Slavic tribes: the main secrets. Officially recognized Slavic tribes (for reminder) What do the names of Slavic tribes mean

It is very extensive and, as a result, has different name Indian tribes living in the open lands. There are many of them, although European sailors used only one term for the native inhabitants of America - the Indians.

Columbus fallacy and consequences

Over time, the mistake became clear: that the indigenous people are the natives of America. Until the beginning of the European colonization of the 15th century, the inhabitants arrived in various stages of the communal-tribal system. Some tribes were dominated by the paternal clan, while others were dominated by matriarchy.

The level of development primarily depended on location and climatic conditions. In the process that followed, the countries of Europe used only the common name of the Indian tribes for a whole group of culturally related tribes. Below we consider in detail some of them.

Specialization and life of the Indians of America

It is noteworthy that the Indians of America made various ceramic products. This tradition originated long before contact with Europeans. In manual work, several technologies were used.

Techniques such as frame and shape molding, spatula molding, clay cord molding, and even sculptural modeling were used. Distinctive feature Indians were the manufacture of masks, clay figurines and ritual objects.

The names of the Indian tribes are quite different, because they spoke different languages ​​​​and practically had no written language. There are many ethnic groups in America. Let's look at the most famous of them.

The name of the Indian tribes and their role in the history of America

We will look at some of the most famous Hurons, Iroquois, Apaches, Mohicans, Incas, Mayans and Aztecs. Some of them were quite low level of development, while others were impressive with a highly developed society, the level of which cannot be defined simply by the word "tribe" with such extensive knowledge and architecture.

The Aztecs, before the Spanish conquest, preserved the old traditions. Their number was about 60 thousand. The main occupations were hunting and fishing. In addition, the tribe was divided into several clans with officials. Tribute was withdrawn from the subject cities.

The Aztecs were distinguished by the fact that they led a fairly rigid centralized government and a hierarchical structure. At the highest level stood the emperor and priests, and at the lowest - slaves. The Aztecs also used the death penalty and human sacrifice.

Highly developed Inca society

The most mysterious tribe of the Incas belonged to the largest ancient civilization. The tribe lived at an altitude of 4.5 thousand meters in Colombia. it ancient state existed since 11th to 16th centuries AD.

It included the entire territory of the states of Bolivia, Peru and Ecuador. As well as parts of modern Argentina, Colombia and Chile, despite the fact that in 1533 the empire had already lost most of its territories. Until 1572, the clan was able to resist the attacks of the conquistadors, who were very interested in new lands.

The Inca society was dominated by an agricultural economy with terraced agriculture. It was a fairly highly developed society that used sewers and created an irrigation system.

Today, many historians are interested in the question of why and where such a highly developed tribe disappeared.

"Inheritance" from the tribes of the Indians of America

Undoubtedly, it is clear that the Indians of America have made a serious contribution to the development of world civilization. Europeans borrowed the cultivation and cultivation of corn and sunflower, as well as some vegetable crops: potatoes, tomatoes, peppers. In addition, legumes, cocoa fruits and tobacco were introduced. We got all this from the Indians.

It was these crops that helped at one time reduce hunger in Eurasia. Corn subsequently became an indispensable fodder base for animal husbandry. We owe many dishes on our table to the Indians and Columbus, who brought the “curiosities” of that time to Europe.

The indigenous inhabitants of the harsh and warlike Indians many times became the heroes of yard games and the central characters of books and films. And how can one not be interested in these warriors who lived in harmony with nature - when there is a non-standard appearance, and devotion to ideals, and a brutal, imperturbable facial expression even in the most seemingly dangerous situations.

Of course, among the numerous Indian tribes there were the very best, those who developed the most, annoyed white people, and even adopted elements of their culture. About them now and will be discussed.

1. Cherokee

The most advanced, if I may say so, tribe of Indians is alive and well to this day, fully cultivated and even mixed with the white man throughout the modern United States. This was facilitated by the fact that they lived in the vast territory of the southern Appalachians, vast - but devoid of any minerals, so no one was actively fighting them.

