Chechen Ingush Soviet. Chechen-Ingush Assr. The Great Patriotic War

It is located on the northern slope of the Greater Caucasus (in its eastern part) and on the adjoining Chechen plain and the Terek-Kuma lowland. The area is 19.3 thousand km2. Population 1159 thousand people. (as of January 1, 1977). In Ch.-I. 14 districts, 5 cities and 4 urban-type settlements. The capital is Grozny.

Political system

Socialist state of workers and peasants, autonomous Soviet socialist republic. The current constitution was adopted on June 22, 1937, by the Third Extraordinary Congress of Soviets of C.-I. ASSR. The highest bodies of state power are the unicameral Upper Council of Ch.-I. ASSR, elected by the population for 5 years at the rate of 1 deputy from 6 thousand inhabitants, and its Presidium. The Supreme Council forms the government of the republic - the Council of Ministers. It is represented in the Council of Nationalities of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR by 11 deputies. Local government bodies - city, district, settlement and rural Soviets of People's Deputies - are elected by the population for 2.5 years.

The Supreme Soviet of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic elects for a period of 5 years the Supreme Court of the Republic, consisting of the 2nd court. collegiums (for criminal and civil cases) and the Presidium of the Supreme Court. Prosecutor Ch.-I. The ASSR is appointed by the Prosecutor General of the USSR for a term of 5 years.

Nature

Along the southern borders of the republic there is the Side Range with the peaks of Tebulosmta (4493 m - the highest point of Ch.-I.), Diklosmta (4285 m), etc.; to the north, parallel ridges-cuestas stretch: Rocky, Pasture, Black Mountains. To the north of them lies the Chechen Plain. The Tersko-Kuma lowland with sandy ridges and hills extends to the north. To the west is the Terek-Sunzhenskaya Upland, which consists of the Tersky and Sunzhensky Ranges, separated by the Alkhanchurt Valley.

In the northern part the climate is continental. On the Terek-Kuma lowland average temperature January -3 °С, July 25 °С; rainfall 300-400 mm per year; growing season 190 days. On the Chechen plain, the average temperature in January is -4°C, in July 24-22°C; rainfall 400-600 mm per year. In the mountains, the average January temperature ranges from -5°C in the lowlands to -12°C and lower in the highlands; July, respectively, 21°С and 5°С; rainfall 600-1200 mm per year.

Almost all rivers belong to the Terek basins. The largest - Terek, Sunzha, Argun, Assa - begin in the highlands from glaciers. High water in spring and early summer due to the melting of seasonal snow and glaciers. Rivers originating in the low mountains have summer rain floods. River waters are widely used for irrigation.

Soils on the Tersko-Kuma lowland are chestnut and light chestnut, on the Terek-Sunzhenskaya upland - carbonate chernozems. Meadow soils predominate on the Chechen Plain, and leached chernozems prevail in elevated areas, and alluvial and meadow-marsh soils in river valleys; in the mountains - mountain-forest and mountain-meadow.

On the Terek-Kuma lowland, wormwood-saltwort plant formations are common; in more humid areas - fescue-feather grass dry steppe, in places along depressions on the sands - communities of shrubs (loha, hawthorn, etc.). On the Chechen plain - steppe and forest-steppe vegetation. In the mountains up to a height of 1800-2200 m - broad-leaved forests, higher - subalpine and alpine meadows. The forest area is 361 thousand hectares (18.7% of the territory of the republic); beech (48.8% of the forested area), birch (10.9%), hornbeam (9.9%), oak (9.6%) predominate.

There are many rodents and reptiles in the steppe and forest-steppe; from birds - bustard, wild ducks, geese, along river valleys - Caucasian pheasant. Stone and forest martens, wild boar, tur, roe deer, forest cat, wolf, chamois, badger live in the mountains. In alpine meadows - black-headed vulture, mountain turkey (ular), Caucasian black grouse, stone partridge (keklik). In Ch.-I. - 8 reserves.

Population

Live in the republic: Chechens (508.9 thousand people; here and below the 1970 census data), Ingush (113.7 thousand people), Russians (366.9 thousand people), nationalities of Dagestan (Kumyks, Nogais , Avars, Laks, Dargins, etc.; 19.7 thousand people), Armenians (14.5 thousand people), Ukrainians (12.7 thousand people), Tatars (5.6 thousand people). ) and etc.

From 1926 to 1977 the population increased 2.2 times. Average density 60 people. per 1 km2 (as of January 1, 1977). The foothill plain is the most populated; very weakly - the steppe part and the highlands. The share of the urban population increased from 19% (1926) to 44% (as of January 1, 1977). All cities, with the exception of Grozny (387 thousand inhabitants on January 1, 1977), were formed during the years of Soviet power; Gudermes, Malgobek, Nazran, Argun.

Story

The territory of Ch.-I. It has been inhabited since the Paleolithic era. From the Bronze Age (2nd millennium BC), mainly funerary monuments in the mountainous and lowland zones have been preserved. The basis of the economy was pastoral cattle breeding and agriculture, the social system was primitive communal. Monuments of the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (end of the 2nd - 1st half of the 1st millennium BC) testify to a significant level of socio-economic development of the tribes, the presence of a developed metallurgy of copper, and then iron, about connections with Scythia, Transcaucasia and Western Asia. In the early Middle Ages, most of the plains and part of the foothill regions of Ch.-I. were part of the early feudal state association - Alania. The direct ancestors of the Chechens and Ingush lived in the mountains, in which the primitive communal system was undergoing an intensive decomposition. In the 13th century Ch.-I. subjected to devastating invasions of the Mongol-Tatars, at the end of the 14th century. Timur's troops invaded here. The low level of development of the productive forces contributed to the survival of the primitive communal system for a long time. On the territory of Ch.-I. there were separate clans and societies (mainly on the plain), uniting several clans, sometimes at enmity with each other. Until the beginning of the 20th century there was a blood feud.

After the 10th c. in Ch.-I. Christianity began to penetrate from Georgia; from the end of the 16th century Islam began to spread from Dagestan, which in the 1st half of the 19th century. became the dominant religion. In the 16th century in Ch.-I. feudal relations are born. At the beginning of the 18th century the Nakhcho tribe is given the ethnic name Chechens (from the village of Chechen), and from the 2nd half of the 19th century. behind the Galgai tribe - the Ingush [from the village of Angush (Ingush)].

