“Accounting for income, expenses and the formation of financial results in agricultural enterprises. Accounting for financial results Accounting for income, expenses and financial results

The main indicator of the financial and economic activity of the organization is the financial result, which is an increase (decrease) in the value of the organization's own capital for the reporting period.

The financial result is formed on the active-passive account 99 "Profit and Loss". This account has a one-sided balance. During the year, the cumulative total for the debit of account 99 “Profits and losses” records losses and losses, and for the credit - profits and incomes. By comparing the debit and credit turnover, the final financial result of the organization's activities for the reporting period is determined. The credit balance of account 99 "Profit and Loss" means profit, the debit balance - loss.

Example 1. The turnover on account 99 “Profit and Loss” for the first quarter amounted to: debit - 10,000 rubles, credit - 12,500 rubles. The balance as of April 1 is credit, i.e. received a profit of 2500 rubles. The turnover for the 2nd quarter was: on debit - 15,000 rubles, on credit - 13,500 rubles, and for the first half of the year since the beginning of the year, the turnover on debit was - 25,000 rubles, on credit - 26,000 rubles. Financial result for the half year: profit of 1000 rubles. (26,000 rubles - 25,000 rubles). In this order, the balance on account 99 “Profit and Loss” is determined by the end of the reporting year.

The final financial result (net profit or net loss) is added during the year on account 99 “Profit and Loss” from:

• profit or loss from ordinary activities;
• other income and expenses;
• losses, expenses and income due to emergency circumstances of economic activity;
• amounts of accrued contingent income tax expense, permanent liabilities and recalculation payments for this tax based on actual profit, as well as the amount of tax sanctions due.

Accounting for financial results from ordinary activities, other income and expenses and extraordinary income and expenses

The organization receives the bulk of the profit (loss) from the sale of finished products, goods, works and services. The financial result from their sale is defined as the difference between the proceeds from the sale of products (works, services) without value added tax, excises, export duties, sales tax and other deductions provided for by law, and the costs of its production and sale. Since the costs associated with the production and sale of products (works, services) have a direct impact on the cost, their list is strictly regulated.

Trade, supply and marketing organizations determine the result from the sale of goods by subtracting from their sale value the purchase price and the amount of sales expenses related to the sold goods for the reporting month.

The result from the sale of products, works, services and goods is revealed on the active-passive account 90 "Sales". The debit of this account reflects the actual cost of goods sold, the purchase price of goods sold, expenses associated with the work performed and services rendered, VAT, sales tax and other expenses. The credit of the account reflects the proceeds from the sale of products, goods, works, services. Comparing the turnover of the debit and credit of account 90 “Sales”, the result (in the form of profit or loss) is determined, which is debited monthly from account 90 “Sales” to account 99 “Profit and loss”.

Upon receipt of profit, an "accounting entry is made:

Dt 90 "Sales"
Kt 99 "Profit and Loss".

The resulting loss is reflected in the entry:

Dr. 99 "Profit and Loss"
Kt 90 "Sales".

Account 90 "Sales" is closed and has no balance.

Operating and non-operating income and expenses are recorded on account 91 “Other income and expenses”.

Income from participation in other organizations arises when the organization receives a part of the profits of other organizations and dividends on shares owned by the shareholder organization.

Currently, two options are used to reflect income from participation in other organizations: by actual receipt of funds or by preliminary accrual of income on accounts.

As they arrive Money accounting entries are made:

The accrual of these taxes and fees is reflected in the accounting entry:

Kt 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees" (for the relevant sub-accounts).

Non-operating income and expenses in accordance with PBU 9/99 and PBU 10/99 are:

• fines, penalties, forfeits for violations of the terms of business contracts received (paid); receipts (expenses) in compensation for the losses caused to the organization;
• assets received free of charge, including under a donation agreement;
• profit (loss) of previous years revealed in the reporting year; amounts of accounts payable and depositor (receivable) indebtedness for which the limitation period has expired; positive (negative) exchange rate differences; other non-operating income and expenses (losses from writing off the value of tangible assets as a result of theft, the perpetrators of which were not identified by court decision, shortages (surpluses) of tangible assets identified during the inventory, legal costs and arbitration fees, amounts of created reserves for doubtful debts and for depreciation securities, etc.).

Incomes received in the form of fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of business contracts are reflected:

Dt 51 "Settlement account"

The amounts of fines, penalties, forfeits accrued to the organization for violation of the terms of business contracts are reflected:

Dt 91 "Other income and expenses"
Kt 60 "Settlements with suppliers and contractors".

However, it should be remembered that the amounts contributed to the budget in the form of sanctions are not included in non-operating expenses, but are attributed to a decrease in the organization's profit, which is reflected in the accounting entry:

Dr. 99 "Use of profit"
Kt 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees".

Exchange rate differences (positive or negative) arise in connection with the recalculation at the current rate of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation of cash in bank accounts and settlements carried out in convertible currency.

We remind you once again that the result from operating and non-operating income and expenses, identified on account 91 “Other income and expenses” in the form of profit or loss, is transferred to account 99 “Profit and loss” at the end of the month.

