Choosing a life goal arguments from the literature. The problem of the meaning of life - arguments for the exam. Problems of ecology, relationships with nature
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The novel “The Block” by the Kyrgyz writer Chingiz Aitmatov (published for the first time in 1986 in the journal Novy Mir): |
additional information
Chingiz Torekulovich Aitmatov (1928-200 8) - Kyrgyz writer. People's Writer of Kyrgyzstan. Winner of numerous not only state, but also international awards.
Artworks:
Jamila (195 8)
My poplar in a red scarf (1961)
First Teacher (1961)
Farewell, Gulsary (1966)
White steamer (1970)
Early Cranes (1975)
Piebald dog running along the edge of the sea (1977)
Stormy stop (And the day lasts longer than a century); (1980)
Scaffold (1986)
and etc.
Private theme - BETRAYAL. Intersects with the theme of choice
Private theme - BETRAYAL. Intersects with the theme of choice
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Often in life a person has to make a moral choice before his own conscience: either to submit to circumstances, or to show the strength of his character. In the story “Sotnikov”, written in 1970, the Belarusian writer Vasil Bykov analyzes the behavior of fighters during the Great Patriotic War, reveals the depth of the experiences of two partisans who go to the village to get food for the detachment and are captured. Sotnikov remains faithful to the duty of man and citizen to the last breath. When he is taken to be hanged, he still tries to protect innocent people. The fisherman betrays his friend, becomes his executioner and joins the ranks of the police. |
additional information
Vasil Vladimirovich Bykov (1924-2003) - Belarusian writer and public figure, participant in the Great Patriotic War. Most of his works are stories about the Great Patriotic war, which show the moral choice of a person in the most dramatic moments of life.
Artworks:
Crane Cry (1959)
Third rocket (1959(
Alpine Ballad (1963)
The Dead Don't Hurt (1965)
Kruglyansky Bridge (196 8)
Sotnikov (1970)
Obelisk (1971)
Live Until Dawn (1972)
Wolf Pack (1974)
Go and don't come back (197 8)
Sign of Trouble (1982)
Novels
Quarry (1986)
Roundup (1986)
Long way home (2002) - book of memoirs
Arguments in the composition of part C of the Unified State Examination in the Russian language on the topic "The problem of happiness (its understanding), the meaning of life"
Text from the exam
(1) The writer lives for them, his readers and viewers. (2) In novels, short stories, stories, the author certainly - sometimes even involuntarily - shares his life experience, his thoughts, sufferings and hopes.
(3) Later, letters can convey to the author the opinion of those for whom all his vigilant thoughts, turmoil, his defenseless frankness, his work. (4) One of the readers in his letter recalls how once in the House of Writers he heard from me the lines of a poem, the author of which I now cannot name with certainty:
(5) And people are looking for happiness, As if there is happiness, happiness ...
(6) Many, many questions from readers can be reduced to such a common semantic denominator: what is the concept of "happiness" in reality? (7) They are also interested in whether I have ever been absolutely happy. (8) I answer immediately and without hesitation: I have never been “absolutely”. (9) As Arkady Isaakovich Raikin said, the most meaningless question is: “Are you all right?” (10) Does anyone ever have everything well?!
(11) And if it suddenly happened ... (12) To feel such boundless, thoughtless and careless happiness is, in my opinion, immoral and sinful. (13) After all, even if everything seems to have turned out well for you, someone at the same time experiences mental and physical anguish ...
(14) The classics of Russian literature penetrated into the depths of universal situations, universal conflicts and psychological cataclysms. (15) They comprehended the incomprehensible complexities of being. (16) What do they think about the happiness so desired by everyone? (17) Pushkin, as you know, wrote: "There is no happiness in the world, but there is peace and freedom." (18) By will, he meant freedom. (19) Lermontov was looking for "freedom and peace" - and this was perhaps his most secret desire. (20) Lermontov was looking for “peace”, but in reality he was likened to that sail that “is looking for storms, as if there is peace in storms!” (21) “We only dream of peace ...” - after many years, Alexander Blok sadly stated. (22) Perhaps, in the second half of the twentieth century, people no longer dream of peace. (23) But still, we crave peace of mind, in which only creative restlessness and beneficial restlessness is possible in any other activity that people need. (24) Worldly prosperity did not visit the immortals often. (25) It is customary to consider Goethe the darling of fate. (26) But Irakli Andronikov showed me Goethe's letter, in which the “darling” says that if there was at least one completely happy month in his life, he would consider his whole life to be happy. (27) Here you have "absolutely"!