In 1722, during the Persian campaign, Peter I visited Chechnya. Since that time, the Chechens and Ingush, especially those living on the plains, began cultural and economic ties with Russia. At the same time, the colonial policy of tsarism caused the growth of the national liberation struggle (in particular, the popular movement in the North Caucasus, which was headed by the Chechen Ushurma, 1785). In 1810, the Ingush voluntarily accepted Russian citizenship, their lands were not subjected to colonization; the tsarist government encouraged the resettlement of the Ingush to the plains, as a result of which the bulk of them did not participate in the war against Russia. The strengthening of the military colonization of the North Caucasus (the construction of fortresses, the pushing of Chechens and other mountain peoples into the mountains, the settlement of fertile lands by Cossacks, etc.) caused a movement of mountaineers led by imams Gazi-Magomed, Gamzat-bek and Shamil (see. Caucasian war 1817-64). After Shamil's capitulation in 1859, Chechnya completely and completely became part of Russia, which contributed to the economic and cultural development of the Chechen and Ingush peoples, and undermined the patriarchal tribal system and subsistence economy in the villages of Ch.-I. At the end of the 19th century a commercial and industrial bourgeoisie appeared, owning oil fields, factories, and trading enterprises. In the early 90s. through Ch.-I. Vladikavkaz railway was held. The Grozny oil industry began to develop rapidly (the first well was drilled in 1893). The working class was formed from the alien, mainly Russian, population. By 1905 there were over 10,000 workers in Grozny, and by 1917, up to 20,000. Trade farming and cattle breeding developed. Only in 1913 from Ch.-I. 6816 thousand poods of grain were exported.

In the early 1900s Social Democratic circles arose in Grozny, and in 1903 a Bolshevik organization took shape, in the creation of which I. T. Fioletov played an important role. The proletariat of the city actively participated in the Revolution of 1905-07. In the spring and summer of 1905, a wave of peasant uprisings took place, mainly in the Vedeno district.

After the February Revolution, on March 4 (17), 1917, the Civil Committee was created in Grozny, which was an organ of the bourgeois Provisional Government. On March 5 (18) the Grozny Soviet of Workers', Soldiers' and Cossacks' Deputies was formed. On March 14 (27) a Chechen congress was held in Grozny, at which the bourgeois-nationalist "Chechen National Council" of sheikhs, merchants and officers, as well as the Ingush National Council, were elected. By the autumn of 1917, the Bolsheviks, led by N. A. Anisimov, won a majority in the Grozny Soviet; the Grozny garrison went over to the side of the October Revolution. On October 26 (November 8), Soviet power was proclaimed in the city.

The establishment of Soviet power in Ch.-I. accompanied by fierce class struggle. In mid-November, at the Groznaya station, 2 officers and several horsemen of the Chechen cavalry regiment of the Caucasian native cavalry division (the so-called "Wild Division") were killed. Cossack and mountain counterrevolution, headed by the ataman of the Terek Cossack army M.A. Karaulov and the Chechen oilman A.-M. A. Chermoev, used this incident to issue an ultimatum on November 23 (December 6), demanding that the Grozny Soviet disarm the workers and revolutionary soldiers. On November 24 (December 7), counter-revolutionary units captured Grozny; On December 31, 1917 (January 13, 1918), they were expelled with the help of revolutionary troops who arrived from Mozdok; power passed into the hands of the Military Revolutionary Committee.

On January 25-31 (February 7-13), 1918, the 1st Congress of the Peoples of the Terek Region was held in Mozdok, one of the leaders of which was S. M. Kirov. The congress created the Terek People's Council and prevented an interethnic war started by the Cossack leaders. The 2nd Congress of the Terek Peoples in Pyatigorsk (March 1-18, 1918) recognized Soviet power on March 17 and created the Terek Soviet Republic as part of the RSFSR. After the congress, the working people of Chechnya convened a congress of the Chechen people in the village of Goity and elected the Goity People's Council (Chairman T. E. Eldarkhanov). The Ingush National Council headed by G. Akhriev was reorganized. The Goyty People's and Ingush National Councils declared their support for the Soviet authorities.

In the summer of 1918, the Cossack counter-revolution of the Terek, headed by G. F. Bicherakhov (see Bicherakhovs), raised an anti-Soviet revolt. In the battles near Grozny (August 11 - November 12, 1918), the Bicherakhites were defeated. The defense of the city was led by N. F. Gikalo, A. Sheripov, A. Z. Dyakov. Extraordinary Commissioner of the South of Russia to the North. The Caucasus was G. K. Ordzhonikidze.

In February 1919 Ch.-I. captured the White Guard troops of General A. I. Denikin; On the night of February 3, Soviet troops left Grozny. In the mountains of Ch.-I. partisan detachments were created, which continued the fight against the counter-revolution. On the night of December 23, 1919, an uprising of workers and political prisoners took place in Grozny, which was suppressed by Denikin's supporters.

With the approach of the Red Army to North Caucasus By decision of the Caucasian Regional Committee of the RCP (b) in January 1920, the Terek Regional Group of Insurgent Troops was created under the command. Gikalo. In March, the offensive of the 11th Army and rebel troops began on Grozny; On March 17, the city was liberated. By the end of March 1920, Soviet power in Ch.-I. was finally restored.

On November 17, 1920, at the congress of the peoples of the Terek region in Vladikavkaz (now the city of Ordzhonikidze), the formation of the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was proclaimed (Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of January 20, 1921), which included Chechnya and Ingushetia as the Chechen and Nazran districts. On November 30, 1922, the Chechen Okrug was separated from the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and transformed into an autonomous region of the RSFSR. By a decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of July 7, 1924, the Mountain Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished, and the Ingush Autonomous Okrug was created on part of its territory. The Soviet government freed the working people of Ch.-I. from national oppression and eliminated national inequality in all areas of socio-political, economic and cultural life. In 1921-26 in Ch.-I. with the help of the Russian and other fraternal peoples, the national economy was restored. For the heroic struggle against the counter-revolution and the restoration of the oil industry, the Grozny proletariat was awarded the Order of the Red Banner in 1924.

