In the steppe zone, it is warm for a long time. There are many rodents in the steppe zone, such as ground squirrels, hamsters. Presentation on the topic: Steppes of Russia
"Steppe zone" - 4. Desert steppes. Black Lark (Melanocorypha yeltoniensis). Black cotoneaster (Cotoneastrer melanocarpus). The main types of edificators: turf grasses. Carnation (Diantus sp.). The barrenness of the steppe is primarily due to the unfavorable dry climate. The steppe during the flowering of feather grass looks like a sea, over which waves roll.
"Steppe zone of Russia" - Map of natural zones of Russia. Korsak. Developed by the primary school teacher Gomon I.Yu. MOU "Gymnasium No. 33 of Krasnodar". 4. Predominate plants are warm and moisture-loving, tall, with strong succulent stems. and Cuban studies. 1. The vegetation is sparse, undersized, with a poorly developed root system.
"Desert Zone" - Tumbleweed. Sometimes it doesn't rain all summer long! Deserts. Sand lizard - round-headed boa. Very little precipitation. Do you believe that... Climate: Saiga. Lesson of natural history in the 4th grade. Barbecue camel thorn. In the steppe grow feather grass, oak, tulip, wormwood, aspen. Natural zones of Russia. Ecology:
"Tundra Zone" - The tundra is very a large number of blood-sucking insects. Plants are low. Plenty in summer time mushrooms Dwarf willow, Dwarf birch. The main wealth of the tundra is reindeer. Frosts in the tundra last from 8 to 9 months, the temperature in the tundra sometimes reaches -52°C. In the summer in the Tundra, just like in the Arctic, there is a polar night.
"Desert Zone" - Lizard - round-eared hedgehog. On all sides the path: No forest, no mountains! In the yellow air And dense as honey, The yellow bird swims inaudibly. Sunny, hot Yellow stream Pours in the desert On the yellow sand. Boundless space! Desert zone. Spiders. What are the features of the nature of the steppe zone? Desert ship.
"Zones of Russia" - the Arctic zone. Soils. Soils: There is no clear line between spring and summer, summer and autumn. The thickness of the snow cover in the tundra is from 30 to 40 cm, and in some places up to 50 cm. Large areas of arable land in the Trans-Volga region and on the Stavropol Upland are irrigated. Snow is dry and loose, blown away by the wind from some areas and accumulates in others.
The most important features of the steppe landscape zone are the dry continental climate, the treelessness of the watersheds, the predominance of herbaceous, predominantly grassy vegetation on chernozems and dark chestnut soils. As a type of vegetation, the steppe is also known in other landscape zones - in the forest-steppe and semi-deserts.
steppe zone, located south of the forest-steppe, goes to Chernoy and Seas of Azov. In the southeast, it borders on a semi-desert zone. The border with the semi-desert runs along the west of Ergeni, the northeastern coast of the Tsimlyansk reservoir, goes to the Volga north of Stalingrad, from here it goes along the Volga valley to Saratov and, before reaching it, sharply turns east to the city of Uralsk.
The landscape of the steppe zone is a single interconnected geographical complex. Many prominent researchers have been studying the steppes as a geographical complex. The development of Russian geobotany and soil science is largely associated with the development of the issues of treelessness of the steppes and the origin of chernozem.
Dry, continental climate plays an important role in the formation of the steppe geographical complex. In a summer that is sunnier and hotter than in the forest-steppe, there is less precipitation, which entails a sharply negative moisture balance. In the south of the zone, evaporation is approximately twice the annual amount of precipitation. Droughts and dry winds, which were characteristic of the forest-steppe, are even more pronounced in the steppes. In the north of the steppe zone, in the city of Kalach (Voronezh region), in 1954, for 15 days (from June 25 to July 10), the maximum air temperature was kept in the range from 33 to 39.4 relative humidity air from 27 to 41%. Dry winds sometimes develop into black dust storms. In some years, black dust storms can also be observed in winter, when there is little snow.
The predominance of evaporation over precipitation leads to a decrease V steppes of surface runoff, the vast majority of which also falls during the spring period of snowmelt. As a result, the own river network in the steppes is not numerous and lacks water. ground water, lying at a great depth, are hard, sometimes salty, not always suitable for drinking purposes.
