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Mountains of Ukraine. The highest mountains in the Carpathians The name of the mountains in the Carpathians

The mountains of Ukraine consist of the ranges of the Crimean mountains and the mountain ranges of the Carpathians. In these places there are hundreds and thousands of places of interest, to which tourists flock both from neighboring countries and from all over the world. The beauty of the mountain ranges strikes the eye, tired of the boring city life, and the unique feeling that arises when climbing the mountain is unforgettable. The mountains of Ukraine are covered with many legends and mysteries, which makes them even more attractive.

Carpathians

In the south-west of the country, the Ukrainian Carpathians are located, which are part of the mountain system passing through the territory of Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Austria, and including Ukraine. The mountain system of the Carpathians is original in that ancient forests, unique for the central part of Europe, have been preserved on its slopes. The mountains themselves are "soft", without rocky protrusions mountain peaks - valleys on which the forest does not grow. In summer, the mountain landscape is complemented by numerous flocks of sheep.

One of the most remarkable places in the Ukrainian Carpathians is the natural park Synevyr, which houses the most beautiful and largest mountain lake in Ukraine with the same name Synevyr or "sea eye". On the territory of the reserve there are recreation centers that provide all the conditions for a comfortable pastime.

The predominant Ukrainian population living in the Carpathians has specific features of life, language and culture. Here live such ethnic groups as Hutsuls, Bukovinians, Boikos, Lemkos.

Also in the Carpathians, tourists are attracted by the charming Carpathian waterfalls: Yaremchansky (12 m), Silver (5 and 2 m), Trufanets (36 m), Manyavsky (20 m), Shepit (14 m) and others.

Mount Hoverla

Mount Hoverla in the Carpathians is the highest peak in the mountains of Ukraine. Its height is 2061 m. It is located on the border of Ivano-Frankivsk and Transcarpathian regions on the Chernogora massif. In addition to Hoverla, there are four more peaks over 2000 m high - Rebra (2002 m), Gutin Tomnatik (2013 m), Petros (2020 m), Pop-Ivan Chernogorsky (2028 m). Hoverla, translated from Hungarian, means "Snow Mountain", since its top is really usually covered with snow, sometimes even in the middle of summer.

The shape of the highest mountain of the Carpathians is cone-shaped. The top of Hoverla is a small flat area from which you can admire the opening landscape. From here you can see the entire Montenegrin ridge. Hoverla is covered with alpine meadows, shrub wasteland, in some places - stone scree.

Crimean mountains

The most famous mountains of Ukraine in the Crimea are Roman-kosh, Ai-Petri, Demerdzhi and Chatyr-dag. The Crimean Mountains are located in the south of Crimea and stretch in three ridges in the west from Cape Aya in Balaklava to Feodosia in the east. The highest point of the Main Ridge (yaila), which stretches along the Black Sea, is Mount Roman-Kosh with a height of 1545 m.

Waterfalls popular among tourists flow in the Crimean mountains: Dzhur-dzhur (the noisiest, 15 m), Arpatsky (10 m), Golovkinsky waterfall (12 m), Su-Uchkhan (25 m), The highest waterfall in the mountains of Ukraine is Uchan -Su (90 m), which is located on the Crimean river of the same name. Translated from Tatar language Wuchang-su means "flying water".

Ai-Petri

The main ridge of the Crimean mountains is divided into yayls - massifs with a hilly surface. Ai-Petri Yayla, rising to a height of 1234 m, can be reached by highway from Yalta or by cable car from Miskhor. Ai-Petrinsky teeth form 4 large ones 12-15 meters high and a number of small sheer peaks.

Not far from the Upper cable car station there is a large bazaar that provides huge selection all kinds of oriental sweets and entertainment for tourists. All conditions for active recreation are provided here: horseback riding, camel riding, mountain biking, paragliding, etc. are offered.