During the years of the pre-war five-year plans, the industry and oil fields of Grozny were radically reconstructed, new powerful oil refineries, chemical, machine-building plants, as well as canning and other food industry enterprises were built. Successfully passed the process of collectivization. The percentage of collectivized peasant farms by 1933 was 40.5 in Ingushetia and 32.4 in Chechnya. In 1939, 73,744 farms (96%) were united in 472 collective farms. Successes in the field of agriculture were achieved in the conditions of the struggle against the kulaks and mullahs, who used the remnants of the tribal system and religious beliefs against collectivization.

During the years of Soviet power, a culture national in form and socialist in content was created in the republic. In 1920, only 0.8% of the Chechens were literate, and among the Ingush, 3%. In 1923-25, writing was created in the Chechen and Ingush languages. By 1940, literacy among the Chechens was 85%, and among the Ingush - 92%. The cadres of the national intelligentsia have grown. A lot of educational work was carried out to eliminate patriarchal-tribal remnants. Measures were taken to involve Chechens and Ingush in industrial production. On the basis of successes in economic and cultural construction, on January 15, 1934, the Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Regions were merged into the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Okrug, which on December 5, 1936 was transformed into Ch.-I. ASSR.

During the Great Patriotic War of 1941-45, the working people of Ch.-I. ASSR actively helped the front. The oil industry worked with great tension, providing the front with gasoline and lubricants. Agriculture remained at the level of 1940 and supplied the army with food. In the fall of 1942, Nazi troops invaded western part republics, but were stopped on the distant approaches to Grozny; in January 1943 the territory of Ch.-I. The ASSR was liberated. During the Great Patriotic War, Chechens and Ingush fought on the fronts, participated in the partisan struggle against the fascist invaders. Several thousand people awarded orders and medals, 36 people. awarded the title of Hero Soviet Union. In 1944 Ch.-I. ASSR was abolished; By a decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 9, 1957, the national autonomy of the Chechen and Ingush peoples was restored.

In the 60-70s. Ch.-I. The ASSR achieved new successes, which was facilitated by the constant and disinterested assistance of the peoples of the entire Soviet Union. In the republic by 1977, 32 Heroes of Socialist Labor, a total of 13,060 workers were awarded orders and medals of the USSR. For the successes achieved in the development of the national economy Ch.-I. The ASSR was awarded the Order of Lenin in 1965; in 1972 - the order October revolution and the Order of Friendship of Peoples.

Sources

  • N.V.Pribytkov, V.B.Vinogradov, N.P.Gritsenko "Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic"

The decoding of the CHIASSR was known to everyone who lived in the Soviet Union. This republic had two stages in history. The first of them began shortly before the Great Patriotic War. At the very end of 1936, a new Stalinist constitution was adopted. It was in it that the provisions were contained, according to which the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region was withdrawn from the North Caucasus Territory. This is how the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed, and then the decoding of the CHIASSR became known.

Shortly after the start of the Great Patriotic War, a small part of this region was occupied by German troops, and remained in this position throughout 1942 and 1943.

In 1944, one of the most unpleasant pages in the history of the Chechens and Ingush opened when the authorities officially accused them of collaborationism. They were suspected of deliberate and voluntary cooperation with the enemy to the detriment of their state and in its interests. As a rule, this term is used in a narrower sense, implying cooperation with the occupiers.

As punishment, he was massively deported to Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan as part of Operation Lentil. And in March of the same year, the Chechen-Ingush Republic was abolished, and the decoding of the CHIASSR had to be forgotten for a while. As a result, the Grozny District appeared, which became part of the Stavropol Territory. The Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Vedensky, Cheberloevsky, Sayasanovsky, Sharoevsky and Kurchaloevsky regions were included in the Dagestan Republic. By decision of the Presidium of the RSFSR, the district was abolished, and the former territory of the republic became the Grozny region. The abolition of the CHIASSR was officially approved by the decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Council, its mention was excluded from the constitution of 1937.

Second Life

In fact, the second life of the republic began shortly after Stalin's death, in 1957. It was restored by decrees and the RSFSR. It is noteworthy that this time it was formed within significantly larger boundaries than when it was abolished. In particular, it included the Shelkovsky and Naursky districts, which were transferred in 1944 to the Grozny region from the Stavropol Territory. Mostly lived there Russian population. Interestingly, the Prigorodny district, which was previously part of it, remained within the borders of North Ossetia. After restoration amounted to 19,300 square kilometers.

The decision of the presidium was approved by the Supreme Council in February 1957, the corresponding article was returned to the Soviet constitution. It formalized the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR.

Mass riots

At the same time, it should be noted that the situation in the region remained extremely tense. For example, in mountains. Grozny Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic in August 1958 there were riots that lasted about a week. The reason for them was a murder on ethnic grounds. It all started with a fight between representatives of different nationalities.

On August 23, in the suburbs of Grozny, where workers of the local chemical plant mainly lived, a group of Chechens, which included one Russian guy, drank alcohol. During the feast, a quarrel broke out between them. Chechen Lulu Maltsagov stabbed Russian Vladimir Korotchev in the stomach. After that, the company went to dances at the House of Culture. There was another conflict. This time with plant workers Ryabov and Stepashin. Stepashin was beaten, inflicted five stab wounds, from which he died. There were many witnesses around who called the police. The suspects were detained. At first glance, the crime was publicized due to interethnic tension. All this led to actions against the Chechen population.

Rumors about the murder of a factory worker spread quickly. The youth reacted unusually violently. The murderers were demanded to be severely punished, but the authorities did not react to this in any way. The situation was aggravated by the general political and economic situation in the country, defiant behavior of Chechens towards Russians.

On August 25, the workers asked to organize an official farewell at the factory club, but the authorities considered it inappropriate, fearing a further aggravation of the situation. The farewell was organized in the garden in front of his bride's house. It turned into a mass protest rally, spontaneous demonstrations began near Stepashin's coffin. Everyone demanded that measures be taken to stop hooliganism and murders by the Ingush and Chechens.

On August 26, a mourning meeting was banned. Then a group of 200 people advanced to Grozny with the coffin of the deceased. He was supposed to be buried in the city cemetery, the road to which went through the city center. It was planned to stop near the building of the regional committee and hold a mourning meeting there. Many people joined the procession along the way. Gradually, the procession turned into an anti-Chechen demonstration. The authorities blocked the passage to the center of the mountains. Grozny, Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. However, the cordon was broken.