Upon receipt of profit, an accounting entry is made:

Dt 91 "Other income and expenses"
Kt 99 "Profit and Loss".

Upon receiving a loss:

Dr. 99 "Profit and Loss"
Kt 91 "Other income and expenses".

Extraordinary incomes and expenses are receipts (expenses) arising as a consequence of extraordinary circumstances of economic activity (natural disaster, fire, accident, nationalization, etc.). They are taken into account directly on account 99 "Profit and loss".

Extraordinary income includes: insurance compensation; the cost of material assets remaining from the write-off of assets unsuitable for restoration and further use, etc.

The received insurance indemnity is reflected in the entry:

Dt 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”, sub-account “Settlements for property and personal insurance”
Kt 99 "Profit and Loss".

The cost of accepted tangible assets received from the write-off of unusable assets is reflected:

Dt 10 "Materials"
Kt 99 "Profit and Loss".

Extraordinary expenses may include losses from natural disasters, strikes, nationalizations, riots, terrorist attacks and other similar events.

Non-operating and extraordinary incomes are accepted for accounting in the following order: fines, penalties, forfeits for violation of the terms of contracts, as well as compensation for losses caused to the organization - in amounts awarded by the court or recognized by the debtor, in the reporting period in which the court issued a decision on their foreclosure or they are recognized as a debtor; amounts of accounts payable and depository debts for which the limitation period has expired - in the reporting period in which the limitation period has expired; the amount of revaluation of assets - in the reporting period when the revaluation was made; other receipts - in process of formation. Expenses are recognized in the reporting period in which they occurred, regardless of the time of actual payment.

Accounting for retained earnings

At the end of the reporting year, the final entries in December, the amount of net profit (loss), identified by comparing the turnover of debit and turnover of credit on account 99 "Profit and Loss", is transferred to account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)". Account 99 "Profit and Loss" is closed and as of January 1 of the year following the reporting year, has no balance.

The amount of net profit for the reporting year is written off:

Dr. 99 "Profit and Loss"
Kt 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)".

The amount of net loss of the reporting year is written off:

Kt 99 "Profit and Loss".

Analytical accounting on account 84 "Retained earnings (uncovered loss)" is organized in the context of: areas of use of the organization's retained earnings; sources of repayment of losses of the organization, etc.

In the year following the reporting year, based on the decision of the general meeting of shareholders (participants), net profit is distributed. It can be used to pay dividends to shareholders and founders, to compensate for losses from previous reporting periods, and for other purposes.

In accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation, joint-stock companies and organizations with foreign capital reserve capital at the expense of the profit remaining at the disposal of the organization in the established percentage of the authorized capital. Other organizations form the reserve capital voluntarily in accordance with the constituent documents. Capital reservations are especially important to ensure the performance of obligations under the rights of claim of creditors.

When forming reserve capital at the expense of net profit, an entry is made:

Dt 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”
Kt 82 "Reserve capital".

Tax withheld on dividends reflects:

Dt 75 "Settlements with the founders", sub-account "Calculations for the payment of income"
Kt 68 "Calculations for taxes and fees" (for sub-accounts).

Dividends accrued individuals employees working in this organization are reflected on account 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages” as part of the income of employees for the calendar year. In this case, accounting entries are made:

Dividends accrued

Dt 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”
Kt 70 "Settlements with personnel for wages".

Personal income tax withheld

Dt 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”
Kt 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees", sub-account "Calculations on personal income tax".

The procedure for paying dividends on shares is announced at their issue and can only be changed by the general meeting of shareholders. The payment of dividends is reflected:

Dt 75 “Settlements with the founders”, sub-account “Calculations for the payment of income”, 70 “Settlements with personnel for wages”
Kt 50 "Cashier", 51 "Settlement accounts", 52 "Currency accounts".

Interest and penalties are not accrued on unpaid and unreceived dividends. Dividends not received within three years are accounted for as other income of the joint-stock company:

Dt 75 “Settlements with founders”, sub-account “Settlements for the payment of income”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors”
Kt 91 "Other income and expenses".

Disclosure of information on income in financial statements

According to PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization", as part of information on the accounting policy of the organization in the financial statements, the following information is subject to disclosure:

• on the procedure for recognizing the organization's revenue;
• about the method of determining the readiness of works, services, products.

Revenue, operating and non-operating income, which is five or more percent of the total income for the reporting period, are reflected for each type of activity.

In accordance with the requirements of PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization" for each type of activity, expenses by type of activity should also be reflected in the reporting.

If the revenue is received as a result of the performance of contracts providing for the performance of obligations by non-monetary means, then the following information should be disclosed in the financial statements:

• the total number of organizations with which these contracts are concluded, indicating the organizations that account for the bulk of such revenue;
• the share of revenue received under the specified agreements with related organizations;
• a method for determining the products (goods) transferred by the organization.

Other income of the organization for the reporting period, not credited to the profit and loss account, are subject to disclosure in the financial statements separately.