Popular among tourists are the Ai-Petrinsky meridian, that is, a stone globe showing accurate geodetic data, an observation deck on the Shishko rock, a weather station, and a three-eye cave equipped for excursions.

Ayu-dag (Bear mountain)

The shape of the Ayu-Dag mountain (or the Bear Mountains) is characteristic of laccoliths - the so-called "failed volcanoes". Its domed top is believed to have been formed by the cooling of magma in the strata. earth's crust. The volcano did not seem to have enough energy to throw out hot substances from the bowels of the earth and, exhausted, it froze on the surface like a stone mushroom. Ayu-Dag does not differ in height - 577 m, but the area of \u200b\u200bthe mountain is impressive - 5.4 km2.

Bear Mountain is a state reserve. It protrudes into the sea and forms a cape, well visible from almost all sides of the southern coast. Thanks to this, it has long served as a guide for sailors. Even at the beginning of the first millennium, the ancient geographer Strabo in his notes on shopping malls coast of the Crimea mentions the Bear-mountain called Criumetopon, or "Lamb's forehead". This name has long been used in geographical maps. However, already to the inhabitants of the Middle Ages, this mountain resembled a gigantic bear, which leaned towards the sea in order to drink water.

Mount Demerdzhi

On the eastern border of the Alushta amphitheater is the Valley of Ghosts and Chaos on the slopes of Mount Demerdzhi. The mountain is dotted with wonderful stone sculptures that resemble either people or animals. On the southern part of the mountain, from the side of the trolleybus track, one of the bizarre stones resembles a female bust, which tourists call the “profile of Catherine II”.

Demerdzhi rises to 1240 m above sea level. Its top forms a flat plane covered with dense and tall grass. Silence reigns all around, noisy roads are far behind. In the west, from the upper point of Demerdzhi, the Bear Mountain is visible, and the jagged crown of Ai-Petri is seen even further in a bluish haze. In the east, one can distinguish a flat long cape Meganom, in front of which there is a cone-shaped rock Sokol near the New World, near Sudak, resembling a sugar loaf.

Roman-Kosh

The highest point of the mountains of Ukraine in the Crimea - Roman-Kosh - is located in the Babugan-yayla massif. The height of the mountain is 1545 meters, composed of limestone. Roman-Kosh is currently included in the territory of the Crimean Natural Reserve. The wonderful silence and peace that reign at the top of Roman-kosh involuntarily make you think about the eternal. In the valleys of the mountain you can meet graceful roe deer and deer.

Roman-Kosh is especially beautiful in the evening, when the rays of the setting sun illuminate this amazing mountain with a golden light, which is far from the vain Ai-Petri and the well-trodden Demerdzhi. Experienced travelers believe that only here you can feel the real peace and grandeur of the Crimean mountains.

Some facts about the mountains of Ukraine

The Ukrainian Carpathians consist of several parallel ridges that stretch from northwest to southeast for about 270 km.
The Crimean Mountains stretch from west to east for 180 km.
The mountains of Ukraine occupy 5% of the country's territory
Volcanic activity continued in the Carpathians until the end of the Neogene (25-2 million years ago) and the beginning of the Quaternary period.
In the Carpathian Mountains, the average January temperatures are from -2 to -5°C (below -10°C at the peaks), +17+20°C in July (up to +4+5°C at the peaks. Precipitation is from 600 to 2,000 mm per year.
In the Crimean mountains average temperature in January it is -4°С, and in July - +16°С.

The Carpathians are located in the western region of Ukraine on the border with Hungary, Slovakia, Poland and Romania. The Carpathian Mountains are located in four regions of Ukraine - Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi, Lviv and Zakarpattia. The Carpathians have a rich culture, interesting traditions and culture. The Carpathians can be conditionally divided into two parts - Transcarpathia, which includes the Transcarpathian region, and the Carpathians, located in the Chernivtsi and Ivano-Frankivsk regions, the southern part of the Lviv region is also located in the Carpathian mountains.

