industrial, domestic needs and irrigation, the river flow of the Don and Kuban into the sea has sharply decreased over the past 30-40 years. This caused some drop in the sea level and increased the inflow of more saline Black Sea waters. As a result, the salinity of the sea has noticeably increased and the water area suitable for the habitat of valuable commercial fish has decreased (the supply of food for many fish species has decreased). Dams have blocked the way to spawning grounds for migratory fish, and sewage discharges have sharply increased. The result was a drop in the productivity of the sea.

When did Russian merchants begin to explore the Caspian Sea?

For many centuries, the Caspian Sea served as the southern gate of the Russian state. It is known that the Eastern Slavs penetrated here as early as the 7th century, and from the 9th-10th centuries. Russian ships have already quite firmly mastered this sea basin. Russian merchants traded with the peoples who lived in the Caspian region, and even penetrated into distant countries - India, China. Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin in 1466-1472. traveled to Persia and India. In his travel notes “Journey beyond three seas” it is written: “Behold, I wrote my sinful journey beyond three seas: the first sea is Derbent.”

By the way, the Caspian had a huge variety of names: Hyrcanian (for the Greeks), Eastern (for the Assyrians), Western (for the Chinese), Horosan (for the Arabs). In Russian chronicles, the Caspian was called the Khvalynsk, Derbent Sea. The modern name comes from the disappeared people of the Caspians (horse breeders), who once lived on the western and southwestern coasts.

With the accession of the Astrakhan Khanate in the middle of the XVI century. permanent Russian fortified settlements and fishing villages appear on the coast of the Caspian Sea. Russia firmly established itself on the Caspian Sea and traded with Persia, India and other southern countries.

Peter I, wishing to know as much as possible about the Caspian Sea, sent several expeditions there since 1714, thanks to which the first map of the sea was compiled.

Will the Caspian Sea ever disappear?

The Caspian Sea is the world's largest enclosed body of water, stretching from north to south for almost 1200 km, with an average width of 320 km.

The climate of the Russian part of the Caspian Sea is continental, with a predominance of anticyclonic conditions, dry winds and severe, frosty winters. In summer the temperature reaches +24-25°С, and in winter it drops to -10°С. The northern part of the sea is covered with ice up to 2 m thick for 2-3 months. The salinity of the water varies from 0.5 ppm at the mouth of the Volga to 14 in the southeast.

The main problem of the Caspian Sea is long-term fluctuations in its level. In 1929, it was at around 26 m below the level of the World Ocean, and by the 1970s. dropped to -28.5 m.

Since 1976, there has been a steady rise in sea level, which by 1995 reached 2.5 m and has now led to the flooding of vast areas and the destruction of sea berths, port and industrial facilities. Such changes, associated with the retreat or advance of the sea for many tens of kilometers, lead to the need to transfer fishing villages, redevelopment of coastal parts of cities. This is also the constant concern of cartographers - new maps of the coastal part of the sea need to be compiled.

What is the reason for such behavior of the Caspian Sea? Perhaps the most reliable fact is that the level of the Caspian Sea has always changed, either rising or falling. It is believed that level fluctuations are associated with both tectonic movements and long-term climatic cycles. The largest drop in the level was 34 m, and the rise in the 17th century. reached 22 m (many buildings of the city of Derbent were flooded).

Derbent is the oldest city in Russia, in the south of Dagestan. It was founded in 438 as a fortress on the northern border of Persian possessions. Its geographical position is unique: here the Caucasus Mountains are closest to the Caspian Sea, and by blocking a narrow passage along its coast, it is possible to control communication between the steppes of the North Caucasus and Transcaucasia.

Rice. 114. Derbent

Derbent is an ancient center of carpet weaving, high-quality grape wines, cognacs, canned fruits are produced here (gardens and vineyards are located in the vicinity of the city).

What is rich in the Caspian Sea?

The fish resources of the Caspian Sea are unique. In the shallow northern part of the Caspian Sea, the world's largest herd of sturgeon feeds: beluga, sturgeon, sterlet, stellate sturgeon, thorn, white salmon. (Until recently, the Caspian provided 90% of the world catch of white fish, 95% of black caviar.) Herring, sprat, bream, pike perch, roach, carp and others are also of great value.