Building accounting should provide the possibility of disclosing information about the organization's income in the context of current, investment and financial activities.

The main components of the financial result of the organization are given in the income statement.

Control questions

1. What is the financial result of the organization?
2. On what account is the financial result of the organization's activities formed? Give a description of it.
3. How is the financial result from the sale of products, goods, works, services determined?
4. Define the concept of "operating income".
5. What does non-operating income include?
6. What are extraordinary income and expenses?
7. What sub-accounts are opened for account 90 "Sales"?
8. What do non-operating expenses include?
9. What is the organization's net income? Where is it taken into account?
10. What is included in operating expenses?
11. For what purposes can the net profit of the organization be spent?
12. What are dividends and when can they be paid?
13. What accounting records are recorded for the accrual and payment of dividends? Give examples.
14. What is the peculiarity of accounting for extraordinary income and expenses?
15. Make accounting entries for the write-off of inventory items lost during natural disasters.
16. Give the classification of the organization's income.
17. Tell us about the procedure for closing account 99 “Profit and Loss”.
18. What regulatory documents define the procedure for accounting for operating and non-operating income and expenses?
19. What amount of income and expenses is considered material?
20. What income information should be disclosed in the financial statements?

After studying this chapter, you will know:
^ about the concept of "income" and the classification of income;
^ about the concept of "expenses" and the classification of expenses;
^ on the procedure for accounting for income and expenses from the main type of activity;
^ on the procedure for accounting for other income and expenses;
^ about the concept of "financial results" and the procedure for reflecting financial results in accounting;
^ on the reflection in the accounting registers of income, expenses and financial results at agricultural enterprises;
^ about the standard correspondence of accounts for accounting for income, expenses and the formation of financial results. main regulations Civil Code Russian Federation. Tax Code of the Russian Federation. Federal Law No. 129-FZ “On Accounting” dated November 21, 1996. Regulations on Accounting and Reporting in the Russian Federation. Chart of Accounts for Financial and Economic Activities of Organizations and Instructions for its Application. PBU 1/98 "Accounting policy of the organization". PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization".
PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization". PBU 4/99 "Accounting statements of the organization". PBU 18/02 "Accounting for income tax calculations". Order of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated July 22, 2003 No. 67n "On Forms of Financial Statements of Organizations". Guidelines inventory of property and financial obligations.

More on the topic of chapter 13 Accounting for income, expenses and the formation of financial results:

1. Income and expenses of the insurance organization, its financial results
2. 3.4. Analysis of future income, expenses and financial results
3. Topic 15
4. tasks of a comprehensive analysis of income and expenses, financial results, its information and organizational support

The financial result of the economic activity of the enterprise is determined by the indicator of profit or loss, formed during the calendar (economic) year.

The financial result is the difference between the amounts of income and expenses of the enterprise. The excess of income over expenses means an increase in the property of the enterprise - profit, and the excess of expenses over income - loss. The financial result received by the enterprise for the reporting year in the form of profit or loss, respectively, leads to an increase or decrease in the equity capital of the enterprise.

The accounting regulations "Income of the organization" (PBU 9/99) and "Expenses of the organization" (PBU 10/99), approved by Orders of the Ministry of Finance of Russia dated 06.05.1999 No. 32n and No. 33n, respectively (as amended and supplemented), recognize an increase in income , and expenses - a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the receipt or disposal of assets, as well as the repayment or incurrence of liabilities, leading to corresponding changes in the capital of the enterprise. In the said normative acts, income and expenses are grouped for their reflection in accounting and reporting, their definition and the procedure for recognition in accounting are given.

According to PBU 10/99 (clause 16), expenses are recognized in accounting under the following conditions:

The expense is made in accordance with a specific contract, the requirement of legislative and regulatory acts, business customs;

The amount of the expense can be determined;

There is confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be a decrease in the economic benefits of the organization. There is certainty that a particular transaction will reduce the entity's economic benefits when the entity has transferred the asset, or there is no uncertainty about the transfer of the asset.

If at least one of the named conditions is not fulfilled in relation to any expenses incurred by the organization, then the organization's accounting records recognize receivables.

Depreciation is recognized as an expense based on the depreciation expense based on the value of the depreciable assets, their useful lives and the entity's depreciation methods.

Expenses are subject to recognition in accounting, regardless of the intention to receive revenue, operating or other income and from the form of the expenditure (cash, in kind and other).

Expenses are recognized in the reporting period in which they occurred, regardless of the time of actual payment of funds and other form of implementation (assuming the temporal certainty of the facts of economic activity).

Expenses are recognized in the income statement:

Taking into account the relationship between expenses incurred and receipts (correspondence of income and expenses);

By their reasonable distribution between the reporting periods, when the expenses cause the receipt of income during several reporting periods and when the relationship between income and expenses cannot be clearly determined or is determined indirectly;

For expenses recognized in the reporting period, when it becomes certain that they will not receive economic benefits (income) or receive assets;

Regardless of how they are taken for the purposes of calculating the taxable base;

When liabilities arise that are not contingent on the recognition of related assets.

