Presentation on the theme "Pacific Ocean". Environmental problems of the first among the oceans - the Pacific Pacific Ocean by geography

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Geographical position:

It is bounded by the east coast of Eurasia of Australia, the west coast of North and South America, the Arctic Ocean in the north, and Antarctica in the south.
The Pacific Ocean is usually divided into northern and southern regions, the border of which runs along the equator line.

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Common data:

• Area 178.68 million km²
  • Volume 710.36 million km³
  • Average depth: 4,282 m.
  • Greatest depth: 11022 m (Marian Trench).
  • Salinity: 30-36.5‰.
  • The international date line runs along the 180th meridian of the Pacific Ocean.
• Exercise:
  • Determine the length of the ocean from north to south along the 180 meridian in degrees?
  • Determine the length of the ocean at the equator using a scale.

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The name "Quiet" is associated with the name of F. Magellan

For the first time it was crossed by Ferdinand Magellan in 1519, the ocean was called "Pacific", because for all three months of the journey Magellan's ships did not fall into a single storm.
The Pacific Ocean at different times had several names:

• The Southern Ocean or the South Sea (MardelSur) - this is how the Indians, the indigenous inhabitants of Central America, called it, and this name was adopted by the Spanish conquistador Balboa, who was the first European to see the ocean in 1513. Today, the Southern Ocean is called the waters around Antarctica.
• Great Ocean - named by the French geographer Buachem in 1753. The most correct, but not accustomed name.
• Eastern Ocean - sometimes called in Russia.

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ocean relief

Map of the depths of the Pacific Ocean.

The ocean floor is dotted with pits, crevices, trenches, the depth of which is much higher than the average. In the northern latitudes there are such trenches as the North Aleutian and Kuril-Kamchatsky. In the east: Peruvian and Central American. In the west, there are two huge trenches - the Mariana and the Philippine.

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The Mid-Ocean Ridge runs along the bottom of the Pacific Ocean.

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The famous "fire" ring of the Pacific Ocean

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The Pacific Ocean is the most not calm

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Natural features of the ocean.

Two huge rings of water movement are formed in the ocean: northern and southern. The northern ring includes the North Trade Wind Current, the Kuroshio Current, the North Pacific Current and the California Current, while the southern ring includes the South Trade Wind Current, the East Australian Current, the West Wind Current and the Peruvian Current. Question to the class: What is affected by ocean currents?

The Pacific Ocean got its name thanks to Ferdinand Magellan, who in 1521 crossed the Pacific Ocean from the western coast of South America to the shores of South Asia, and never got into a storm, which is why he named the ocean "Pacific".

Later, the second after Magellan, the English navigator Francis Drake (1540-1596) crossed the Pacific Ocean, whose journey was accompanied by very unfavorable weather, and who declared that a more appropriate name for this ocean was the “Raging Ocean”. Nowadays, the Pacific Ocean is often called the Great Ocean.

The Pacific Ocean is called the Great Ocean for its size (see Fig. 1). It is the largest body of water on Earth. It is the deepest and warmest ocean in the surface layer. The highest wind waves and the most destructive tropical hurricanes form here. It ranks first in terms of the number of islands and is distinguished by a variety of natural conditions.

The ocean is located on both sides of the equator and the 180th meridian. It occupies almost half the area of ​​the entire World Ocean and washes the shores of the five continents of the Earth.

Rice. 1. Pacific Ocean

The geographical position of the ocean

The Pacific Ocean covers more than 30% of the Earth's surface and is larger than all the continents. It stretches for 16,000 km from north to south and more than 19,000 km from west to east (see Fig. 2).

· From the north, the Pacific Ocean is limited by the entrance to the Bering Strait.

· In the west, its border runs along the shores of Asia to the Strait of Malacca, along the islands of Sumatra, Java, Timor, New Guinea, through the Torres Strait, along the east coast of Australia and the island of Tasmania, further along 1470 E. to Antarctica.

· The coast of Antarctica serves as the southern boundary of the Pacific Ocean.

· The eastern border of the Pacific Ocean is the shores of North and South America, the Drake Passage, to the Antarctic Peninsula of Antarctica.

