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Lomzhinsky province. The meaning of the Lomzhinsky province in the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. Section III pirate province

LOMZHINSKY PROVINCE

One of the 10 included in the former Kingdom of Poland, occupies the southern part of the vast lowland, stretching between pp. Oder and Western Dvina; borders on S? with Prussia, with Z (the border is the Omulev River)? with the province of Plock, from the south (border? river Bug)? from Warsaw and Sedletskaya, from V (rivers Nuzhets, Liza, Narev and Beaver) ? from Grodno, from NE? with the Suwalki province. In terms of area, L. province until recently occupied the 7th place (10,621 square meters) among the Polish provinces, but with the transfer of Pultus County to the Warsaw province (in January 1894), it decreased to 9280 square meters. ver. and took 9th place. When the L. province was established in 1867, it included uu. Shchuchinsky, Kolnensky, Lomzhinsky, Mazovetsky, selected from the former August province., and uu. Ostrolensky, Ostrovsky, Makovsky and Pultusky, which have moved away from the Plotsk lips. Occupies north-east. part of ancient Mazovia (with the exception of the Liv land, merged with the Sedlec province.) and part of Podlessia? Tyakotsinsky district, which belonged to the land of Belskaya. Lomzhinsky lips. represents a hilly area with numerous and extensive ravines and lowlands; the latter represent the swampy bottom of prehistoric lakes. Two significant lakes Serafin (in the Kolnensky region) and Maleshevskoe (in the Lomzhinsky region) can still serve as a clear example of the rapid lowering of the lake water horizon caused by the rapid destruction of forests. The middle and eastern parts of the province are more elevated; the hill stretches to the N to Raigrod Shchuchinsky district, from here, rapidly expanding, it goes to Graevo and Shchuchin and stretches further from the borders of Prussia to pp. Beaver and Nareva; both rivers owe it their picturesque, steep and high banks. To the west of Łomża, the area gradually decreases, further sandy hills are found only separately, alternating with vast swampy valleys. Towards the south, this hill stretches to Ostrolenka, from here to Rozhany, Makov and Selyun, and finally over the river. Orzhitse (river Nareva on the right side), in the vicinity of the village of Krshizhava (Makovsky district), forms a rather significant hill. On the other side of Orzhitsa, the mountain chain, consisting of separate hills of this hill, continues along the right bank of the Narew to Pultusk, Serock (Zegrze) and finally breaks off near the Novo-Georgievsky fortress (former Modlin). This is the configuration of the area of the province on the right side of the river. Nareva; the other half of the province, on the lion. side Nareva, between the latter and the river. Bug, has only one elevation, reaching 800 feet. above ur. m. This whole area is a plateau, in some places dotted with hills; it forms an oblong 4-gon. the end points of which are Novogrod, Lomzha, Zambrov and Shumovo, and the highest point on this plateau, located between vil. Gelchin, Bachami and Glemboch, covered with dense forest, is called "Chervonny Bor". This plateau is a natural watershed of the rivers flowing into the Narew and the Bug. The rest of the area, between pp. Narew and Bug, represents a perfect plane. The Bug within the L. province has low banks and overflows widely in the spring; the left bank of the Narew is also rather flat, and only near the point of confluence do the banks of both rivers become more elevated. Lowlands and swamps, occupying vast spaces and being the remnants of long-dry rivers and lakes, are covered with forests and only decrease slightly in hot summers; most of these swamps are connected with other swamps or lakes into one whole by means of subsoil water arteries; they are impassable even in hot summer. Several attempts made in the middle of this century to drain the vast swampy areas did not lead to anything. The more significant of these swamps are spread along the river valleys of Egrzhnya, Lyka and Beaver, to the east of Raigrod and Graev, and along pp. Vistula and Narew, Gack and Tykocin swamps. The most important river of L. lips. ? Narew? in the upper reaches it passes along the border with the Grodno province, and in the middle and lower reaches it cuts through the province, near Serotsk it connects with the Bug, and soon the connected rivers flow into the Vistula within the Warsaw province. Almost 3 / 4 of the entire length (120 century) of this river belongs to L. lips. The most important cities are located on its banks: Lomzha, Ostrolensk, Tykotsin and classified as part of the Warsaw province. Pultusk. In its upper border reaches, the Narew, especially in summer, is shallow and unnavigable, but above the Tykotsin barges-Berlins and large steamers go along it. The piers on this river are important: Vyzna, Lomzha, Novigrod, Ostrolenka, Pultusk, Serock and Novy Dvor (the piers marked in italics have been located within the Warsaw province since 1894). The main subject of rafting on this river? forest. The most important of the tributaries of the Nareva: Beaver (Biebrza) flows along the border with the Grodno province. about 140 ver. and then enters the Leningrad province, where after the 40th century. the current flows into the Narew; main piers: Dembovo and Osovets. Beaver belongs to the system of the Augustow Canal, which connects Nman with the Vistula. Both tributaries of the Beaver? Lyk (with adverb Egzhnya) and Vissa? originate in the Pinsk swamps; Pissa originates in Prussia, flows along the Kolnensky district. and flows into Narew; Squa, Rozoga, Omulev? all these tributaries irrigate the area, where "puschaniks" or kurpiks have lived since ancient times (see below); Orzic originates in Prussia and, having entered the boundaries of the Plock lips. at the village Khorzhel, flows to the village. Dlugokonty, where it hides under the surface of the earth and reappears only near vil. Grzhebsky. Orzhich (Orzitz identity) belongs to L. lips. only the lower, very fast current. On the left side, they flow into it: Lnza, flowing along the border of the lips .; Slina irrigates Mazowiecki district; The apple tree flowing out of Chervonny Bor is distinguished by the many swamps it forms; Rouge originates in Chervonny Bor, irrigates uu. Lomzhinsky and Ostrolensky; Srzh flows out of Chervonny Bor, cuts off Lomzhinsky and Ostrolensky districts; the banks of this river are famous for their constant and high yields, which significantly differs from all the rivers listed.

