Military educational institutions under Alexander 2. Military educational institutions. Pavlovsk Military School
1) the military department - see. Military educational institutions and .
2) Junkers - see Military educational institutions.
3) Military - see Military educational institutions, Konstantinovsky military school, .
The Alexander Military School was established in 1863, consisting of 300 cadets; was staffed by pupils of the following classes of cadet corps.
From 1864 to 1894 it was called the third.
In combat terms, it was a battalion.
The composition of the school at the end of the XIX century. - 400 junkers. (orders for the Military Department: 1863 No. 330, 67 No. 243, 94 No. 188; St. V. P. 1869, Book XV; St. State, 1893, Book IV, No. 37 ; Military Literature No. 1088).
Significant development at the end of the XIX century. artillery required enhanced staffing with its officers; but the Mikhailovsky Artillery School could not satisfy this need, and the shortage of artillery officers had to be replenished by graduating them from infantry military schools. To eliminate this and in order to train artillery officers who are thoroughly familiar with their specialty, in 1894 the Mikhailovsky artillery was expanded (from 190 to 450 pupils), and the 2nd Konstantinovsky infantry was converted into artillery; in the latter there were 425 junkers, who made up 2 batteries (order of the Military Department of 1894 No. 140).
4) Marine. - These schools appeared in Russia under Alexei Mikhailovich, when Ordyn-Nashchokin, being the governor of Livonia, was engaged in the formation of the fleet; but where exactly there was such a School is unknown.
Under Feodor Alekseevich, navigation was taught at the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy.
In 1700, on January 14, the School of Mathematical and Navigational Sciences was established in Moscow, in the Sukharev Tower. From here, in addition to sailors, engineers, gunners, teachers, surveyors, architects and others graduated.
The set of pupils was 500 people, and it was ordered to receive children of the nobility, clerks, clerks, boyars and raznochintsy; the latter, having learned to read and write, entered various positions: assistant architects, pharmacists, clerks ..., and most of the nobles who completed the full course were assigned to the fleet, then to engineers, artillerymen, Preobrazhensky ...; the most capable and wealthy were sent abroad, for improvement in the sciences, under the name of navigators, who, upon their return, were examined and received ranks: the best - non-commissioned lieutenant, mediocre - midshipman (at that time not an officer).
Together with the nobles, the children of commoners and petty nobles also went abroad to study the art of navigation, and upon returning to Russia they entered the navigator. With the acquisition of the Gulf of Finland and the Baltic Sea, when all naval forces were needed in these seas, it was founded on October 1, 1715, in St. Petersburg, the 2nd Naval School, called the Naval Academy, for 300 people, called the Naval Guard. This new academy was attended mostly by children of noble families and sufficient nobles. After graduating from the course of sciences, they also transferred to the midshipman company, which existed separately from the academy. For a long time this company did not have a permanent residence, several times it was transferred from St. Petersburg to Kronstadt and back, and only on December 15, 1752, by the decree of Elizabeth, the Naval Academy and the cadet company were united under the general name of the Naval Gentry Cadet Corps, with a set of pupils of 360 people .
With the establishment of the corps, the Moscow school (in the Sukharev tower) was abolished, and only children of the nobility were taken into the corps, and the raznochintsy were assigned to the workshops of the school at the admiralties and to the navigational company. The entire staff of students of the corps was divided into 3 companies in combat terms, and in training - into 3 classes.