The highest point of the Carpathians is Mount Hoverla with a height of two thousand and sixty-one meters, next to it are other two-thousanders of the Carpathians - Pop-Ivan, Khomyak, Petros. The territory occupied by the Carpathian Mountains is densely populated, people live even on the tops of the mountains, in the Carpathians civilization does not interfere with the preservation of ancient traditions. Tourism is somewhat less developed than, for example, in the Crimea, but this allows the nature of the Carpathians to remain as clean and untouched as it used to be. There are many mountain rivers in the Carpathians, some of which are among the cleanest in all of Europe. In the rivers of the Carpathians there are a large number of various species of fish, fishing in the Carpathians is a real pleasure. Trout is found in the rivers of the Carpathians, which, as you know, lives only in the cleanest reservoirs. There are also many clean and beautiful lakes in the Carpathian Mountains, the most famous of which is Lake Synevyr, which is considered the cleanest.

The Carpathians are a complex system of echelon-shaped mountain ranges and ridges, separated by longitudinal and transverse valleys. Orographically divided into Western, Eastern (part of which are the Ukrainian Carpathians) and Southern. The Carpathians also include the Western Romanian Mountains, adjacent from the north to the Southern Carpathians, and the vast Transylvanian Plateau. The highest height of the Carpathians is Gerlakhovsky Shtit (2655 m), the prevailing heights are 800-1200 m. The Transylvanian plateau is located at an altitude of 600-800 m.

Along the entire outer side of the arc of the Carpathians stretches a strip of foothills (40-60 km), composed mainly of loose Neogene deposits (sandstones, clays, gypsum, etc.). The foothills of the Western Carpathians are dissected by the valleys of the Morava, Odra, Vistula rivers and their tributaries and basins (Osventsimskaya, Sandomierzhskaya), the bottoms of which lie at an altitude of 200-300 m. Within the Eastern Carpathians, the relief of the foothills is hilly-ridged (400-500 m high), and in the south and southeast (altitude 800-1000 m) it takes on the appearance of low mountains. There are areas with clay and salt karst and active mud volcanoes.

Carpathian mountains. Photo: Giorgio Monteforti

The entire outer edge of the Carpathian Mountains from the river. Morava to the river. Dymbovitsa is composed mainly of flysch, which determines the predominance of rounded peaks and gentle slopes on the northern and eastern slopes. Sharper relief forms most often correspond to outcrops of dense massive sandstones (Gorgany, Bieszczady). The central zone of the Carpathians is formed by a discontinuous chain of blocky massifs composed of crystalline rocks (granites, gneisses), limestones, etc. The highest massifs are the Tatras, Low Tatras, Rodna, Fagarash, Paryng, Retezat (more than 2 thousand m). The crests of the ridges often bear traces of the Pleistocene glaciation. Alpine landforms are most pronounced in the Tatra and Fagaras massifs. Due to the rather wide distribution of limestones and dolomites, many areas of the Carpathian Mountains are characterized by karst landforms, especially pronounced in the Slovak Kras, Hegimash, Anina massifs.

A strip of volcanic massifs stretches along the inner side of the arc of the Carpathians. In the west, their height usually does not exceed 1000 m (Kremnicki mountains, Styavnic mountains, Vigorlat massif, etc.). Sometimes they have the appearance of table mountains, in some places they form sharp contours. In the east, the volcanic mountains rise and in the Caliman massif reach a height of 2102 m (Mount Pietros). The Western Romanian Mountains (height up to 1848 m) consist of massifs characterized by sharp relief forms. Developed karst. Most of the intramountain basins of the Carpathians are of tectonic origin.

Between the Southern and Eastern Carpathians and the Western Romanian Mountains is the Transylvanian Plateau, composed mainly of loose Neogene deposits, sometimes covered with loess. The modern relief of the plateau is characterized by a complex combination of hilly uplands, flat upland surfaces and river valleys. On its outskirts in some places there are mud volcanoes.

