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Origin of the Eastern Slavs. Theories of their origin. Slavs theories of emergence and settlement

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Ancestors Eastern Slavs appear on the territory of modern Ukraine around the 7th - 3rd centuries BC. Archaeological research indicates that part of the settlements of the Chernolesskaya archaeological culture undoubtedly belongs to them. Such, for example, are the Belsk and Nemirovsk settlements. The Slavic population was also among the tribes of the Zarubintsy (late I millennium BC - early I millennium AD) and Chernyakhov (II - V centuries AD) archaeological cultures, the distribution area of \u200b\u200bwhich captures the forest-steppe and part of the forest regions of modern Ukraine.

Very little is known about the early history of the Eastern Slavs. Among the reasons are the lack of their own written language (the Glagolitic alphabet was created around 863 specifically for the Slavic languages) and remoteness from European and Asian cultural centers of that time. Fragmentary information on the early history of the Eastern Slavs is provided by Byzantine and Eastern written sources, as well as archaeological data and comparative analysis Slavic languages.

There are very few original East Slavic (Old Russian) documents dating back to the 11th century, and among those recognized by academic science there is not a single one dating back to the 9th century. The most complete and reliable sources of ancient Russian origin are chronicles, the compilation of which began after the adoption of Christianity, following the model of Byzantine chronicles. Of the currently known, the earliest is The Tale of Bygone Years, a chronicle compilation compiled at the turn of the 11th and 12th centuries and including earlier Russian chronicles that have not come down to us, oral traditions and Byzantine documents. The text is partially preserved as part of the Novgorod I chronicle. However, due to the fact that the chroniclers were primarily focused on history Old Russian state(Rurik dynasty), the main information on the Slavs relates to the glades and Novgorod Slavs, while the data on the other tribes is extremely fragmentary. The dated part of the chronicle begins with the year 852, although the entire chronology of the IX-X centuries. is conditional and may differ from the true.

1. Origin theories

To understand the processes that led to the formation of a unified Old Russian statehood, it is necessary to represent the territorial location and dynamics of the settlement of the Slavic tribes in the pre-state period, that is, to clarify the issues of the territorial and geographical order: where did the "Pervoslavs" live, with whom they neighbored, with what natural and geographical conditions faced, what are the ways of subsequent movements of the Slavic tribes. And here an important question immediately arises about the origin of the Slavs - the time and place of their formation in the ancient Indo-European environment. There have been and are many hypotheses on this problem. The original areas of the ancient ethnic communities of the Slavs, which received the name of the "ancestral home" of the Slavic tribes, are still ambiguously determined by scientists.

The first who tried to answer the questions: where, how and when the Slavs appeared on the historical territory, was the ancient chronicler Nestor, the author of The Tale of Bygone Years. He determined the territory of the Slavs, including the lands along the lower Danube and Pannonia. It was from the Danube that the process of the settlement of the Slavs began, that is, the Slavs were not the original inhabitants of their land, we are talking about their migration. Consequently, the Kyiv chronicler was the founder of the so-called migration theory of the origin of the Slavs, known as the "Danubian" or "Balkan". It was popular in the writings of medieval authors: Polish and Czech chroniclers of the 13th-14th centuries. This opinion was shared by historians for a long time 18 and early. 20th century The Danubian "ancestral home" of the Slavs was recognized, in particular, by such historians as S.M. Solovyov, V.O. Klyuchevsky and others ...

According to V.O. Klyuchevsky, the Slavs moved from the Danube to the Carpathians. Proceeding from this, the idea can be traced in his work that “the history of Russia began in the 6th century. on the northeastern foothills of the Carpathians. It was here, according to the historian, that an extensive military alliance of tribes was formed, led by the Duleb-Volhynian tribe. From here, the Eastern Slavs settled to the east and northeast to Ilmen - Lake in the 7th-8th centuries. So, V.O. Klyuchevsky sees the Eastern Slavs as relatively late newcomers to his land.