According to PBU 9/99, expenses from ordinary activities are revenue from the sale of products and goods, income related to the performance of work, the provision of services (hereinafter referred to as revenue).

Revenue is recognized in accounting under the following conditions (clause 12 of PBU 9/99):

a) the entity has a right to receive the proceeds arising from a specific contract or otherwise appropriately evidenced;

b) the amount of proceeds can be determined;

c) there is confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be an increase in the economic benefits of the organization. There is certainty that as a result of a particular transaction there will be an increase in the economic benefits of the organization, there is a case when the organization received an asset in payment or there is no uncertainty regarding the receipt of the asset;

d) the right of ownership (possession, use and disposal) of the product (goods) has passed from the organization to the buyer or the work has been accepted by the customer (the service has been rendered);

e) the costs to be incurred or to be incurred in connection with this transaction can be determined.

If at least one of the named conditions is not fulfilled in relation to cash and other assets received by the organization in payment, then the organization's accounting records are recognized as accounts payable, and not revenue.

The organization may recognize in accounting revenue from the performance of work, the provision of services, the sale of products with a long production cycle as the work, service, product is ready or upon completion of the work, the provision of services, the manufacture of products as a whole.

The proceeds from the performance of a specific work, the provision of a specific service, the sale of a specific product are recognized in accounting as soon as they are ready, if it is possible to determine the readiness of the work, service, product.

In relation to different in nature and conditions for the performance of work, the provision of services, the manufacture of products, an organization can apply simultaneously in one reporting period different methods of recognizing revenue, provided for in paragraph 13 of PBU 9/99.

If the amount of proceeds from the sale of products, the performance of work, the provision of services cannot be determined, then it is accepted for accounting in the amount of the expenses recognized in accounting for the manufacture of these products, the performance of this work, the provision of this service, which will subsequently be reimbursed to the organization.

The financial result of the economic activity of the enterprise is formed from two of its components, the main of which is the result obtained from the sale of products, goods, works and services, as well as from business operations that are the subject of the enterprise’s activity, such as the rental of fixed assets for a fee, the transfer V paid use objects of intellectual property and investment in the authorized capital of other enterprises.

The second part in the form of income and expenses not directly related to the formation of the main sales financial result (financial result from sales) forms the other financial result, which includes operating and non-operating income and expenses. If during the reporting period the company received a profit from the sale of products, goods, works, services and other operations that are the subject of its activity, then its entire financial result will be equal to the profit from sales plus other income minus other expenses. If an organization incurs a loss on sales, then its total financial result will be equal to the sum of the loss on sales plus other expenses minus other income.

The overall financial result obtained in this way is adjusted for the amount of losses, expenses and income due to extraordinary circumstances of the enterprise's economic activity.

The implementation financial result is determined at the end of each reporting period. If the financial result is profit, then it is reflected in the credit of account 99 "Profit and Loss" in correspondence with the debit of account 90 "Sales". If the result of the enterprise's activity is a loss, then it is reflected in the debit of account 99 "Profit and Loss" in correspondence with the credit of account 90 "Sales".

Other income and expenses included in the overall financial result of the organization are reflected in accounting separately from the financial result from sales on account 91 “Other income and expenses” by “expanded” reflection of individual items of income and expenses during the reporting period.

In the financial statements of profit and loss, income may be shown net of the corresponding expenses related to these incomes, in cases where it is provided for or not prohibited by accounting rules or if individual items of income and related similar items of expenses are not significant for characterizing financial position of the organization.

Other income is reflected in the credit of account 91 “Other income and expenses” in correspondence with the debit of accounts for cash, settlements, inventory and other relevant accounts.

Analytical accounting on account 91 “Other income and expenses” is kept for each type of other income and expenses. At the same time, the construction of analytical accounting for other income and expenses related to the same financial or business transaction should provide the ability to identify the financial result for each transaction.

It should be borne in mind that entries on accounts 90 and 91 are made accumulatively from the beginning of the reporting year so as to ensure the formation of the necessary information for compiling a profit and loss statement (form No. 2).

The balanced result of account 91 “Other income and expenses” in the form of profit and loss is written off monthly, like the balance of account 90 “Sales”, to the final accumulative account of financial results 99 “Profit and loss”: the balance in the form of profit - to the credit of account 99 s the debit of account 91, the balance in the form of losses - to the debit of account 99 from the credit of account 91.

Extraordinary income and expenses are reflected directly on account 91 “Other income and expenses”: income - on credit, expenses - on debit in correspondence with the corresponding accounts for cash, inventory, settlements, etc.

On account 99, at the end of the first quarter, the interim financial result for the first quarter is revealed, at the end of the second quarter - for the first half of the year, at the end of the third quarter - for 9 months of the year and at the end of the fourth quarter - the final financial result for the entire reporting period.