Rich oil deposits have been discovered both on the coast and at the bottom of the sea, mainly near Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan. The Caspian coast also includes natural gas fields.

conclusions

The southern seas of Russia, each of which is distinguished by its own characteristics, are of great importance for our country, being its southern gate, large fishing and recreational areas.

Questions and tasks

1. Using the maps of the atlas, give a comparative physical and geographical description of the Black and Azov Seas.
2. With what countries near and far abroad can our country communicate through the Azov-Black Sea basin, the Caspian Sea?
3. What types of economic activities of the population are affected by the environmental problems of the seas of the South of Russia?
4. Do you think it is possible to restore the biological productivity of the Sea of ​​Azov? What are the possible recovery paths?
5. What are the consequences for the nature and economy of the territories adjacent to the sea that changes in the level of the Caspian have?

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Our Russia is washed by seas and oceans on all sides, it has seventeen exits to the high water, which makes it simply a unique world power. Some seas are located in the southern part of the country and belong to the resort area, while the northern Russian waters abound in fish and other commercial species of marine life. Most often, our compatriots visit the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, which we will compare today.

Sea of ​​Azov: a brief description

The Sea of ​​Azov is located in the southern part of Russia, it is a semi-enclosed type of sea and is related to the Atlantic Ocean basin. The sea is connected with the ocean by a chain of straits and various seas. The salinity of the water is provided by the influx of water masses from the Black Sea, but for the most part they are diluted by river runoff. In recent years, people have been active on the coast of the sea, so the inflow of fresh water has decreased significantly. This fact affected the population of marine life.

Black Sea: briefly about the main

The Black Sea is an inland sea of ​​the Atlantic Ocean, it is connected with the Mediterranean and Aegean Seas by various straits. The water area has long been inhabited by people, now Russia, Turkey, Georgia and Bulgaria have access to the waters of the Black Sea.

One of the features of the water area is the impossibility of the existence of life at great depths. This is due to the release of hydrogen sulfide at a depth of more than one hundred and fifty meters, in addition, this feature does not allow different layers of water to mix with each other. Therefore, large temperature differences are observed in the Black Sea at shallow depths.

Where did the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov come from

In ancient times, the Sea of ​​​​Azov did not exist, this territory had a swampy character. Scientists believe that the water area was formed approximately five thousand six hundred years BC as a result of the Black Sea flood. This version was expressed by ancient philosophers and is supported by modern hydrologists and oceanologists.

During its existence, the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov has changed its name many times. According to them, you can even trace the history of the development of the reservoir itself, because the ancient Greeks attributed it to lakes, and the Romans to swamps. Although the Scythians already used the word "sea" in their name of the water area.

Scientists have counted more than fifty different names. Every nation that has chosen the shores of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov sought to give it a new name. Only in the eighteenth century did the familiar word "Azov" become fixed in the Russian language. Although back in the first century AD, some Greek scholars mentioned a name that was close in sound to modern pronunciation.

History of the Black Sea

Hydrologists believe that a fresh lake has always existed on the site of today's Black Sea. It is worth noting that at that time it was the largest in the world, the filling of the water area with sea water occurred as a result of the same Black Sea flood, due to which the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov was formed. A large flow of salt water caused a massive death of the freshwater inhabitants of the lake, which became the source of the release of hydrogen sulfide from the depths of the sea.

I would like to note that the Black Sea almost always had names close to today. It is believed that the Scythian tribes that lived on the coast called the sea "dark". The Greeks, in turn, changed the name and began to call the water area the "Inhospitable Sea". This is associated with frequent storms and the difficulties of passing the fairway. Some hydrologists hypothesize that sailors have noticed since ancient times that anchors take on a deep black color when lifted from the depths. This was the prerequisite for the name of the sea.

Where are the Black and Azov Seas located: coordinates and dimensions

The Black Sea has an area of ​​more than four hundred thousand square kilometers, the extent of the surface between the two most distant points is approximately five hundred and eighty kilometers. The volume of water in the water area is equal to five hundred and fifty cubic kilometers. The coordinates of the Black Sea lie between forty-six degrees thirty-three minutes and forty degrees fifty-six minutes north latitude and between twenty-seven degrees twenty-seven minutes and forty-one degrees forty-two minutes east longitude.