Midshipmen of the 1st class graduated from higher maritime sciences; cadets of the 2nd class passed navigation and started other sciences; cadets of the 3rd grade studied trigonometry and other lower sciences. They were transferred from one class to another according to the exam, and only to open vacancies. To accommodate the building, on the corner of the Neva Embankment and the 12th line of Vasilyevsky Island, a stone 2-storey house (former) was granted, and it was ordered to arrange the building in everything according to the model of the land. But in 1762, Peter III, wanting to give one general direction to all military educational institutions, ordered to combine the Land and Engineering School under the main directorate of c. Ivan Ivanovich Shuvalov. However, with the accession to the throne of Catherine II, this decree was canceled, by August 8, 1762, she ordered the Naval Corps to be organized separately, on the basis of the former state. On May 23, 1771, during a severe fire on Vasilyevsky Island, the buildings of the Naval Corps burned down, as a result of which it was transferred to Kronstadt, to the premises of the Italian Palace (later the Technical School), where it remained until 1796. The transfer of the corps from the capital was It is also very unprofitable for the institution, since not a single excellent professor or teacher who did not serve in the corps wanted to go to Kronstadt to teach, and finally, the maintenance of the corps itself was not comparatively more expensive. In 1783, on the occasion of the increase in our naval forces, it was ordered to draw up a new staff for the corps, for 600 people, and at the same time additional sciences were introduced into the teaching course: maritime practice, moral philosophy, law, foreign languages.
In 1796, upon accession to the throne, the Naval Corps was transferred to St. Petersburg, to the building in which he was located later.
On December 30, 1826, a new staff was approved for the corps, and the set was set to 505 pupils, and in 1835 another 100 boarders were added, with a tuition fee of 850 rubles. designation in year; all pupils were divided into 5 companies, of which 1 was a midshipman.
Over the following years, there was no definite set of pupils, and it depended on the number of admissions to the corps, but in general the figure fluctuated around 300 people.
Then the reception was limited to 35 people; Of these, 25 went to the state account, 7 - with their own money, with a fee of 530 rubles. per year, and 3 - fellows, with the same fee.
In combat terms, the corps was divided into 5 companies, in training - into 6 classes, with the 6th and 5th being minors. 4th, 3rd and 2nd - general, 1st - midshipman.
Children accepted:
a) naval officers (former and present).
b) hereditary nobles.
Entering the preparatory class should have 12-14 liters. from birth.
Course of Sciences - 6 years; at the same time, in addition to general sciences and 3 foreign languages, all subjects related practically and theoretically to maritime art were taught.
The educational side left nothing to be desired. In terms of the richness and variety of educational aids, the building is one of the best European educational institutions of its time.
AT summer time the cadets set sail on ships belonging to the corps, and there young sailors see and practice in practice what they learned in the classes in the winter (see Training ships). Moreover, the cadets were also trained in front-line service, that is, each of them, having completed the course, can be not only a skilled sailor, but also a good land officer.
Those who completed the course were annually released into the fleet as midshipmen. (For the last XIX years in. editions were about 70 people).
Those who were brought up in the corps and later transferred to the civil service enjoyed the rights and advantages of pupils of higher educational institutions.
Under the Naval Corps, the Naval Nikolaev Academy was established (see Military Academies); it teaches higher subjects in hydrography, ship art) and mechanical art.
Course - 2 years: number of students: in the hydrographic department - 10 (the best in the exam), shipbuilding - 5, mechanical - 5. (F. Veselago - "Essay on history for 100 years").
In addition, in the naval department there was also a technical school, in Kronstadt, which had the purpose of graduating officers specially trained in mechanical and shipbuilding parts into the fleet.
This School dates back to 1734, when the President of the State Admiralty College, gr. Golovin, founded a navigational company, where navigational sciences were taught.
In 1793, during the general transformation of the fleet, the position and staffs of the newly established 2 navigational schools were developed, one for the Baltic Fleet, the other for the Black Sea.
For the Navigator School in Kronstadt, a house was assigned, which previously housed the Naval Cadet Corps. In this building, although later rebuilt, the Technical School was located later.
The Navigator School taught: spelling, arithmetic, geometry, drawing and drawing plans, trigonometry (flat and spherical), navigation (flat and Mercator), astronomy and English; moreover, evolution, geodesy, and the use of maps and instruments.
The school was divided into 3 classes. Navigational students of the first 2 cells. sent, for practice, every summer to the sea.
Those who completed the course were issued in the officer rank navigator.
In 1801, with the transformation of the maritime department, the organization of the navigational unit was developed and a new regulation and staffing of the navigational school were drawn up.
The main reform was to reduce the number of students and increase the teaching program; the economic part of the Schools has also been improved.