In addition, the Cherokee were practically the first to abandon the nomadic lifestyle and began to literally build their own state, increasing their numbers from 50 thousand people from the beginning of the 17th century to almost 200 thousand by the beginning of the 20th.

If the rest of the Indians were just nascent American nation contemptuously called "red-skinned savages", then the Cherokee did not even dare to call it that. Judge for yourself at the beginning of the 19th century, they accept Christianity, create their own alphabet, publish their own newspaper and open more than 30 schools and various people's departments, crowning all this with their constitution.

Later, the wealthy Indians became planters with hundreds of black slaves, and in so doing further assimilated their community with the people of the United States.

2. Apaches

The common name for as many as six large Indian tribes, and the story of all pulls on a small doctoral dissertation. The most interesting and brutal in my opinion are the Lipan Apaches, who perfectly mastered the art of war and the tactics of guerrilla warfare.

The Lipan Apaches even raided their relatives, the Hicariya Apaches, uniting either with the Spaniards or with the French. Constantly wandering and leaving in case of danger almost to the border with Mexico, like militant heroes, the Lipan Apaches gradually succeeded in turning absolutely everyone against themselves, as they could attack both the Americans and their fellow Indians, for example, to steal their horses.

Throughout the 19th century, the Lipan Apaches fought with the Americans, staging bloody battles and raids either from behind the mountains or from the Rio Grande River, which served as a natural border between the United States and Mexico and left behind it every time after the raids - after all, US soldiers cross she had no right.

Only at the end of the 19th century, having agreed with the government of Mexico, and undertaking a large-scale punitive operation, it was possible to finish off the Apaches in the mountains and take the remnants of the people to controlled reservations in the amount of 700-900 people left from 12 thousand.

3. Comanche

Sung in song for the courage of the Comanches and their cavalry charges brought them the fame they deserved. The Comanche were the first to put horse breeding on stream, and rose up, supplying horses to other tribes. In addition, the ideological component was also strong - the Comanche had the most all kinds of military, funeral and wedding rites, for example, the famous pipe smoking and the Dance of the Sun and the Spirit after it.

It was also interesting the presence of polygamy, as well as the fact that if a woman cheated without receiving attention from a man, she could simply get off with a cut off nose. If she cheated, getting attention from her husband, then she could well be killed.

The adoption of all decisions and power belonged to the military commander, and indeed the role of the army was central in the tribe. There was not just a "mass of warriors", but cavalry detachments, foot detachments, reconnaissance detachments, and even a semblance of rear service - "bison", "crows", "horses", "foxes".

The Comanches are also famous and famous for their picturesque feather headdresses, military embroideries, and intricate body painting, perhaps the most colorful of all other Indian tribes.

4. Mohicans

“The Last of the Mohicans” - this particular novel is almost immediately remembered when this tribe is mentioned. And indeed, having begun its history with the unification of 5 large tribes in the upper reaches of the Hudson and the number of about 35 thousand people, the Mohicans were constantly at war with the French, then with the Shoshone, then with the Mohawks.

Floating along rivers and lakes, these Indians earned the nickname "River Indians" and traded more actively than others, and in general developed trade, supplying Europeans with furs and products of their agriculture. At the beginning of the 17th century, after a series of bloody battles for the markets for furs, the Mohicans suffered a severe defeat from the Mohawks, only a thousand people survived.

The existence of their own tribe practically ceases, and the Mohicans assimilate with the Hurons, but the backbone of the tribe, about 300 people, nevertheless decides to live separately, in Ohio. At the beginning of the 18th century, the remnants of the Mohicans accept Christianity, disperse to the reservations and finally cease to exist as a tribe.

Ancient historians were sure that on the territory Ancient Russia warlike tribes and "people with five heads" live. A lot of time has passed since then, but many mysteries of the Slavic tribes have not yet been solved.

1. Northerners living in the south

The tribe of northerners at the beginning of the 8th century inhabited the banks of the Desna, the Seim and the Seversky Donets, founded Chernigov, Putivl, Novgorod-Seversky and Kursk. The name of the tribe, according to Lev Gumilyov, is due to the fact that it assimilated the nomadic tribe of the Savirs, who lived in Western Siberia in ancient times. It is with the Savirs that the origin of the name Siberia is also associated.