(28) On the monument to Father Lermontov in Tarkhany we read:
(29) You gave me life, But you didn’t give happiness.
(30) You yourself were persecuted in the world, You only experienced evil in life ...
(31) It was hard for the immortals. (32) “In life, I only experienced evil ...” ... (33) This also applied to the poet himself. (34) But how much wisdom and light did he give people ?!
(According to A. Aleksin)
Introduction
Happiness is a relative concept that has become the main goal of human existence. No matter how different people may be, everyone strives for happiness: the poor, the rich, the simple worker, and the highly educated professor. Old and young, sick and healthy, smart and stupid... And happiness is different for everyone.
Text problem
What is absolute happiness? What is it like? Is happiness the meaning of human life? A. Aleksin reflects on this in his text.
A comment
The author says that writers and poets through their works share their thoughts and doubts, emotional experiences with the reader. People often ask creative people what happiness is, apparently hoping for their life experience and ability to see the inner world.
Aleksin is sure that it is impossible to be absolutely happy, that everything can never be good. Even if we assume that absolute boundless happiness has come, how can one feel careless under the condition of suffering and torment of others?
The classics of Russian and world literature had their own idea of happiness - for the majority it is peace and freedom. Although few, more precisely, none of them had to experience happiness in real life. Pushkin, Lermontov, Blok - they all suffered, and magnificent poems filled with the deepest meaning were born from their suffering.
Author's position
According to A. Aleksin, the main goal for an artist, a creative person, is not only to find happiness, but also to help readers in the best understanding of their place in life. This is the meaning of the difficult life of poets, writers, musicians, artists.
own position
I think that bringing light and a better understanding of life is the destiny of not only creative individuals, but also of each of us. Awareness of the positive result of one's actions, efforts, and labors is happiness. Perhaps this is the meaning of our short life - to give birth to another person and help people feel the value of their existence. In other words, true happiness lies in self-realization, in the struggle for the well-being of the surrounding world.
Argument #1
A lot has been written about happiness. One of the most famous was the poem by N.A. Nekrasov "Who is it good to live in Rus'". The heroes of the poem, seven men from the surrounding villages, go in search of a happy man in Russia.
On the way they meet various heroes: a priest, a landowner, prosperous Russian peasants who live by honor and justice. None of them found happiness in life, each has its own difficulties.
There is no happiness among Russian peasant women either. Matrena Timofeevna is considered lucky by the people, although she works for seven, and in her youth she lost her first-born son.
Unfortunately, Nekrasov did not finish the work. From his draft notes, it becomes clear that Grisha Dobrosklonov, a man who lives for the good of his people, becomes the main “lucky” of the poem.
Argument #2
Another understanding of happiness is presented by L.N. Tolstoy in the epilogue to the novel "War and Peace". All their lives, Andrei Bolkonsky and Pierre Bezukhov were in search of answers to eternal questions: what do we live for? how should one live? is there happiness? what does it consist of?
The moral quest of one ended in death - Prince Andrei died during the war of 1812. And the other found simple human happiness - Pierre married Natasha Rostova, they gave birth to three children, formed a strong family, for the sake of which they built their future life, not being afraid of problems and difficulties.
Natasha Rostova, a windy girl in her youth, turned out to be a faithful wife and a wonderful mother, she put her personal ambitions on the altar of the needs of her husband's life.
Family is the true pleasure of a person, his meaning of life, his happiness.
Conclusion
Everyone is happy in their own way, everyone has their own ideas about happiness. It is not easy to achieve, for the sake of happiness you need to sacrifice a lot, then a person’s life will become filled with meaning.
From the texts for preparing for the Unified State Examination in the Russian language, we have identified the most relevant and frequently encountered problems related to the meaning of life. For each of them, we have selected interesting arguments from the literature. All of them are available for download in table format, link at the end of the article.