The information structure of account 99 “Profit and Loss” for the formation of the final financial result should ensure the receipt of:

1) systemic reliable information on accounting profit - an indicator necessary to determine the taxable base for income tax by appropriate tax adjustment of accounting profit;

2) information on the formation of the final indicator of net retained earnings, which is at the disposal of the founders (participants) of the enterprise for distribution at the end of the financial year and transferred in December of the reporting year to account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”.

In the system of accounts reflecting the financial results of the enterprise for the reporting year, all the necessary information about the indicators contained in the financial statements on profit and loss (form No. 2) should be generated.

Analytical data on all accounts of this group are involved as turnovers and balances in the formation of indicators of the income statement for the reporting year.

At the end calendar year from the amount of actual accounting profit received by the enterprise for the reporting year, the final calculation of the amount of income tax due to the budget at the established tax rate is carried out as a matter of priority. At the same time, the amount of taxable profit differs from the accounting profit of the enterprise by the amount of those positive and negative adjustments that are established by the Tax Code of the Russian Federation on income taxation.

A complete list of all adjustments of reported income to the taxable level is given in the form of a certificate attached to the tax return on the calculation of tax on actual income.

Due to the fact that the profit indicator in the current quarterly statements does not represent the final financial result, current income tax payments calculated quarterly, as well as intra-quarterly payments, are of an advance nature. This current (essentially, advance) distribution of profits is now reflected during the year in the debit of account 99 "Profits and losses" in correspondence with the credit of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees".

The amount remaining after the deduction of the tax accrued from it from the profit is called net profit, which does not comply with international accounting practice. In foreign literature, this term has a different meaning, it means the balanced result of comparing all the income and expenses of the enterprise, i.e. the entire financial result.

With the convergence of Russian accounting practice with international accounting and reporting standards, the concept of net profit as remaining at the disposal of the enterprise has practically ceased to exist. Its place was taken by a new concept - "retained earnings of the reporting year." This part of the profit is now disposed of by the enterprise after the completion of the process of its formation. From the net profit, the enterprise (both before and now) reimburses payments under the sanctions of the relevant authorities for non-compliance with the rules of taxation and payment of similar mandatory payments to social state non-budgetary funds (pension fund, social and medical insurance funds).

These expenses are reflected in the accounting records as they are accrued by the entry:

Debit account 99 "Profit and loss"

Credit of account 68 "Calculations on taxes and fees",

Credit of account 69 "Calculations for social insurance and security."

From the accounting profit, the enterprise reimburses, as a matter of priority, the costs of paying current payments on income tax, current payments on taxes to the local budget paid at the expense of net profit, as well as fines covered by net profit, penalties for non-compliance with taxation rules and violation of the procedure for settlements with state off-budget social funds, payments to which are equated to tax.

The amount of accounting profit received after deducting the listed operating expenses is retained, i.e. net profit that comes to the disposal of the founders of the enterprise for its use after the approval of the results of production and financial activities for the past reporting year. In accordance with paragraph 83 of the Regulation on Accounting and Accounting in the Russian Federation, the financial result of the reporting period is reflected in the balance sheet as retained earnings (uncovered loss), i.e. the final financial result revealed for the reporting period, minus taxes due from profits established in accordance with the legislation of the Russian Federation and other similar obligatory payments, including sanctions for non-compliance with taxation rules.

In the current financial statements, the financial result is defined as the balance of account 99 “Profit and Loss”. In the annual financial statements, this indicator is reflected after the reformation of the balance sheet in December according to the balance of account 84 “Retained earnings (uncovered loss)”, subaccount 1 “Retained earnings (loss) of the reporting year”, while the corresponding balance on account 99 is in the form profit or loss is transferred to account 84, sub-account 1 "Retained earnings (loss) of the reporting year". Retained earnings are credited to sub-account 84-1, and uncovered losses are debited to the same sub-account.

The amount of income must be determined.

The ownership of material assets (goods, finished products) must be transferred to the buyer, and the work performed (services rendered) must be accepted by the customer.

The amounts of expenses (produced and forthcoming) associated with any business transaction must be determinable. This means that at the time of recognition of income from the sale, the organization should be able to determine the full cost of the products (works, services) sold.

The debtor must pay or assume the obligation to pay for the material assets transferred to him.

As of January 1, CJSC Gorizont has 37,000 rubles on its balance sheet. reserve capital and 94,000 rubles. additional capital.

Dt 82 Kt 84 - 37,000 rubles. - part of the loss was repaid at the expense of the reserve fund;

Dt 83 Kt 84 - 94,000 rubles. - a part of the loss was repaid at the expense of additional capital. The amount of uncovered loss of CJSC Gorizont amounted to 19,000 rubles. (150,000 - 37,000 - 94,000).

The net profit of the organization is the basis for the accrual of dividends and other distribution of profits.

Schematically, the formation of net profit (loss) can be represented as follows:

Accounting for other income and expenses

Account 91 “Other income and expenses” is active-passive, has no balance at the end of the month.

Account 91 reflects income and expenses not related to the normal activities of the organization.

To account for other income, subaccount 91/1 is used. The receipt of income is reflected in the credit of this sub-account.