Archaeologist Valentin Sedov believed that the Savirs were a Scythian-Sarmatian tribe, and the toponyms of the northerners are of Iranian origin. Thus, the name of the river Seim (Seven) comes from the Iranian śyama or even from the ancient Indian syāma, which means "dark river". According to the third hypothesis, the northerners (northers) were immigrants from the southern or western lands. On the right bank of the Danube lived a tribe with that name. It could easily be "moved" by the Bulgars who invaded there.

The northerners were representatives of the Mediterranean type of people: they were distinguished by a narrow face, an elongated skull, were thin-boned and nosy. They brought bread and furs to Byzantium, back - gold, silver, luxury goods. Traded with the Bulgarians, with the Arabs. The northerners paid tribute to the Khazars, and then entered the union of tribes united by the Novgorod prince Prophetic Oleg. In 907 they participated in the campaign against Tsargrad. In the 9th century, the Chernigov and Pereyaslav principalities appeared on their lands.

2. Vyatichi and Radimichi - relatives or different tribes?

The Vyatichi lands were located on the territory of the Moscow, Kaluga, Orel, Ryazan, Smolensk, Tula, Voronezh and Lipetsk regions.

Outwardly, the Vyatichi resembled the northerners, but they were not so nosey, but they had a high bridge of the nose and blond hair. The "Tale of Bygone Years" indicates that the name of the tribe came from the name of the ancestor Vyatko (Vyacheslav), who came "from the Poles."

Other scientists associate the name with the Indo-European root ven-t (wet), or with the Proto-Slavic vęt (big) and put the name of the tribe on a par with the Wends and Vandals. Vyatichi were skilled warriors, hunters, collected wild honey, mushrooms and berries. Cattle breeding and slash-and-burn agriculture were widespread. They were not part of Ancient Russia and more than once fought with the Novgorod and Kyiv princes.

According to legend, Vyatko's brother Radim became the ancestor of the Radimichi, who settled between the Dnieper and Desna in the territories of the Gomel and Mogilev regions of Belarus and founded Krichev, Gomel, Rogachev and Chechersk.

Radimichi also rebelled against the princes, but after the battle on Peschan they submitted. Chronicles mention them for the last time in 1169.

3. Are Krivichi Croats or Poles?

The passage of the Krivichi is not known for certain, who since the 6th century lived in the upper reaches of the Western Dvina, Volga and Dnieper and became the founders of Smolensk, Polotsk and Izborsk. The name of the tribe came from the ancestor of Kriv. Krivichi differed from other tribes in high growth. They had a nose with a pronounced hump, a well-defined chin. Anthropologists attribute the Krivichi to the Valdai type of people.

According to one version, the Krivichi are the migrating tribes of white Croats and Serbs, according to another, they come from the north of Poland.

The Krivichi worked closely with the Varangians and built ships on which they went to Constantinople.

The Krivichi became part of Ancient Russia in the 9th century. The last prince of the Krivichi Rogvolod was killed with his sons in 980. Smolensk and Polotsk principalities appeared on their lands.

4. Slovene vandals

Slovenes (Itelmen Slovenes) were the northernmost tribe. They lived on the shores of Lake Ilmen and on the Mologa River. Origin unknown. According to legend, their ancestors were Sloven and Rus, who founded the cities of Slovensk (Veliky Novgorod) and Staraya Russa even before our era.

From Slovene, power passed to Prince Vandal (known in Europe as the Ostrogoth leader Vandalar), who had three sons: Izbor, Vladimir and Stolposvyat, and four brothers: Rudotok, Volkhov, Volkhovets and Bastarn. The wife of Prince Vandal Advind was from the Varangians.

Slovene now and then fought with the Vikings and neighbors. It is known that the ruling dynasty descended from the son of Vandal Vladimir. The Slavs were engaged in agriculture, expanded their possessions, influenced other tribes, engaged in trade with the Arabs, with Prussia, with Gotland and Sweden.

It was here that Rurik began to reign. After the emergence of Novgorod, the Slovenes began to be called Novgorodians and founded Novgorod Land.