The area of ​​the Sea of ​​Azov is thirty-seven square kilometers, the length between the most distant points is equal to three hundred and eighty kilometers. The sea coordinates lie between 45°12′30″ and 47°17′30″ North latitude and between 33°38′ and 39°18′ East longitude.

Depth

The Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov differ significantly from each other. First of all, the ordinary person is struck by differences in depths. The fact is that the depth of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov is constantly changing. Scientists are seriously concerned about the tendency towards shallowing of the waters of Azov. At the moment, the sea is one of the smallest in the world, and the process of shallowing is gaining momentum every year and becoming more active. According to the latest data, the average depth of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov is only seven meters, the deepest place in the entire water area is thirteen and a half meters.

The Black Sea is notable for its heterogeneous bottom topography. Therefore, the depth in different areas is seriously different. The maximum depth reaches two thousand meters. In the Yalta region, the average depth is five hundred meters, and this mark is already reached a few kilometers from the coast.

It's amazing how interconnected everything in our world is. This also applies to the seas. Every schoolchild knows that the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov are interconnected. It is a narrow strip of water, not exceeding four kilometers in width. The depth of the strait averages five meters.

Those who often visited the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov in Soviet times know that there is an absolutely unique place where you can see the contact of the two seas. If you arrive at Tuslova Spit, then on one side of you there will be the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov, and on the other - the Black Sea. Tourists claim that this spit is an unusually good place to relax. There are practically no people here, and the opportunity to swim in both seas at once cannot but please unspoiled vacationers.

It should be noted that in comparison with the Sea of ​​Azov, the waters of the Black Sea look lighter. With what it is connected scientists find it difficult to say.

What does the coastline look like?

The coasts of the Black and Azov Seas differ significantly from each other. Azov is represented by flat beaches with little indented relief. Most of the beaches are covered with sand, the Russian part is two hundred and fifty kilometers of the coastal strip. A feature of the coast of the Sea of ​​​​Azov are reclaimed spits, they usually protrude deeply into the water area and do not exceed five kilometers in width.

The length of the Russian part of the Black Sea coast is four hundred and fifty seven kilometers. The coastal strip is slightly indented and is represented mainly by pebble beaches, which in some places are more than three hundred meters wide. The Black Sea is distinguished by a large number of islands randomly scattered throughout the water area.

Transparency and color of water masses

The Black Sea and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov have a different composition of water, which affects their color. If you look at the Black Sea on a sunny day, you will see how the water takes on a deep cobalt hue. This is due to the absorption of the sun's rays of the red and orange spectrum. The Black Sea is not one of the most transparent, but nevertheless, visibility on a fine day here reaches more than seventy meters.

The waters of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov in calm weather have a greenish color, but the slightest wind immediately turns the water into a dirty yellow substance. This is due to the large amount of phytoplankton that flooded the sea. The fact is that shallow water with heated water is ideal for its development, which corresponds to the indicators of the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov. It is shallow depths that affect the transparency of water, it is almost always cloudy with low visibility.

Flora and fauna of the seas

Hydrologists and oceanologists often compare the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​Azov in terms of the richness of flora and fauna. This indicator reveals significant differences between the two areas.

At one time, the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov had no competitors in terms of the number of fish, several large companies were engaged in catching it. In recent years, the population of marine species has declined significantly. According to oceanologists, more than one hundred and three species of fish live in the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov. Almost all of them are commercial:

• herring;
• stellate sturgeon;
• tyulka;
• flounder and so on.

The Black Sea is considered relatively poor in terms of marine life, because at a depth, due to emissions of hydrogen sulfide, life is simply impossible. About one hundred and sixty species of fish and five hundred species of crustaceans live in the sea. But phytoplankton is represented by six dozen species, as opposed to two species in the Sea of ​​Azov.