Due to the relatively low height, the Carpathians are relatively easy to pass, especially in the central part. The main passes through which the railroads are carried out. villages and highways, located mainly at an altitude of 500-1000 m (Dukelsky, Yablopitsky, Predyal, etc.).

The Carpathians are one of the main watersheds of Europe. The rivers of the Vistula and Odra basins, covering a significant part of the northern slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, release water into the Baltic Sea. Most of the rivers of the Carpathians belong to the Danube basin, the rivers of the northeastern slopes belong to the Dniester basin. The annual runoff ranges from 50-100 mm in the foothills of the Carpathians to 800-1000 mm or more in the highlands.

The food of the rivers is mixed, snow-rain. Their regime is characterized by sharp fluctuations in water consumption during the year. The highest costs are in spring (due to snowmelt) and in the first half of summer (due to heavy rains). The rivers of the Carpathians have significant reserves of electricity, many of which are used for irrigation purposes. There are few lakes in the Carpathians. They are found mainly in the highlands, where they fill the bottoms of ancient cars.

The Carpathians are an original mountain system in that primeval forests, unique for Central Europe, have been preserved on its territory. The mountains themselves are "soft", without rocky protrusions mountain peaks - mountain valleys. This is a part of the mountain above 1400 m, on which no forest grows. Blueberries and lingonberries grow on the plateau. A little lower, on the slopes of the mountains, you can always find thickets of blackberries. In summer, the mountain landscape is complemented by numerous flocks of sheep. Along the way, sheep's milk is collected, from which sheep breeders immediately make sheep's cottage cheese (which is used to make delicious Carpathian cheese).

The main part of the Carpathians is covered with coniferous and beech forests. In addition to spruce and beech, oak, hornbeam, pine, larch, alder, cherry, and walnut also grow in the Carpathians. Primitive beech forests also include Norway maple, common ash and mountain elm, which have almost disappeared in many areas of the Carpathians and are found only in hard-to-reach areas. On the upper slopes of the mountains - "alpine" meadows, rich in rare species of flora. In particular, an endemic plant - East Carpathian rhododendron. Thanks to pink bright flowers, it is popularly called "alpine rose". Here are the sources of many rivers of the Western region of Ukraine: Prut and Cheremosh, Lemnica, which are considered one of the cleanest rivers in Europe.

There are three ethnic groups in the Carpathian region - Lemkos, Boykos, Hutsuls. Lemkos live on the slopes of the Beskids, between the rivers San (Syan) and Poprad, in Velykobereznyansky and Perechinsky regions of Transcarpathia. The first mention of them in written sources appears in the VI century. BC e.
Boiki live in Ivano-Frankivsk, Lviv and Transcarpathian regions. The "Russian Trinity" - Markian Shashkevich, Ivan Vagilevich and Yakov Golovatsky - considered the Boyks to be the descendants of the Celtic tribes, who from the 6th century. BC. lived in Central Europe, and closer to the 1st century. AD moved to the Balkans.
Hutsuls live in Ivano-Frankivsk, Chernivtsi and Transcarpathian regions - mainly in the Rakhiv region. In the XVII-XVIII centuries. among the Hutsuls there were many oprishki - rebels, people's avengers.

Carpathian mountain system in Europe on the map

December 11 is International Mountain Day, established by the decision of the 57th UN General Assembly in January 2003. The mountains of Ukraine consist of the ranges of the Crimean mountains and the mountain ranges of the Carpathians. In these places there are hundreds and thousands of places of interest, to which tourists flock both from neighboring countries and from all over the world. The beauty of the mountain ranges strikes the eye, tired of the boring city life, and the unique feeling that arises when climbing the mountain is unforgettable. The mountains of Ukraine are covered with many legends and mysteries, which makes them even more attractive.