The theory of origin accepted by many Western European authors. Received the name "Scythian-Sarmatian". It was first recorded in the Bavarian chronicle of the 13th century, and later adopted by many Western European authors of the 14th - 18th centuries. According to their ideas, the ancestors of the Slavs moved from Western Asia along the Black Sea coast to the north and settled under the ethnonyms "Scythians", "Sarmatians", "Alans" and "Roksolans". Gradually, the Slavs from the Northern Black Sea region settled to the west and southwest.

At the beginning of the XX century. a variant close to the Scythian-Sarmatian theory was proposed by Academician A. I. Sobolevsky. In his opinion, the names of rivers, lakes, mountains within the location of the ancient settlements of the Russian people allegedly show that the Russians received these names from another people who were here earlier. Such a predecessor of the Slavs, according to Sobolevsky, was a group of tribes of Iranian origin (Scythian root). Later, this group assimilated (dissolved) with the ancestors of the Slavic-Baltic living further north and gave rise to the Slavs somewhere on the shores of the Baltic Sea, from where the Slavs settled. So, following this "Baltic" theory, the Slavs were newcomers to the land, on which they then created their states.

2. Social order

Slavic settlements were not large, located close to each other. Each group had its own fortified city, in which they fled from enemies in the event of an attack. In the 6th-5th centuries. The primitive communal system among the Slavs was intensively decomposing with the improvement of tools and the growth of labor productivity. There was a disparity in wealth. Trade and frequent wars favored the enrichment of individual families. Social stratification required certain forms political organization. Therefore, in 1000 the Slavs had elements of statehood. In the 6th century a large association of Antes was formed, headed by the ""king"" God.

Arable agriculture as the main branch of the economy of the Slavs. They cultivated the land with an improved iron-tipped rall, as well as hoes and shovels. Ralo resembled a plow, which, many centuries later, the peasants used to fluff the soil. Bulls or horses were harnessed to the ralas. Only in the V - VI centuries. the Slavs invented a plow with a metal (iron) plowshare and a slat (plow knife). They sowed and cultivated rye, wheat, barley, oats, millet, buckwheat, hemp, flax, turnips, onions, cabbages and other crops, the number of which increased significantly compared to past eras. Crops were harvested exclusively with metal sickles. Grass for hay was mowed with pink salmon scythes. As before, the grain was ground with stone millstones, or pounded in wooden mortars. Bread was baked in ovens.

The Slavs were also engaged in such a profitable branch of the economy as cattle breeding: they raised cattle, horses, sheep, goats, and pigs. Crafts also occupied an important place in the economy of the Slavs: hunting, fishing, beekeeping (collecting honey from wild bees), etc., which was facilitated by natural resources - forests, wide steppes overgrown with grass, rivers, lakes, swamps with thickets of reeds.

Natural wealth contributed to the widespread development of crafts: iron-smelting (from swamp ores), blacksmithing, carpentry, pottery, weaving, furriery (leather processing), etc. Near the village of Grigoryevka in Vinnitsa, archaeologists discovered 25 furnaces in which the ancient Slavs smelted iron. It was a big discovery! The finds testify that blacksmiths already then made and used in agriculture and cattle breeding more than 20 tools. The domestic needs of the Slavs were satisfied by spinning, shoemaking and tailoring crafts of local craftsmen. Products of these crafts were often exchanged for other items within communities and tribes. Skillfully made by artisans, jewelry-decorations were also used both for personal needs and for trade exchange.

Nestor Slavs tribe

3. Religion of the Eastern Slavs

The pagan Slavs worshiped the elements, believed in the relationship of people with various animals, and made sacrifices to the deities inhabiting everything around. Each Slavic tribe prayed to their gods. There have never been common ideas about the gods for the entire Slavic world: since Slavic tribes in pre-Christian times they did not have a single state, they were not united in beliefs. The complex system of pagan beliefs of the Slavs corresponded to an equally complex system of cults. “Small” deities had neither priests nor sanctuaries; they were prayed to either alone, or by a family, or by a village or tribe. To honor the high gods, several tribes gathered, for this purpose temple complexes were created, and a priestly class was formed.