In helping people
- The problem of the meaning of life is fully revealed in story by A.I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryonin Dvor". It is in this work that the main character, not sparing herself, helps people. Throughout her life, Matryona always gave everything she had and demanded nothing in return. Despite the fact that many simply used the kindness of the heroine, she rejoiced every day and was grateful for her life. According to the author himself, it is Matryona who is the real righteous man, on whom absolutely everything rests.
- Natasha Rostova, heroine epic novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace", sees his meaning of life in the family and love for people. Since childhood, she doted on her parents, brothers and sisters. Being a married woman, Natasha gave all her love to her husband, Pierre Bezukhov, and children. Rostova also did not forget about helping strangers. Let us recall the episode after the Battle of Borodino, when the heroine unselfishly helps wounded soldiers and places them at home. Natasha Rostova lives in order to sow kindness, love and affection around her.
in material values
- The Famus Society, known for Omedia A.S. Griboyedov "Woe from Wit", considered its meaning of life only material values. Fame, rank, money, position in society - all this plays a major role for them. And to achieve this, they are not afraid to be hypocritical, to commit meanness, to play dirty tricks and gossip. For example, Molchalin deceives the daughter of his boss, pretending to love, just to achieve promotion and patronage. Only one Chatsky understands that these are false values, but secular society refuses to believe in this and simply does not accept his point of view.
2. Perhaps story by I.A. Bunin "The Gentleman from San Francisco" is a real example in which the meaning of the hero's life is material wealth. The Nameless Master worked all the time to ensure a happy existence for himself and his family. Precisely existence, since every day was similar to the previous one. The hero did not see the meaning of life in love or family, so their only joint vacation turns into a routine vegetating on the deck, when there is nothing to even talk about. No wonder, because for the hero the most important thing is money, but the wife and daughter cannot talk about them. It is on the example of his hero that the author wants to show how insignificant such a set of life values is. No wonder all the passengers who are obsessed with wealth are sailing on a ship called the Atlantis - they are doomed to death.
In service to the motherland
- For many heroes of Russian literature, the meaning of life lies in serving the Motherland. For example, for Andrey Sokolov from the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". Upon learning of the beginning of the war, he unconditionally went to the front. Yes, it was difficult for him - several wounds, captivity, but Andrei never thought about betraying his homeland. Even the thought of it disgusted him. Sokolov behaved bravely in the camp as well. Recall the episode when the hero refused to drink with the German commandant Müller. As we can see, the meaning of life for Andrei is his homeland and love for it.
- For Vasily Terkin, the hero poems by A.T. Tvardovsky "Vasily Terkin" Motherland is the meaning of life. He is an ordinary soldier who is not afraid to give own life to defeat the enemy. Terkin is brave, agile, courageous and strong. He is not afraid of difficulties, because with the help of his ingenuity he is able to find a way out of any situation. The hero deserves real respect. Vasily Terkin is an example of a true patriot of his country, who is ready for anything for her.
In love
- main character dramas A.N. Ostrovsky "Thunderstorm" Katerina considered love to be the meaning of her life. It was this feeling that was inextricably linked with her freedom, which she lacked. All her life, the heroine wanted to love and be loved. However, her husband, Tikhon, did not pay attention to Katerina. Every day the heroine felt more and more unhappy. Only after the appearance of Boris did the heroine realize that she was capable of love. This forbidden connection weighed on Katerina, but she could not do anything, because she so wanted to be loved and in this feeling to find the long-awaited freedom. However, the conflict of feelings and duty led her to the fact that she could not live, abandoning one of the conflicting parties. The woman chose death because she had lost the meaning of life.
- The meaning of life in love was seen by the hero stories by A.I. Kuprin "Garnet bracelet". Despite the fact that these feelings were doomed from the very beginning, Zheltkov continued to love Vera with all his heart. He didn't ask for anything in return. For him, the most important thing is her happiness. Zheltkov never allowed himself to cross the line, knowing that Vera was a married woman. By his example, the hero proved that love is stronger than death. When he was forced to give up his feelings, he left this world, because he lived only for the sake of love.