5. Russ. A people without a territory

Look at the map of the settlement of the Slavs. Each tribe has its own lands. Russians are not there. For all that, it was the Rus who gave the name to Russia. There are three theories of the origin of the Russians.

The first theory considers the Rus to be Varangians and relies on The Tale of Bygone Years (written from 1110 to 1118), which says: “They drove the Varangians across the sea, and did not give them tribute, and began to rule themselves, and there was no truth among them, And generations stood up against generations, and they had strife, and they began to fight with each other. And they said to themselves: "Let's look for a prince who would rule over us and judge by right." And they went across the sea to the Varangians, to Russia. Those Varangians were called Rus, as others are called Swedes, and others are Normans and Angles, and still others are Gotlanders, and so are these.

The second says that the Rus are a separate tribe that came to Eastern Europe earlier or later than the Slavs.

The third theory says that the Rus are the highest caste of the East Slavic tribe of the Polyans, or the tribe itself, which lived on the Dnieper and on the Ros. “The meadows are even more called Rus” - it was written in the “Laurentian” chronicle, which followed the “Tale of Bygone Years” and was written in 1377. Here, the word "Rus" was used as a toponym and the name of the Rus was also used as the name of a separate tribe: "Rus, Chud and Slovene", - this is how the chronicler listed the peoples who inhabited the country.

Despite the research of geneticists, disputes around the Rus continue. For example, the Norwegian researcher Thor Heyerdahl believed that the Varangians themselves are descendants of the Slavs.

Vyatichi is a union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the second half of the first millennium AD. e. in the upper and middle reaches of the Oka. The name Vyatichi supposedly came from the name of the ancestor of the tribe, Vyatko. However, some associate this name by origin with the morpheme "veins" and Venedi (or Veneti / Venti) (the name "Vyatichi" was pronounced as "Ventichi").
In the middle of the 10th century, Svyatoslav annexed the lands of the Vyatichi to Kievan Rus, but until the end of the XI century, these tribes retained a certain political independence; campaigns against the Vyatichi princes of this time are mentioned.
Since the XII century, the territory of the Vyatichi became part of the Chernigov, Rostov-Suzdal and Ryazan principalities. Until the end of the 13th century, the Vyatichi retained many pagan rituals and traditions, in particular, they cremated the dead, erecting small mounds over the burial place. After Christianity took root among the Vyatichi, the rite of cremation gradually went out of use.
Vyatichi retained their tribal name longer than other Slavs. They lived without princes, the social structure was characterized by self-government and democracy. The last time the Vyatichi are mentioned in the annals under such a tribal name was in 1197.

Buzhan (Volhynians) - tribe Eastern Slavs, who lived in the basin of the upper reaches of the Western Bug (from which they got their name); since the end of the 11th century, the Buzhans have been called Volynians (from the locality of Volyn).

Volhynia is an East Slavic tribe or tribal union, mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years and in the Bavarian chronicles. According to the latter, the Volhynians owned seventy fortresses at the end of the 10th century. Some historians believe that the Volhynians and Buzhans are descendants of the Dulebs. Their main cities were Volyn and Vladimir-Volynsky. Archaeological research indicates that the Volynians developed agriculture and numerous crafts, including forging, casting and pottery.
In 981, the Volynians were subordinated to the Kyiv prince Vladimir I and became part of Kievan Rus. Later on the territory of the Volynians formed Galicia-Volyn principality.

Drevlyans - one of the tribes of Russian Slavs, lived along Pripyat, Goryn, Sluch and Teterev.
The name Drevlyane, according to the chronicler, was given to them because they lived in the forests.

