Task 18 exam in Russian
Theory for Assignment #18 USE 2019 in Russian
"Punctuation marks when addressing and introductory words"
You need to know the following topics:
- introductory words and phrases
- appeals.
Introductory words and phrases
Introductory words and phrases are not members of the sentence (you cannot ask a question to them), are separated by commas, do not change the information in the sentence, they can be excluded without distorting the meaning.
Groups of introductory words by meaning
1. Feelings of the speaker(joy, anger, regret, etc.).
Fortunately, unfortunately, to horror, to shame, I will, to joy, etc.
2. Degree of certainty(speculation, possibility, uncertainty, etc.).
Maybe, maybe, apparently, in fact, it seems, it would seem, indisputably, really, one must suppose, in fact, certainly, etc.
3. Connection of thoughts, sequence of presentation
So, therefore, by the way, firstly, secondly, on the other hand, for example, the main thing, thus, by the way, it means vice versa, etc.
4. Message source
According to rumors, they say, according to someone's opinion, in my opinion, in my opinion, according to legend, I remember, report, transmit, etc.
5. Techniques and ways of designing thoughts
In other words, in other words, just to put it mildly, in one word, etc.
6. Appeal to the interlocutor or reader in order to attract attention
You know (whether), you know (whether), understand, excuse me, forgive me, listen, believe me, agree, imagine, please, etc.
7. Evaluation of the measure of what is being said
At least the most, the least
8. Degree of commonness of what is being reported
As usual, it happens, it happened, it happens, etc.
9. Expressiveness of the utterance
To be honest, to be honest, to tell the truth, to be honest, it's ridiculous to say, etc.
HOMONYMY
The same words can be used both as introductory and as members of a sentence! (You can ask questions to the members of the proposal, but not to the introductory words)
FOR EXAMPLE:
You surely know this person. (introductory word)
You translated the text correctly. (adverb)
First of all, is it necessary to talk about it? (introductory word)
First of all, we need to talk about the book (adverb).
He, you know, is a mandatory person. (Introductory word)
Do you know him? (verb)
The following words and phrases are not introductory and are not separated by commas:
Perhaps, literally, as if, in addition, to top it off, suddenly, after all, in the final analysis, here, hardly, after all, even, hardly, exclusively, exactly, as if, as if, just, moreover, meanwhile, I suppose, by suggestion, by decree, by decision, approximately, approximately, moreover, almost, therefore, simply, decisively, as if, allegedly
Difficult cases
I. Particles O, AX, A and others, facing the appeals, are NOT SEPARATED from them.
Examples: Oh my dear, my gentle, beautiful garden (Ch.); Ah Nadia, Nadenka, we would be happy ... (Ok.); O beloved deceptions of the heart, delusions of infancy! On the day when the glades turn green, I have no deliverance from you (Zabol.); O sun, red-hot beyond measure, quench, have mercy on the poor earth! (Ill.); Death, but death, will you let me say one more word there? (TV).
II. If there is an interjection before the appeal, then it is SEPARATED with a comma or an exclamation mark.
Examples: Oh, my fields, dear furrows, you are good in your sadness (Ec); Hey, three octopuses, go get the bolt! - From that day on, Zakhar Pavlovich was nicknamed "Three Octopuses for Carving" (Plat.). The word o (in the meaning of ah) can also act as an interjection: Oh, my lost freshness, a riot of eyes and a flood of feelings (Her).
How to distinguish between homonymous particles and interjections (oh, ah, a)
The particle has an amplifying value and is not separated from the address intonationally (it does not have an independent stress);
Interjections are intonationally independent, percussive, after which there is a pause.
Compare:
O my cherished field, you are now resting after the harvest (Aitm.)
Oh wind! Oh snow storms! (Bl.).
The interjection hey (as a call to attention) can itself act as an appeal.
Examples: Hey, watch out! Make a closure! (Ascension); - Hey, be careful out there! - Shouted Stepaxa (Cool.); - Where? What are you? Hey!.. (Shuksh.); - Hey! It is forbidden! - Frosya was frightened (Tok.).
Introductory words- these are words that are part of the sentence, but do not enter into a grammatical relationship with the members of the sentence.
Introductory words and phrases can express different meanings:
- Various degree of certainty: of course, of course, undoubtedly, without a doubt, undoubtedly, indeed, maybe, perhaps, it seems, obviously, etc.
- Feelings: to joy, unfortunately, fortunately, to surprise, to pleasure, unfortunately, etc.
- Message source(to whom it belongs): in the opinion, according to the words, according to the message, etc.
- The order of thoughts and their connection: firstly, secondly, thirdly, therefore, therefore, so, for example, vice versa, finally, etc.
- Notes on ways to frame thoughts and grab the attention of listeners: in a word, to tell the truth, in other words, simply speaking, etc.
Punctuation marks in sentences with introductory words and sentences
- Introductory words and phrases are separated by commas.
- If the introductory word and the phrase form an incomplete construction (that is, some word is missing that is restored from the context), then a dash is put instead of one of the commas. On the one hand, he was a kind person, on the other, quick-tempered and sharp.