In the evening, the aggressive part of the crowd broke into the building of the regional committee, staged a pogrom in it. The unrest was suppressed only on the evening of August 27, when troops were brought into the city.

Once again, the situation escalated in 1973, when a rally of the Ingush continued for several days in Grozny, who demanded that the issue of territorial rehabilitation be resolved, for example, the return of the Prigorodny district, which was predominantly inhabited by the Ingush, to the republic. The rally was dispersed by troops using water cannons.

The collapse of the republic

The events that began in 1990 led to the next collapse of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR, this time final. The Republican Supreme Council adopted a declaration on state sovereignty. In May 1991, amendments were made to the constitution, which approved the formation of the Chechen-Ingush Soviet Socialist Republic.

In June, at the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny and proclaimed the formation of the National Congress of the Chechen People. Almost immediately after that, the Chechen Republic of Nokhchi-cho was proclaimed, the leaders of the Supreme Council were declared usurpers.

Aggravation of the situation

The August events in Moscow became the catalyst for a socio-political explosion. After the failure of the GKChP, there were demands for the resignation of the local Supreme Council and for new elections to be held. Supporters of Dudayev occupied the parliament, the television center.

During the seizure of the Supreme Council, a session of parliament was held in it, which was assembled in in full force, including consultations with business leaders and local clergy. Dudayev and his supporters decided to take the building by storm. It began about a quarter of an hour after the capital's emissaries left the Supreme Council.

As a result, about forty deputies were beaten, the separatists threw the chairman of the city council of Grozny Kutsenko out of the window. He was then finished off in the hospital.

At the same time, in fact, the structures of legitimate power on the territory of the republic remained for several more months after the completion of the coup. For example, the regional State Security Committee and the police were abolished only at the very end of 1991. The prosecutor of the republic spent about a week in the basement, who was captured by the rebels when he called Dudayev's actions illegal.

After negotiations with the participation of Khasbulatov, who at that moment was the acting chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, a temporary authority was formed - the Provisional Supreme Council.

Administrative division

After the formation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the republic included 24 districts and one city of regional subordination - Grozny. In 1944, the Novogroznensky and Goragorsky districts were created, which were then liquidated in 1951.

After the restoration of the region in 1957, it included only 16 districts and two cities of republican subordination. The second after Grozny was Malgobek.

In 1990, there were already five cities of republican subordination in the republic - these are Grozny, Nazran, Gudermes, Malgobek and Argun. There were also 15 districts of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR. These are Achkhoy-Martanovsky, Vvedensky, Groznensky, Gudermessky, Itum-Kalinsky, Malgobeksky, Nadterechny, Naursky, Nazranovsky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sunzhensky, Urus-Martanovsky, Shalinsky, Shatoevsky, Shelkovsky.

Population

The number of the ASSR increased most throughout the 20th century. If in 1939 about 700 thousand people lived on the territory of the republic, then in 1959, shortly after the restoration of the region, the number of local residents remained approximately at the same level.

According to the results of the 1970 census, more than one million people have already settled in the republic, the peak was reached by 1979, when one million 153 thousand inhabitants lived in the republic. According to the 1989 census, there were one million 275 thousand people in Checheno-Ingushetia.

National composition

As of 1959, the majority of local residents were Russians, about 49 percent, against 34 percent Chechens. The situation changed dramatically in 1970, when about 48% of Chechens already lived, and 34.5% of Russians remained.

In 1989, almost 58% of Chechens, 23% of Russians, about 13% of Ingush, and a little more than one percent of Armenians lived on the territory of the republic.

Grozny

Throughout this time, Grozny was the capital of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Germans did not manage to take it. But they bombed the oil storage and oil fields. The resulting fires were extinguished for several days. Local authorities were able to restore work as soon as possible industrial facilities to send the necessary oil products to the front and to the rear.

After the deportation, Grozny in the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic became the center of the Grozny district, which was part of the Stavropol Territory. However, a few weeks later the Grozny region was formed. After the rehabilitation of the Ingush and Chechens, the city again turned into the capital of the autonomous republic.

Gudermes

This city for many years was actually the second most important city in the republic. At the same time, the settlement acquired the status of a city only in 1941. At that time, more than ten thousand people lived in it.

By the end of the existence of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, almost forty thousand inhabitants already lived in Gudermes. At present, the population has increased by fifty-three thousand people. The overwhelming majority of local residents are Chechens. They are over 95 percent. About two percent are Russians, almost one percent of the inhabitants are Kumyks.

Ethnic differentiation in the CHI ASSR was initially motivated by political considerations. Having a modest history of existence since its formation (1936), this autonomous republic was abolished in 1944 in connection with accusations of the Chechen-Ingush population of collaborationism (the Germans occupied only part of the republic during the Great Patriotic War). As a result of the special operation "Lentil", tens of thousands of Chechens and Ingush whole families were deported to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan in the shortest possible time. Very many of them died on the way or died due to unbearable conditions in their new place of residence.

The mountain villages were empty, but did not die out - they began to fill with strangers, mostly Russians. In domestic literature, this process is perhaps best described by the Abkhazian Fazil Iskander, although Fazil Abdulovich never lived on the territory of the ChI ASSR. But his father was also deported in 1938, since then 9-year-old Iskander has never seen him.

It was the consequences of the deportation of the indigenous population that led to the fact that by the 1950s the number of the Russian population in the CHI ASSR had so visibly increased. In early 1957, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was officially restored to its former status. Naursky and Shelkovskaya districts of the Stavropol Territory (territorially originally belonging to the CHI ASSR) with a predominantly Russian population were transferred back to the restored autonomy.

Before Dzhokhar Dudayev came to power, there were more than 200,000 Russians in the Chechen Republic, which had already broken away from Ingushetia, they accounted for more than a third of the total population of Chechnya. With the beginning of interethnic conflicts and the war that flared up as a result of an unsettled internal political crisis, the outflow of the Russian-speaking population from the republic increased sharply.