Newly introduced into teaching: the Law of God, grammar, rhetoric, logic, geography, history, German and Swedish.
The school was divided into 2 companies. It also prepared 20 commercial students for admission as skippers and navigators to the commercial fleet.
Since 1808, a meteorological journal has been established at the School, the students were on duty at the observatory and went to the authorities with reports.
In 1827, instead of the Navigator's School, the 1st Navigator's School was formed? crew, from 3 companies.
The 1st supplied the fleet with conductors, the 2nd completed the 1st, the 3rd was a reserve and completed the 2nd.
All students identified in crew, initially entered the reserve company, and then successively transferred to the rest.
The training consisted of classroom lessons, practical and front-line exercises.
In 1851, a conductor company was established in the crew to supply the fleet with navigational officers. Finally, in 1856, the ?-crew was renamed the Navigator School, at which an artillery department was also opened to train artillery officers for the fleet. Soon it was necessary to produce pupils, at the end of the course, instead of ensigns, into conductors, and the companies were named: conductor - first, 1st - second, 2nd - third, 3rd - reserve.
With minor changes, the School existed until 1873, when it was renamed Technical, with the establishment of 4 specialties in it: navigational, mechanical, artillery and shipbuilding.
Around the same time, officers graduating from this School received the right to enter the Naval Academy.
Pavlovsk military school (1894−6 November 1917) - infantry military school of the Russian Empire, in St. Petersburg. The temple holiday of the school is May 21, the day of memory of Saints Equal-to-the-Apostles Constantine and Helena. School holiday - December 23. Created in August 1863 by decree of Emperor Alexander II from the special classes of Pavlovsky cadet corps who handed over his banner to the school. The future Minister of War, Major General Pyotr Semyonovich Vannovsky, was appointed head of the school.
Cadet of the 1st Cadet Corps. 1914
Chamber-page in court uniform. 1900s
Junkers of the Pavlovsk School in the portrait hall. 1908.
Pupils of the 1st Cadet Corps in ballroom dancing classes. 1910s
Head of the Nikolaev Military Academy D.G. Shcherbachev with his son. 1909
Lieutenant General A.N. Kuropatkin with his son. 1910
Members of the British delegation on the occasion of the accession to the throne of King George V and the persons accompanying them in the park in front of the side facade of the Winter Palace. 1910 
V.D. Butovsky - adjutant wing, chairman of the examination committee, member of the Pedagogical Committee of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions. 1913 
Celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk military school on August 25, 1913. Pole vaulting
Celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk military school on August 25, 1913. Demonstration of bayonet fighting skills. 
Celebration of the 50th anniversary of the Pavlovsk military school August 25, 1913 Overcoming wire obstacles. 
Junkers of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School during field exercises. Red Village. 1913
Officers' Court of Honor of the Life Guards of the 1st Artillery Brigade. 1913
Band of the Naval Guards crew on the parade ground before going to the parade. May 1912
A group of officers of the Life Guards of the Jaeger Regiment on the day of the celebration of the 100th anniversary of the Battle of Kulm. 1913
Marine guard crew. Officers in a car on Palace Square. 1914
Reception hall of the Smolny Institute. Among the visitors are pupils of military educational institutions. 1913.
Grand Duchess Olga Nikolaevna, chief of the 3rd Elisavetgrad Hussar Regiment, with the wives of the regiment's officers. Peterhof. August 5, 1913. 
Speech by the orchestra of the 4th rifle imperial family of the battalion on the stage of the Lower Park in Peterhof. 1913. 
Minister of the Imperial Court and Destinies Count V.B. Frederiks in the uniform of the Life Guards Cavalry Regiment. 1913
A group of officers of the 8th Ulan Voznesensky Grand Duchess Tatyana Nikolaevna Regiment in front of the large Peterhof Palace. August 5, 1913 
Before departure. Gatchina Aviation School. 1913.