Rice. 2. Physical map of the Pacific Ocean

Geology of the Pacific

The Pacific Ocean occupies a single ancient Pacific lithospheric plate, which interacts with other plates at its boundaries.

The edges of this lithospheric plate are submerged under the lithospheric plates surrounding the Pacific Ocean, and therefore many deep-sea trenches and narrow deep basins have formed around the Pacific Ocean. These are the deepest places in the ocean and on the whole Earth. Deep sea trenches and island arcs are areas of active earth's crust. Earthquakes and sometimes tsunamis occur here regularly.

Volcanoes are much more widespread at the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. During the eruption of underwater volcanoes, islands are sometimes formed, many of which are short-lived and eroded by water.

If you look closely at the map, you will notice that a chain of islands stretches along each deep-sea trench. These islands have created active and dormant underwater volcanoes along the boundaries of the lithospheric plates. They surround the Pacific Ocean in a ring and form the famous Pacific "Ring of Fire" (see Fig. 3).

Rice. 3. Pacific ring of fire

The relief of the ocean floor

The underwater relief of the vast ocean is diverse (see Fig. 4). At the bottom of the Pacific Ocean there are vast basins, and separate mountains, and elevations, and in the southern part there are two uplifts that form a mid-ocean ridge.

The mid-ocean ridges stretch for 11,700 km. Unlike other oceans, they do not occupy a median position, but are strongly shifted to the southeast, where the boundaries of the lithospheric plates pass.

The bed of the Pacific Ocean is characterized by isolated uplifts and whole chains of seamounts. The tops of many underwater ridges and uplifts form islands, of which there are more than 10 thousand in the ocean, with a total area of ​​36 million km2. The largest of the islands are Hawaiian.

Rice. 4. The relief of the bottom of the Pacific Ocean

At the bottom there are many volcanic mountains called guyots (after the discoverer, the American geographer and geologist Arnold Guyot) (see Fig. 5).

Rice. 5. Guyot

They have flat tops crowned with coral buildings. Due to the sinking of the earth's crust, guyots are submerged by 2–2.5 km, and around some small coral islands – atolls – are formed.

Numerous islands of the central part of the ocean are united under the common name Oceania.

Climate

The climate of the ocean is varied and varies from equatorial to subarctic in the north and Antarctic in the south.

The widest part is located in hot zones. That's why average temperature in the surface layer on 2 gr. higher than in the Atlantic and Indian Oceans.

The average salinity of the ocean is 34.5 ppm, which is lower than in other oceans, since more fresh water enters it with precipitation and rivers than evaporates (see Fig. 6).

Rice. 6. Climate map of the Pacific Ocean

The stretch of the ocean from the northern to the southern polar latitudes determines the climatic diversity in its spaces:

Monsoons are characteristic of the western part of the ocean

Temperate latitudes are characterized by winds that are relatively unstable in direction, and a fairly frequent recurrence of storm winds with a speed of more than 16 m/s, and their maximum speed at times reaches 45 m/s

In tropical latitudes - trade winds

In the tropics, typhoons often form (from the Chinese “tai feng” - a big wind) - a tropical cyclone, inside which hurricane-force winds blow at speeds up to 100 km / h.

Currents of the Pacific Ocean

Constant winds - trade winds and westerly winds of temperate latitudes, sweeping over the water expanses of the Pacific Ocean, create powerful currents. Currents in the Pacific Ocean form two complete circles: in the northern and southern hemispheres.

Let us trace the formation of the main currents of the Pacific Ocean on the map (see Fig. 7).

Rice. 7. Scheme of the currents of the Pacific Ocean

Trade winds pick up the upper layer of water and drive it along the equator to the west, forming trade wind currents. So much water flows to the west that the ocean level could be skewed, so an inter-trade wind countercurrent forms between these currents, and the water returns to the eastern part of the ocean. When the trade winds approach the coast of the continents, the water is repelled from the coast and leaves the equator along the coast, forming the Kuroshio and East Australian currents. Once in temperate latitudes, streams of water are picked up by westerly winds, which draw them to the east. In the northern hemisphere, the North Pacific Current forms, and in the southern hemisphere, water flows into the Western Wind Current. At the eastern margins of the ocean, part of the water along the coasts of the continents returns back to the equator, forming the cold Peru and California currents. Near the equator, the water is again picked up by the trade wind.