From archaeological excavations in the country of the Drevlyans, it can be concluded that they had a well-known culture. A well-established burial rite testifies to the existence of certain religious ideas about the afterlife: the absence of weapons in the graves testifies to the peaceful nature of the tribe; finds of sickles, shards and vessels, iron products, remnants of fabrics and leather indicate the existence of arable farming, pottery, blacksmithing, weaving and leather crafts among the Drevlyans; many bones of domestic animals and spurs indicate cattle breeding and horse breeding; many items made of silver, bronze, glass and carnelian, of foreign origin, indicate the existence of trade, and the absence of coins suggests that the trade was barter.
The political center of the Drevlyans in the era of their independence was the city of Iskorosten; at a later time, this center, apparently, moved to the city of Vruchiy (Ovruch)

Dregovichi - an East Slavic tribal union that lived between Pripyat and the Western Dvina.
Most likely the name comes from the Old Russian word dregva or dryagva, which means "swamp".
Under the name Drugovites (Greek δρονγονβίται), the Dregovichi are already known to Konstantin Porfirorodny as a tribe subordinate to Russia. Being aloof from the "Road from the Varangians to the Greeks", the Dregovichi did not play a prominent role in the history of Ancient Russia. The chronicle mentions only that the Dregovichi once had their own reign. The capital of the principality was the city of Turov. The subjugation of the Dregovichi to the Kyiv princes probably happened very early. On the territory of the Dregovichi, the principality of Turov was subsequently formed, and the northwestern lands became part of the principality of Polotsk.

Dulebs (not dulebs) - an alliance of East Slavic tribes on the territory of Western Volhynia in the 6th-early 10th centuries. In the 7th century they were subjected to the Avar invasion (obry). In 907 they took part in Oleg's campaign against Tsargrad. They broke up into tribes of Volhynians and Buzhans, and in the middle of the 10th century they finally lost their independence, becoming part of Kievan Rus.

Krivichi - a large East Slavic tribe (tribal union), which occupied VI-X centuries the upper reaches of the Volga, the Dnieper and the Western Dvina, the southern part of the Lake Peipsi basin and part of the Neman basin. Sometimes the Ilmen Slavs are also classified as Krivichi.
The Krivichi were probably the first Slavic tribe to move from the Carpathians to the northeast. Limited in their distribution to the northwest and west, where they met stable Lithuanian and Finnish tribes, the Krivichi spread to the northeast, assimilating with the living Tamfins.
Settling on the great waterway from Scandinavia to Byzantium (the path from the Varangians to the Greeks), the Krivichi took part in trade with Greece; Konstantin Porphyrogenitus says that the Krivichi make boats on which the Rus go to Tsargrad. Participated in the campaigns of Oleg and Igor against the Greeks as a tribe subordinate Kyiv prince; Oleg's contract mentions their city of Polotsk.

Already in the era of the formation of the Russian state, the Krivichi had political centers: Izborsk, Polotsk and Smolensk.
It is believed that the last tribal prince of the Krivichi Rogvolod, together with his sons, was killed in 980 by the Novgorod prince Vladimir Svyatoslavich. In the Ipatiev list, the Krivichi are mentioned for the last time under 1128, and the Polotsk princes are called Krivichi under 1140 and 1162. After that, the Krivichi are no longer mentioned in the East Slavic annals. However, the tribal name Krivichi was used in foreign sources for quite a long time (until the end of the 17th century). The word krievs entered the Latvian language to designate Russians in general, and the word Krievija to designate Russia.

The southwestern, Polotsk branch of the Krivichi is also called Polotsk. Together with the Dregovichi, Radimichi and some Baltic tribes, this branch of the Krivichi formed the basis of the Belarusian ethnic group.
The northeastern branch of the Krivichi, settled mainly in the territory of modern Tver, Yaroslavl and Kostroma regions, was in close contact with the Finno-Ugric tribes.
The boundary between the territory of settlement of the Krivichi and Novgorod Slovenes is determined archaeologically by the types of burials: long barrows near the Krivichi and hills among the Slovenes.

The Polochans are an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands in the middle reaches of the Western Dvina in today's Belarus in the 9th century.
Polochans are mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years, which explains their name as living near the Polota River, one of the tributaries of the Western Dvina. In addition, the chronicle claims that the Krivichi were descendants of the Polotsk people. The lands of the Polochans stretched from the Svisloch along the Berezina to the lands of the Dregovichi. The Polochans were one of the tribes from which the Polotsk principality was later formed. They are one of the founders of the modern Belarusian people.