Military aircraft competition. Aviators I.I. Sikorsky (right), Lieutenant General N.V. Kaultbars (center) in the world's first multi-engine airplane "Russian Knight". 1913 
Grand Duke Boris Vladimirovich and the commander of the Life Guards Cossack Regiment, Major General S.V. Evreinov. 1914
Sergeant of the Siberian fifty of the third hundred of the Life Guards of the Consolidated Cossack Regiment in full dress uniform. 1914 
Fanfarists of the Life Guards Horse Regiment. 1914
Monument to the commander-in-chief of the Russian army on the Danube, Grand Duke Nikolai Nikolaevich (senior) on Manezhnaya Square in St. Petersburg on the day of its opening on January 13, 1914 
Baron P.N. Wrangel. 1914
Naval Minister Admiral, Adjutant General I.K. Grigorovich (center) with the engineers of the Baltic Shipyard. 1914
Major General, commander of his own e.i.v. convoy, Prince Yu.I. Trubetskoy. 1914
General of Infantry A.A. Brusilov. 1914
A platoon of palace grenadiers on Palace Square. 1914
A platoon of mounted officers and a cadet of the Nikolaev Cavalry School during a riding exercise. 1914
Head of the Academy Major General D.G. Shcherbakov with a group of professors and teachers. 1914
Emperor Nicholas II and King Friedrich-August III of Saxony bypass the guard of honor of the Life Guards of the Cuirassier Regiment at the Tsarskoselsky railway station. June 7, 1914 
A group of officers and soldiers with relatives before being sent to the active army. 1916
Home of the Army and Navy. A group of officers on the stairs. March 1916
The beginning of special military educational institutions in Western Europe refers to the 17th century, when, with the development of the military, in particular artillery and engineering, the Germans and the French had special schools for training specialists in these most important branches of military art. When Frederick the Great and Napoleon completely transformed combat practice, there was a need for a thorough knowledge of the tactics of 3 types of weapons, for which they were founded in the 18th century. the first military academies and preparatory institutions for them.
In 1653, the Great Elector founded the first cadet school in Prussia for the military service of children of the nobility; Frederick I in 1716 formed a cadet into a company. Thus, cadet corps arose, which are now preserved only in Germany, Austria and Russia, while in other states Military educational institutions were now established only for adult young people who had already received a secondary education and who wanted to receive special knowledge.
The Russian military school arose from the time. In January 1701, a "school of mathematical and navigational sciences" was opened in Moscow, which, according to its founder, was "needed not only for navigation, but also for artillery and engineering." Soon afterwards, due to the needs of the Great Northern War, Peter needed the foundation of several special institutions in St. Petersburg: the Naval Academy (1705), the Engineering and Artillery School (1712, later transformed into a cadet corps in St. Petersburg), as well as a garrison school for soldiers children.
The leaders of these first Russian military schools were various foreigners called by Peter "for seeds", for example, the British Farvarson, Gwin and Grace for the Moscow Navigation School.
The schools had a beggarly content: without government premises and receiving, and even then inaccurately, the most insignificant salary, the students of our military schools in the time of Peter the Great often could not attend classes for lack of shoes and clothes, they froze in winter and starved to complete exhaustion. The harsh authorities had an unlimited right to beat them "mercilessly with batogs" both for bad behavior and for insufficient success. It is not surprising that many of these ill-fated military specialists either completely became an inveterate drunkard, or even took their own lives "out of despondency and meanness."
And at the same time, despite the amazing poverty of the military school, thanks to the lofty spirit of the victorious age, the ranks of our troops and fleet were constantly enriched by talented, energetic and knowledgeable specialists precisely from these primitive military educational institutions.
There are especially many benefits for the Military Educational Heads. in Russia he brought: in 1732 he submitted imp. for approval. Anna's plan for the construction of the first completely comfortable military educational institution in Russia, the Corps of Cadets in St. Petersburg. for 300 hours, for gentry children from 13 to 18 years old.
Under Elizabeth in 1743, after the opening of the Naval Corps, the Minikhovsiya Corps was renamed the Land Gentry Cadet Corps; he had to train not only officers, but also civil officials, diplomats, judges, and even actors.