This is how complete circles of the main ocean currents are formed.

organic world

The organic world of the Pacific Ocean is rich and varied. It is the richest in the number of species of living organisms. In general, about 100 thousand species of animals live in the ocean. Only plant plankton has about 1300 species. It accounts for half of the total mass of living organisms in the oceans.

Brown algae are abundant in the cold and temperate waters of the Pacific Ocean. In the Southern Hemisphere, in these latitudes, a giant from the world of algae grows 200 m long.

Coral reefs are one of the marvels of the tropical seas. Coral structures of various colors and shapes create a magical world underwater. Among the lilac, green, orange, yellow branches of coral buildings, bright silhouettes of fish flicker; shellfish, starfish and algae live here.

Coral reefs are created by living organisms - coral polyps living in colonies (see Fig. 8). A branched coral colony has been growing for many years, the growth rate is 10-20 cm per year.

Rice. 8. Coral

For the development of corals, sea water with a salinity of 27-40‰ and a temperature of at least +20 ºС is required.

Corals live only in the upper 50-meter layer of clean clear water.

The Pacific Ocean is called the Great Ocean for its size. It is the largest body of water on Earth.

It is comparable in size to the Ural Range.

The ocean in people's lives

About half of the world's population lives along the shores of the Pacific Ocean. The life of many of them is inextricably linked with the ocean and depends on it.

The longest sea routes run through this ocean, connecting the port cities of different continents. However, the economic activity of people has led to a serious problem of pollution of the Great Ocean. Entire islands of debris have accumulated in its waters.

Bibliography

MainI

1. Geography. Earth and people. Grade 7: Textbook for general education. uch. / A.P. Kuznetsov, L.E. Savelyeva, V.P. Dronov, "Spheres" series. – M.: Enlightenment, 2011.

2. Geography. Earth and people. Grade 7: atlas, series "Spheres".

Additional

1. N.A. Maksimov. Behind the pages of a geography textbook. – M.: Enlightenment.

1. Encyclopedia Around the World ().

2. Russian Geographical Society ().

4. Study guide for geography ().

5. Geographical directory ().

6. Fascinating journey on the water ().

Geographical position:

limited to eastern coast Eurasia and Australia , west coast Northern and South America, the Arctic Ocean in the north, Antarctica in the south

The Pacific Ocean is usually divided into northern and southern regions, the border of which runs along the equator line.

Common data:

• Square 178.68 million km²
• Volume 710.36 million km³
• Average depth : 4,282 m.
• Greatest depth : 11022 m (Marian Trench).
• Salinity : 30-36.5‰.
• The international date line runs along the 180th meridian of the Pacific Ocean.

The name "Quiet" is associated with the name of F. Magellan

for the first time it was crossed by Ferdinand Magellan in 1519, the ocean was called "Pacific", because for all three months of the journey Magellan's ships did not fall into a single storm.

The Pacific Ocean at different times had several names:

Southern Ocean or South Sea (Mar del Sur) - that's what it was called Indians, the indigenous inhabitants of Central America, and this name was adopted by the Spanish conquistador Balboa, the first European to see the ocean in 1513. Today Southern Ocean called the waters Antarctica .

great ocean- named by French geographer Buachem in 1753. The most correct, but not accustomed name.

Eastern Ocean- sometimes called Russia .

ocean relief

Map of the depths of the Pacific Ocean

The ocean floor is dotted with pits, crevices, trenches, the depth of which is much higher than the average. In the northern latitudes there are such trenches as the North Aleutian and Kuril-Kamchatsky. In the east: Peruvian and Central American. In the west, there are two huge trenches - the Mariana and the Philippine.

Along the bottom of the Pacific about ocean runs through the Mid-Ocean Ridge.