- In the novel by A. S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin" The hero spent his whole life looking for his destiny. However, any business brought only boredom and disappointment. He was tired of empty chatter in the world, he set about organizing the economy in the inherited village. But this activity soon ceased to interest him. Friendship and love also did not inspire Eugene. In the end, he realized too late that it was in them that he could find himself. Pushkin leaves the finale open in order to emphasize that the hero has only monotonous lonely wanderings ahead, which it makes no sense to describe. He lost his meaning of life due to satiety and laziness of the soul.
- In the novel by M. Yu. Lermontov "The Hero of Our Time" Pechorin is looking for the meaning of life, but does not find it because of his vices: selfishness, fear of feelings and indifference. Many people go to him with kindness, affection and love, but in return they receive only coldness. Because of this, Grigory Alexandrovich is lonely and powerless to find his destiny. He got lost in the labyrinths of fate and lost hope for a successful outcome. Neither in the service, nor in the family, nor in the work of the hero could not get the satisfaction of his ambitions. Therefore, critics called him an "extra person" who fruitlessly disappeared into oblivion without using his skills and knowledge.
- In the epic novel "War and Peace" by L. N. Tolstoy one of the characters throughout the story was looking for himself. Pierre Bezukhov tried to find his place in high society, but was convinced of his falsity and hypocrisy. Then he found love, but he was also disappointed in it, having received deception instead of devotion and affection. He even joined a secret society in order to benefit society. However, none of these roles suited him, each of them did not bring complete satisfaction. Only in the bosom of the family, after all his wanderings, he found himself and the meaning of being. Children, marriage, honest work for the good of the people - that's what became Pierre's real destiny.
- In the work of N. V. Gogol "The Overcoat" the hero lived without realizing why. His existence was only the insignificant existence of a small man in a big city. Therefore, he found its likeness in the recognition of the environment. He wanted to earn it not by merit, but by appearance. The new overcoat, as it seemed to him, became an occasion to respect his person. Because of this, he became unnaturally attached to this thing, and even died of grief after losing it. If a person makes a mistake in choosing life guidelines, tragic consequences await him.
- In the play by A.P. Chekhov "Uncle Vanya" the hero has worked all his life in the name of false ideals. He and his niece worked for minimal remuneration, and all the remaining money was sent to the girl's father, the husband of Uncle Vanya's late sister. He is a professor, and in his face modest people saw the science itself, which they willingly served. However, a personal meeting with an idol showed them that they had sacrificed everything for the sake of a self-satisfied nonentity. The psychological crisis of Ivan Voinitsky after realizing the falsity of ideals led to the fact that a quiet and timid man tried to kill a relative. However, in the finale, he resigned himself to fate and his deep unhappiness.
- In the work of A.P. Chekhov "Ionych" the main character rejects Startsev's offer in order to go to the capital and enter the conservatory. The girl sees the meaning of her life in music. Everyone praised her piano playing, no one doubted her success. But Mademoiselle Turkina actually turned out to be a mediocre pianist. She returned to her hometown with nothing, but just as diligently studied music, although this no longer mattered. Catherine was disappointed in herself and did not find the strength to find a new incentive to develop. Interesting? Save it on your wall!
Searching for the meaning of life
False meaning of life and the consequences of a mistake
The problem of the transience of human life
Each of us believes that his life path will be long and successful. But sometimes we are faced with situations where it is obvious how transient and unpredictable human life is. The circumstances of the death of Berlioz - one of the heroes, clearly demonstrate this to us. Confident in his future, and even more so in how he will spend the evening, a well-read editor is ready to argue with a stranger about the suddenness of a human death. But very little time passes, and Berlioz's head rolls along the pavement. The gentleman from San Francisco, the hero of the story of the same name by I. A. Bunin, could hardly have foreseen how the long-awaited cruise would end . The certainty that a luxurious trip is a well-deserved reward in his life overwhelms him. But fate decrees otherwise. A chic dinner ends with the sudden death of the hero. His body is placed in a soda box. Life is over.