The steppe zone is one of the oldest on the Russian Plain. As a type of landscape, it took shape in the Pliocene; in the Quaternary period, in contrast to the zones located to the north, it was not covered by a glacier at all. The relief of the zone is mature erosive, with deep asymmetric river valleys, large gullies and a developed network of ravines. The formation of erosional relief in most areas began at the end of the Paleogene, in some places, for example, in the Black Sea lowland, at the end of the Neogene.
Despite the antiquity of the steppe landscape, modern soils in the steppes are young post-glacial formations. Their youth is confirmed by the fact that loess and loess-like rocks, the accumulation of which occurred during the epoch of glaciation, serve as their parent rock.
The idea of chernozems is always associated with the concept of steppes. However, it should be borne in mind that the most fertile subtypes of chernozems, as well as the main area of distribution of chernozems in general, are not located in the steppe. landscape zone, but in the forest-steppe. In the steppe zone, only low-humus (southern) and, in some cases, medium-humus (ordinary) chernozems are known. In the south of the steppes, chernozems give way to dark chestnut soils, showing signs of solonetsism. Salt licks, which are rare in the north of the steppes, are often found in the south of the zone and thereby reduce the economic value of soils.
The cereal steppes of the west of the Russian Plain, like forbs, are almost completely plowed. They survived only in the south-east of the zone, in the Trans-Volga region, mainly in the form of old deposits used as pastures and pastures. However, here too specific gravity steppe virgin lands since 1953 has sharply decreased due to increased plowing.
The plowed area, loess-like soils, the stormy nature of summer precipitation and rapid snowmelt in spring - all this creates conditions in the steppes that are favorable for the development of erosion and soil washout. In terms of the distribution and intensity of modern erosion processes and soil erosion, the steppe zone is only slightly inferior to the forest-steppe.
There are many western species in the flora and fauna of the steppes of the Russian Plain. Such, for example, are Ukrainian feather grass (Stipa ukrainica) and coastal fire (Bromus riparius) among plants, common mole rat and spotted ground squirrel - among animals. In the floodplain and ravine forests of the zone, to the east to the Ural valley, oak is found together with its broad-leaved companions.
Another landscape feature of the southern Russian steppes is the presence of thickets of steppe shrubs, the so-called dereznyaks. They were also known in the forest-steppe, but are especially characteristic of the steppe zone. Steppe cherry, blackthorn, bean, dereza (chiliga), meadowsweet crenate form impenetrable thickets on the slopes in the steppe and along the edges of the forest. In this, the southern Russian steppes differ from the Western Siberian steppes, which are almost devoid of dereznyaks.
As in the forest-steppe, in the steppe zone the location of soils, vegetation and wildlife is closely related to the terrain. This circumstance makes it possible to distinguish several types of terrain in the territory of the forest-steppe and steppe south of the Russian Plain - typological landscape complexes of great economic interest.
floodplain type of terrain is best expressed along the valleys of large rivers in the lowlands. Of great economic importance are water meadows, as well as floodplain sedge bark forests, oak forests and black alder forests. There are many lowland swamps and oxbow lakes on the floodplains. On the fertile floodplain lands, high yields of corn, vegetables and other valuable crops are obtained.
Above floodplain-terraced type consists of two or three, and sometimes more, terraces above the floodplain, usually located on the low left banks of large rivers. The upper terraces, covered with loess-like rocks, differ little in their landscape from watersheds. The first and second terraces are composed of sands And sandy loams, their surface, processed by the wind, has a hilly relief. The area of terraced sands along the Lower Dnieper, Don and North is especially large. Donets. In the forest-steppe, pine forests grow on the lower floodplain terraces. Large areas of sand are fixed by plantings of pine, sheluga and grass crops.
Plakorny type corresponds to flat watersheds with a rare network of shallow runoff troughs and gully tops. The soil cover and vegetation are characterized by homogeneity and constancy; they experience certain disturbances only in connection with the presence of steppe depressions on the plains. With a few exceptions, the plakors are completely open. Their landscape is enlivened by field-protective forest belts, ponds and aspen bushes in the forest-steppe.