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USSR

Status Was part of Administrative center Date of formation

1936-1947, 1957-1993

Chairman of the Supreme Council

Doku Zavgaev (last)

official languages

Russian, Chechen, Ingush

Population (1989) Square Timezone Coordinates: 43°19′00″ s. sh. 45°40′59″ E  / 43.31666666999999648623998° N. sh. 45.68333333000000351° in. e. / 43.31666666999999648623998; 45.68333333000000351(G)(O)
History of Chechnya
History of Chechnya in the Middle Ages
Chechnya and Russian Empire

Caucasian war

North Caucasian Imamat

Terek region

Terek Cossacks
Chechnya in the Civil War

Mountain Republic (1917-1919)

Terskaya Soviet Republic (1918-1919)

North Caucasian Soviet Republic (1918)

North Caucasian Emirate (1919-1920)

Mountain ASSR (1921-1924)

Chechen national district (1920-1922)
Chechnya in the USSR

Chechen Autonomous Region (1922-1934)

Chechen-Ingush ASSR (1934-1944)

Deportation of Chechens and Ingush (1944)

Grozny region (1944-1957)

Chechen-Ingush ASSR (1957-1991)
Chechnya after the collapse of the USSR

Chechen Republic Ichkeria (1991-2000)

First Chechen War (1994-1996)

Khasavyurt agreements (1996)

Interwar crisis (1996-1999)

Second Chechen War (1999-2009)

Chechen Republic (since 2000)
Portal "Chechnya"
Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Grozny, Augustovskaya street, USSR stamp 1960.

(Chechen-Ingush ASSR) (Chech. Nokhch-GІalgІayn Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, Ingush. Nokhch-GІalgІay Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic) is an administrative-territorial unit of the RSFSR that existed from 1936 to 1947 and from 1957 to 1993.

The capital is the city of Grozny.

  • 1. History
    • 1.1 First period 1936-1947
    • 1.2 Second period 1957-1993
    • 1.3 Liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR
  • 2 Administrative division
  • 3 Population
  • 4 See also
  • 5 Notes
  • 6 Links

Story

First period 1936-1947

With the adoption of the new Stalinist constitution of the USSR on December 5, 1936, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region was withdrawn from the North Caucasian Territory and transformed into Chechen-Ingush ASSR.

During the Second World War in 1942-1943. small part Chechen-Ingush ASSR was occupied by Germany. In February 1944, Chechens and Ingush were accused of collaborationism and deported to Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (Operation Lentil). On March 7, 1944, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was abolished and the Grozny District was formed as part of the Stavropol Territory. The composition of the Dagestan ASSR included the following districts of the abolished republic: Vedensky, Nozhai-Yurtovsky, Sayasanovsky, Cheberloevsky, as well as Kurchaloevsky and Sharoevsky regions, with the exception of the northwestern part of these regions, and the eastern part of the Gudermes region. However, already on March 22, by decision of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, the district was also abolished, and the former territory of the republic became the Grozny region of the RSFSR. On June 25, 1946, the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR excluded the mention of the CHIASSR from Article 14 of the 1937 Constitution of the RSFSR. On February 25, 1947, the mention of autonomy was excluded by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR from Art. 22 of the Constitution of the USSR.

Second period 1957-1993

On January 9, 1957, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was restored, and within slightly different boundaries than during the abolition; Naursky and Shelkovskaya districts with a predominantly Russian population transferred in 1944 from the Stavropol Territory to the Grozny Region remained in its composition, but the Prigorodny District, which remained in North Ossetia, was not returned to it. The area of ​​the republic after the restoration was 19,300 km².

On February 11, 1957, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved the decree of its Presidium of January 9 and returned to Art. 22 of the Constitution of the USSR, mention of autonomy.

In August 1958, mass riots took place in Grozny, the reason for which was a domestic murder.

In 1973, after the pogroms in the Chechen-Ingush capital (January 15-18), a resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU "On anti-social nationalist manifestations in the city of Grozny" was adopted. A group of workers from the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of Ministers of the RSFSR left the republic. After the group returned to Moscow, the Propaganda Department of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Department of Organizational and Party Work of the Central Committee of the CPSU prepared a special report, which, in particular, stated that nationalist-minded persons allowed insults, threats, hooliganism, violence against citizens of other nationalities, especially Russians. , which forced the latter to travel outside the republic. as an example, the Sunzhensky district is cited, which "over the past three years" left 9 thousand Russians, including 780 people in the first quarter of 1973.

Liquidation of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR

November 27, 1990 Supreme Council Chechen-Ingush ASSR adopted a declaration on the state sovereignty of the Chechen-Ingush Republic, and on May 24, 1991, in accordance with the amendments to Art. 71 of the constitution of the RSFSR, the autonomous republic began to be called Chechen-Ingush Soviet Socialist Republic. However, the deprivation of Checheno-Ingushetia of the status of the ASSR was contrary to Art. 85 of the current Constitution of the USSR. Thus, before the collapse of the USSR, these decisions to change the status of the republic were doubtful.

On June 8, 1991, at the initiative of Dzhokhar Dudayev, part of the delegates of the First Chechen National Congress gathered in Grozny, which proclaimed itself the All-National Congress of the Chechen People (OKChN). This was followed by the announcement Chechen Republic(Chechen Republic of Ichkeria), and the leaders of the Supreme Council of the republic were declared usurpers.

The events of August 19-21, 1991 in Moscow became the catalyst for a socio-political explosion in Checheno-Ingushetia. The organizer and leader of the mass movement was the Executive Committee of the OKChN, headed by Dzhokhar Dudayev. After the failure and self-dissolution of the GKChP, the Executive Committee of the OKChN and organizations of a national-radical persuasion demanded the resignation of the Supreme Council of the CHIASSR and the holding of new elections. On September 1-2, the 3rd session of the OKChN declared the Supreme Council of the Autonomous Republic deposed and transferred all power on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia to the Executive Committee of the OKChN.

On September 6, 1991, Dudayev announced the dissolution of the republican power structures. The Chechen guards occupied the building of the television center and the Radio House, stormed the parliament, where a meeting of the Supreme Council was taking place. On this day, the Supreme Council met in full force, heads of local councils, clergy, and business leaders were invited for consultations. Dzhokhar Dudayev, Yaragi Mamadayev and other leaders of the OKChN decided to take the building by storm. The assault began at 4-5 pm, 15-20 minutes after the Moscow emissaries - among them was a member of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR Aslambek Aslakhanov - left the building. More than 40 deputies of parliament were beaten, and the separatists threw the chairman of the city council of Grozny Kutsenko out of the window, and then finished off in the hospital.