The problem of finding the meaning of life
The meaning of life is individual. Someone lives for himself, someone lives for others, someone intelligently combines both. There are people who don't see this as a problem. They just live, go with the flow of their destiny. But there are those who are constantly searching for the meaning of life. Such is the favorite hero of L. N. Tolstoy from the novel “War and Peace”.He suffers from dissatisfaction with his life. An active search for the meaning of life leads him to dubious companies, Freemasonry, and an unhappy marriage. In captivity, Bezukhov is rethinking life values. He begins to understand the truth of human happiness. The hero of A. S. Pushkin, Eugene Onegin, is also in constant knowledge of himself.from the novel of the same name. He was tired of the idle life. An attempt to change the way of life in high society to life in the village did not lead to a positive result. The duel with Lensky, the feelings of Tatyana Larina - for him these are just episodes of constant searching. The author, saying goodbye to the hero, leaves him in search. This is his lot.
True and False Values
In the course of his life, a person prioritizes, chooses what he considers important for himself and rejects the unnecessary. But is what is important to him always useful to society? The hero of F. M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov commits a crime.The death of the two women he killed does not give him moral torment, and he even justifies himself. This is how the well-known theory about the right of special people to decide the fate of others is born. But acquaintance with leads him to the acquisition of values that have been tested for centuries. Raskolnikov takes the Gospel in his hands. In M. A. Bulgakov’s novel “The Master and Margarita”, a collective image of people who were “spoiled by the housing problem” was created. Their positions are consonant with many. The rain of money that fell on the audience of the Variety Theater is the value of the majority, but not all. The ability to love, to create is important for the Master and Margarita, and the image of Yeshua is represented as a moral ideal. Thus, the works of classical literature provide an opportunity to illustrate the problems of creative works-essays on this topic. And the problems raised by the author can give rise to reflections of a moral nature. For other examples and arguments for the exam on the topic of the problem of the meaning of life, see the video below.About choice life path
Some people may be lucky in life, but this luck does not always please them. Those who are chosen by luck in the surrounding life are much less than people of a different plan - those whose lot is everyday work, overcoming obstacles and the absence of bright events.
The problem presented in the text is as follows. Suppose a person can be uplifted by two unexpected occurrences. One is a consequence of luck, a happy twist of fate. The second is the recognition by others of the merits and successes achieved primarily by perseverance and hard work.
Which path to follow, which course to follow, what to prefer, what to achieve?
Comment to the problem. People who are addicted, love effects, subject to rapid mood swings, will choose the first path. They will wait for their happy hour when they are just lucky. And others, people with a more stable nervous system, hardworking and purposeful, able to make informed decisions, will choose the second path.
The author's position is seen on the example of the fate of the hero of the essay. Daniil Granin, physicist, writer, believes that each person should determine for himself his main life line and try to follow it along the path measured by fate. Only in these circumstances will the integrity of a person's nature be revealed, and as a result - significant deeds, a vivid biography, perhaps fame. And only hard work is the key to success.
I agree with the position of the author and prove its correctness by the first argument. A.P. Chekhov, the great humanist writer, in 1890, on his own initiative, undertook a trip to the island of Sakhalin in order to census the exiles. On Sakhalin, he visited all the villages, visited prisons, mines. Under him, the guards punished the guilty with whips. Chekhov started a card for each settler, where his age, reasons and terms of punishment were indicated. In total, the card index numbered eight thousand cards - the result of the enormous work of the writer, journalist, honest citizen, compassionate to the unfortunate. For his selfless work, Chekhov was awarded a bronze medal, and in his subsequent works "everything was stale". V. Lakshin, a literary critic, assessed this fact of Chekhov's biography as follows: “Each great Russian writer had his own feat, his own pinnacle in life and his own suffering. And he (Chekhov) himself created his feat - a trip to the prison island.
The second argument confirming the correctness of the author's judgments can be cited from the novel by I.S. Turgenev "Fathers and Sons". The protagonist Bazarov is passionately devoted to science, he is ready to devote his whole life to the profession of a doctor. He is not tired of either endless experiments or the hard work of a county doctor who heals peasants. If he had remained alive, his name would have been on a par with the names of outstanding Russian physiologists, researchers in the field of medicine - Sechenov, Pirogov, Pavlov and others.
In conclusion, we can cite the statement of N.A. Nekrasov:
The will and labor of man / Marvelous divas create.
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