The building was not at that time a completely closed institution: outsiders could also enter it to listen to lectures; so, for example, it is known that, already defined 15 l. from birth in Semenovsky and, studying military sciences at home, still found time to listen to lectures on certain subjects in the Land Corps and even took books from the Corps library to read.
Under Catherine II, the Artillery and Engineering Corps (later the 2nd Petersburg Cadet Corps) and several other military educational institutions were founded. Short-term reign also gave several military schools (Military orphanage, 1798).
In the XVIII century. all military schools were managed independently, at the discretion of their superiors, since the central institution for the management of these institutions did not yet exist. Only with their appointment in 1826, Tsesarevich Konstantin Pavlovich, was the first council established to manage all military educational institutions in Russia.
During the reign, the establishment of new military schools, due to the distraction of the struggle with Napoleon I, made little progress; only 3 preparatory schools for cadet corps were founded again (in Tula, Tambov and in Orenburg - Neplyuevskoye). The true founder of the Russian military school is, who, shortly after accession to the throne, expressed an indispensable and firm will to give military educational institutions a new device, to tie them together into one common industry government controlled, for the direction of the same thought to the same goal. Nicholas accomplished this task with the assistance of his two brothers: Konstantin and Mikhail Pavlovich (1831-49).
Mikhail did a lot for military training, along with his staff Ya. I. Rostovtsev (1835-60).
"Instructions for the education of pupils of military educational institutions" (1848) indicated the ideal that the then leaders of our military education had in mind: "Christian, loyal subject, Russian, worthy son, reliable comrade, modest and educated young man, executive, patient and efficient officer.
The Nikolaev cadet corps were officially considered exemplary educational institutions, and Nikolai himself wrote in 1849 that these institutions, "improving every year, managed to achieve the goals of their institution in all respects."
Meanwhile, the Crimean War showed that fundamental reforms are needed to educate our officers. By the end of the reign of Nicholas I, there were 12 full cadet corps in Russia, i.e. giving the cadets a complete education, from the youngest years to the officer rank, and 5 preparatory cadet corps for minors.
The cadets, sometimes staying in the corps for more than 10 years, passed successively unranked musketeer and grenadier companies, becoming themselves, in the end, non-commissioned officers for junior cadets; Commanding over the younger ones and rewarding themselves, i.e., for their own past troubles, the positions of the Cadets cannot be especially mild, since they themselves were under a formidable combatant leadership.
The corps officers of that time, for the most part, very poorly educated and not teachers at all, often aroused murmurs against themselves in the crowd of cadets, and therefore the attitude of commanding persons to subordinates was completely abnormal: cadets sometimes did completely senseless misconduct, just to annoy the officers, and those, in turn, at every opportunity, tried to take revenge, not stopping even before reinforced, portions of bodies. punishments. Naturally, in such a mutually hostile and poorly enlightened environment, neither the morality nor the knowledge of the Cadets could flourish.
In the era of the great reforms of the emperor, the former Minister of War D. A. Milyutin, with the assistance of the Chief Head of the Military Educational Institutions, I. V. Isakov, carried out a complete reform of the Military Educational Institutions; the existence of the former cadet corps, which brought up within their walls both minors and adults at the same time, was recognized as non-pedagogical, and the cadet corps were divided.
For general. education since August 1863, the so-called military gymnasiums began to be gradually introduced, i.e. institutions of general education, without military discipline, while classroom departments were indifferently entrusted to military and civilian ranks, quite suitable for educational work (see Military Gymnasium), for special military education, those who graduated from the military gymnasium were transferred to the military schools established at the same time.
Pedagogical courses were established in the military department with the aim of preparing specially educated teachers of scientific subjects for military educational institutions, and in 1866 a special teacher's seminary of the military department was established in Moscow to train teachers and educators in military elementary schools. At the same time (1864) the foundation was laid for the Pedagogical Museum of Military Educational Institutions.