Another water system, somewhat less important for L. lips., is Zap. Bug from the place when, having changed its course from N to S, it heads straight to the W; he, having entered the limits of the Kingdom of Poland, forms the border between L. lips. on the one hand, and Sedletska and Warsaw on the other, and near the Serock Posad of Pultus u. merges with Narew. The significance of this river as a way of communication is secondary. Of the tributaries of the Bug within the province, two, on the right side, deserve to be mentioned: the Nugrets along the border of the Lomzhinskaya and Grodno provinces. and Brok with Brochinok flowing along Mazovetsky and Ostrovsky districts. and irrigating the most densely populated part of the province. There are especially many lakes in the north. part of the Shchuchinsky district, which includes an extensive network of small lakes, alternating with clay hills: 1) Raigrodskoye Lake occupies an area of 5 thousand dess., of which 1496 dess. are within the Kingdom of Poland; Drenstvo? half the size of the previous lake, etc. These lakes are rich in fish, especially bleak. The rest of the lips. largest lake? Serafin, up to 100 morgues, is in the period of overgrowth. Fossil wealth of the lips. are limited almost exclusively to peat bogs. With the enumeration of Pultus u. in the Warsaw province. L. lips. It is divided into 7 districts, comprising 7 cities, 24 settlements and 72 communes (2 townships, 21 mixed and 49 rural). By January 1, 1895 in L. lips. there were 626582 inhabitants. (320165 women), including non-permanent population 30978 people. Clergy 215 (28 monks), nobles 5233, merchants 2386, philistines 123266, peasants 333419, gentry 140775, military estates 1594, etc. ref. 348. Orthodox 3796, Catholics 505016, Protestants 6270, Jews 111026, other confessors. 475. In ethnographic terms, the resident population of the province consists of: 1) Masurians (scattered throughout the province, but mainly in Makovsky and Ostrovsky districts), 2) Podlesians, or Podlyakhs (in Mazovets district), 3) Kurpiks (Kurpie), in Kolnensky, Ostrolensky and partly Ostrovsky Uu., 4) Jews (in the cities and towns of the province) and 5) Germans, mostly colonists (in the Yasenitska commune of Ostrovsky Uu.). Of all these peoples, the least known are the Kurpiks (up to 90 thousand people), who came from the mixing of the Masurians with the remnants of the Yotvingians and were named after the shoes they wear (kurpia ? bast shoes); their settlements are spread over the Bug in a quad between the settlements. Brock, Nagoshev, Dlugosaddle and Branshchik. They speak a distorted Polish language, which has the character of a special dialect; from ancient times they were engaged in beekeeping and commercial hunting in the local, previously impenetrable forest wilds; how skilful archers gained fame during the Polish wars. In 1708, when Charles XII went to Russia, there were villages on his way. Mice kurpika arranged notches, dug in a rampart and, taking advantage of the swampy terrain, blocked the Swedes from the road, offering them conditions for free passage. Charles XII went ahead, forcing the prisoners to hang each other; but the brave Kurpiks rallied their strength and inflicted such damage on the Swedes that Charles was forced to flee with only one drabant. By appearance Kurpiks resemble Lithuanians. They live in neat wooden houses, wear small round hats, white shirts and waistcoats, semi-caftans to the knees, tight-fitting trousers made of white cloth; on the feet are traditional bast shoes. This tribe is distinguished by courage, good nature and honesty, which are proverbial. ? Climatic conditions of the lips. and the soil, although not particularly fertile, but very convenient for cultivation, as well as the very composition of the population (mainly peasants and small gentry), contributed to the fact that L. lips. has an exclusively agricultural character. There are no brilliant harvests in it, but on the other hand, in general, the harvest almost never drops to mediocre and is usually average? self-5, potato self-7. According to observations for ten years (1883-92), in L. lips. collected: rye 5,082,000 items, wheat 1,535,000 items, oats 2,053,000 items, barley 995,000 items, buckwheat 489,000 items, millet 81,000 items, peas 636,000 items, potatoes 17,788,000 items, hay about 5 million poods . In close connection with agriculture is cattle breeding, but both are at a rather low level of development. By the beginning of 1895, there were: 75 tons of horses, 30,500 bulls and oxen, 130 thousand cows, 50 thousand calves and dry cattle, 190 thousand sheep, 80 thousand pigs. In areas rich in lakes, and along pp. The population of Bug and Narew is also engaged in fishing for industrial purposes. Factories and plants (by January 1, 1895) 691 with 1928 workers and a total turnover of 2,383,174 rubles; the main role is played by breweries and potteries and windmills. In L. lips. petty trade is predominantly developed; There are 177 fairs, but almost all of them have the character of large bazaars, where the sale of livestock, linen, village utensils, etc., joins the daily trade items. The total turnover of all fairs does not exceed 1 1/2 million rubles. City revenues throughout the province. amounted to 88050 rubles, expenses? 83339 r. By January 1, 1895, there were 44 doctors, 33 pharmacists, 29 pharmacies. 3 hospitals (in Lomzha, Izuchin and Ostroleka); in addition, there are Jewish and prison hospitals in Lomza. Charity houses: in Tykocin, Ostroleka and Lomza. These almshouses, as well as the orphanage in Lomza, are supported by a percentage of their capital. 2 private charitable societies, in Lomza and Ostrov. educational institutions 614, in which (Jan. 1895) 14564 children (3265 girls) study: 1 male 8-grade, 1 female. 7th grade gymnasium, 5 two-class. early schools, 133 single class public schools, 3 private. educational institutions of the III category, 1 evangelical cantorate, 5 Sunday vocational schools, 9 Jewish state beginnings. schools, 526 Jewish religious schools. 1 study institution accounts for 870 inhabitants, 1 student? for 40 inhabitants Savings and loan banks 69; of which 4 are open to government capital, 51 to government profits. fixed capital and only 14 cash desks arose from public funds. Credit from these cash desks is now used by all residents, except for two gminas who did not want to have cash desks. Fixed capital released by the government, ? 19054 rub. The net profit of all cash desks by January 1, 1895 amounted to 112,411 rubles. L. lips. has several highways; railroads touch it. Brest-Graevskaya, St. Petersburg-Warsaw and Prinarevskaya branches of the Warsaw-Terespol railway. roads. There are 20 ferries and ferries across the rivers. Customs in Grajew and Vincent, customs posts in Bogush and Tworki; crossing point in the village of Dombrovy. The following are quartered in the L. province: Don Cossack ¦ 4th regiment (in the city of Shchuchin), 10th drag. Novotroitsko-Ekaterinoslavsky (Graevo), 16th drag. Glukhovsky regiment (Ostrolenka), 17th drag. Volynsky, 4th infantry. division, 13th infantry. Belozersky, 14th infantry. Olonetsky (in Lomzha), 15th infantry. Shlisselburgsky, 16th infantry. Ladoga (in Zambrow), 6th infantry. division, 21st infantry. Muromsky, 22nd infantry. Nizhny Novgorod (in Ostrolenka), 23rd infantry. Nizovsky, 24th infantry. Simbirsky (in the city of Ostrov), 29th infantry. Chernigov (in Rozhan), 4th artillery. bragada (in Zambrow), 6th artillery. brigade (in Ostrov) and the 11th cavalry artillery. battery (in Ostroleka). In religious terms, L. lips. does not represent an independent whole diocese, even for Catholics. Orthodox churches 5. Catholic parishes are distributed between the dioceses of Seine and Polotsk. The Evangelical-Augsburg Confession has 3 parishes. Wed "Proceedings of Varsh. Stat. Kom." (Issue XI, 1894); "Memorial book of L. lips. for 1895"; "Geographer and Statistician. Essays on the Kingdom of Poland" (St. Petersburg, 1863); "Sl ownik Geograficzny Krò lestwa Polskiego and innych kraj òw S lowianskich" (vol. V, issue LVII); "Rys Geografii kr ò lestwa Polskiego" K. Krynicky (Wars., 1887).

L. Weinberg.

Brockhaus and Efron. Encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. 2012

Administrative unit

Upon establishment Lomzhinsky province in the city, it included the counties of Shchuchinsky, Kolnensky, Lomzhinsky, Mazovetsky, selected from the former Augustow Governorate, and the counties of Ostrolensky, Ostrowsky, Makovsky and Pultusky, which had departed from the Plotsk Governorate. It occupies the north-eastern part of ancient Mazovia (with the exception of the Liv land, merged with the Sedlec province) and part of the Podlesie - Tyakocin district, which belonged to the land of Belskaya.

With the transfer of the Pultus County to the Warsaw Governorate, the Lomzhinsky Governorate is divided into 7 counties, comprising 7 cities, 24 settlements and 72 communes (2 townships, 21 mixed and 49 rural).

№	county	county town	Square, verst ²	Population (), pers.
1	Kolnensky	Kolno (4,891 people)	1 343,7	73 686
2	Lomzhinsky	Lomza (26,093 people)	1 589,5	117 542
3	Masovian	Mazowieck (3 246 people)	1 246,3	72 431
4	Makovsky	Makov (7,206 people)	1 012,8	62 628
5	Ostrovsky	Ostrow (10,471 people)	1 375,0	98 691
6	Ostrolensky	Ostroleka (12,949 people)	1 424,2	88 486
7	Shchuchinsky	Shchuchin (5 756 people)	1 274,4	66 128

county	Poles	Jews	Russians	Latvians	Germans	Ukrainians
Province as a whole	77,3 %	15,7 %	4,8 %	…	…	…
Kolnensky	86,3 %	12,5 %	…	…	…	…
Lomzhinsky	69,0 %	18,3 %	9,8 %	1,0 %	…	…
Masovian	82,7 %	15,8 %	1,1 %	…	…	…
Makovsky	82,1 %	15,1 %	1,7 %	…	…	…
Ostrovsky	73,2 %	17,5 %	5,1 %	…	2,4 %	…
Ostrolensky	78,6 %	11,9 %	7,3 %	…	…	1,1 %
Shchuchinsky	76,1 %	17,8 %	4,4 %	…	…	…

Prominent natives

Economy

The climatic conditions of the province and the soil, although not particularly fertile, but very convenient for cultivation, as well as the very composition of the population (mainly peasants and small gentry), contributed to the fact that the Lomzhinsky province has an exclusively agricultural character. There are no brilliant harvests in it, but on the other hand, in general, the harvest almost never drops to mediocre and is usually average - sam-5, potatoes sam-7. According to observations for ten years (1883-92), in the Lomzhinsky province, the following is collected: rye 5082000 pd., wheat 1535000 pd., oats 2053000 pd., barley 995000 pd., buckwheat 489000 pd., millet 81000 pd., peas 636000 pd. , potatoes 17,788,000 pounds, hay about 5 million pounds. In close connection with agriculture is cattle breeding, but both are at a rather low level of development. By the beginning of the year, there were: 75 tons of horses, 30,500 bulls and oxen, 130,000 cows, 50,000 calves and dry cattle, 190,000 sheep, and 80,000 pigs.