To account for other expenses, subaccount 91/2 is used. Expenses are reflected in the debit of this sub-account.

Every month, the difference between the amount of income and the amount of expenses reflected in sub-accounts 91/1 and 91/2 is reflected in sub-account 91/9. On sub-accounts 91/1 and 91/2, data are accumulated throughout the year. This information is used to compile the income statement and other financial statements. On a monthly basis, the balance of other income and expenses is written off from sub-account 91/9 to account 99 “Profit and Loss”.

[Amount of other income (credit turnover for the reporting month on subaccount 91/1)] - [Amount of other expenses (debit turnover for the reporting month on subaccount 91/2)] = [Balance of other income and expenses]

The balance of other income and expenses shows the financial result from other activities of the organization - profit or loss.

On December 31, after determining the balance of other income and expenses for December by internal entries on sub-accounts (account 91), all sub-accounts opened to account 91 must be closed:

Dt 91/1 Kt 91/9 - subaccount 91/1 (credit balance) is closed;

Dt 91/9 Kt 91/2 - subaccount 91/2 (debit balance) is closed.

As a result of these postings, debit and credit turnovers on sub-accounts of account 91 will be equal. As of January 1 of the next year, the balance of both account 91 as a whole and all its sub-accounts will be equal to zero.

Example.

The results of the organization's activities in the reporting month are characterized by the following indicators: proceeds from the sale of products in the amount of 180,000 rubles, including VAT - 27,458 rubles; expenses attributed to the cost of goods sold amounted to 110,000 rubles, of which the costs of the main production - 100,000 rubles; management expenses - 10,000 rubles; other income received: under a simple partnership agreement - 15,000 rubles; fines for violation of business contracts - 5000 rubles. Other expenses incurred: for paying interest on a loan - 2,500 rubles; bank services - 1000 rubles; taxes paid at the expense of financial results, -1500 rubles; received losses from the write-off of material assets destroyed by fire - 5 thousand rubles; accrued income tax in the amount of 12 610 RUB. Formation of financial results for the reporting month: Dt 62 Kt 90/1 - 180,000 rubles. - Reflection of proceeds from the sale of products.

D-t 90/3 Set 68 - 27,458 rubles. - Reflection of VAT on revenue.

D-t 90/2 Set 20 - 100,000 rubles. - reflection in the cost of goods sold of the costs of the main production.

D-t 90/2 Set 26 - 10,000 rubles. - Reflection in the cost of goods sold of management expenses.

D-t 90/9 Set 99 - 42,542 rubles. - attributing the amount of profit from the sale of products to the profit and loss account.

Dt 76/3 Kt 91/1 - 15,000 rubles. -- Reflection of income under a simple partnership agreement .

Dt 76/2 Kt 91/1 - 5000 rubles. - Reflection of recognized fines for violation of business contracts.

Dt 91/2 Kt 66 - 2500 rubles. - reflection of accrued interest on the loan.

Dt 91/2 Kt 76/5 - 1000 rubles. - reflection of expenses for payment of banking services.

Dt 91/2 Kt 68 - 1500 rubles. - reflection of the accrued amounts of taxes paid at the expense of profits and losses.

Dt 91/9 Kt 99 - 15,000 rubles. - attributing the amount of profit from other income and expenses to the profit and loss account.

D-t 91/2 Set 10 - 5000 rubles. - reflection of the amount of loss from the write-off of materials destroyed by fire.

Dt 99 Kt 68 - 12,610 rubles. - Calculation of income tax.

For the reporting month, taxable income amounted to 52,542 rubles. (42,542 + 15,000 - 5,000), income tax at a rate of 20% - 10,508 rubles, financial result of the organization's activities - 42,034 rubles. (42,542 + 15,000 - 5,000 - 10,508).

Accounting for deferred income

In accordance with the Regulation on accounting and financial reporting in the Russian Federation (clause 81), income received in the reporting period, but related to the following reporting periods, is called deferred income.

Deferred income is recorded on account 98 "Deferred income" - a passive, balance sheet account. The credit of the account takes into account all types of income relating to future periods, and the debit - their write-off.

4 sub-accounts can be opened for account 98:

1. "Income received on account of future periods."
2. "Free Income".
3. "Upcoming receipts of debts for shortfalls identified over past years."
4. "The difference between the amount to be recovered from the perpetrators and the book value for shortages of valuables."

On sub-account 98/1, the following incomes can be taken into account: rent or rent, utility bills, subscription fees for using communication facilities, etc.

When reflecting the amounts of income relating to future reporting periods, the following entries are made:

Dt 50, 51, 52, 55 Kt 98/1 - for the amount of income received relating to future reporting periods;

Dt 58 "Financial investments" Kt 98/1 - for the amount of accrued payments against deferred income.

As the reporting period begins, the amounts recorded under the credit of account 98/1 are transferred to the corresponding accounts:

Dt 98/1 Kt 90 “Sales” - for the amount of deferred income (for example, payment for utilities received in advance, etc.) included in the proceeds from the sale of the reporting period to which they relate.