Carpathians. In the south-west of the country, the Ukrainian Carpathians are located, which are part of the mountain system passing through the territory of Slovakia, Poland, Hungary, Romania, Serbia, Austria, and including Ukraine. The mountain system of the Carpathians is original in that ancient forests, unique for the central part of Europe, have been preserved on its slopes. The mountains themselves are "soft", without rocky protrusions mountain peaks - meadows on which the forest does not grow. In summer, the mountain landscape is complemented by numerous flocks of sheep.

The predominant Ukrainian population living in the Carpathians has specific features of life, language and culture. Here live such ethnic groups as Hutsuls, Bukovinians, Boikos, Lemkos.

Also in the Carpathians, tourists are attracted by the charming Carpathian waterfalls: Yaremchansky (12 m), Silver (5 and 2 m), Trufanets (36 m), Manyavsky (20 m), Shepit (14 m) and others.

Goverla. Mount Hoverla in the Carpathians is the highest peak in the mountains of Ukraine. Its height is 2061 m. It is located on the border of Ivano-Frankivsk and Transcarpathian regions on the Chernogora massif. In addition to Hoverla, there are four more peaks over 2000 m high - Rebra (2002 m), Gutin Tomnatik (2013 m), Petros (2020 m), Pop-Ivan Chernogorsky (2028 m). Hoverla, translated from Hungarian, means "Snow Mountain", since its top is really usually covered with snow, sometimes even in the middle of summer.

Crimean mountains. The most famous mountains of Ukraine in the Crimea are Roman-kosh, Ai-Petri, Demerdzhi and Chatyr-dag. The Crimean Mountains are located in the south of Crimea and stretch in three ridges in the west from Cape Aya in Balaklava to Feodosia in the east. The highest point of the Main Ridge (yaila), which stretches along the Black Sea, is Mount Roman-Kosh with a height of 1545 m.

Ai-Petri. The main ridge of the Crimean mountains is divided into yayls - massifs with a hilly surface. Ai-Petri Yayla, rising to a height of 1234 m, can be reached by highway from Yalta or by cable car from Miskhor. Ai-Petrinsky teeth form 4 large 12-15 meters high and a number of small sheer peaks. There is a large bazaar not far from the Upper station of the cable car, which provides a huge selection of all kinds of oriental sweets and entertainment for tourists. All conditions for outdoor activities are provided here: horseback riding, camel riding, mountain biking, paragliding, etc. are offered. Ai-Petrinsky meridian, that is, a stone globe showing accurate geodetic data, an observation deck on the Shishko rock, is popular among tourists , weather station, Three-Eyed Cave, equipped for excursions.

Ayu-Dag (Bear Mountain). The shape of the Ayu-Dag mountain (or the Bear Mountains) is characteristic of laccoliths - the so-called "failed volcanoes". Its domed top is thought to have been formed by the cooling of magma deep within the earth's crust. The volcano did not seem to have enough energy to throw out hot substances from the bowels of the earth and, exhausted, it froze on the surface like a stone mushroom. Ayu-Dag does not differ in height - 577 m, but the area of \u200b\u200bthe mountain is impressive - 5.4 km2. Bear Mountain is a state reserve. It protrudes into the sea and forms a cape, well visible from almost all sides of the southern coast. Thanks to this, it has long served as a guide for sailors. Even at the beginning of the first millennium, the ancient geographer Strabo, in his notes on the trade centers of the Crimean coast, mentions the Bear Mountain called Kryumetopon, or “Lamb's forehead”. This name has long been used in geographical maps. However, already to the inhabitants of the Middle Ages, this mountain resembled a gigantic bear, which leaned towards the sea in order to drink water.

Demerdzhi. On the eastern border of the Alushta amphitheater is the Valley of Ghosts and Chaos on the slopes of Mount Demerdzhi. The mountain is dotted with wonderful stone sculptures that resemble either people or animals. On the southern part of the mountain, from the side of the trolleybus track, one of the bizarre stones resembles a female bust, which tourists call the “profile of Catherine II”.