Residual-watershed type differs from the previous one by the presence of mounds and hills of remnant-denudation origin on the watersheds. The stony slopes of hillocks and hills are unsuitable for plowing and are mainly used as pastures. This type of locality is known in the High Trans-Volga region, the Donetsk Ridge, the Volga and Azov Uplands.
riverine type It is developed along riverine, mainly right-bank sections of watersheds with a dense network of ravines and ravines and washed away soils. Soils, vegetation, microclimate of the riverine type are extremely diverse. The ravine forests are very characteristic of it, to which mountain oak forests are added in the forest-steppe. Most of the finds of rare relic plants in the south of the Russian Plain are associated with the riverine type of terrain. The dissected relief complicates the economic development of riverine-type areas and requires anti-erosion measures.
In the landscape of the steppe zone, zonal and provincial differences are also clearly visible. The expression of zonal differences is the existence of two subzones: northern steppes on black soil and southern steppes on dark chestnut soils.
Provincial differences lead to the isolation of four landscape provinces.
Completed:
Sheludyakova Ekaterina
Ovtsinova Kristina
Young Olesya
8 "B"
The steppe in physical geography is a plain overgrown with grassy vegetation in the temperate and subtropical zones of the northern and southern hemispheres. A characteristic feature of the steppes is the almost complete absence of trees (not counting artificial plantations and forest belts along reservoirs).
Grassy plains (steppes and meadows) are in places where it is too dry for forests to grow and too wet for desert to form. In temperate latitudes, these are the steppes of Eurasia, the velds in South Africa, the prairies in North America, the pampas in South America. They are characterized by warm summers and cold winters, it is colder there than in deserts (average temperatures in July - 18-24`C, January -7- -15`C) Grassy plains occupy 25% of the land. Despite the fact that most of them are plowed up, the territories that have preserved natural vegetation are quite extensive. However, their ecological condition is deteriorating.
Southern Chernozem Classical Chernozem
Plants
A characteristic feature of the steppe zone is treelessness, one of the reasons for which is the lack of moisture. Features of steppe plants:
1) Small leaves - an adaptation to reduce evaporation. Such leaves have, for example, bedstraws, thyme, gerbils, saltworts, gills. The leaves of steppe grasses are narrow, not wider than 1.5-2 mm, which also helps to retain moisture.
2) Pubescence. A whole group of steppe plants creates a special "microclimate" for itself due to abundant pubescence. Many species of astragalus, sage and others protect themselves from the sun's rays with the help of pubescence and thus fight drought.
3) Coloring. Among the summer steppe grasses, there are few bright green plants, the leaves and stems of most of them are painted in dull, faded colors. This is another adaptation of steppe plants that helps them protect themselves from excessive lighting and overheating (for example, wormwood).
4) Powerful root system. The root system is 10-20 times larger than the above-ground organs in mass. There are many such plants in the steppe. These are feather grass, fescue, thin-legged, wheatgrass.
5) Some plants develop in the spring when the soil is sufficiently moist. Thus, they have time to fade and bear fruit before the onset of the dry period (tulips, irises, saffron, goose onions, adonis, bluebells, etc.).
Animals
In the steppe zone, the highest density of animals is observed near water bodies. There is no layered vegetation cover in the steppe, therefore the bulk of the inhabitants of the steppes are terrestrial animals. If we evaluate the animal population of the steppes as a whole by biomass, then the largest proportion belongs to invertebrates. Of the vertebrate animals, herbivorous ungulates and numerous burrowing rodents are most characteristic of the steppes. All inhabitants of the steppes are forced to carefully adapt to the peculiarities of the landscape. There are many rodents and burrowing animals in the steppe. For example, marmot, ground squirrel, jerboa, field mice, light and black ferret. And such mammals, highly adapted to underground life, like the mole voles, the Altai zokor and the giant mole rat, do not leave their holes at all. In addition, the steppe is inhabited by: a wolf, a corsac fox, a badger, an ermine, a dressing (listed in the Red Book of Russia), a hare, a pika, a hedgehog. Birds such as bustard, little bustard, demoiselle crane, swallows, larks, waders, larks, waders and birds of prey: lup, long-legged buzzard, common buzzard, kite, imperial eagle, steppe eagle. Almost all birds fly south in winter. And also, snakes steppe viper, yellow-bellied snake, snakes. There are many spiders in the steppe zone. The largest of them is a tarantula, its length reaches 35 mm, lives in deep holes, is poisonous. The number of insect species in the steppe is in the thousands. These are various ants, flies, grasshoppers, mosquitoes, beetles, gadflies, horseflies. The open steppe is poor in butterflies, but in the thickets of shrubs and in small forests there are a great many of them.