In areas rich in lakes, and according to pp. The population of Bug and Narew is also engaged in fishing for industrial purposes. Factories and factories (by January 1) 691 with 1928 workers and a total turnover of 2383174 rubles; the main role is played by breweries and potteries and windmills.

In the Lomzhinsky province, petty trade is predominantly developed; There are 177 fairs, but almost all of them have the character of large bazaars, where the sale of livestock, linen, village utensils, etc., joins the daily trade items. The total turnover of all fairs does not exceed 1 1/2 million rubles.

City revenues throughout the province amounted to 88,050 rubles, expenses - 83,339 rubles.

Savings and loan banks 69; of which 4 are open to government capital, 51 to government profits. fixed capital and only 14 cash desks arose from public funds. Credit from these cash desks is now used by all residents, except for two gminas who did not want to have cash desks. The fixed capital released by the government is 19,054 rubles. The net profit of all cash desks by January 1 amounted to 112,411 rubles.

Medicine and education

Armed forces

in the Lomzhinsky province Russian Empire The following army units were quartered:

Don Cossack No. 4 Regiment in Shchuchin,
4th Dragoon Novotroitsko-Ekaterinoslav Regiment in Graevo,
6th Glukhov Dragoon Regiment in Ostrolenka,
6th Lancers Volyn Regiment in Lomza,
4th Infantry Division in Lomza,
- 13th Belozersky Infantry Regiment in Lomza,
- 14th Olonets Infantry Regiment in Lomza,
- 15th Shlisselburg Infantry Regiment in Zambrow,
- 16th Ladoga Infantry Regiment in Zambrow,
6th Infantry Division in Ostroleka,
- 21st Murom Infantry Regiment in Ostrolyonka,
- 22nd Nizhny Novgorod Infantry Regiment in Ostrolyonka,
- 23rd Nizovsky Infantry Regiment in Ostrov,
- 24th Infantry Simbirsk Regiment in Ostrov,
29th Chernihiv Infantry Regiment in Rozhan,
4th Artillery Brigade in Zambrow,
6th Artillery Brigade in Ostrov,
11th cavalry artillery battery in Ostrolyonka.

Osovets-Fortress - on the border with the Grodno province

Church

In religious terms, the Lomzhinsky province does not represent an independent whole diocese, even for Catholics. There are 5 Orthodox churches. Catholic parishes are divided between the Seine and Polotsk dioceses. The Evangelical-Augsburg Confession has 3 parishes.

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Notes

Source

// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.

An excerpt characterizing the Lomzhinsky province

“No, now having become a bas bleu [blue stocking], she forever abandoned her former hobbies,” he said to himself. “There was no example of bas bleu having passions of the heart,” he repeated to himself, from no one knew where, a rule he had undeniably believed. But, strange to say, the presence of Boris in his wife's living room (and he was almost constantly) had a physical effect on Pierre: it bound all his members, destroyed his unconsciousness and freedom of movement.
“Such a strange antipathy,” thought Pierre, “and before that I even liked him very much.
In the eyes of the world, Pierre was a great gentleman, a somewhat blind and ridiculous husband of a famous wife, an intelligent eccentric, doing nothing, but not harming anyone, a glorious and kind fellow. In the soul of Pierre, during all this time, a complex and difficult work of inner development took place, which revealed a lot to him and led him to many spiritual doubts and joys.