Pagan priests - sorcerers - performed rituals in sanctuaries, made idols and sacred objects, using magic spells, they asked the gods for a bountiful harvest. The Slavs for a long time kept faith in the wolves-clouders, who turned into wolves, in this guise rose to the sky and called for rain or dispersed the clouds. Another magical effect on the weather was - "enchantment" - incantations with a chara (cup) filled with water. Water from these vessels was sprinkled on crops to increase the yield. The Magi also made amulets - women's and men's jewelry, covered with spell symbols.

The main one was Rod - the god of the sky, thunderstorms, fertility. They said about him that he rides on a cloud, throws rain on the ground, and from this children are born. Rod is the ruler of the earth and all living things, he is a pagan creator god. Stribog and Svarog have much in common with Rod. "Stribog" means god-father. God of winter and winds. Also known as a wealth diffuser. Stribog is the personification of winter and frost, he is known for his grandchildren - the winds. Stribog is a bad god who finds joy in the misfortune of another. He is depicted as an old woman bullying her grandchildren, both good and evil, into submission to his crazy ideas. Svarog - means the One God of the Universe, also known as - Bright, a symbol of clouds split by lightning. Svarog is the personification of the sky, the creator of the world. Once Svarog split the clouds with lightning bolts and lit the torch of the sun. With his mighty sword, he slays the demons of the shadow. In ancient times, Svarog had an ardent desire to provide his sons with a future, so Dazhdbog gave the divine gift of fire, and Svarozhich - lightning.

Among the common Slavic gods of fertility, a special place is occupied by warlike gods, to whom bloody sacrifices were made - Yarilo and Perun. Despite the deep antiquity and, consequently, the wide popularity of these gods, they were little revered by most Slavic tribes because of their warlike appearance.

The Slavic Thunderer was Perun. The symbol is a crossed ax and hammer. His cult is one of the oldest and dates back to the 3rd millennium BC, when warlike shepherds on war chariots, possessing bronze weapons, subjugated neighboring tribes. Perun was more of a warrior god than the embodiment of spring thunderstorms fertilizing the earth, so it is not surprising that until the 10th century - the time of the military campaigns of the Kyivans - his cult did not occupy a central place, and in some areas of the Slavic world was not known at all. The invariability of pagan symbolism over many centuries suggests that the Russian people, being baptized, for a long time retained many features of the primordial religion that concerned the everyday life of a person.

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Autochthonous theory - the essence and weight in the scientific community

The so-called autochthonous theory gained its fame thanks to the Russian historian B. Rybakov and was considered the main one in Soviet historiography. According to her, the East Slavic tribes arose exactly where they lived and developed later.

The peculiarity of this theory is the formation of a large linguistic and cultural community from tens and hundreds of disparate tribes that lived in the same territory. This can be called unusual - as a rule, historical science sees opposite examples in front of it, when a single ancient people eventually crumbles into many separate migrating tribes.

At present, the autochthonous theory is still being discussed, but is no longer indisputable. On the contrary, much more scientists are inclined to theories according to which the ancient Eastern Slavs migrated to the East European Plain from other areas.

Migration theory - versions of the origin of the Slavs

Most scientists agree that the ancestors of the Eastern Slavs migrated from distant regions. However, regarding which tribes were the progenitors of the Slavs, views again diverge.

Danubian and Balkan tribes. This point of view was held primarily by the chronicler Nestor. The historians Solovyov and Klyuchevsky supported the theory.
Scythian tribes. Some scholars are of the opinion that under the names of "Scythians" and other nationalities, first noted in the chronicle of the 13th century, it was the Slavs who appeared - and thus, the ancestral home of the Slavs is Asia and the Black Sea region.
Baltic tribes. It implies that in the ancient chronicles the Proto-Slavs bore the name of the "Wends", who moved from the region of the Western Dvina to the region of the Vistula, and then to the Black Sea region.

The origin of the Eastern Slavs is one of the most interesting questions modern history. So far, the exact answer to it has not been found - we can only talk about more or less convincing versions.