On September 15, Ruslan Khasbulatov, Acting Chairman of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, arrived in Grozny. Under his leadership, the last session of the Supreme Council of the republic was held, at which the deputies decided to resign Doku Zavgaev, a supporter of the State Emergency Committee, from the post of chairman of the Supreme Council and to dissolve the parliament. As a result of negotiations between Ruslan Khasbulatov and the leaders of the Executive Committee of the OKCHN, as a temporary body of power for the period before the elections (scheduled for November 17), the Provisional Supreme Council of the CHIASSR (VVS) was formed from 32 deputies, shortly reduced to 13 deputies, then to 9.

Hussein Akhmadov, Deputy Chairman of the Executive Committee of the OKChN, was elected Chairman of the Interim Supreme Council of the CHIASSR, Yury Cherny, assistant to Khasbulatov, was elected Deputy Chairman of the Air Force.

By the beginning of October 1991, a conflict arose in the Air Force between supporters of the OKCHN Executive Committee (4 members, headed by Khusein Akhmadov) and its opponents (5 members, headed by Yuri Cherny). Khusein Akhmadov, on behalf of the entire Air Force, issued a number of laws and decrees that created the legal basis for the activities of the OKCHN Executive Committee as the highest authority, and on October 1 announced the division of the Chechen-Ingush Republic into the sovereign Chechen Republic of Nokhchi-cho and the Ingush Autonomous Republic within the RSFSR.

On October 5, seven of the nine members of the Air Force decided to remove Kh. Akhmadov and to cancel the illegal acts. On the same day, the National Guard of the Executive Committee of the OKCHN seized the building of the House of Trade Unions, in which the Air Force met, and also seized the building of the KGB of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. On October 6, the Executive Committee of the OKCHN announced the dissolution of the Air Force (“for subversive and provocative activities”) and assumed the functions of a “revolutionary committee for the transitional period with full power.”

On October 27, 1991, under the control of supporters of the OKCHN executive committee, elections were held for the president and parliament of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. The results of the elections were not recognized by the Council of Ministers of Chechen-Ingushetia, heads of enterprises and departments, heads of a number of regions of the autonomous republic. On November 2, 1991, the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR declared these elections illegal. The decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 7, 1991 on the introduction of a state of emergency on the territory of Checheno-Ingushetia radically changed the balance of power. The leaders of the opposition parties and movements declared their support for President Dudayev and his government, which took on the mission of protecting the sovereignty of Ichkeria. The Provisional High Council and its militia disintegrated in the first days of the crisis.

On November 8, Chechen guards blocked the buildings of the Ministry of Internal Affairs and the KGB, as well as military camps. The blockade used civilians and fuel trucks.

Ingush Republic (subsequently renamed the Republic of Ingushetia) after the collapse Chechen-Ingush ASSR headed for loyalty to Russia, while the Chechen Republic, which in October 1991 was headed by Dzhokhar Dudayev, announced its secession from Russia and before the start of the First Chechen war in December 1994 enjoyed de facto independence. The Constitution of the ChRI was adopted by the parliament of the republic on March 2, 1992 and canceled the effect of the 1978 ChIASSR constitution.

On June 4, 1992, the Supreme Council of the RSFSR adopted the Law “On the Formation of the Ingush Republic as part of Russian Federation". The creation of the republic was submitted for approval by the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation. On December 10, 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies approved the formation of the Ingush Republic and made a corresponding amendment to the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1978: Checheno-Ingushetia was divided into the Ingush Republic and the Chechen Republic, the border between which remained unapproved even to this day. This law was published on December 29, 1992 in Rossiyskaya Gazeta and entered into force on January 9, 1993 after 10 days from the date of official publication.

Administrative division

After the transformation of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region into Chechen-Ingush ASSR The republic included 1 city of regional subordination Grozny and 24 districts.

In 1944, by disaggregating the Nadterechny and Gudermes regions, the Goragorsky and Novogroznensky regions were created, which were liquidated in 1951.

After recovery Chechen-Ingush ASSR On January 9, 1957, it included 2 cities of republican subordination (Grozny and Malgobek) and 16 districts.

As of 1990, the republic included 3 cities of republican subordination:

  • Grozny
  • Gudermes
  • Malgobek

and 15 districts:

  1. Achkhoy-Martanovsky - with. Achkhoy-Martan
  2. Vedensky - s. Vedeno
  3. Grozny - Grozny
  4. Gudermessky - s. Gudermes
  5. Itum-Kalinsky - s. Itum-Kale
  6. Malgobek - Malgobek
  7. Nadterechny - s. Znamenskoye
  8. Nazranovsky - Nazran
  9. Naursky - stanitsa Naurskaya
  10. Nozhay-Yurtovsky - with. Nozhay-Yurt
  11. Sunzhensky - Ordzhonikidzevskaya station
  12. Urus-Martan - Urus-Martan
  13. Shalinsky - Shali
  14. Shatoevsky - s. Shatoy
  15. Shelkovsky - Shelkovskaya station

Population

Population dynamics of the republic:

National composition Chechen-Ingush ASSR

People 1959, thousand people 1970, thousand people 1979, thousand people 1989, thousand people
Chechens 244,0 (34,3 %) 508,9 (47,8 %) 611,4 (52,9 %) 734,5 (57,8 %)
Russians 348,3 (49,0 %) 367,0 (34,5 %) 336,0 (29,1 %) 293,8 (23,1 %)
Ingush 48,3 (6,8 %) 113,7 (12,0 %) 134,7 (11,7 %) 163,8 (12,9 %)
Armenians 13,2 (1,9 %) 14,5 (1,4 %) 14,6 (1,3 %) 14,8 (1,2 %)
Ukrainians 13,7 (1,9 %) 12,7 (1,2 %) 12,0 (1,0 %) …