He continued his diary, and this is what he wrote in it during this time:
“November 24th.
“I got up at eight o’clock, read Holy Scripture, then went to the office (Pierre, on the advice of a benefactor, entered the service of one of the committees), returned to dinner, dined alone (the countess has many guests, unpleasant to me), ate and drank moderately and after dinner he copied plays for the brothers. In the evening he went down to the countess and told a funny story about B., and only then remembered that he should not have done this, when everyone was already laughing out loud.
“I go to bed with a happy and peaceful spirit. Great Lord, help me to walk in Your paths, 1) overcome the part of the wrath - quietness, slowness, 2) lust - abstinence and disgust, 3) move away from the hustle and bustle, but not excommunicate myself from a) state affairs of service, b) from family worries , c) from friendly relations and d) economic pursuits.
“November 27th.
“I got up late and woke up for a long time lying on the bed, indulging in laziness. My God! help me and strengthen me so that I may walk in Your ways. I read Holy Scripture, but without the proper feeling. Brother Urusov came and talked about the vanities of the world. He spoke about the new plans of the sovereign. I began to condemn, but I remembered my rules and the words of our benefactor that a true Freemason should be an assiduous worker in the state when his participation is required, and a calm contemplator of what he is not called to. My tongue is my enemy. Brothers G. V. and O. visited me, there was a preparatory conversation for the acceptance of a new brother. They make me the speaker. I feel weak and unworthy. Then the discussion turned to the explanation of the seven pillars and steps of the temple. 7 sciences, 7 virtues, 7 vices, 7 gifts of the Holy Spirit. Brother O. was very eloquent. In the evening, the acceptance took place. The new arrangement of the premises greatly contributed to the splendor of the spectacle. Boris Drubetskoy was accepted. I proposed it, I was the rhetorician. A strange feeling agitated me throughout my stay with him in the dark temple. I found in myself a feeling of hatred for him, which I vainly strive to overcome. And therefore I would have wished to truly save him from evil and lead him on the path of truth, but bad thoughts about him did not leave me. It seemed to me that his purpose in joining the fraternity was only a desire to get close to people, to be in favor with those in our lodge. Apart from the fact that he asked several times if N. and S. were in our box (to which I could not answer him), except that, according to my observations, he was not able to feel respect for our holy Order and was too busy and pleased with the outward man, in order to desire spiritual improvement, I had no reason to doubt him; but he seemed insincere to me, and all the time, when I stood with him eye to eye in the dark temple, it seemed to me that he was smiling contemptuously at my words, and I really wanted to prick his bare chest with the sword that I held, put to it . I could not be eloquent and could not sincerely convey my doubt to the brothers and the great master. Great Architect of nature, help me to find the true paths leading out of the labyrinth of lies.
After that, three sheets were omitted from the diary, and then the following was written:
“I had an instructive and long conversation alone with brother B., who advised me to stick to brother A. Much, although unworthy, was revealed to me. Adonai is the name of the creator of the world. Elohim is the name of the ruler of all. The third name, the name of the utterance, having the meaning of the All. Conversations with Brother V. reinforce, refresh, and establish me on the path of virtue. With him there is no room for doubt. It is clear to me the difference between the poor teaching of the social sciences and our holy, all-embracing teaching. Human sciences subdivide everything - in order to understand, they kill everything - in order to consider. In the holy science of the Order, everything is one, everything is known in its totality and life. Trinity - the three principles of things - sulfur, mercury and salt. Sulfur of unctuous and fiery properties; in conjunction with salt, its fieryness arouses hunger in it, by means of which it attracts mercury, seizes it, holds it, and jointly produces individual bodies. Mercury is a liquid and volatile spiritual essence - Christ, the Holy Spirit, He.
“December 3rd.
“Woke up late, read the Holy Scriptures, but was insensible. Then he got out and walked around the room. I wanted to think, but instead my imagination presented an incident that happened four years ago. Mr. Dolokhov, meeting with me in Moscow after my duel, told me that he hoped that I now enjoyed complete peace of mind, despite the absence of my wife. I didn't answer then. Now I recalled all the details of this meeting, and in my soul spoke to him the most spiteful words and sharp replies. He came to his senses and gave up this thought only when he saw himself inflamed with anger; but did not repent of it enough. After that, Boris Drubetskoy came and began to tell various adventures; but from the very moment of his arrival I became dissatisfied with his visit and told him something nasty. He objected. I flared up and said a lot of unpleasant and even rude things to him. He fell silent and I caught myself only when it was already too late. My God, I can't deal with him at all. This is due to my ego. I put myself above him and therefore become much worse than him, for he is indulgent towards my rudeness, and on the contrary, I have contempt for him. My God, grant me in his presence to see more of my abomination and act in such a way that it would be useful to him. After dinner I fell asleep, and while I was falling asleep, I distinctly heard a voice saying in my left ear: “Your day.”
“I saw in a dream that I was walking in the dark, and suddenly surrounded by dogs, but I was walking without fear; suddenly one small one grabbed me by the left stegono with her teeth and did not let go. I started pushing her with my hands. And as soon as I tore it off, another, even larger one, began to gnaw at me. I began to lift it and the more I lifted it, the bigger and heavier it became. And suddenly brother A. came and, taking me by the arm, led me with him and led me to the building, to enter which I had to go along a narrow plank. I stepped on it and the board buckled and fell, and I began to climb the fence, which I could hardly reach with my hands. After a lot of effort, I dragged my body so that my legs hung on one side and my torso on the other side. I looked around and saw that Brother A. was standing on the fence and was pointing me to a large avenue and a garden, and a large and beautiful building in the garden. I woke up. Lord, Great Architecton of nature! help me tear off the dogs from me - my passions and the last of them, integrating the strength of all the former ones, and help me enter that temple of virtue, which I have achieved in a dream.
“December 7th.
“I had a dream that Iosif Alekseevich was sitting in my house, I am very happy, and I want to treat him. It’s as if I’m chatting with strangers incessantly and suddenly remembered that he can’t like it, and I want to get closer to him and hug him. But as soon as I approached, I see that his face has changed, it has become young, and he quietly says something to me from the teachings of the Order, so quietly that I cannot hear. Then, as if, we all left the room, and something strange happened here. We sat or lay on the floor. He told me something. And it was as if I wanted to show him my sensitivity, and without listening to his speech, I began to imagine the state of my inner man and the grace of God that overshadowed me. And there were tears in my eyes, and I was pleased that he noticed it. But he looked at me with annoyance and jumped up, cutting off his conversation. I became embittered and asked if what had been said referred to me; but he did not answer, showed me an affectionate look, and after that we suddenly found ourselves in my bedroom, where there is a double bed. He lay down on her on the edge, and I seemed to burn with a desire to caress him and lie down right there. And he seemed to ask me: “Tell me, what is your main passion? Did you recognize him? I think you already know him." I, embarrassed by this question, answered that laziness was my main passion. He shook his head in disbelief. And I answered him, even more embarrassed, that although I live with my wife, according to his advice, but not as the husband of my wife. To this he objected that he should not deprive his wife of his affection, he made me feel that this was my duty. But I answered that I was ashamed of it, and suddenly everything disappeared. And I woke up and found in my thoughts the text of the Holy Scriptures: The belly was the light of a man, and the light shines in the darkness and the darkness does not embrace it. Iosif Alekseevich's face was youthful and bright. On this day I received a letter from a benefactor in which he writes about the obligations of marriage.
“December 9th.
“I had a dream from which I woke up with a trembling heart. He saw that I was in Moscow, in my house, in a large sofa room, and Iosif Alekseevich was coming out of the living room. It was as if I immediately knew that the process of rebirth had already taken place with him, and I rushed to meet him. It’s like I’m kissing him, and his hands, and he says: “Have you noticed that my face is different?” I looked at him, continuing to hold him in my arms, and as if I see that his face is young, but the hair on his head no, and the features are completely different. And it’s as if I’m saying to him: “I would recognize you if I met you by chance,” and meanwhile I think: “Did I tell the truth?” And suddenly I see that he lies like a dead corpse; then, little by little, he came to his senses and entered with me into a large study, holding a large book, written in Alexandrian leaf. And it’s like I’m saying: “I wrote this.” And he answered me with a nod of his head. I opened the book, and in this book all the pages are beautifully drawn. And I seem to know that these pictures represent the love affairs of the soul with her lover. And on the pages, as if I see a beautiful image of a girl in transparent clothes and with a transparent body, flying up to the clouds. And as if I know that this girl is nothing but the image of the Song of Songs. And it’s as if I, looking at these drawings, feel that I’m doing badly, and I can’t tear myself away from them. God help me! My God, if this abandonment of me by You is Your action, then may Your will be done; but if I myself caused this, then teach me what to do. I will perish from my depravity if You leave me altogether.”