Ethnic and historical predecessors Eastern Slavs is considered a tribe of Ants, who lived in the Dnieper, Black Sea and Sea of \u200b\u200bAzov in the first century BC. The different name of the Ants Asa is close to the name of the Roksolani tribes, as well as with the tribal name "Ros" and "Rus". Researchers of the Norman school believe that "Rus" was called one of the Scandinavian tribes from which Prince Rurik and his squad were.

However, there is no convincing evidence to support this theory. At the same time, it is absolutely known that in the tenth - eleventh centuries, the Russian lands were called the territories of the Middle Transnistria - the territories of the Kyiv glades. It is believed that it was from there that the name spread to other areas, which by that time were occupied by East Slavic tribes.

In the south, this name was familiar much earlier than the arrival of Rurik, as well as the Varangians in the Novgorod region. So, already in the seventh century, the Normans who penetrated the coast of Azov began to organize the so-called "Russian Khaganate". Tmutarakan becomes an important commercial and political center of this state. At the beginning and middle of the ninth century, the Azov Russia raided the Byzantine possessions.

Slavic colonization of the lands of the Russian Plain began from the southwestern corner (Carpathian region). Here, in the sixth century, a military alliance of the Slavs was formed, which was headed by the duleb prince. However, already during the seventh - eighth centuries, the Slavs settled on the plain, occupying the regions that are located along the Dnieper line. In the ninth - tenth centuries, the south-west of the East European Plain was occupied by the Iberians and Ulichi, who occupied the lands between the Black Sea and the Dnieper, as well as the "white" Croats, who erected settlements in the foothills of the Carpathians and Dulebs with Buzhans and Volhynians who lived in Eastern Galicia, as well as on the banks of the Bug and Volyn.

On the western bank of the so-called Middle Dnieper, the meadows lived, to the north of them along the Pripyat - the Drevlyans, and even further north - the Dregovichi. Northerners lived on the eastern bank and the Desna, Radimichi lived on the Sogle River, and Vyatichi lived on the Oka River.

The northwestern region of Russian territory was occupied by the Krivichi tribe, which was located in the upper reaches of the Dvina, Dnieper and Volga, divided into Pskov, Smolensk and Polotsk Krivichi. The northern Russian group was made up of the Ilmen, who occupied the territory near Lake Ilmen and on both banks of the Volkhov River.

The problem of the ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs

Ethnogenesis is the moment of origin and the subsequent process of development of any people, which led to a certain state, type, phenomenon. It includes both the initial stages of the emergence of any people, and the further formation of its ethnographic, linguistic and anthropological features.
The East Slavic peoples include Russians, Ukrainians and Belarusians, as well as sub-ethnic groups of small numbers: Pomors, Don Cossacks, Zaporozhian Cossacks, Nekrasov Cossacks, Russo-Ustyintsy, Markovites and some others. The territory of residence of these peoples is compact, limited from the west by Poland, the Baltic countries, the countries of Scandinavia, from the north by the Arctic Ocean, further from the east by the Dvina and Volga rivers and from the south by the Black Sea. The main part falls on the East European Plain, which dictates the main landscape of the territory (plains, a zone of deciduous forests). The climate is moderate.
The prehistory of the Eastern Slavs begins from the 3rd millennium BC. e. The Proto-Slavic tribes already knew hoe farming and cattle breeding. It has been established that within the IV millennium BC. e. cattle-breeding and agricultural tribes, carriers of the Balka-no-Danube archaeological culture, occupied the region of the lower reaches of the Dniester and the Southern Bug.
The next stage was the resettlement of the "Trypillian" tribes - III millennium BC. These were tribes with a developed cattle-breeding and agricultural economy for their time, inhabitants of huge settlements.
During the Middle Ages, the following tribes of the Eastern Slavs stood out:
- krivichi;
- Slovenian Novgorod;
- Vyatichi;
- radimichi;
- Dregovichi;
- northerners;
- glade;
- Tivertsy;
- convict;
- the ancients.