Human influence
The steppe has largely contributed to the solution of the transport problems of mankind, there are many roads.
At present, almost the entire dense grassy cover of the steppe has been plowed up and has given way to cultivated fields. The appearance of the modern steppe is dominated by features that owe their origin to man. It is all striated with squares of fields and shelterbelts, covered with a network of canals, pipelines, and highways. Powerful excavators bite into the bowels of the steppe landscapes. Here and there, exploration towers and oil pumps stand in the steppe. The steppe is the main territory of Russia, supplying the country with wheat and other agricultural crops. Engaged in livestock farming.
V. V. Dokuchaev saw the main reason for the drying up of the steppes in their excessive plowing and inept tillage. There were no large streams of water in the virgin steppe, snow covered the steppe plains with an even layer, and melt water was absorbed by powerful felt. On arable land, water flows run in all directions and erode the soil. With the plowing of the steppes, the number and size of ravines increases.
For some animals, agricultural fields provided an additional food base, contributed to an increase in their numbers (common vole, some insects). For others, the creation of a system of field-protective forest belts increased the possibility of penetration from the forest-steppe into the steppe zone (elk, roe deer, bank vole, wood mouse, red-footed falcon, etc.). Grain crops in the steppe turned out to be suitable for some species of forest rodents. For the majority of steppe inhabitants, the agricultural transformation of the steppes had a negative result and led to a significant reduction in the number and ranges of a number of species (ferret, corsac, mole rat, little bustard, bustard, steppe eagle, snakes, steppe viper, all types of steppe lizards). Chemical methods of pest control Agriculture led to a decrease in the number of pollinating insects, larks, passerines, lizards. Hunting and fishing also reduce the number of some animals.
Plant world of the steppes
The soils in the steppe zone are very fertile. Here grow various herbaceous plants. Some of them - tulips, irises- bloom in the spring, until the summer heat sets in and there is enough moisture in the soil. This shows their adaptability to life in the steppe. The steppe is very beautiful at the time of flowering plants. But soon their above-ground parts die off, and bulbs with a supply of nutrients remain in the soil until next spring.
Other plants - feather grass and fescue - are otherwise adapted to steppe conditions. They tolerate severe drought due to very narrow leaves that evaporate little moisture.
Fauna of the steppes
Various butterflies, bees and bumblebees and other pollinating insects live in the steppe zone.
Birds feed on plants and insects: steppe lark, gray partridge, demoiselle crane, bustard.
There are many rodents in the steppe zone, for example gophers, hamsters. The steppe is an open place. Therefore, rodents can hide from heat and predators only in burrows.
Rodents feed on birds of prey and animals. Very large, up to 2 meters in wingspan, bird of prey - steppe eagle- a real gem of nature! Quite often there is a dexterous predator walled ferret. It eats a lot of rodents.
Reptiles also live in the steppe zone. They eat insects lizards, rodents - steppe viper.
Questions and tasks
Test
1. The steppe zone is located on ..... our country:
a) north
b) east
c) south.
2. A characteristic feature of the steppe zone is ...
a) continuous herbaceous vegetation cover
b) lack of continuous vegetation cover
c) an abundance of mosses, lichens, shrubs.
3. Steppe birds include ...
a) white cranes, red-breasted goose, pink gulls
b) hawks, nutcrackers, jays
c) demoiselle cranes, bustards, kestrels.
4. Steppe plants are characterized by ...
a) creeping roots, large leaves
b) long roots, fleshy stems, prickly leaves
c) bulbous roots, narrow thin leaves or thick fleshy stems.
5. Which of the food chains is typical for the steppe:
a) blackberry - lemming - arctic fox
b) algae - crustaceans - polar cod - auk
c) plants - hare - lynx
d) grain - gopher - golden eagle.
puzzles
There are many rodents in the steppe zone, such as ground squirrels, hamsters. The steppe is an open place. Therefore, rodents can hide from heat and predators only in burrows. Birds of prey and animals feed on rodents. A very large, up to 2 meters in wingspan, bird of prey - the steppe eagle - is a real decoration of nature! Quite often meets the most agile predator of the steppe ferret. It eats a lot of rodents. Reptiles also live in the steppe zone. Lizards feed on insects, and the steppe viper feeds on rodents.
Slide 28 from the presentation "What are the natural areas in Russia". The size of the archive with the presentation is 2283 KB.World around 4th grade
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