The Rostovs' money affairs did not improve during the two years they spent in the countryside.
Despite the fact that Nikolai Rostov, firmly holding on to his intention, continued to serve darkly in a remote regiment, spending relatively little money, the course of life in Otradnoye was such, and especially Mitenka did business in such a way that debts grew irresistibly every year. The only help that the old count obviously had was the service, and he came to Petersburg to look for places; look for places and at the same time, as he said, amuse the girls for the last time.
Shortly after the Rostovs' arrival in Petersburg, Berg proposed to Vera, and his proposal was accepted.
Despite the fact that in Moscow the Rostovs belonged to high society, without knowing it themselves and without thinking about what society they belonged to, in St. Petersburg their society was mixed and indefinite. In St. Petersburg they were provincials, to whom the very people who, without asking what society they belonged to, were fed by the Rostovs in Moscow did not descend.
The Rostovs in St. Petersburg lived as hospitably as they did in Moscow, and at their dinners a wide variety of people converged: neighbors in Otradnoye, old poor landowners with their daughters and the maid of honor Peronskaya, Pierre Bezukhov and the son of the county postmaster, who served in St. Petersburg. Of the men, Boris, Pierre, who, having met on the street, was dragged to his place by the old count, and Berg, who spent whole days with the Rostovs and showed the elder Countess Vera such attention that a young man can intending to propose.
It was not for nothing that Berg showed everyone his right hand, wounded in the battle of Austerlitz, and held a completely unnecessary sword in his left. He told everyone this event so stubbornly and with such significance that everyone believed in the expediency and dignity of this act, and Berg received two awards for Austerlitz.
In the Finnish War, he also managed to distinguish himself. He picked up a fragment of a grenade, which killed the adjutant near the commander-in-chief, and brought this fragment to the commander. Just like after Austerlitz, he told everyone about this event for so long and stubbornly that everyone also believed that it had to be done, and Berg received two awards for the Finnish War. In 1919, he was a captain of the guard with orders and occupied some special advantageous places in St. Petersburg.
Although some freethinkers smiled when they were told about Berg's merits, one could not but agree that Berg was a serviceable, brave officer, in excellent standing with his superiors, and a moral young man with a brilliant career ahead and even a strong position in society.
Four years ago, having met in the stalls of the Moscow theater with a German comrade, Berg pointed out Vera Rostova to him and said in German: “Das soll mein Weib werden”, [She must be my wife,] and from that moment decided to marry her. Now, in Petersburg, realizing the position of the Rostovs and his own, he decided that the time had come, and made an offer.
Berg's proposal was accepted at first with unflattering bewilderment for him. At first it seemed strange that the son of a dark, Livonian nobleman would propose to Countess Rostova; but the main feature of Berg's character was such a naive and good-natured egoism that the Rostovs involuntarily thought that it would be good if he himself was so firmly convinced that it was good and even very good. Moreover, the affairs of the Rostovs were very upset, which the groom could not help but know, and most importantly, Vera was 24 years old, she traveled everywhere, and, despite the fact that she was undoubtedly good and reasonable, so far no one had ever made her an offer . Consent was given.
“You see,” Berg said to his comrade, whom he called a friend only because he knew that all people have friends. “You see, I figured it all out, and I wouldn’t get married if I didn’t think it all over, and for some reason it would be inconvenient. And now, on the contrary, my papa and mama are now provided for, I arranged this lease for them in the Ostsee region, and I can live in Petersburg with my salary, with her condition and with my accuracy. You can live well. I don’t marry for money, I think it’s ignoble, but it’s necessary that the wife bring her own, and the husband his. I have a service - it has connections and small means. That means something to us these days, doesn't it? And most importantly, she is a beautiful, respectable girl and loves me ...
Berg blushed and smiled.
“And I love her because she has a sensible personality—very good. Here is her other sister - of the same surname, but completely different, and an unpleasant character, and there is no mind, and such, you know? ... Unpleasant ... And my bride ... You will come to us ... - continued Berg, he wanted to say dine, but changed his mind and said: “drink tea”, and, quickly piercing it with his tongue, he released a round, small ring of tobacco smoke, which fully personified his dreams of happiness.
Next to the first feeling of bewilderment aroused in the parents by Berg's proposal, the usual festivity and joy settled in the family, but the joy was not sincere, but external. In the feelings of relatives regarding this wedding, confusion and shame were noticeable. As if they were ashamed now for the fact that they had little love for Vera, and now they were so willing to sell her off their hands. Most embarrassed was the old count. He probably would not have been able to name what was the cause of his embarrassment, and this reason was his money matters. He absolutely did not know what he had, how much debt he had, and what he would be able to give as a dowry to Vera. When the daughters were born, each was assigned 300 souls as a dowry; but one of these villages had already been sold, the other was mortgaged and so overdue that it had to be sold, so it was impossible to give the estate. There was no money either.
Berg had been the bridegroom for more than a month and only a week remained before the wedding, and the count had not yet decided with himself the question of dowry and did not talk about it with his wife. The count either wanted to separate Vera from the Ryazan estate, then he wanted to sell the forest, then he wanted to borrow money against a bill. A few days before the wedding, Berg entered the count's office early in the morning and, with a pleasant smile, respectfully asked the future father-in-law to tell him what would be given for Countess Vera. The count was so embarrassed at this long-anticipated question that he said without thinking the first thing that came into his head.
- I love that I took care, I love you, you will be satisfied ...
And he patted Berg on the shoulder and stood up, wanting to end the conversation. But Berg, smiling pleasantly, explained that if he did not know correctly what would be given for Vera, and did not receive in advance at least a part of what was assigned to her, then he would be forced to refuse.
“Because judge, Count, if I now allowed myself to marry, without having certain means to support my wife, I would act vilely ...
The conversation ended with the count, wishing to be generous and not be subjected to new requests, said that he was issuing a bill of 80 thousand. Berg smiled meekly, kissed the count on the shoulder and said that he was very grateful, but now he could not get settled in his new life without receiving 30 thousand in clean money. “At least 20 thousand, Count,” he added; - And then the bill was only 60 thousand.
- Yes, yes, good, - the count spoke quickly, - just excuse me, my friend, I will give 20 thousand, and the bill is also for 80 thousand ladies. So, kiss me.

Natasha was 16 years old, and it was 1809, the same year until which, four years ago, she counted on her fingers with Boris after she kissed him. Since then, she has never seen Boris. In front of Sonya and with her mother, when the conversation turned to Boris, she spoke quite freely, as if about a matter settled, that everything that had happened before was childish, about which it was not worth even talking about, and which had long been forgotten. But in the most secret depths of her soul, the question of whether the commitment to Boris was a joke or an important, binding promise tormented her.
Ever since Boris left Moscow for the army in 1805, he had not seen the Rostovs. Several times he visited Moscow, passing not far from Otradnoye, but he never visited the Rostovs.
It sometimes occurred to Natasha that he did not want to see her, and her guesses were confirmed by the sad tone in which the elders used to say about him:
“In this century, old friends are not remembered,” the countess said after the mention of Boris.
Anna Mikhailovna, in Lately visiting the Rostovs less often, she also behaved in a particularly dignified manner, and each time spoke enthusiastically and gratefully about the merits of her son and about the brilliant career in which he was. When the Rostovs arrived in St. Petersburg, Boris came to visit them.
He rode towards them not without emotion. The memory of Natasha was the most poetic memory of Boris. But at the same time, he rode with the firm intention of making it clear to her and her family that the childish relationship between him and Natasha could not be an obligation either for her or for him. He had a brilliant position in society, thanks to intimacy with Countess Bezukhova, a brilliant position in the service, thanks to the patronage of an important person, whose trust he fully enjoyed, and he had nascent plans to marry one of the richest brides in St. Petersburg, which could very easily come true. . When Boris entered the Rostovs' living room, Natasha was in her room. Upon learning of his arrival, she flushed almost ran into the living room, beaming with more than an affectionate smile.

Lomzhinsky province occupies the southern part of the vast lowland stretching between the Oder and Zapadnaya Dvina rivers; borders: from the north - with Prussia, from the west (the river Omulev serves as the border (Polish)) - with the province of Plock, from the south (border - the river Bug) - from Warsaw and Sedletska, from the east (rivers Nuzhets, Liza, Narev and Beaver) - from Grodno, from the northeast - with the Suwalki province. Until recently, in terms of the area of the Lomzhinsky province, it occupied the 7th place (10621 square miles) among the Polish provinces, but with the transfer of the Pultus county to the Warsaw province (in January), it decreased to 9280 square meters. miles and took 9th place.

Upon establishment Lomzhinsky province in the city, it included the counties of Shchuchinsky, Kolnensky, Lomzhinsky, Mazovetsky, selected from the former Augustow Governorate, and the counties of Ostrolensky, Ostrovsky, Makovsky and Pultusky, which had departed from the Plotsk Governorate. It occupies the north-eastern part of ancient Mazovia (with the exception of the Liv land, merged with the Sedlec province) and part of the Podlesie - Tyakocin district, which belonged to the land of Belskaya.

To the west of Łomża, the area gradually decreases, further sandy hills are found only separately, alternating with vast swampy valleys. To the south, this hill stretches to Ostrolenka, from here to Selyun ( pl:Sielun), Rozhany, Makov and at the end over the Orzhitse River (a tributary of the Nareva River on the right side), in the vicinity of the village of Krshizhava ( pl:Krzyżewo-Jurki, Makovsky district), forms a rather significant hill. On the other side of Orzhitsa, the mountain range, consisting of individual hills of this hill, continues along the right bank of the Narew to Pultusk, Serock (Zeg [r] zhe; pl: Zegrze) and finally ends near the Novogeorgievskaya fortress (former Modlin). This is the configuration of the area of the province on the right side of the river. Nareva; the other half of the province, on the left side of the Nareva, between the latter and the river. Bug, has only one elevation, reaching 800 feet above sea level. This whole area is a plateau, in some places dotted with hills; it forms an oblong 4-gon. The end points of which are Novogrod, Lomzha, Zambrov and Shumovo ( pl:Szumowo (powiat zambrowski)), and the highest point on this plateau, located between the villages of Gelchin ( pl:Giełczyn (powiat łomżyński)), Bachami and Glembochem ( pl:Głębocz Wielki), covered with continuous forest, is called "Chervonny Bor" ( pl:Czerwony Bor (las)). This plateau is a natural watershed of the rivers flowing into the Narew and the Bug. The rest of the area, between pp. Narew and Bug, represents a perfect plane.

The Bug within the Lomzhinsky province has low banks and floods widely in spring; the left bank of the Narew is also rather flat, and only near the point of confluence do the banks of both rivers become more elevated. Lowlands and swamps, occupying vast spaces and being the remnants of long-dry rivers and lakes, are covered with forests and only decrease slightly in hot summers; most of these swamps are connected with other swamps or lakes into one whole by means of subsoil water arteries; they are impassable even in hot summer. Several attempts made in the middle of this century to drain the vast swampy areas did not lead to anything. The more significant of these swamps are spread along the river valleys of Egrzhnya, Lyka and Beaver, east of Raigrod and Graev, and along pp. Vistula and Narew, gack swamps ( pl:Gac (dopływ Narwi)) and Tykocinskie.