Glade (poly) - the name of the Slavic tribe, in the era of the settlement of the Eastern Slavs, who settled along the middle course of the Dnieper, on its right bank.
Judging by the chronicles and the latest archaeological research, the territory of the land of the glades before the Christian era was limited to the course of the Dnieper, Ros and Irpin; in the northeast it was adjacent to the derevskaya land, in the west - to the southern settlements of the Dregovichi, in the southwest - to the Tivertsy, in the south - to the streets.

Calling the Slavs who settled here glades, the chronicler adds: “outside in the gray field.” The glades differed sharply from the neighboring Slavic tribes both in moral properties and in the forms of social life: and to sisters and to their mothers .... marriage customs having a husband.
History catches the glades already at a rather late stage of political development: the social system is made up of two elements - communal and princely-druzhina, the former being strongly suppressed by the latter. With the usual and ancient occupations of the Slavs - hunting, fishing and beekeeping - more than other Slavs, cattle breeding, agriculture, "woodworking" and trade were widespread among the meadows. The latter was quite extensive not only with Slavic neighbors, but also with foreigners in the West and East: the coin treasures show that trade with the East began as early as the 8th century, but it stopped during the strife of the specific princes.
At first, about the middle of the 8th century, the glades, who paid tribute to the Khazars, due to their cultural and economic superiority, from a defensive position in relation to their neighbors, soon turned into an offensive one; Drevlyans, Dregovichi, northerners and others by the end of the 9th century were already subject to the glades. They also adopted Christianity earlier than others. Kiev was the center of the Polyana (“Polish”) land; its other settlements are Vyshgorod, Belgorod on the Irpen River (now the village of Belogorodka), Zvenigorod, Trepol (now the village of Trypillya), Vasilev (now Vasilkov) and others.
Zemlyapolyan with the city of Kyiv became the center of the possessions of the Rurikovichs from 882. The last time in the annals the name of the glades is mentioned in 944, on the occasion of Igor's campaign against the Greeks, and is replaced, probably already at the end of the Χ century, by the name Rus (Ros) and Kiyane. The chronicler also calls the Glades the Slavic tribe on the Vistula, mentioned for the last time in the Ipatiev Chronicle under 1208.

Radimichi - the name of the population that was part of the union of East Slavic tribes that lived in the interfluve of the upper reaches of the Dnieper and the Desna.
About 885 radimichi became part of Old Russian state, and in the XII century they mastered most of Chernigov and the southern part of Smolensk lands. The name comes from the name of the ancestor of the Radima tribe.

Northerners (more correctly, the North) are a tribe or tribal union of Eastern Slavs who inhabited the territories east of the middle reaches of the Dnieper, along the Desna and Seimi Sula rivers.

The origin of the name of the north is not fully understood. Most authors associate it with the name of the Savir tribe, which was part of the Hunnic association. According to another version, the name goes back to the obsolete Old Slavic word meaning "relative". The explanation from the Slavic siver, north, despite the similarity of sound, is considered extremely controversial, since the north has never been the most northerly of the Slavic tribes.

Slovenes (Ilmen Slavs) - an East Slavic tribe that lived in the second half of the first millennium in the basin of Lake Ilmen and the upper reaches of the Mologa and made up the bulk of the population of Novgorod land.

The Tivertsy are an Eastern Slavic tribe that lived between the Dniester and the Danube near the Black Sea coast. They are first mentioned in the Tale of Bygone Years along with other East Slavic tribes of the 9th century. The main occupation of the Tivertsy was agriculture. The Tivertsy took part in the campaigns of Oleg against Tsargrad in 907 and Igor in 944. In the middle of the 10th century, the lands of the Tivertsy became part of Kievan Rus.
The descendants of the Tivertsy became part of the Ukrainian people, and their Western part was romanized.

Ulichi is an East Slavic tribe that inhabited the lands along the lower reaches of the Dnieper, the Southern Bug and the Black Sea coast during the 8th-10th centuries.
The capital of the streets was the city of Pereseken. In the first half of the 10th century, the streets fought for independence from Kievan Rus, but nevertheless they were forced to recognize its supremacy and become part of it. Later, the streets and neighboring Tivertsy were driven north by the arriving Pecheneg nomads, where they merged with the Volhynians. The last mention of the streets dates back to the annals of the 970s.