Roman-Kosh. The highest point of the mountains of Ukraine in the Crimea - Roman-Kosh - is located in the Babugan-yayla massif. The height of the mountain is 1545 meters, composed of limestone. Roman-Kosh is currently included in the territory of the Crimean Natural Reserve. The wonderful silence and peace that reign at the top of Roman-kosh involuntarily make you think about the eternal. In the valleys of the mountain you can meet graceful roe deer and deer. Roman-Kosh is especially beautiful in the evening, when the rays of the setting sun illuminate this amazing mountain with a golden light, which is far from the vain Ai-Petri and well-worn Demerdzhi. Experienced travelers believe that only here you can feel the real peace and grandeur of the Crimean mountains.

Some facts about the mountains of Ukraine.

The Ukrainian Carpathians consist of several parallel ridges that stretch from northwest to southeast for about 270 km.
The Crimean Mountains stretch from west to east for 180 km.
The mountains of Ukraine occupy 5% of the country's territory
Volcanic activity continued in the Carpathians until the end of the Neogene (25-2 million years ago) and the beginning of the Quaternary period.
In the Carpathian Mountains, the average January temperatures are from -2 to -5°C (below -10°C at the peaks), +17+20°C in July (up to +4+5°C at the peaks. Precipitation is from 600 to 2,000 mm per year.
In the Crimean mountains, the average temperature in January is -4°С, and in July - +16°С.

Remember what tectonic structures in the relief correspond to the mountains. How are mountains distinguished by height?

UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS. The Ukrainian Carpathians are part of the Eastern Carpathians. They stretch in the west of the country in a strip 280 km long and 100 km wide from northwest to southeast. In tectonic terms, the mountains correspond to the Carpathian folded structure. These are young mountains, mostly medium- and low-altitude folded-block structures. A significant role in the formation of their surface was played by rivers, the deep valleys of which were formed along the faults. The absolute heights of the mountain system vary from 400 m at the foot of the mountains to 2,000 m along the main ranges. Peaks rising above 2000 m above sea level are located in the Chernogora massif. The absence of high mountains, the smoothness of the peaks and the flatness of the slopes of the Ukrainian Carpathians is explained by the fact that they are formed mainly by sedimentary rocks that are easily eroded.

The Ukrainian Carpathians are formed by several parallel ranges, separated by longitudinal intermountain hollows and broken by transverse faults into separate massifs. The Outer (or Skibovye) Carpathians are medium-altitude mountains, which include massifs: Eastern Beskydy, Gorgany (Fig. 57) and Pokutsko-Bukovina Carpathians (Fig. 58).

Vododelno-Verkhovyna Carpathians -

low folded-block ridges with gently undulating peaks and intermountain basins. There are the main Carpathian passes (Uzhotsky, Volovetsky, Yablunitsky), through which roads are laid.

Poloninsko-Montenegrin Carpathians -

the highest strip of mountains, which include the Poloninsky Range, the Svidovets and Chernogora mountain ranges (Fig. 59), the Grinyavsky Mountains. Their average heights are 1,500 m, and the maximum ones reach more than 2,000 m: Brebeneskul, Pop-Ivan Chernogorsky, Petros, Gu-tin-Tomnatik, Ribs (on Chernogora). The highest point of Ukraine is also located there - the city of Hoverla (2061 m) (Fig. 60). Feature these places - the presence of meadows - rounded treeless peaks covered with subalpine meadows. In high mountain ranges, depressions plowed out by the glacier are common.

The Marmaros massif covers the Rakhovsky and Chivchinsky mountains. They have steep, sometimes steep slopes, sharp rocky ridges and peaks, deep river valleys. The highest peak is Mt. Pop-Ivan Marmarosskiy (1936 m).

The Volcanic Carpathians are a low ridge divided by river valleys into massifs. This is a complex of extinct volcanoes with the remains of their cones, which alternate with the flat surfaces of lava plateaus. The ridge was formed along the fault line of the earth's crust on the border of the Carpathian folded structure and the Transcarpathian trough.