The most important river of the Lomzhinsky province - Narew - in the upper reaches passes along the border with the Grodno province, and cuts through the province in the middle and lower reaches, near Serotsk it connects with the Bug, and soon the connected rivers flow into the Vistula within the Warsaw province. Almost ¾ of the entire length (120 miles) of this river belongs to the Lomzhinsky province. The most important cities are located on its banks: Lomza, Ostrolensk, Tykocin, and Pultusk, which is included in the Warsaw province. In its upper border current, the Narew, especially in summer, is shallow and unnavigable, but above the Tykotsin barges-Berlins and large steamers go along it. Important piers on this river: Vizna, Lomza, Novigrod, Ostrolenka, Pultusk, Serock And Novy-Dvor(piers marked in italics are located within the Warsaw province from the city). The main subject of rafting on this river is the forest. The most important tributaries of the Narew are: Beaver(Biebrza) flows along the border with the Grodno province for about 140 versts and then enters the Lomzhinsky province, where after 40 versts the flow flows into the Narew; main piers: Dembovo ( pl:Debowo (powiat augustowski)) and Osovets. The beaver belongs to the system of the Augustow Canal, which connects the Neman with the Vistula. Both tributaries of the Beaver - Lyk ( pl:Ełk (rzeka), with adj. Egzhnya) and Wyssa ( pl:Wissa) - originate in the wet swamps (Masurian Lakeland); Pisa originates in Prussia (ibid), flows through the Kolnensky district and flows into the Narew; Squa(Shkva; pl:Szkwa), Rozoga (pl: Rozoga), Omulev (pl:Omulew) - all these tributaries irrigate the area, where "puschaniks" or kurpiks have lived since ancient times (see below); Orzic originates in Prussia and, having entered the Plock province near the village. Horzhele, flows to the village. Dlugokonty ( pl:Długokąty (powiat mławski)), where it hides under the surface of the earth and reappears only near vil. Grzhebsky ( pl:Grzebsk). Orzic (Polish)) (Orzits also) belongs to the Lomzhinsky province only with a lower, very fast current. From the left side it flows into: Lisa, flowing along the border of the lips.; Slina (pl:Ślina (rzeka)) irrigates the Mazowieckie county; Apple trees (pl:Jabłonka (dopływ Gaci)), flowing from Chervonny Bor, is distinguished by the many swamps it forms; Ruz (pl:Ruz) originates in Chervonny Bor, irrigates Lomzhinsky and Ostrolensky counties; Orzh (pl:Orz) flows out of Chervonny Bor, cuts off Lomzhinsky and Ostrolensky counties; the banks of this river are famous for their constant and high yields, which significantly differs from all the rivers listed.

Another water system, somewhat less important for the Lomzhinsky province, is the Western Bug from the place when, changing its course from north to south, it heads straight to the west; having entered the Kingdom of Poland, it forms the border between the Lomzhinsky province on one side and the Sedlec and Warsaw provinces on the other, and near the Serock settlement of the Pultus county merges with the Narew. The significance of this river as a way of communication is secondary. Of the tributaries of the Bug within the province, two, on the right side, deserve mention: Nugretz along the border of Lomzhinsky with the Grodno province and Brock (pl: Brok (rzeka)) With Brochinkom (pl: Brok Maly) flowing through the Mazovian and Ostrov counties and irrigating the most densely populated part of the province.

There are especially many lakes in the northern part of the Shchuchinsky district, which includes an extensive network of small lakes alternating with clay hills: Raigrodskoye Lake ( pl:Jezioro Rajgrodzkie) occupies a space of 5 thousand acres, of which 1496 acres are within the Kingdom of Poland; Drenstvo ( pl:Dręstwo (jezioro)) - half the size of the previous lake, etc. These lakes are rich in fish, especially bleak. In the rest of the province, the most significant lake is Serafin ( pl:Serafin (jezioro)), up to 100 morgue. , is in a growth period.

The fossil wealth of the province is limited almost exclusively to peat bogs.

By January 1, there were 626,582 inhabitants in the Lomzhinsky province (of which 320,165 were women), including a non-permanent population of 30,978 people. Clergy 215 (28 monks), nobles 5233, merchants 2386, philistines 123266, peasants 333419, gentry 140775, military estates, other estates 348. Orthodox 3796, Catholics 505016, Protestants 6270, Jews 111026, other confessions 4 75.

In ethnographic terms, the resident population of the province consists of: 1) Masurians (scattered throughout the province, but mainly in the Makovsky and Ostrovsky counties), 2) Podlesians, or Podlyakhs (in the Mazovets county), 3) Kurpies (Kurpie), in Kolnensky, Ostrolensky and partly in the Ostrovsky districts, 4) Jews (in the cities and towns of the province) and 5) Germans, mostly colonists (in the Yasenitsy gmina of the Ostrovsky district).

According to the census of the city, there were 579,592 inhabitants in the Lomzhinsky province (300,487 males and 279,105 females), of which 74,824 people lived in cities. More significant cities: Lomza (26 thousand inhabitants), Ostroleka (13 thousand inhabitants) and Ostrov (10 thousand inhabitants). The bulk of the population consisted of Poles (448,065), followed by Jews (91,236), Russians (32,044), Germans (4,651), and others. in ESBE.

Of all these peoples, the least known are the Kurpiks (up to 90 thousand people), who came from the mixing of the Masurians with the remnants of the Yotvingians and were named after the shoes they wear (kurpia - bast shoes); their settlements are spread over the Bug in a quad between the settlements. Brock, Nagoshev ( pl:Nagoszewo (gmina Brok)), long saddle ( pl:Długosiodło) and Branshchik ( pl:Branszczyk). They speak a distorted Polish language, which has the character of a special dialect; from ancient times they were engaged in beekeeping and commercial hunting in local, previously impenetrable forest wilds; how skilful archers gained fame during the Polish wars. In the city, when Charles XII went to Russia, on his way near the village of Myshenitsy, the kurpiks set up notches, dug in with a rampart and, using the swampy terrain, blocked the Swedes from the road, offering them conditions for free passage. Charles XII went ahead, forcing the prisoners to hang each other; but the brave Kurpiks gathered their strength and inflicted such damage on the Swedes that Karl was forced to flee with only one drabant. In appearance, Kurpiks resemble Lithuanians. They live in tidy wooden houses, wear small round hats, white shirts and waistcoats, semi-caftans to the knees, tight trousers made of white cloth; on the feet are traditional bast shoes. This tribe is distinguished by courage, good nature and honesty, which are proverbial.

City revenues throughout the province amounted to 88,050 rubles, expenses - 83,339 rubles.

Savings and loan banks 69; of which 4 are open to government capital, 51 to government profits. fixed capital and only 14 cash desks arose from public funds. Credit from these cash desks is now used by all residents, except for two gminas who did not want to have cash desks. The fixed capital released by the government is 19,054 rubles. Net profit, 5 Sunday vocational schools, 9 Jewish state-owned beginnings. schools, 526 Jewish religious schools. 1 study institution accounts for 870 inhabitants, 1 student - for 40 inhabitants.

Lomzhinsky province has several highways; railroads touch it. Brest-Graevskaya, Petersburg-Warsaw and Prinarevskaya branch of the Warsaw-Terespol railway. roads. There are 20 ferries and ferries across the rivers. Customs in Grajew and Vincent ( listen)) and Płock dioceses. The Evangelical-Augsburg Confession has 3 parishes.

Lomzhinsky Governorate (Polish Gubernia łomżyńska) is a province of the Kingdom of Poland and the Russian Empire (1867-1917). Provincial city - Lomza.