2.1. The problem of the ethnogenesis of the Eastern Slavs: theories of origin and settlement

The history of the peoples of our country goes back to ancient times. The homeland of their distant ancestors was Eurasia. The Indo-Europeans (the ancestors of the Germanic, Slavic and some other peoples) came to Europe from the steppes of the Northern Black Sea and Volga regions (the area of their earlier settlement is controversial) and initially settled the lower and middle reaches of the Danube, the northern part of the Balkans. Under the influence of migration processes, a single Indo-European community disintegrates: tribes rushing to the East reach the coast of the Caspian Sea, penetrate into Asia Minor and gradually populate the Hindustan Peninsula. The movement to the West allowed the Indo-Europeans to move deep into Europe. The time of separation of the Slavs (more precisely, the Proto-Slavs) from the Indo-European linguistic and ethnic community is usually attributed to the II - I millennium BC. e. Most likely, the process of isolation of the Proto-Slavic tribes took place when the tribes settled in Europe. According to archaeological data, the ancestral home of the Slavs was a territory that stretched from the Oder in the west to the Dnieper in the east, from the Vistula and Pripyat in the north to the Danube in the south. The closest neighbors of the Slavs in the west were the Celtic-Illyrian tribes, in the north - the Baltic and Finno-Ugric tribes, in the southeast - Iranian-speaking, in the southwest - Dacian.

The historical landscape of the territory inhabited by the Slavs included huge forests, a wide steppe, crossed by large river systems of the Dnieper, Volga, Western Dvina, Dniester, Western and Southern Bug. Unlike Western Europe there were no mountains separating peoples. The main habitat of the ancient Slavs was the forest, which saved from the steppe nomads, provided food, clothing and footwear, housing and fuel. The main occupations of the Slavic tribes were slash-and-burn forestry, hunting, beekeeping, and forestry. Another natural element of ancient man was the rivers with their abundant fish stocks. Rivers were the main means of communication. It was along the course of the rivers that the Slavic colonization , passed trade routes connecting the Slavs with other peoples. So, "the path from the Varangians to the Greeks" through the Dnieper connected the Baltic with the Black Sea and Byzantium. It was on this path that the first cities arose - Novgorod, Smolensk, Kyiv. Another river route - along the Oka and Volga to the Caspian Sea - allowed the Slavs to trade with the state of the Bulgarians (now Chuvashia and Tataria). The third route connected the middle reaches of the Dnieper with the Don and the Northern Donets and went out to the Azov and Caspian Seas. According to the system of rivers, one can determine the habitat of individual Slavic tribes. The main water artery was the Dnieper. On the right bank of the middle reaches of the Dnieper and its right tributaries, there were clearing, drevlyans, dregovichi. Northerners and Radimichi settled on the left tributaries of the Dnieper. In the upper reaches of the Dnieper, Volga, Western Dvina lived krivichi, and on the Dniester, the Southern Bug, closer to the Carpathian Mountains - Volynians, Buzhans and other small tribes.

Steppes stretched east of the Dnieper, south of the Oka and the Upper Volga. From Asia, from the North Caucasus, militant nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes penetrated into the southern Russian steppes, posing a great threat to the Slavs. In IV - V centuries. These were Huns, at the end of the 7th century. appeared Avars, which were replaced by Khazars who founded a strong state on the Lower Volga and in the Don steppes - Khazar Khaganate- with the capital Itil. The Khazars carried on extensive trade with their closest neighbors. During the heyday of the kaganate, their influence spread to the North Caucasus. Some Slavic tribes paid tribute to the rulers of Khazaria, established trade relations with them or waged armed struggle. At the end of the ninth century in the Northern Black Sea region, in the Azov steppes, a Turkic nomadic tribe appeared - Pechenegs who constantly raided the Slavic lands. In the second half of the XI century. they were replaced Cumans, which also quite often violated the boundaries of Slavic settlements. As a result of constant clashes between various nomadic, semi-nomadic and sedentary tribes, a gradual process of folding the ancient Russian people took place.