CRIMEAN MOUNTAINS. They are a 60-kilometer wide strip of folded-blocky mountains, stretching 180 km in the south of the Crimean peninsula. They are lower, their structure is simpler than that of the Carpathians. The relief clearly shows three almost parallel ridges separated by narrow longitudinal depressions. The ridges are asymmetric: their northern slopes are gentle and long (corresponding to the direction of the occurrence of rocks), while the southern ones are steeper and shorter (they cut rock layers). Such asymmetric mountain ranges are called cuestas (Fig. 61 on p. 96).

The outer ridge is the lowest, its maximum heights are only 340 m. The inner ridge has a high

you are up to 740 m. The main ridge is the highest, its heights reach 1,500 m. It is formed by separate massifs with leveled table-like flat tops - these are yayls covered with meadow vegetation. The high massifs are: Babugan-Yayla (from the city of Roman-Kosh with the highest elevation - 1,545 m), Nikitskaya yayla, Chatyr-Dag, Ai-Petrinskaya yayla, Yalta yayla and Karabi-Yayla (Fig. 62, 63). Karst landforms are common on the yayles - caves, funnels, wells, mines. The slopes of the ridge are dissected by deep gorges, canyons, valleys, gullies, ravines. Through the low places of the ridge - the Angarsky and Baydar Gates passes - roads are laid.

In the south, the Main Ridge rapidly breaks off to the Black Sea coastal strip 1 to 12 km wide - the southern coast of Crimea. At the site of long-standing volcanic activity, the Karadag massif arose, internal magmatism - Mount Ayudag.

REGULARITIES OF DISTRIBUTION OF RELIEF FORMS. Comparing the scientific and physical maps of Ukraine (see atlas), one can be convinced that the general plan of the structure of its relief - the location, direction of strike and the height of the lowlands, hills and mountains - is due to the tectonic structure. Most of the major landforms of Ukraine (Volyn, Podolsk and Dnieper uplands, the Donetsk Ridge, the Dnieper lowland and the Ukrainian Carpathians) extend from northwest to southeast in accordance with the direction of occurrence of tectonic structures. ancient structure- Ukrainian shield - sets the main direction for other structures. Basically, these large landforms have a direct connection with tectonic structures: within the shield and folded structures, hills and mountains are located, and lowlands correspond to tectonic depressions.

And in the western part of Ukraine, the relationship between the relief and tectonic structures is reversed: the Volyn-Podolsk plate, the Galicia-Volyn depression and the Precarpathian

the trough corresponds to landforms that are inconsistent with them - hills and hilly ridges. This is due to neotectonic movements - uplifts of the earth's crust that occurred in the Cenozoic. During that period, almost the entire territory of Ukraine underwent uplift, except for the Black Sea coastline. This led to active "cutting" into the earth's surface of the rivers, which formed deep, steep-sided valleys, and in the south of the Podolsk Upland - canyons.

REMEMBER

The Ukrainian Carpathians and the Crimean Mountains are medium-altitude young mountains formed in the Alpine era of mountain building. The Crimean Mountains are a fold-block system formed by three mountain ranges.

QUESTIONS AND TASKS

1. Why do the Ukrainian Carpathians have low and medium heights, although they are young mountains in age?

2. What mountain ranges are located in the Ukrainian Carpathians?

3. Compare meadows and yayla. What do they have in common and how do they differ?

4. What are quests? How are they formed?

5. What tectonic structures correspond to the Ukrainian Carpathians and the Crimean Mountains?

6*. Have you ever been in the mountains? What surprised you the most?

PRACTICAL WORK 4

Establishing links between tectonic structures, relief, geological structure and minerals

1. Compare the physical, tectonic and geological maps of Ukraine and establish a correspondence between landforms, tectonic structures and geological structure. Record the results in table. 5.