Geography

Geographical position

Lomzhinsky province occupies the southern part of a vast lowland stretching between the Oder and Zapadnaya Dvina rivers; borders: from the north - with Prussia, from the west (the river Omulev serves as the border) - with the province of Plock, from the south (the border - the river Bug) - from Warsaw and Sedletska, from the east (the rivers Nuzhets, Liza, Narev and Beaver) - from Grodno , from the northeast - with the Suwalki province. Until recently, in terms of the space of the Lomzhinsky province, it occupied the 7th place (10621 square miles) among the Polish provinces, but with the transfer of the Pultus county to the Warsaw province (in January 1894), it decreased to 9280 square meters. miles and took 9th place.

Administrative unit

When the Lomzhinsky province was established in 1867, it included the counties of Shchuchinsky, Kolnensky, Lomzhinsky, Mazovetsky, selected from the former Augustow province, and the counties of Ostrolensky, Ostrowsky, Makovsky and Pultusky, which had departed from the Plock province. It occupies the north-eastern part of ancient Mazovia (with the exception of the Liv land, merged with the Sedlec province) and part of the Podlesie - Tyakocin district, which belonged to the land of Belskaya. With the transfer of the Pultus County to the Warsaw Governorate, the Lomzhinsky Governorate is divided into 7 counties, comprising 7 cities, 24 settlements and 72 communes (2 townships, 21 mixed and 49 rural). In 1912, with the abolition of the Sedlec province, the Hungarian district was attached to the Lomzhinsky province from it.

Relief, hydrography

Lomzhinsky province is a hilly area with numerous and extensive ravines and lowlands; the latter represent the swampy bottom of prehistoric lakes. Two significant lakes Serafin (in the Kolnensky district) and Maleshevskoye (in the Lomzhinsky district) can still serve as a clear example of the rapid lowering of the lake water horizon caused by the rapid destruction of forests. The middle and eastern parts of the province are more elevated; the hill stretches north to Raygrod, Shchuchinsky district, from here, rapidly expanding, it goes to Graevo and Shchuchin and stretches further from the borders of Prussia to pp. Beaver and Nareva; both rivers owe it their picturesque, steep and high banks. To the west of Łomża, the area gradually decreases, further sandy hills are found only separately, alternating with vast swampy valleys. In the direction of the south, this hill stretches to Ostroleka, from here to Sieluń (pl: Sieluń), Rozhany, Makov and finally over the Orzhitsa River (a tributary of the Nareva River on the right side), in the vicinity of the village of Krzyżewo-Jurki, Makovsky County ), forms a rather significant hill. On the other side of Orzhitsa, the mountain chain, consisting of individual hills of this hill, continues along the right bank of the Narew to Pultusk, Serock (Zeg[r]zhe; pl: Zegrze) and finally breaks off near the Novogeorgievskaya fortress (former Modlin). This is the configuration of the area ...

Lomzhinsky province - one of the 10 included in the former Kingdom of Poland, occupies the southern part of the vast lowland, stretching between pp. Oder and Western Dvina; borders: with the north - with Prussia, with the west (the river Omulev serves as the border) - with the province of Plock, with the south (the border - the river Bug) - with Warsaw and Sedletska, with the E (the rivers Nuzhets, Liza, Narev and Beaver) - with Grodno , from the NE - from the Suwalki province. In terms of space, the Lomzhinsky province of the province until recently occupied the 7th place (10621 square meters) among the Polish provinces, but with the transfer of the county to the Warsaw province (in January 1894), it decreased to 9280 square meters. ver. and took 9th place. When the Lomzhinsky province of the province was established in 1867, it included uu. Shchuchinsky, Kolnensky, Lomzhinsky, ii, selected from the former province., and uu. Ostrolensky, and Pultusky, which have moved away from the Plotsk lips. Occupies north-east. part of ancient Mazovia (beyond the m of the Liv land, merged with the Sedlec province.) and part of the Podlesie - Tyakotsinsky district, which belonged to the land of Belskaya. Lomzhinsky lips. represents a hilly area with numerous and extensive ravines and lowlands; the latter represent the swampy bottom of prehistoric lakes. Two significant lakes Serafin (in the Kolnensky region) and Maleshevskoe (in the Lomzhinsky region) can still serve as a clear example of the rapid lowering of the lake water horizon caused by the rapid destruction of forests. and the eastern parts of the province are more elevated; the hill stretches to N to a Shchuchinsky district, from here, rapidly expanding, it goes to Graevo and Shchuchin and stretches further from the borders of Prussia to pp. Beaver and Nareva; both rivers owe it their picturesque, steep and high banks. To the west of Łomża, the area gradually decreases, further sandy hills are found only separately, alternating with vast swampy valleys. Towards the south, this hill stretches to Ostrolenka, from here to Rozhany, Makov and Selyun, and finally over the river. Orzhitse (river Nareva on the right side), in the vicinity of the village of Krshizhava (Makovsky district), forms a rather significant hill. On the other side of Orzhitsa, the mountain chain, consisting of separate hills of this hill, continues along the right bank of the Narew to Pultusk, Serock (Zegrze) and finally breaks off near the Novo-Georgievsky fortress (former Modlin). This is the configuration of the area of the province on the right side of the river. Nareva; the other half of the province, on the lion. side Nareva, between the latter and the river. Bug, has only one elevation, reaching 800 feet. above ur. m. This whole area represents, in some places dotted with hills; it forms an oblong 4-gon. the end points of which are Lomzha and Shumovo, and the highest point on this plateau, located between vil. Gelchin, Bachami and Glemboch, covered with dense forest, is called "Chervonny Bor". This plateau is a natural area for the rivers flowing into the Narew and the Bug. The rest of the area, between pp. Narew and Bug, represents a perfect plane. The Bug within the Lomzhinsky province of the province has low banks and widely overflows in the spring; the left bank of the Narew is also rather flat, and only near the point of confluence do the banks of both rivers become more elevated. Lowlands and swamps, occupying vast spaces and being the remnants of long-dry rivers and lakes, are covered with forests and only decrease slightly in hot summers; most of these swamps are connected with other swamps or lakes into one whole by means of subsoil water arteries; they are impassable even in hot summer. Several attempts made in the middle of this century to drain the vast swampy areas did not lead to anything. The more significant of these swamps are spread along the river valleys of Egrzhnya, Lyka and Beaver, to the east of Raigrod and Graev, and along pp. Vistula and Narew, Gack and Tykocin swamps. The most important river is the Lomzhinskaya province of the province. - Narew - in the upper reaches it runs along the border with the Grodno province, and in the middle and lower reaches it cuts through the province, near Serock it connects with the Bug, and soon the connected rivers flow into the Vistula within the Warsaw province. Almost 3 / 4 of the entire length (120 century) of this river belongs to the Lomzhinsky province of the lips. The most important cities are located on its banks: Lomzha, Ostrolensk, and ranked as part of the Warsaw province. Pultusk. In its upper border reaches, the Narew, especially in summer, is shallow and unnavigable, but above the Tykotsin barges-Berlins and large steamers go along it. The piers on this river are important: Vizna, Lomza, Novigrod, Pultusk, Serock And Novy-Dvor(piers marked in italics since 1894 have been located within the Warsaw province.). The main subject of rafting on this river is the forest. The most important tributaries of the Narew are: Beaver(Biebrza) flows along the border with the Grodno province. about 140 ver. and then enters the Lomzhinsky province of the province, where after the 40th century. the current flows into the Narew; main piers: Dembovo and Osovets. Beaver belongs to the system of the Augustow Canal, which connects Nman with the Vistula. Both tributaries of the Beaver - Lyk (with the tributary Egzhnya) and Vissa - originate in the Pinsk swamps; pissa originates in Prussia, flows along the Kolnensky district. and flows into Narew; Squa, Rozoga, Omulev - all these tributaries irrigate the area, where "puschaniks" or kurpiks have lived since ancient times (see below); Orzic originates in Prussia and, having entered the boundaries of the Plock lips. at the village Khorzhel, flows to the village. Dlugokonty, where it hides under the south of the earth and reappears only near vil. Grzhebsky. Orzhich (Orzyts identity) belongs to the Lomzhinsky province of provinces. only the lower, very fast current. From the left side it flows into: Lnza, flowing along the border of the lips .; Slina irrigates Mazowiecki district; apple trees, flowing from Chervonny Bor, is distinguished by the many swamps it forms; Rouge originates in Chervonny Bor, irrigates uu. Lomzhinsky and Ostrolensky; avg flows out of Chervonny pine forest, cuts off Lomzhinsky and Ostrolensky districts; the banks of this river are famous for their constant and high yields, which significantly differs from all the rivers listed.