Croats are an East Slavic tribe that lived in the vicinity of the city of Przemysl on the San River. They called themselves white Croats, in contrast to the tribe of the same name with them, who lived in the Balkans. The name of the tribe is derived from the ancient Iranian word "shepherd, guardian of cattle", which may indicate its main occupation - cattle breeding.

Bodrichi (encouraged, rarogs) - Polabian Slavs (lower reaches of the Elbe) in the VIII-XII centuries. - the union of the Wagrs, Polabs, Glinyakov, Smolensk. Rarog (among the Danes Rerik) is the main city of the Bodrichs. Mecklenburg in East Germany.
According to one version, Rurik is a Slav from the Bodrich tribe, the grandson of Gostomysl, the son of his daughter Umila and the Bodrich prince Godoslav (Godlav).

The Wislans are a West Slavic tribe that has lived at least since the 7th century in Lesser Poland. In the 9th century, the Wislans formed a tribal state with centers in Krakow, Sandomierz and Straduv. At the end of the century, they were subjugated by the king of Great Moravia Svyatopolk I and were forced to be baptized. In the 10th century, the lands of the Vistulas were conquered by the Polans and incorporated into Poland.

Zlichane (Czech. Zličane, Polish. Zliczanie) - one of the ancient Czech tribes. They inhabited the territory adjacent to the modern city of Kourzhim (Czech Republic). East and South Bohemia and the region of the Duleb tribe. The main city of the principality was Libice. The princes of Libice Slavniki competed with Prague in the struggle for the unification of the Czech Republic. In 995, the Zlichans were subjugated by the Přemyslids.

Lusatians, Lusatian Serbs, Sorbs (German Sorben), Wends - the indigenous Slavic population living in the territory of Lower and Upper Lusatia - areas that are part of modern Germany. The first settlements of the Lusatian Serbs in these places were recorded in the 6th century AD. e.
The Lusatian language is divided into Upper Lusatian and Lower Lusatian.
The dictionary of Brockhaus and Euphron gives a definition: "Sorbs are the name of the Wends and, in general, the Polabian Slavs." Slavic people inhabiting a number of areas in Germany, in the federal states of Brandenburg and Saxony.
Lusatian Serbs are one of the four officially recognized national minorities in Germany (along with gypsies, Frisians and Danes). It is believed that about 60 thousand German citizens now have Serbian Lusatian roots, of which 20,000 live in Lower Lusatia (Brandenburg) and 40 thousand in Upper Lusatia (Saxony).

The Lyutichi (Wiltzes, Velets) are a union of West Slavic tribes that lived in the early Middle Ages on the territory of present-day eastern Germany. The center of the union of the Lyutichs was the sanctuary "Radogost", in which the god Svarozhich was revered. All decisions were made at a large tribal meeting, and there was no central authority.
The Lyutichi led the Slavic uprising of 983 against the German colonization of lands east of the Elbe, as a result of which colonization was suspended for almost two hundred years. Even before that, they were ardent opponents of the German king Otto I. About his heir, Henry II, it is known that he did not try to enslave them, but rather lured them with money and gifts to his side in the fight against Poland, Boleslav the Brave.
Military and political successes strengthened the adherence to paganism and pagan customs in the Lutiches, which also applied to related Bodrichs. However, in the 1050s, civil war broke out among the Lutici and changed their situation. The union quickly lost power and influence, and after the central sanctuary was destroyed by the Saxon duke Lothar in 1125, the union finally broke up. Over the following decades, the Saxon dukes gradually expanded their possessions to the east and conquered the lands of the Luticians.

Pomeranians, Pomeranians - West Slavic tribes who lived from the 6th century in the lower reaches of the Odryn coast of the Baltic Sea. It remains unclear whether there was a residual Germanic population prior to their arrival, which they assimilated. In 900, the border of the Pomeranian area passed along the Odra in the west, the Vistula in the east and the Notech in the south. They gave the name of the historical area of ​​Pomerania.
In the 10th century, the Polish prince Mieszko I included the lands of the Pomeranians into the Polish state. In the 11th century, the Pomeranians revolted and regained their independence from Poland. During this period, their territory expanded westward from the Odra into the lands of the Luticians. On the initiative of Prince Vartislav I, the Pomeranians adopted Christianity.
From the 1180s, German influence began to grow and German settlers began to arrive on the lands of the Pomeranians. Because of the devastating wars with the Danes, the Pomeranian feudal lords welcomed the settlement of the devastated lands by the Germans. Over time, the process of Germanization of the Pomeranian population began.