- An introductory word between homogeneous members and a generalizing word is distinguished by punctuation marks. If the introductory word is after a series of homogeneous members before the generalizing word, put a dash before the introductory word, and after it - a comma: Food, clothing, housing, medicines for various diseases, firewood and coal - in a word, everything, is provided by human nature. If the introductory word is before homogeneous members and after the generalizing word, then we put a comma before the introductory word, and after it - a colon: Many seedlings have taken well, for example: poplar, maple, birch.
- When two introductory words are used in one sentence, they are both separated by commas: In his opinion, as a rule, persistent people achieve their goals.
- If the introductory word is at the beginning or at the end of a separate turnover, then no punctuation mark is separated from the turnover. If the introductory word is in the middle of a separate turnover, then it is separated by commas on both sides: Probably startled by this message, she froze. The woman, probably taken aback by this message, froze.
- A comma is not placed between the coordinating union and the introductory word if the introductory word cannot be omitted or rearranged without violating the structure of the sentence. If withdrawal or rearrangement is possible, then a comma is placed between the coordinating union and the introductory word. Not only were we not late for the airport, but on the contrary, we still had time to buy souvenirs before departure.
- It rained, and of course we stayed at home.
Words and phrases are not introductory and are not separated by commas:
- supposedly
- as if
- even,
- hardly,
- all of a sudden,
- literally,
- as if
- after all,
- hardly,
- nevertheless,
- just,
- besides,
- by decision,
- by presentation,
- That's why,
- in addition,
- in the end,
- I suppose
- as if
Introductory sentences perform the same functions as introductory words. They may also contain various kinds of additional remarks, incidental indications. In such cases, parentheses and dashes may be used in introductory sentences. But usually introductory sentences, like introductory words, are separated with commas (especially if they are small or begin with subordinating conjunctions):
This boy seems to be very talented.
The blue dress, I think, is much more beautiful than the yellow one.
The fear of the desert (although I have never seen the desert) has acquired an obsessive character in me.
We visited all the cinemas - there were several in the city - and began to get bored.
It is necessary to distinguish introductory words from homonymous constructions
Introductory words can be omitted, removed from the sentence, they do not perform any syntactic function.
USE 2017 Task 18
Punctuation marks in complex offer
This is what this task looks like in the 2017 demo
Place punctuation marks:
The idea of a single European space (1) was (2) a fan of which (3) was the first director of the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum
Malinovsky (4) gained many supporters.
Answer: 14
What is required of you to complete this task?
rule
As a rule, grammatical bases are separated from each other by commas.
( Melekhovs left mowing], ( When already in the meadow was near half of the farm) .
(How tree drops leaves), [so I I drop sad words] (S. Yesenin).
Let's repeat the basic concepts
Complex sentence A sentence that includes a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses.
Trap #1!
In simple sentences that are part of a complex one, there can be either only subjects or only predicates. Make no mistake when defining the basics!
[ Soon five years] , ( How I Working At the institute).
Trap #2!
The subordinate clause can be placed inside the main clause.
It must be separated by commas on both sides!
Remember!
A complex sentence has introductory constructions, definitions, applications and circumstances that require commas!
A comma is not put in a complex sentence AFTER the main grammatical basis:
with one adjunct
1) if the subordinate clause = one allied word (relative pronoun or adverb):
with two homogeneous clauses (depend on the same word or stem and answer the same question)
2) if the words before him are especially, in particular, namely, that is, and also. A comma will appear before these words:
Me blame , But Don't know what
1) if they are preceded by a negation not:
, but (in what).
2) if subordinate clauses are connected using unions and, or, or, neither (usually repeated):
expedition have to finish ahead of schedule under adverse conditions, namely if will begin season rain.
I came NOT to interfere to you, but to help .
Student couldn't remember no way called work , nor Who his author .
, namely (if).
(not to), but (to)
(no how), (no one)
With compound unions:
thanks to
due to the fact that
At the beginning of a sentence - a comma is NOT separated
due to the fact that
(After I listened violin), [to me wanted to die from incomprehensible sadness and delight].
due to the fact that
[I going to be a geologist] , (because was a geologist Sergey) .
In the middle of a sentence - a comma - ONCE!
NOT + compound union:
because of
because
[I came for the show NOT because He was interesting).
Amplifying particle + compound conjunction :
although
[ Listeners crammed to the concert hall ONLY because performance it was free).
instead of
Introductory word + compound union:
in order to
so as to
[We lost football match MAYBE due to the fact that were miscalculations in game tactics).
while
after
before as
since
as well as
Action algorithm
1. Highlight grammatical foundations.
2. Highlight the union or allied word.
3. Define the boundaries of the main and subordinate clauses.
4. Find out if there are conditions under which a comma is not placed before the subordinate clause.
5. Put down punctuation marks.
6. Choose an answer option.
7. Write down all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
In KIMs Unified State Examination recent years most often, the task concerns the placement of punctuation marks in NGN with subordinate clause, so let's take a closer look at this type of proposal.