Zap. Bug from the place when, having changed its course from N to S, it heads straight to the W; he, having entered the limits of the Kingdom of Poland, forms the border between Lomzhinsky province lips. on the one hand, and Sedletska and Warsaw on the other, and near the Serock Posad of Pultus u. merges with Narew. The significance of this river is of secondary importance. Of the tributaries of the Bug within the province, two, on the right side, deserve mention: Nugretz along the border of Lomzhinsky and Grodno provinces. And Brock With Brochinkom flowing along Mazowiecki and mu uu. and irrigating the most densely populated part of the province. There are especially many lakes in the north. part of the Shchuchinsky district, which includes an extensive network of small lakes, alternating with clay hills: are within the Kingdom of Poland; Drenstvo is half the size of the previous lake, etc. These lakes are rich in fish, especially bleak. The rest of the lips. the most significant lake - Serafin, up to 100 morgues, is in the period of overgrowth. wealth of the lips. are limited almost exclusively to peat bogs. With the enumeration of Pultus u. in the Warsaw province. Lomzhinsky province. It is divided into 7 districts, comprising 7 cities, 24 settlements and 72 communes (2 townships, 21 mixed and 49 rural). By January 1, 1895, in the Lomzhinsky province of the provinces. there were 626582 inhabitants. (320165 women), including non-permanent population 30978 people. Clergy 215 (28 monks), nobles 5233, merchants 2386, philistines 123266, peasants 333419, gentry 140775, military estates 1594, etc. ref. 348. Orthodox 3796, Catholics 505016, Protestants 6270, Jews 111026, other confessors. 475. Ethnographically, the population of the province consists of: 1) Masurians (scattered throughout the province, but mainly in Makovsky and Ostrovsky districts), Kolnensky, Ostrolensky and partly Ostrovsky district, 4) Jews (in the cities and towns of the province) and 5) Germans, mostly colonists (in the Yasenitska commune of Ostrovsky district). Of all these peoples, the least known are the Kurpiks (up to 90 thousand people), who came from the mixing of the Masurians with the remnants of the Yotvingians and were named after the shoes they wear (kurpia - bast shoes); their settlements are spread over the Bug in a quad between the settlements. Brock, Nagoshev, Dlugosaddle and Branshchik. They speak a distorted Polish language, which has the character of a special dialect; from ancient times they were engaged in beekeeping and commercial hunting in the local, previously impenetrable forest wilds; how skilful archers gained fame during the Polish wars. In 1708, when Charles XII went to Russia, there were villages on his way. Mice kurpika arranged notches, dug in a rampart and, taking advantage of the swampy terrain, blocked the Swedes from the road, offering them conditions for free passage. Charles XII went ahead, forcing the prisoners to hang each other; but the brave Kurpiks rallied their strength and inflicted such damage on the Swedes that Charles was forced to flee with only one drabant. In appearance, Kurpiks resemble Lithuanians. They live in tidy wooden houses, wear small round hats, white shirts and waistcoats, semi-caftans to the knees, tight trousers made of white cloth; on the feet are traditional bast shoes. This tribe is distinguished by courage, good nature and honesty, which are proverbial. - Climatic conditions of the lips. and the soil, although not particularly fertile, but very convenient for cultivation, as well as the very composition of the population (mainly peasants and small gentry), contributed to the fact that the Lomzhinsky province of the provinces. has an exclusively agricultural character. There are no brilliant harvests in it, but on the other hand, in general, the harvest almost never drops to mediocre and is usually average - sam-5, potatoes sam-7. According to observations for ten years (1883-92), in the Lomzhinsky province of the province. collected: rye 5,082,000 items, wheat 1,535,000 items, oats 2,053,000 items, barley 995,000 items, buckwheat 489,000 items, millet 81,000 items, peas 636,000 items, potatoes 17,788,000 items, hay about 5 million poods . It is in close connection with m, but both of them are at a rather low stage of development. By the beginning of 1895, there were: 75 tons of horses, 30,500 bulls and oxen, 130 thousand cows, 50 thousand calves and dry cattle, 190 thousand sheep, 80 thousand pigs. In areas rich in lakes, and along pp. The population of Bug and Narew is also engaged in fishing for industrial purposes. Factories and plants (by January 1, 1895) 691 with 1928 workers and a total turnover of 2,383,174 rubles; the main role is played by breweries and potteries and windmills. In Lomzhinsky province of provinces. petty trade is predominantly developed; There are 177 fairs, but almost all of them have the character of large bazaars, where the sale of livestock, linen, village utensils, etc., joins the daily trade items. The total turnover of all fairs does not exceed 1 1/2 million rubles. City revenues throughout the province. amounted to 88050 rubles, expenses - 83339 rubles. By January 1, 1895, there were 44 doctors, 33 pharmacists, 29 pharmacies. 3 hospitals (in Lomzha, Izuchin and Ostroleka); in addition, there are Jewish and prison hospitals in Lomza. Charity houses: in Tykocin, Ostroleka and Lomza. and these, as well as the orphanage in Lomza, are supported by a percentage of their capital. 2 private charitable societies, in Lomza and. 614 educational institutions, in which (Jan. 1895) 14564 children (3265 girls) study: 1 male 8-grade, 1 female. 7th grade gymnasium, 5 two-class. early schools, 133 single class public schools, 3 private. educational institutions of the III category, 1 evangelical cantorate, 5 Sunday vocational schools, 9 Jewish state beginnings. schools, 526 Jewish religious schools. 1 study institution accounts for 870 inhabitants, 1 student - for 40 inhabitants. Savings and loan banks 69; of which 4 are open to government capital, 51 to government profits. fixed capital and only 14 cash desks arose from public funds. m of these cash desks are now used by all residents, except for two gminas who did not want to have cash desks. Fixed capital allocated m - 19054 rubles. The net profit of all cash desks by January 1, 1895 amounted to 112,411 rubles. Lomzhinsky province. has several highways; railroads touch it. Brest-Graevskaya, St. Petersburg-Warsaw and Prinarevskaya branches of the Warsaw-Terespol railway. roads. There are 20 ferries and ferries across the rivers. Customs in Grajevo and e, customs outposts in Bogush and Tvorki; transition point in d. In the Lomzhinsky province of the province lodge: Don Cossack Regiment No. 4 (in the city of Shchuchin), 10th drag. Novotroitsko-Ekaterinoslavsky (Graevo), 16th drag. Glukhovsky regiment (Ostrolenka), 17th drag. , 4th infantry. division, 13th infantry. ii, 14th infantry. Olonetsky (in Lomzha), 15th infantry. sky, 16th infantry. Ladoga (in Zambrow), 6th infantry. division, 21st infantry. Muromsky, 22nd infantry. Nizhny Novgorod (in Ostrolenka), 23rd infantry. Nizovsky, 24th infantry. ii (in the city of Ostrov), 29th infantry. sky (in Rozhan), 4th artillery. bragada (in Zambrow), 6th artillery. brigade (in Ostrov) and the 11th cavalry artillery. battery (in Ostroleka). In religious terms, the Lomzhinsky province of the lips. does not represent an independent whole diocese, even for Catholics. Orthodox churches 5. Catholic parishes are distributed between the dioceses of Seine and Polotsk. The Czech-Augsburg Confession has 3 parishes. Wed "Proceedings of Varsh. Stat. Kom." (Issue XI, 1894); "Commemorative book of the Lomzhinsky province of the provinces for 1895"; "Geographer and Statistician. Essays on the Kingdom of Poland" (St. Petersburg, 1863); "Sł ownik Geograficzny Krò lestwa Polskiego and innych kraj òw S łowianskich" (vol. V, issue LVII); "Rys Geografii kr ò lestwa Polskiego" K. Krynicky (Wars., 1887).