see also

History of Chechnya

Notes

  1. 1 2 All-Union Population Census 1989. Archived from the original on August 23, 2011.
  2. Brief information about the administrative-territorial changes in the Stavropol Territory for 1920-1992.
  3. INGUSHETIA.RU History.
  4. On the abolition of the Chechen-Ingush ASSR and on the transformation of the Crimean ASSR into the Crimean region.
  5. Law of the USSR of February 25, 1947 "On Amending and Supplementing the Text of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR" (repealed)
  6. Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of 09.01.1957
  7. Law of the USSR of February 11, 1957 "On approval of the Decrees of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the restoration of the national autonomy of the Balkarian, Chechen, Ingush, Kalmyk and Kar...
  8. Grozny rally in 1973. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012.
  9. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 IGPI.RU:: Political monitoring:: Issues of political monitoring:: Chechen Republic of Ichkeria. general review
  10. Law of the RSFSR of May 24, 1991 "On amendments and additions to the Constitution (Basic Law) of the RSFSR"
  11. 1 2 3 4 Digest: Ten days that canceled the world. Grachev
  12. Decree of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RSFSR of November 2, 1991 No. 1847-I. Legal advice portal.
  13. DECREE of the President of the RSFSR of 07.11.1991 N 178
  14. On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation, Law of the Russian Federation of June 04, 1992 No. 2927-1.
  15. On the procedure for enacting the Law of the Russian Federation "On the formation of the Ingush Republic as part of the Russian Federation", Resolution of the Supreme Council of the Russian Federation of June 04, 1 ....
  16. Decree of the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation of December 10, 1992 No. 4070-I. Legal Advice Portal
  17. Law of the Russian Federation of December 10, 1992 N 4071-I "On Amendments to Article 71 of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the Russian Federation - Russia"
  18. Documents of the VII Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation // Rossiyskaya Gazeta, December 29, 1992, No. 278 (614), p. 5
  19. Laws of the RSFSR / RF 1990-1993 and amendments to them until the spring of 1995
  20. World Historical Project. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012.
  21. All-Union population census of 1939. Archived from the original on February 20, 2012.
  22. All-Union population census of 1959. Archived from the original on February 19, 2012.
  23. All-Union population census of 1970. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
  24. All-Union Population Census 1979. Archived from the original on August 22, 2011.
  25. population of Chechnya
  26. All-Union population census of 1959. National composition of the population
  27. All-Union population census of 1970. National composition of the population
  28. All-Union population census of 1979. National composition of the population
  29. All-Union population census of 1989. National composition of the population

Links

  • Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic - article from the Great Soviet Encyclopedia
  • 1937 constitution
  • 1978 constitution

To the history of the issue

Having lost the first battle to capture the city of Vladikavkaz, based on the original Ingush lands, the Ossetian leaders, supported by I. Stalin, began to prepare for a new stage in the struggle against the Ingush Autonomous Region (IAO) from an unexpected side: Ossetia conceived and began to implement a plan for the unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia into one autonomy with the capital in the city of Grozny, which greatly facilitated the task of ousting the Ingush from Vladikavkaz (the Ingush did not even imagine at that time that the whole of Ingushetia, including the Prigorodny district, would later follow Vladikavkaz).

However, the secretary of the Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Idris Zyazikov, guessed this move of the Ossetians and did everything possible to prevent the abolition of the IAO, and achieved a postponement of consideration of the issue of the unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Even before the well-known resolution of the bureau of the North Caucasian regional committee of the CPSU (b) dated October 13, 1928, Bulat and Zyazikov made a report on November 28, 1927. It was decided: a) to take into account the message to Bulat and Zyazikov; b) consider the question of the unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia in the near future as premature; c) instruct within a month to examine the work of the National Council in the field of the development of national culture in general and, in particular, the conduct of joint work in the Chechen and Ingush Autonomous Regions; d) consider it necessary to convene a meeting of workers from the national regions after the completion of the study to discuss this issue and consider it in the National Commission.

Both Ossetians and Stalin's guarantor, secretary of the North Caucasian regional committee of the CPSU (b) Andrey Andreev, perfectly understood the difficulty of resolving the issue of the unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia, which opened the way for the Ossetians to oust the Ingush from Vladikavkaz, while Ingushetia was led by I. Zyazikov, an opponent of such an unification. He was not needed, because he interfered with the implementation of insidious plans against the Ingush. And he is removed from the post of secretary of the Ingush regional committee of the CPSU (b) and sent to the courses of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU (b), and then arrested with subsequent physical elimination. The path to the capture of Vladikavkaz was free, which the neighbors of the Ingush did not fail to take advantage of. This was facilitated by the new secretary of the Ingush Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks, Isidor Chernoglaz.

In September 1931, Vladikavkaz was renamed on the initiative of the Ingush into the city of Ordzhonikidze, and on June 20, 1933, by a decree of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR, Ordzhonikidze was included in the North Ossetian Autonomous Region, and the first stage of the Ossetian expansion of the Ingush territories was completed.

To start the second repressive stage, it was necessary to complete the unification of Chechnya and Ingushetia. It was not difficult for Stalin, who had become stronger in power, to complete this anti-Ingush operation, which resulted in the decision of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of the USSR “On the formation of a united Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region” with a center in Grozny. This process ended on January 15, 1934. By the way, there was no consent of the peoples of Chechnya and Ingushetia, and, nevertheless, the document on the formation of the unified Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region of an anti-constitutional orientation, in violation of Article 13 of the Constitution of the RSFSR of 1925, was adopted signed by the Chairman of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee M. Kalinin and the Secretary of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee A. Kiselev.

In 1934, the period of independent development in the wake of the Russian policy of the Ingush people ended. Ingushetia, was assigned the role of a raw materials appendage in the new public education- Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Region (CHI AO), with the loss of its capital.

After 1934, a new, main stage began to eliminate the national statehood of the Ingush, who, together with the Chechens, were deported to Kazakhstan and Central Asia February 23, 1944

This is truly a state crime, and all false slanders and rumors go back to it in huge numbers, and the consequences of the deportation of these peoples have not yet been eliminated, especially in relation to the Ingush.