The era of the Great Migration of Peoples, towards the end of which there was a separation of the Eastern Slavs, the improvement of tools and farming techniques, the development of handicraft production led to a change in the social structure of society: the destruction of ancient tribal ties began and the strengthening of territorial-political ties. Radimichi, Krivichi, Polyany, Dulebs and other Slavic tribal unions, which are mentioned by the author of the oldest chronicle "Tales of Bygone Years" , were territorial and political, and not ethnic entities. The stable settlement and the dominance of the agricultural economy brought to life among the Eastern Slavs an agricultural community ( "peace", "rope"), which for a long time became the main primary organization of East Slavic society. Several ropes were combined into "earth", where state power gradually became isolated. This power, represented by local princes, performed two main functions: settlement of communal disputes and defense of the territory from neighbors (in the north - from Scandinavian raids, in the south - from various kinds of steppe nomads). In addition, the prince also led the armed force - retinue, ruled the court, for which he was paid tribute for the maintenance of his court and squad. Sometimes several princes ruled in one tribe.

The Slavs, like other peoples who were at the stage military democracy were pagans. They worshiped the forces of nature, which were incomprehensible to man, deified their dead ancestors. With all the unique features, the paganism of the Eastern Slavs was only a branch of the common Slavic, more broadly - the common Indo-European, moreover, the universal tree of pagan religion and mythology. Slavic pre-Christian beliefs went through three stages in their development. Initially, the Slavs made sacrifices to the ghouls and coasts. Ghouls are vampires, werewolves who personified evil. Beregini - kind spirits helping a person. The spiritualization of all nature, its division into good and evil beginnings are very ancient ideas that arose even among the hunters of the Stone Age. Various conspiracies were used against the ghouls, they wore amulets - "amulets", etc. At the second stage, the Slavs began to make sacrifices to the Family and women in childbirth, the deities of fertility. Most likely, the appearance of these deities is associated with agriculture and really reflects a later stage in the development of mankind - the Neolithic, Eneolithic and subsequent times. Rod was the supreme deity of heaven and earth, the manager of the vital elements - the sun, rain, thunderstorms, water. Belief in a single supreme god was the basis of later Christian monotheism. Subsequently, the Slavs began to pray to Perun, while maintaining faith in other gods. The cult of Perun, the god of thunder, war and weapons, arose relatively late in connection with the development of the retinue, military element of society.

The prayers of the Slavs - pagans to their gods were strictly scheduled according to the seasons and the most important agricultural dates. The year was determined by the solar phases, since the sun played a huge role in the worldview and beliefs of the ancient farmers. The pagans sought to actively influence their gods with the help of requests, prayers and sacrifices. In honor of the gods, feasts were held, at which bulls, goats, rams were slaughtered, the whole tribe brewed beer, baked pies. Magi, sorcerers, sorcerers, healers, who appeared in the primitive era, were connoisseurs of rituals and exact calendar dates for prayers. Along with pagan prayers for the harvest, which were the content of the annual cycle of holidays, Slavic paganism also included primitive animism(belief in goblin, water, swamp spirits) and ancestor worship(veneration of the dead, belief in brownies). Weddings and funerals were arranged with complex rituals. Wedding ceremonies were saturated with magical actions aimed at the safety of the bride, who passed from under the protection of her household spirits to someone else's family, the well-being of the new family, and the fertility of the young couple. The funeral rites of the Slavs became much more complicated towards the end of the pagan period in connection with the development of the squad element. With noble Russians they burned their weapons, armor, horses. Ritual murders of their wives were committed on the graves of rich Russ.

For the first time, an attempt to fix the highest circle of pagan deities at the national level belongs to Kyiv prince Vladimir I. According to the chronicle, Vladimir ordered to put on a hill near the princely tower of the courtyard the idols of Perun, Khors (the sun god), Dazhdbog (the god of light, heat, fertility), Stribog (the god of wind, sky), Simargl (the god of soil, plant roots) , Mokoshi (female deity), and under the hill - the "cattle god" Veles (Volos).

Eastern(Ukrainians, Russians, Belarusians);

Western(Poles, Czechs, Slovaks, Lusatians);

southern(Bulgarians, Macedonians, Croats, Slovenes, Montenegrins, Serbs).

the origin of the Slavs still remains controversial. The most common today is the opinion that the formation of the Slavs as a separate ethnic community and their culture took place in several stages.