The remains of the ancient Pomeranians who escaped assimilation today are the Kashubians, numbering 300 thousand people.

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The Slavs have long been considered a warlike people. Our ancestors were not always the first to attack, but they were quite able to stand up for themselves.

The powerful Byzantine Empire groaned from the invasions of the Slavic barbarians, the violent Germans constantly entered into bloody battles with the Slavs, and numerous waves of steppe nomads periodically broke against the Slavic rati. What Slavic tribes were among the most warlike?

Lyutichi

This was the name of the tribes of the Polabian Slavs, who lived until the 10th century between the Oder and the Elbe. They called themselves velets or veneds. The name "lyutichi" is interpreted quite understandably for modern Russian hearing - it comes from the words "fierce, cruel, evil." The wolf was the military emblem of the tribe, hence the definitions that are quite suitable for this predator. Contemporaries write about the courage and militancy of this tribe, reaching real ferocity.
The Lutici did not give rest to the Frankish emperor Charlemagne, and in 983 they led the uprising of the Slavic tribes against the Holy Roman Empire, which was actively engaged in the colonization of lands east of the Elbe. They resisted colonization for almost 200 years.

Vyatichi

Vyatichi is an East Slavic tribal union that lived in the VIII-XIII centuries in the region of the upper and middle Oka, on the territory of modern Moscow, Bryansk, Kaluga, Lipetsk, Oryol regions. They lived in dense forests, and according to the recall of the first Russian chronicler Nestor, they were distinguished by a violent "bestial" disposition. They did not accept baptism for the longest time and kept archaic customs such as “bride kidnapping”. Vyatichi is the last of the East Slavic tribal unions that became part of the Old Russian state. This happened only after the great warrior Svyatoslav Igorevich, not without difficulty, conquered them. However, already the son of Svyatoslav Vladimir had to conquer the stubborn Vyatichi again. In the XI century, Vladimir Monomakh again went on a campaign against the Vyatichi.

Krivichi

Krivichi is a union of East Slavic tribes, which in the 7th-10th centuries lived in the upper reaches of the Western Dvina, Dnieper and Volga. Krivichi are known to modern historians as the creators of the famous long mounds - military burials, which today amaze with the wealth of weapons and other equipment. The Krivichi were relatives of the Lutichi and were similar to them in their harsh disposition. Since the Krivichi settled on the rivers along which the famous route from the Varangians to the Greeks ran, they soon became acquainted with the Varangian mercenaries who guarded the caravans with good that went to the trading cities of the Black Sea. And the Vikings quickly realized that it is better to be friends with these people than to be at enmity. The Krivichi were active participants in trade and military expeditions, not inferior in their violent temper even to the famous Normans - the “horror of Europe”. By the way, Smolensk is the ancient capital of the Krivichi, and the city with the most dramatic military history in Russia.

Slavs of the island of Rügen

Rügen Island - the legendary Buyan Island from Russian fairy tales - is located in the Baltic Sea. Today it belongs to the German state of Macklenburg. A Slavic tribe, akin to the Lusatian Slavs, settled here from time immemorial, which was called "Ruyans", sometimes "Rugs" and even "Rus".
Saxo Grammatik wrote about them: "The tribe knows how to fight both on land and at sea, they are used to living by robberies and theft ...". The Ruyans built warships and went on raids along the entire Baltic coast - this gave reason to many researchers to believe that in the famous passage about the calling of the Varangians in The Tale of Bygone Years, we are not talking about the Scandinavian tribe "Rus", but about the very Slavs , "Rus", the inhabitants of the island of Rügen. In any case, their occupation was exactly the same as that of the legendary Scandinavian sea robbers - the Vikings.
Of course, these are far from all the tribes of the Slavs, famous for their militancy, but one of the most famous.