Milyutin's reform of the military educational institutions was quickly carried out and took root well, because they were conceived broadly, and not a single measure useful for its full implementation was lost sight of. Since at that time another major reform was already brewing - universal military service (1874), - for the advance training of a sufficient number of officers from the military volunteers, since 1864, 21 cadet schools were arranged (infantry - 16 , cavalry - 2 and Cossack - 3).
By the end of the reign of Nicholas I, there were up to 6,700 cadets in the cadet corps, graduating 520 officers a year; with the establishment of military gymnasiums from all these 28 institutions at 4 military schools, an annual graduation of 400-500 officers was calculated.
Under Emperor Alexander III, a counter-reform of military educational institutions followed. In July 1882, all military gymnasiums were renamed into cadet corps, and it was established that only officers were appointed as educators, headed by company commanders, so that the former secondary schools were given the character of preparatory military educational institutions. Although the successor of D. A. Milyutin, I. S. Vannovsky, who himself had previously taken an active part in the transformation of the Nikolaev cadet corps, did not put the new corps on a military footing very sharply, he nevertheless returned the title of the post of cadet and from 1885 ordered withdraw the senior company for drill exercises in the camp.
The teacher's seminary of the military department and the pedagogical courses at the 2nd military gymnasium were abolished, the military gymnasiums for those who came were transformed into boarding schools, and instead of the military progymnasiums, also, for the most part, converted into cadet corps, there were only two military schools for teaching the poor (Volskaya and Yaroslavskaya).
The number of military schools under Alexander III increased.
In 1883, the Don Cadet Corps was founded, and since 1886, military teacher courses were opened at the cadet schools (primarily Moscow and Kiev).
In 1900, instead of General Makhotin, Vel. Book. Konstantin Konstantinovich, who in 1901, having traveled around all the institutions entrusted to him, in his order expressed the following meaningful words about the tasks of military education: “A closed institution is obliged, as the moral growth of its pupils, gradually raise in them the consciousness of their human dignity and carefully eliminate everything that can humiliate or offend this dignity. Only under this condition can senior pupils become what they should be - the color and pride of their institutions, friends of their educators and reasonable guides of public opinion of the entire mass of pupils in a good direction. " This order, as it were, brought to the fore the pedagogical ideals forgotten in the "Makhotin time".
In 1900, one-year pedagogical courses for educators were established at the Pedagogical Museum of Military Educational Institutions, led by A. I. Makarov, and then by 3. A. Maksheev.
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In 1903, two-year courses for teachers of military educational institutions were also opened there, which managed to provide the cadet corps with several good teachers of higher education, with excellent pedagogical training. For an even greater upsurge in educational and teaching work, a congress of Russian language teachers (1903) and a congress of educators of cadet corps (1908) were arranged.
The number of cadet corps has increased even more in Suvorov, Sumy, Khabarovsk, Vladikavkaz, Tashkent and others.
Our cadet corps are one of the most comfortable secondary schools in the Empire.
Therefore, it was strange to read after an unsuccessful Japanese war extremely faint-hearted reviews of our military educational institutions, when even military generals spoke in favor of the complete abolition of the cadet corps, considering them only "traps into which children are lured at an age when they are not yet able to consciously relate to the choice of a profession" (E. And Martynov).
Of course, if our cadet corps did not give children a general education at all, but limited themselves to only stepping, such complaints would be completely justified; but after all, in fact, general education in the corps, for the most part, was quite high (as is proved, for example, by autumn comparisons in military schools of the knowledge of our graduate cadets with the successes of cadets from civilian secondary educational institutions), and besides, never it was not forbidden for those who completed the full course of the corps, if they did not want to serve in the troops, to choose a different field of activity.
Since the beginning of 1910, A.F. Zabelin was in the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions, whose main concern upon taking up this position was, first of all, updating the programs for the training course of military schools and cadet corps.
According to their purpose, military educational institutions in Russia can be divided into the following main groups:
A) institutions serving to provide minors with general secondary education and upbringing;
B) institutions that prepare young people to achieve the rank of active duty officers;
C) institutions for the improvement of education and special technical knowledge of active duty officers and
D) institutions that train technicians.