1. The pre-Slavic stage covers the second half of the II-I millennium BC. Then in Central and Eastern Europe several related archaeological cultures were formed, in which a number of elements existed (later they became characteristic of the culture of the Slavs). The first of these cultures should be called Tshinecsko-Komarovskaya ethnic community, which, according to many researchers, was Proto-Slavic - predecessor of the Eastern and Western Slavs.

From the 1st millennium BC the difference between western and eastern halves of the Proto-Slavic world:

western is involved in connection with the Celtic world (Lusatian culture);

the eastern one continues to gravitate towards the Cimmerian-Scythian and Thracian world (Chernolesskaya culture).

The Chernolesskaya culture was formed in the eastern part of the modern Slavic territory at the beginning iron age and bordered on Cimmerians and then nomadic Scythians.

In the VI-IV centuries. BC, according to the Greek historian Herodotus, in the eastern part of the modern Slavic territory, a fairly high level of development was reached Scythian farmers, who exported bread from the Middle Dnieper through Olbia to the Mediterranean countries. The combination of archaeological and linguistic data, according to some scientists, gives reason to attribute the Herodotus Scythians-farmers to Proto-Slavs.

2. Old Slavic stage due to the fact that in the last centuries of the 1st millennium BC. and in the first centuries of our era, we already see distinct archaeological cultures of the ancient Slavs, including the ancestors of the Ukrainian people. Around the 2nd century BC. under the pressure of the Sarmatians, a partial departure of the forest-steppe population from south to north took place and they colonized the forest zone between the Desna, Seim and Sozh rivers. This led to the emergence Aruba-Neck culture, which researchers recognize as indisputably Slavic.

Zarubinets culture quickly turned in its southern part into an incomparably higher culture. Chernyakhovsk culture - ІІ- V in. Since that time, the trade relations of Ukrainian lands with Rome have become very lively. The Chernyakhov culture ceased to exist, apparently as a result of the invasion Huns, however, had a strong influence on them.

Of great importance for the study of the history of the ancient Slavic stage belongs to written sources, in particular the works of Roman authors of the end 1st centuryPliny the Elder, Tacitus, Ptolemy, who knew the Slavs under the name Wends(they were also called venets, vends, vinds). Roman authors reported that the Wends lived at the turn of our era between the river. Odr and Dnieper and near the Carpathians. They were engaged in agriculture, sedentary cattle breeding, hunting and fishing, and had trade relations with other tribes. In the III century. they were at war with the Roman Empire. Many historians have taken the view that Wends became a common ethnic basis for the formation of Western and Eastern Slavs.

More specific information about the Slavs was given by the Gothic historian Jordan, who first made an attempt to clarify the place of settlement of various parts of the Slavs. During this period, information about the Slavs is also left by the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea. These authors shared Wends into two parts:

western - sklavens (slovins, slovenes);

antes.

Sclaveni

Anty

The Sclaveni occupied the territory between the Dniester in the east and, probably, the Tisza basin in the west. This territory is superimposed on the area of the archaeological culture of Prague ceramics and includes the Czech Republic, Moravia, Slovakia, Hungary, Romania, most of Moldova, the right bank of the forest-steppe part of Ukraine and Ukrainian Polesie, part of Serbia (Vojvodino), possibly parts of Croatia, Slovenia and Austria. The main merit belongs to the Slavs in the colonization of the Balkan Peninsula by the Slavs at the end of the 6th - the first half of the 7th century.

Anty- the name of the East Slavic tribes of the III-VII centuries. They occupied the territory between the Dniester, the Dnieper and to the east of the Dnieper. Basic information about the Antes is contained in the works of the Byzantine historian Procopius of Caesarea and the Gothic historian Jordanes. Anty founded the first Slavic state association - Antsky kingdom (IV-VII centuries). They had hereditary royal power. The main occupation of the Ants was agriculture, which reached a fairly high level. Some of the historians consider the Ants to be the direct ancestors of the Ukrainians.

Known as “... only from the 7th century. Eastern Slavs gradually settled into...

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