The famous "fire" ring of the Pacific Ocean

Two huge rings of water movement are formed in the ocean: northern and southern. The northern ring includes the North Trade Wind, Kuroshio, North Pacific and California currents,

the southern ring is made up of the South Equatorial, East Australian, Western Winds Current and Peruvian Current.

Natural features of the ocean.

Question to the class: What are ocean currents ?

Flora and fauna Pacific Ocean

In the waters of the Pacific Ocean is concentrated more than half of the living matter of the entire oceans Earth. This applies to both plants and animals.

For the fauna, totaling up to 100 thousand species: sperm whales, striped whales. seals (sea lions), northern seals; rich fauna fish (from 2000 in warm areas to 800 in cold ones), corals, plankton - 380 species

At the bottom Pacific ocean inhabited by worms with luminous "bombs"

Y/n: §17

• Designate the major islands of the Pacific Ocean on a contour map;
• Fill in the table in the column "Pacific Ocean".

General characteristics The deepest ocean in the world The deepest ocean in the world Is the warmest ocean Is the warmest ocean Restless, regardless of its name Restless, regardless of its name One of the densely populated oceans One of the densely populated oceans The Pacific Ocean is usually divided into two regions - North and South, bordering on the equator. The boundary is also drawn along the axis of the equatorial countercurrent, that is, approximately 5 ° north latitude. Previously, the water area of ​​the Pacific Ocean was more often divided into three parts: northern, central, and southern, the boundaries between which were the Northern and Southern tropics.

The Pacific Ocean is the greatest ocean on Earth. It accounts for about half (49%) of the area and more than half (53%) of the volume of the waters of the World Ocean, and the surface area is equal to almost a third of the entire surface of the Earth as a whole. By number (about 10 thousand) and total area(more than 3.5 million km 2) of islands, it ranks first among the rest of the oceans of the Earth.

In the northwest and west, the Pacific Ocean is bounded by the shores of Eurasia and Australia, in the northeast and east by the shores of North and South America. The border with the Arctic Ocean is drawn through the Bering Strait along the Arctic Circle. The southern border of the Pacific Ocean (as well as the Atlantic and Indian) is considered the northern coast of Antarctica. When identifying the Southern (Antarctic) Ocean, its northern boundary is drawn along the waters of the World Ocean, depending on the change in the regime of surface waters from temperate latitudes to Antarctic ones. It runs approximately between 48 and 60°S.

The bed of the modern Pacific Ocean is formed by a system of lithospheric plates bounded from the ocean by mid-ocean ridges, which are part of the global system of mid-ocean ridges of the World Ocean. These are the East Pacific Rise and the South Pacific Ridge, which, reaching in places a width of up to 2 thousand km, in the southern part of the ocean are connected to each other and continue to the west, within indian ocean. The East Pacific Ridge, stretching to the northeast, to the coast of North America, in the Gulf of California region, connects with the system of continental rift faults of the California Valley, the Yosemite Trench and the San Andreas Fault.

The basins are separated from each other or crossed by arched uplifts or blocky ridges, on which volcanic structures are planted, often crowned with coral structures within the intertropical space. Their peaks protrude above the water in the form of small islands, often grouped into linearly elongated archipelagos. Some of them are still active volcanoes, spewing basaltic lava flows. But for the most part, these are already extinct volcanoes, built on coral reefs. Some of these volcanic mountains are located at a depth of 200 to 2000 m. Their peaks are leveled by abrasion; the position deep under water is obviously associated with the lowering of the bottom. Formations of this type are called guyots.

The maximum depth of the Pacific Ocean is m (Marian Trench).

Oil and gas deposits have been discovered in the depths of the Pacific Ocean, and placers of heavy minerals and other minerals are found at the bottom. The main oil and gas bearing regions are concentrated on the periphery of the ocean. In the Tasman Basin, the oil and gas fields of Barracut (over 42 billion m 3 of gas), Marlin (more than 43 billion m 3 of gas, 74 million tons of oil), Kingfish were discovered, and the gas field of Kapuni (15 billion m3) was explored off the island of New Zealand. m 3). The Indonesian seas, areas near the coast of South Alaska and the western shores of North America are also promising for oil and gas. Of the solid minerals, alluvial deposits of magnetite sands (Japan, the western coast of North America), cassiterite (Indonesia, Malaysia), and gold and platinum (the coast of Alaska, etc.) have been discovered and are being partially developed.