Much has been written and said about the thirteen-year exile of the Ingush. Less well known are the behind-the-scenes games of the Ossetian leadership of an anti-Ingush orientation. Even less known are the actions of the anti-Ingush forces after the 20th Congress of the CPSU, related to the restoration of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, although we find the key to unraveling the Ingush tragedy precisely in the actions of the anti-Ingush forces. It is extremely important to note the following fact here. The Chairman of the Organizing Committee for the Restoration of the CHI ASSR, and then the Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the CHI ASSR, Muslim Gairbekov, without any knowledge of the Ingush, conducted behind-the-scenes negotiations with the leadership of North Ossetia on the issue of leaving Prigorodny and part of the Malgobek districts in its composition, although as a Chechen he had no moral right to do so , especially since the Ingush did not authorize him to do so.

Soon at the VI plenum of the Chechen-Ingush Regional Committee of the CPSU, held in Grozny on August 12, 1957 with the agenda: “On the implementation of the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU of November 24, 1956 “On the restoration of the national autonomy of the Chechen and Ingush peoples”, with the participation of the Secretary of the Central Committee CPSU Petr Pospelov, the question was raised about the need to return the Prigorodny district to the CHI ASSR.

B. Zangiev, chairman of the SO ASSR government, spoke at this plenum, declaring that the Ossetian population living within the Prigorodny district expressed a desire to move to North Ossetia.

Nevertheless, M. Gairbekov, in agreement with the Ossetian leadership, headed by the first secretary of the North Ossetian regional committee of the CPSU A. Agkatsev, is implementing a plan behind the back of the Ingush, according to which Prigorodny and part of the Malgobek districts of the former CHI ASSR remain in the SO ASSR, and in return, for the resettlement of Chechens, the mountainous regions of the CHI ASSR, as the Ossetian side claims today, the flat Shelkovskaya, Naursky and Karagalinsky regions of the Stavropol Territory, together with the Cossack and Nogai population.

Speaking about the unattractive role played by M. Gairbekov in the anti-Ingush political intrigue, at the Second Congress of the Ingush people on September 9, 1989 in Grozny, the delegate of the congress, Chief State Inspector for the Use and Protection of the Land Fund of the Chi ASSR Bembulat Bogatyrev noted: “ In 1957, the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR asked to be informed in which regions it is desirable and necessary to restore the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. Aleksey Slyusarev, who then replaced M. Gairbekov, gave an answer to this question, and at the same time he made a special emphasis on the need to return the Prigorodny district to the Ingush. He (M. Gairbekov - B.K.) withdrew the telegram sent signed by A. Slyusarev and sent a new one, in which he claimed that the Ingush could do without the Prigorodny district. At the same time, an impartial conversation took place between M. Gairbekov and A. Slyusarev. A. Slyusarev was categorically against this scam. M. Gairbekov referred to the promise he made to A. Agkatsev.

In 1973, Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR Shchelokov, who arrived in Grozny after the well-known January rally of the Ingush, brought with him and showed this particular telegram of M. Gairbekov as an argument against the demands of the Ingush to return their lands to them.

How and why the Chechen-Ingush Republic collapsed

The beginning of the perestroika introduced fundamental changes in the system state structure on the territory of the USSR. The notorious Yeltsin parade of sovereignties became the basis for the collapse of the USSR. In the North Caucasus, these processes were most painful in Dagestan, North Ossetia, and especially in Chechen-Ingushetia.

In 1987-1990. In deep secret from the Ingush informal leaders of Chechnya developed the concept of an independent Chechen state. This concept found its concentrated expression at the first congress of the Chechen people, held in Grozny on November 23-25, 1990.

The Ingush were not admitted to the congress thanks to such organizers as L. Umkhaev, Z. Yandarbiev, Yu. Soslanbekov. The appeal of the Ingush to the Chechen people was not read to the delegates, and the representatives of the Ingush-Orstkhois were even taken out of the hall. There is no doubt that this unworthy game was played without the knowledge of the Chechen people. At the congress, some Chechen delegates agreed that they declared the entire Ingush people to be one Chechen tukkhum, and the delegates assigned the remaining nine teip associations to the Chechens. According to the Chechen scenario, the Ingush did not have the right to independent existence as a people at all.

General Dzhokhar Dudayev, who appeared at the congress as a guest, was elected chairman of the executive committee of the congress, which later became known as the National Congress of the Chechen People (OKChN). The pressure in Checheno-Ingushetia went on with increasing force. The failure in Moscow of the GKChP opened the green light to the executive committee of the OKChN, headed by D. Dudayev, to seize power. The National Congress of the Chechen people decided to create an independent state of Nokhchicho.

The official authorities of the Chechen-Ingush Republic (CHIR) acted in the same vein. On November 27, 1990, under the leadership of Doku Zavgaev, the session of the Supreme Council of the Chechen Republic adopted the Declaration on the Sovereignty of Checheno-Ingushetia, in which there was not even a mention of the Russian Federation.

On March 11, 1991, the Supreme Council of the CIR, on the initiative of the same D. Zavgaev, decides to refuse to hold a Russian referendum on the territory of the CIR. The author of these lines personally took part in the work of this session and listened to the speakers of the Chechen deputies who spoke about the Russian Federation as a "neighboring state".

And only six months later, in June 1991, at the next congress of the OKCHN, a political statement was adopted, which stated that the Chechen Republic of Nokhchicho was not part of either the USSR or the RSFSR.

This idea, as noted above, was consolidated by the Supreme Council of the CHIR even earlier in its Declaration on State Sovereignty of the CHIR dated November 27, 1990, in Article 15 of which the “supremacy of the Constitution and laws of the CHIR throughout the territory” was established, which meant the actual secession from the RSFSR and USSR, although the Ingush deputies objected to such a political adventure.

It was a prelude to the imminent national tragedy of the Chechens, Ingush, the entire multinational people of Checheno-Ingushetia, which unleashed the hands of hawks in the North Caucasus and in the Kremlin.

The extraordinary events that followed in August 1991 in Moscow with the establishment of the State Emergency Committee seriously interfered with the implementation of the Law of the RSFSR adopted on April 26 "On the rehabilitation of repressed peoples", although the legislative framework for this was fully prepared.

The coup d'état carried out in Checheno-Ingushetia under the leadership of General Dudaev also played a negative role here. The Ingush, not wanting to participate in apparatus games to secede from Russia, on October 6-7, 1991, held their Third National Congress in Grozny and, taking into account the current situation, spoke in favor of the indivisibility of the CHIR within the Russian Federation. However, the extremist groups in Checheno-Ingushetia, striving for power, did not want to hear anything.

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