The first category included cadet corps, numbering 28 (Nikolaevsky, 1st and 2nd St. Petersburg ( 1st Anna Ioannovna Cadet Corps (Chief of His Majesty), 2nd Emperor), emperor, 1st, 2nd and 3rd Moscow ( Catherine II, Emperor Nicholas I, Emperor), Mikhailovsky-Voronezh Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, Orlovsky Bakhtin, Nizhny Novgorod gr. Arakcheeva, Polotsk, Pskov, Petrovsky-Poltava, Vladimirsky-Kyiv, Simbirsky, Orenburg - Neplyuevsky and 2nd, Omsk, Tiflis Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich, Donskoy Emperor Alexander III in Novocherkassk, Yaroslavsky, Suvorovsky in Warsaw, Odessa Grand Duke Konstantin Konstantinovich, Sumy, Khabarovsk Muravyov-Amursky, Vladikavkaz, Tashkent Heir to the Tsesarevich, Volsky), school and general classes of the Page E. I. V. Corps.
This group should also include 7 institutions with an initial preparatory course: the emperor's school and boarding houses at the 1st and 2nd (Petersburg) and Suvorov buildings, preparatory boarding houses in Omsk and Novocherkassk and the preparatory school of the Omsk Cadet Corps in Irkutsk, where mainly juveniles deserving special care (children of the killed and wounded, etc.) were accepted. In addition, there were 22 more schools for soldiers' children under the regiments of the guard and a free Christmas school for soldiers and children in the city of Reval.
Pupils of these schools (sons of the lower ranks) were prepared mainly to fill vacancies in their parts for musicians and singers or other non-combatant ranks, such as: clerks, paramedics, artisans, etc., and, if necessary, to fill vacancies and combat ranks.
The second group of military educational institutions consisted of:
a) special classes of the H. I. V. Page Corps, military schools:infantry - 11 (Pavlovskoye and Vladimirskoye in St. Petersburg, Aleksandrovskoye and Alekseevskoye in Moscow, Kievskoye and Kazanskoye - 2-class, Vilenskoye, Odessa, Irkutsk, Tiflisskoye, Chuguevskoye - 3-class);
b) cavalry-3 (Nikolaev with a Cossack hundred, Elisavetgrad and Tver - 2-class);
c) Cossack-2 (Novocherkassk and Orenburg - 3-class);
d) special: artillery - 2 (Mikhailovskoe and Konstantinovskoye in St. Petersburg), engineering - 1 (Nikolaevskoye in St. Petersburg) and military topographic.
All these institutions trained officers of the respective branches of arms and service. They should also include the conductor school at the Main Engineering Directorate, which trains local engineers. Of the above institutions, the E. I. V. Page Corps, the cadet corps and military schools are subordinate to the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions, the artillery and engineering schools are subordinate to the relevant Main Directorates, and the Military Topographical School is subordinate to the Main Directorate of the General Staff.
The third group of military educational institutions consisted of those where the students were active duty officers. This group is subdivided into the following categories:
a) higher military educational institutions (military academies), whose task is to provide officers with a higher military education and
b) institutions aimed at improving the theoretical and practical training of officers of various types of weapons in accordance with the specialty of military affairs (officer schools).
In addition, special pedagogical courses have been established under the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions.
The institutions of higher education were:
A) Imperial Nikolaev Military Academy,
B) Mikhailovskaya Artillery Academy,
C) Nikolaev Engineering Academy,
D) Alexander Military Law Academy and
D) Quartermaster Academy.
E) Imperial Military Medical Academy.
The institutions (as of 1914, educational units) of the 2nd category included the following:
1) Officer shooting school,
2) Officer artillery school,
3) Officer cavalry school,
4) Officer electrical school,
5) Officer aeronautical school with an aviation department attached to it and
6) Main gymnastic and fencing school.
7) Half-squadron at the Imperial Nikolaev Military Academy.
8) Training automobile company.
All the above-named military educational institutions of the 3rd group were subordinate to the relevant departments.