Table 5

Correspondence of relief forms and minerals to tectonic structures and geological structure on the territory of Ukraine

2. Write a conclusion about the relationship (correspondence) between landforms and tectonic structures on the territory of Ukraine *.

* You will continue to complete the table by studying the following paragraphs.

This is textbook material.

Whoever has been to the Ukrainian Carpathians at least once, I will always remember their peaks.

Swift rocky, overgrown with juniper or snow-covered - high mountains beckon in any weather or season. And that's why.

We bring to your attention the TOP-10 Carpathian peaks. By the way, 9 out of 10 stretched out in a chain along the Montenegrin ridge, and only one lies beyond its borders.

Bretskul (Breskul)

First on the list: Mount Breskul. Height - 1,911 m. It is located near Hoverla and has a domed shape, which is probably why it got its name from the Hutsul dialect "Bretskul" - "swollen", "convex". Good to know: not far from the summit is the lake of the same name.

Like Breskul, the mountain belongs to the Chernogora massif. Height - 1933 m. Located on the border of the Transcarpathian and Ivano-Frankivsk regions. The top of Turkula has a triangular shape, and from the very top there is an amazing view of the Montenegrin ridge. Turkula also has a fresh body of water - a heartbreaking lake, one of the most famous Carpathian lakes.

Marmarosi is a unique high-mountain massif, not at all like Chernogora. It is not for nothing that this place is called the "Hutsul Alps": sharply dissected slopes, sharp rocky ledges, numerous cliffs and significant elevation changes Ukrainian Marmaros and the European Alps provide similarities.

Menchul is a mountain located on the border of Transcarpathia and Ivano-Frankivsk region. Height - in 1998 m. The slopes of Menchul are gentle.
An interesting fact: In 2009, one of the public organizations of Ivano-Frankivsk was going to artificially increase the mountain by 2.5 meters, so that it would be included in the list of Ukrainian two-thousander mountains. Plans are plans, and Menchul, as before, has 1998..

Mount Rebra is the lowest of the Carpathian two-thousanders, with a height of 2001 m. Once upon a time, the Polish-Czechoslovak border ran here, as evidenced by the remains of barbed wire, trenches, and marked posts on the spine.

Gutin Tomnatik

Gutin Tomnatik is the next two-thousander of Chernogora. The height of the peak is 2018 m. The mountain is located in the Rakhiv region in Transcarpathia. It is part of the Carpathian Biosphere Reserve. On the way to Gutin Tomnatik, you can go to Brebeneskul - the highest mountain lake in Ukraine.

Petros - "stormy mountain", one of the most visited peaks of the Carpathians, and one of the most dangerous. Height - 2020 m. Petros stands immediately behind Hoverla, the mountains are separated by a deep and long saddle, which makes Petros almost a separate peak. The mountain is often shrouded in clouds, lightning often strikes at the top, and a crazy storm wind twists the metal amulets mounted on it into a spiral.

Black Mountain

The second Pop Ivan - Chernogorsky, a mountain with a height of 2028 m is also often called the Black Chora or the White Elephant. Both names have the right to exist: at dawn, the slopes of Pop Ivanu really turn coal black, and the peak is called the "White Elephant" because of the huge stone observatory located on it. Pip Ivan becomes especially picturesque in winter, when snow covers the observatory. You can spend the night on the way to Pop Ivan on the quiet lake Maricheyka, located in the thick of the forest under the top.

Brebeneskul

Brebeneskul is the second highest peak of the Carpathians. Height - 2032 m. The slopes of the mountain are steep and rocky. Often snow lies on them until summer. In the basin between the towns of Brebeneskul and the town of Gutin Tomnatik, there is a high-altitude lake Brebeneskul.

Hoverla is the highest peak in Ukraine. Its height is 2061 m above sea level. One of the most popular tourist sites in the Carpathians. The name means "snowy mountain" in Hungarian. A stone monument in the form of a trident is installed at the top and capsules with earth from all regions of Ukraine are laid.