Dt 98/1 Kt 91 “Other income and expenses” - for the amount of deferred income (for example, rent) included in other income.

In the reporting period, 000 "Don" received a quarterly rent for the lease of premises in the amount of 7,080 rubles relating to the future period, including VAT of 1,080 rubles. The following entries will be made in the account:

Dt 76 Kt 98/1 - 7080 rubles. - for the amount of accrued rent for future periods;

Dt 51 Kt 76 - 7080 rubles. - for the amount of rent received on the settlement account for the quarter;

D-t 98/1 Set 68 - 1080 rubles. - for the amount of VAT charged.

The amount of payment without VAT is subject to write-off to operating income;

Dt 98/1 Kt 91 - 2000 rubles. (6000: 3) - for the amount of the quarterly payment for one month of the quarter.

The cost of assets received by the organization free of charge is recorded on sub-account 98/2. Accounting for such transactions is set out in the relevant topics.

The movement of forthcoming debt receipts for shortages identified in the reporting period for previous years is reflected in sub-account 98/3.

By decision of the court, the sum of the shortfall in the amount of 2,500 rubles, revealed in the reporting period for previous years, was awarded for recovery from the guilty person. The shortfall must be refunded to the cashier in full.

The following entries will be made in the account:

Dt 94 Kt 98/3 - 2500 rubles, - for the amount of the shortage debt awarded by court decision;

Dt 73/2 Kt 94 - 2500 rubles. - for the amount of shortage;

Dt 50 Kt 73/2 - 2500 rubles. - for the amount of the shortage brought to the cash desk;

D-t 98/3 Set 91 - 2500 rubles. - for the amount of debt received (after payment)

Sub-account 98/4 takes into account the difference between the amount recovered from the perpetrators for the missing values ​​and the value recorded in the organization's accounting records.

The revealed amount of the difference is reflected in the accounting entry: Dt 73/2 Kt 98/4.

The organization found a shortage of materials damaged through the fault of a financially responsible person. The actual cost of materials is 20,000 rubles, the market value is 25,000 rubles. When purchasing materials, VAT was paid - 4000 rubles. By order of the manager, the shortage must be compensated in the amount of the market value of the materials. The following entries will be made in the account:

D-t 94 Set 10 - 20,000 rubles. - the amount of the actual cost;

Dt 73/2 Kt 94 - 20,000 rubles. - the amount of the shortage is attributed to the financially responsible person at the actual cost;

Dt 73/2 Kt 68 - 3600 rubles. - on the amount of VAT attributed to the guilty person;

Dt 73/2 Kt 98/4 - 50,000 rubles. - the amount of the difference between the market and actual cost of materials;

Dt 70 Kt 73/2 - 28,600 rubles. - for the amount of shortage withheld from the wages of the guilty person;

Dt 98/4 Kt 91 - 5000 rubles. - the sum of the difference between the market and actual cost of materials is charged to income.

Analytical accounting for account 98 is organized in the reserve of each open sub-account.

Creation and use of a reserve for doubtful debts

In modern conditions, when the probability of bankruptcy of business entities is quite high, almost every enterprise is faced in its work with the inability to receive payment from the debtor. As a result, a debt is formed on the balance sheet of the enterprise, the possibility of repayment of which is in doubt - the so-called doubtful debt.

Doubtful debt is any debt to the organization, subject to two conditions:

1. if it is not repaid within the terms established by the agreement;
2. if it is not secured by a pledge, surety, bank guarantee.

Doubtful debt refers to debt that is highly likely not to be repaid on time, which involves determining such a probability by the organization itself.

According to the new edition of clause 70 of Regulation No. 34n, any doubtful receivables, including doubtful debts on loans, which are not repaid or with a high degree of probability will not be repaid within the terms established by the agreement, and are not secured by appropriate guarantees, should be reserved. In addition, advance payments made (i.e. suppliers' debt to ship goods or perform work) also fall under the category of doubtful debts. By not creating a provision, the organization is misleading its external users, reflecting the amount of doubtful receivables in liquid assets.

To determine the amount of the reserve, you can use the methodology provided for tax accounting.

The amount of the reserve is determined separately for each doubtful debt, depending on its maturity.

Since the amount of the created reserve is taken into account as part of other expenses that reduce taxable profit, the creation of the reserve allows you to reduce the amount of income tax. The amount of the reserve for doubtful debts can be determined only by conducting an inventory of receivables on the last day of the reporting (tax) period. If enterprises pay income tax on a quarterly basis, it is advisable to conduct an inventory to identify doubtful debts at the end of the quarter. Enterprises that calculate income tax on a monthly basis should conduct an inventory of receivables on a monthly basis.

The inventory is carried out on the basis of the order of the head of the organization. A certificate is attached to the inventory act, which indicates the names, numbers and dates of documents confirming the receivables of contracts, invoices, etc.

Accounting for reserves for doubtful debts is kept on passive account 63 "Reserves for doubtful debts". The creation (increase) of the reserve is reflected in the credit of account 63, and the use - in the debit of the account.