Despite the fact that the Black Sea and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov are located nearby and even have a common border, they differ significantly from each other. Some of these differences can only be determined by scientists, and some are clearly visible even to ordinary vacationers, who often prefer the coast of these seas to foreign resorts.

The South Seas are of great importance for the Russian Federation. After all, it is through these three water areas - the Black, Azov and Caspian - that the state is connected with foreign countries.

All marine areas play an important role in the country's economy. Firstly, they perform many necessary functions, for example, in the transport and industrial sectors. Secondly, the seas tend to attract tourists, which significantly increases the flow of funds to the state treasury.

These are covered in the school course in sufficient volume, so you should prepare for the study. This article will help you get the basic knowledge that you will need when preparing presentations or abstracts.

Brief description of the Black Sea

The Black Sea is the warmest among all water bodies of the Russian Federation. It is not subject to freezing, so you will not find icebergs here. Its greatest depth is 2245 meters. This southern sea is distinguished by the fact that there are no islands on it. The number of bays that belong to this water area reaches a minimum.

Unlike other southern seas of the Russian Federation, there are few fish in the Black Sea. And the point, most likely, is that the water is saturated with hydrogen sulfide. The main commercial species are mullet and mackerel. Also, a poor fish world may be due to sewage pollution.

The largest Russian Black Sea port is the beautiful city of Novorossiysk. Thanks to him, the main transportation of domestic oil to foreign countries is carried out.

Features of the Black Sea

The described southern sea (see photo above) is constantly subject to fluctuations in water levels. That is why the fact that the ancient settlements were found by marine archaeologists is not surprising. They remained buried at the bottom.

Water is also different. The fact is that it consists of two layers. The first has a thickness of 100 meters, which is well supplied with oxygen. And in the lower layer there is a high content of hydrogen sulfide. At the bottom of the sea is almost a dead valley.

Sea of ​​Azov

The second southern sea of ​​the Russian Federation is the Sea of ​​Azov. In terms of territory, it is one of the smallest on the planet and at the same time the most shallow. Its maximum depth is 14 m. And on average - no more than 7 m. In summer, the water warms up well, and the temperature reaches +28 ° С. In winter, the Sea of ​​​​Azov is subject to freezing.

Waters of the Sea of ​​Azov

Through the narrow and shallow Kerch Strait, this southern sea in Russia exchanges waters with the Black Sea. Due to favorable conditions, the described water area some time ago had a record number of fish. Basically, these include the following: beluga, sturgeon, pike perch, bream, herring and carp. Due to the decrease in the area of ​​the water surface (this is due to the frequent construction of reservoirs and falling water levels), the described southern sea has become too salty and less productive.

Caspian Sea

The third southern sea of ​​the Russian Federation is the Caspian Sea. It, unlike the two previous ones, is a closed reservoir. Geographically, it is considered a lake. It has an elongated shape, stretched from north to south. Its length is 1200 km, and its width is on average 320 km.

Climate of the Caspian Sea

This southern sea is located in several climatic zones. In the north - in the continental, in the south - in the subtropical, in the central part - in the temperate. Dry winds often blow here. In the winter season, the air temperature ranges from -8 to +10 °С, in the summer - from +24 to +28 °С. On the Russian side (in the northern part), the sea is subject to severe glaciation, the ice thickness is about 2 meters. The ice continues to stand for about 3 months.

Features of the water area

Rich in unique fish species. The most valuable of them are herring, sprat, sturgeon, beluga, vobla, carp, stellate sturgeon, sterlet.

This southern sea is special. Where is it? In a place where there are enough oil and gas fields. Many people know about this, because it is thanks to this fact that the reservoir has become famous. These oil deposits are discovered not only on the coasts, but also on the seabed. The main Russian deposits are located near the borders with countries such as Azerbaijan and Turkmenistan.

Water level fluctuations and consequences

Due to frequent fluctuations in water levels, the Caspian Sea is experiencing problems. Indeed, as a result, nearby settlements and agricultural lands are flooded, sea piers, industrial and port structures are destroyed. Therefore, fishing villages are forced to move to other territories, there is a constant redevelopment of coastal cities. What is the cause of such Caspian fluctuations? Experts believe that the matter is in the relief and climatic conditions.