Large accumulations of deep-sea iron-manganese nodules, also containing a significant amount of nickel and copper, have been found in the open ocean (the Clarion-Clipperton fault). Ferromanganese crusts and nodules enriched in cobalt and platinum have been found on many seamounts and slopes of oceanic islands. Large deposits of sulfide ores containing zinc, copper, lead, and rare metals (East Pacific Rise, Galapagos Rift) have been discovered within the mid-ocean rifts and in the area of ​​back-arc spreading (in the western part of the Pacific Ocean). Phosphorite deposits are known on the shelves of California and the island of New Zealand. In many shallow areas of the shelf, deposits of non-metallic minerals have been identified and are being exploited.

Most of the Pacific Ocean is located in the subequatorial, tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic zones, the smaller one - in the equatorial and subarctic. The circulation of the atmosphere over the ocean is determined by 4 main areas atmospheric pressure: Aleutian Low, North Pacific, South Pacific and Antarctic Highs. This distribution of pressure determines the advantage in tropical and subtropical latitudes of stable northeast winds in the north and southeast winds in the south - trade winds (weaker than in other oceans, and stronger in the east than in the west) and strong westerly winds in temperate latitudes. In the west of the tropical zone, from June to November, tropical hurricanes - typhoons are frequent. The northwestern part of the ocean is characterized by monsoon circulation of the atmosphere.

The main currents in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean include the warm Kuroshio Current, or the Japanese Current, which passes into the North Pacific (these currents play the same role in the Pacific Ocean as the system of the Gulf Stream and the North Atlantic Current in the Atlantic Ocean); cold California current; Northern Equatorial (Equatorial) current and cold Kamchatka (Kuril) current. In the southern part of the ocean stand out warm currents East Australian and South Tradewinds (Equatorial); cold currents of the West Winds and Peruvian. In the Northern Hemisphere, these major current systems move clockwise, while in the Southern Hemisphere they move counterclockwise. Tides are generally low for the Pacific Ocean; the exception is Cook Inlet in Alaska, which is famous for its exceptionally high rise in water during high tides and is second only to the Bay of Fundy in the northwest Atlantic Ocean in this respect.

More than half of the living matter of the entire World Ocean of the Earth is concentrated in the waters of the Pacific Ocean. This applies to both plants and animals. The fauna, totaling up to 100 thousand species, is characterized by mammals that live mainly in temperate and high latitudes. The sperm whale, a representative of toothed whales, has a massive distribution, and several species of striped whales are among toothless whales. Their fishing is strictly limited. Separate genera of the family of eared seals (sea lions) and seals found in the south and north of the ocean. Northern fur seals are valuable fur-bearing animals, the trade of which is strictly controlled. In the northern waters of the Pacific Ocean, there are also very rare sea lions (from eared seals) and walrus, which has a circumpolar range, but is now on the verge of extinction.

The fish fauna is very rich. In tropical waters there are at least 2000 species, in the northwestern seas about 800 species. The Pacific Ocean accounts for almost half of the world's fish catch. The main fishing areas are the northern and central parts of the ocean. The main commercial families are salmon, herring, cod, anchovies, etc. At the moment, the Pacific Ocean is subject to severe pollution. Plastic waste negatively affects the life of marine creatures, but what is the strength of this influence, what is the magnitude of the concentration in different parts of the ocean, which types of organisms and animals are most affected by plastic garbage, this is what specialists will have to study in the coming weeks. Scientists from California will spend about three weeks in the ocean, collecting water samples in different parts of the ocean. Pieces of garbage that float in the seas and oceans are called "garbage islands". Of course, such a name does not quite reflect the essence of this phenomenon, since a continuous layer of garbage is not observed. And it would be good if such a situation never happened, for now, for a few square meters ocean space accounts for a relatively small piece of plastic debris, which is very difficult to view from above from a height.