In accounting, the creation of a reserve for doubtful debts is reflected in the entry

Dt 91, sub-account 2 2 “Other expenses” Kt 63 “Reserves for doubtful debts”.

The write-off of doubtful debts is reflected in accounting as follows:

Dt 63 “Reserves for doubtful debts” Kt 62 “Settlements with buyers”, 76 “Settlements with various debtors and creditors” - in the part covered by the reserve.

If the entire amount of the reserve is not spent by the end of the year, the balance as of December 31 is included in other income. In accounting, this is reflected in the posting:

Dt 63, sub-account "Reserves for doubtful debts" Kt 91, sub-account 1 "Other income".

In the financial statements it is necessary to reflect the receivables minus the amount of the created reserve, i.e. the credit balance on account 63 is deducted from the amount under the item "Accounts receivable".

As of June 30, 2012, the unused balance of the allowance for doubtful debts amounted to RUB 65,000.

Accountant 000 "Don", having carried out an inventory of accounts receivable, revealed doubtful accounts receivable for some counterparties. At the same time, in relation to one of the debtors - CJSC "Granit" - information was received that this company is in the process of liquidation and has no funds to pay off the debt.

The total amount of the reserve, calculated based on the amount of receivables, is 250,000 rubles.

The accountant will add an additional 185,000 rubles to the reserve.

Dt 91/2 Kt 63 - 185,000 rubles (250,000 - 65,000) - the reserve for doubtful debts for the II quarter was increased.

In August 2012, the accountant recognized the uncollectible debt of CJSC Granit in the amount of 70,000 rubles, since the debtor was liquidated. Having received a document confirming the liquidation, the accountant wrote off the amount of bad debt at the expense of the reserve:

Dt 63 Kt 62 - 70,000 rubles. - the uncollectible receivables of ZAO Granit were written off at the expense of the reserve;

Dr. 007 - 70,000 rubles. - Written-off receivables are reflected off the balance sheet. In the event that the debtor has fully or partially repaid the debt for which the reserve was created, it must be restored to the debt repayment debt.

Dt 51 (50) Kt 62 - the debt of the buyer (customer) has been repaid;

Dt 63 Kt 91/1 - the reserve has been restored in terms of debt repayment.

In tax accounting, you can choose whether to create a reserve for doubtful debts or not, Decision fixed in the accounting policy of the organization.

If an organization does not form a reserve in tax accounting, then when creating a reserve for doubtful debts, a permanent taxable difference arises in accounting, which entails the recognition of a permanent tax liability in accounting on the basis of clause 7 PBU 18/02:

Dt 99 Kt 68.

The amount of the created reserve reflects a permanent tax liability.

Analytical accounting on account 63 "Reserves for doubtful debts" is carried out for each created reserve.

The financial result of the economic activity of the organization is determined by the indicator of profit or loss, formed during the calendar year, as the difference between the income received and the expenses incurred.

The concept and conditions for the recognition of income and expenses of an organization are regulated by:

PBU 9/99 "Income of the organization"

PBU 10/99 "Expenses of the organization"

Income an organization recognizes an increase in economic benefits as a result of the receipt of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the repayment of liabilities, leading to an increase in the capital of this organization, with the exception of contributions from participants (property owners).

expenses The organization recognizes a decrease in economic benefits as a result of the disposal of assets (cash, other property) and (or) the emergence of liabilities, leading to a decrease in the capital of this organization, with the exception of a decrease in contributions by decision of the participants (property owners).

Conditions for recognition of income:

Revenue is recognized in accounting when the following conditions are met:

a) the entity has a right to receive the proceeds arising from a specific contract or otherwise appropriately evidenced;

b) the amount of proceeds can be determined;

c) there is confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be an increase in the economic benefits of the organization. The certainty that as a result of a particular transaction there will be an increase in the economic benefits of the organization, there is a case when the organization received an asset in payment, or there is no uncertainty regarding the receipt of the asset;

d) the right of ownership (possession, use and disposal) of the product (goods) has passed from the organization to the buyer or the work has been accepted by the customer (the service has been rendered);

e) the costs incurred or to be incurred in connection with this transaction can be determined.

If at least one of the named conditions is not fulfilled in relation to cash and other assets received by the organization in payment, then the organization's accounting records are recognized as accounts payable, and not revenue.

Conditions for recognition of expenses:

Expenses are recognized in accounting under the following conditions:

A) the expense is made in accordance with a specific contract, the requirement of legislative and regulatory acts, business customs;

B) the amount of the expense can be determined;

C) there is confidence that as a result of a particular transaction there will be a decrease in the economic benefits of the organization. There is certainty that a particular transaction will reduce the entity's economic benefits when the entity has transferred the asset, or there is no uncertainty about the transfer of the asset.

If at least one of the named conditions is not fulfilled in relation to any expenses incurred by the organization, then the organization's accounting records recognize receivables.

Income and expenses are divided into two groups:

D&R from ordinary activities;