Definitive clauses refer to a member of the main clause expressed by a noun or another word used in the meaning of a noun, and answer questions of definitions (what? what?...).
Subordinate attributive clauses are attached to the main clause most often with the help of allied words: which, which, what, when, where and etc.
The attributive clause is ALWAYS either after the main clause or inside the main one:
There is a house on the hill in which we live.
House, in which we live stands on a hillock.
Note!
- A comma is never placed after the allied word which:
Events, witnesses which we have become shook the city.
2. If an allied word which is a dependent word in a gerund, a comma is placed before the gerund, and after the word which is not:
Here is the book having read which you will discover a lot .
3. If the relative clauses are homogeneous and are connected by a non-repeating union And, a comma is not placed between them:
books, which I have read and which would advise you written by our contemporaries.
Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Khlestakov managed to carry out (1) even the mayor (2) cheating (3) whose (4) was known to the whole city.
2. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Cicero (1) whose speeches (2) (3) were recognized as a model of oratory (4) was a staunch supporter of the preservation and strengthening of the "senatorial republic".
3. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
On the Kola Peninsula (1) there are still places (2) that can be reached (3) which (4) can only be reached by helicopter or tracked vehicles.
4. Put punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
We are those (1) who (2) are here (3) rummaging through the darkness (4) feeding you.
5. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Here is a book (1) after reading (2) which (3) you will discover a lot for yourself.
6. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
The warmth (1) with which the daughter spoke of her mother (2) and (3) which illuminated her face (4) involuntarily attracted attention.
7. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
A blueberry pie was brought to tea (1) at the sight of which everyone perked up (2) moved (3) and started talking merrily.
8. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
The history of science fiction is the history of ideas (1) that (2) changed the world (3) but (4) were first ridiculed and rejected.
8. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Speleologists, by the light of a lantern (1) illuminating the entire cave (2), saw a piece of rock (3) on which (4) figures of people and animals were drawn.
9. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
Lush clusters of snow-white flowers (2) of unprecedented beauty (3) bloomed on a high (1) green stem of Agave, which emitted an indescribable aroma (4) that immediately filled the entire greenhouse.
Thank you for your attention!
Successful passing the exam - 2017
18-1. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence.
1. A small fire was lit in front of the mother (1) and two or three firebrands (2) smoked (3) from which (4) went directly to her.
2. We climbed (1) a rather steep hillock (2) on a flat surface (3) of which (4) there were several new and old unfinished huts.
3. Lieutenant Vulich (1) on the face (2) of which (3) the hero “read the seal of death” (4) remains alive.
4. We had to catch the ferry before dawn (1) to cross the river at a quiet time (2) because every day (3) as soon as the sun began to warm (4) a strong wind played out.
5. Iron is the most important of the vital trace elements (1) whose main role (2) (3) is to provide the body with oxygen.
6. Batyushkov was the recognized idol of Pushkin the lyceum student (1) in whose verses (2) (3) "echoes of Batyushkov's lyre" (4) were very numerous.
7. Phraseologism is such a phrase (1) general meaning(2) which (3) is not derived (4) from the independent meanings of the words included in it.
8. The basis of the realistic work of F. Dostoevsky is the world of human suffering (1) in the image (2) of which (3) he knows no equal.
9. From the stone pier (1) the steps (2) of which (3) descended directly into the water (4) began the city with European hotels and restaurants.
10. Unlike I.S. Turgenev (1) in whose novels (2) (3) the stages of spiritual searches of the intellectuals of the 40-70s of the XIX century (4) I.A. Goncharov was fascinated by the study of phenomena of a different order.
18-2. Place punctuation marks: indicate all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence .
1. Light society comedy is a play (1) intrigue (2) which is very elegant.
2. Tree-like peonies (1) leaves (2) of which (3) fly around for the winter (4) eventually turn into lush flowering sprawling bushes.
3. Chekhov's dreams of a future life speak of a high culture of the spirit, of the World Soul, of a new beautiful life (1) to create which we need (4) another two hundred or three years to work, toil, to suffer.
4. Especially often (1) the poet visited the Olenins (2) whose daughter (3) (4) was the subject of his serious passion.
5. Rose (1) the first mentions (2) of which (3) refer to the fifth century BC. (4) described in ancient Indian legends.
6. Scientists have created a unique material (1) granules (2) of which (3) have the ability (4) to retain a huge amount of moisture.
7. The first stage of business conversations or negotiations (1) may be an introductory meeting (2) in the process (3) of which (4) the subject of negotiations is clarified, and organizational issues are resolved.
8. In one of the bays Pacific Ocean(1) a giant squid was discovered (2) whose eye diameter (3) is (4) one and a half meters.
9. It was a poetess (1) in charming verses (2) which (3) was hiding a certain mystery.
10. Once in Tsarskoe Selo (1) a bear cub broke the chain from a pole (2) near which (3) his booth (4) was arranged and ran into the garden.
ANSWERS.
18-1.
18-2.
1-2
1-1
2-2
2-14