The fourth group of military educational institutions consisted of special schools whose purpose was to train specialists. This includes artillery schools:
a) Pyrotechnic, with a technical course (for 85 hours),
b) Technical with a 4-year course (for 100 hours) and
c) Izhevsk and Tula with a 3-year course (for 200 hours).
Separately, there are military paramedic schools (8 - St. Petersburg, Moscow, Kyiv, Kherson, Tiflis, Irkutsk, Novocherkassk and Yekaterinodar), subordinate to the Main Military Sanitary Directorate.
In Germany and Austria-Hungary military training was much more serious than in other European states: they still had cadet corps, i.e. military secondary schools for future officers, while in other Western European countries, in view of the highly developed secondary education of civilian schools, buildings for young children of the military class did not exist at all, especially since, apparently, there is no charity in relation to the children of honored officers recognized.
In Germany have existed since the 17th century.
a) military academy (Allgemeine Kriegsschule) and
b) The main cadet corps in Lichterfeld, near Berlin (Haupt-KadettenAnstalt) and several preparatory schools for it (Kadetten-Hauser).
Similar military schools existed in Bavaria and Saxony.
In addition, for the training of officers, both volunteers and those who completed the course of the cadet corps of ensigns, there were also military schools (llriegsschulen) and schools for non-commissioned officers.
In Austria-Hungary, in addition to preparatory academies for military realmys [schools (Militar-Oberund M.-Unter-Realschulen), there were military academies (corresponding to our military schools) in Wiener Neustadt (since 1752) and a technical military academy in (artillery and engineering ). In addition, there were cadet schools (Kadetten-Schulen) of various military specialties, and at the head of the entire military educational system of the table was the Military School (corresponding to our military academy).
In France military education was limited only to specially preparatory schools for adult young people.
A) the Polytechnic School (Ecole Polytechnique) in - an institution, in fact, a civilian one, but preparing, among other things, military engineers, artillerymen and other specialists;
B) Saint-Cyr Special Military School (Ecole speciale militaiie de S.-Cyr) with the Preparatory School "Prytane" in La Fleche (Rgutanee militaire c! e la Fleche).
In addition, in France, most future officers were trained in regimental schools, at military units, and from the 80s. 19th century the lower ranks were trained as officers at the non-commissioned officer Saint-Mexan school (L "ecole de sous-officiers a S.-Maix: eiit) or in Rambouillet (Ecole d" essai pour les enfants de troupe a Rambouilbet), and the cavalrymen in Saumur.
In England, thanks to the widespread development of secondary schools, institutions for preparing young people for future military service did not exist at all, but on the other hand, social games were strongly developed there, and sports exercises undoubtedly serve as a good preparatory school for future officers.
Besides, in recent times, both in England itself and in its colonies, starting with Australia, many military, so-called school battalions, arose at all outstanding civilian institutions, and such respectable figures as Baden-Powell (see this) are preparing the state, in case war, "young scouts" (boy scouts).
Actually, military educational institutions in England are very few, but only thoroughly educated young people were admitted to them.
To get an officer's rank, one had to enter by competition, either for a one-year course at Sundhurst, for infantry and cavalry, or for a 2-year course at Woolich, for special service in artillery and sappers. However, they curry favor with officers and lower ranks, or from active troops or from the police.
In Japan, military education until 1870 was carried out according to the French model, and then the Japanese adopted the German system of military training in essential terms.
Nicholas I is the founder of the Russian military school in St. Petersburg. 1896, I. O. Bobrovsky Junker schools St. Petersburg. 1872-76, I. V. Petrov. Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions of History. essay St. Petersburg. 1902-07, I. A. Galenkovsky Education of youth in the past St. Petersburg. 1904. Image Source: NYPL Digital Gallery. The Vinkhuizen collection of military uniforms
In the period from 1865 to 2000 (for the time being, we will limit ourselves to the end of the 20th century in this somewhat specific study), more than a dozen secondary, higher and academic military educational institutions functioned in Riga - what do we know about them, their teachers and cadets, about their buildings, barracks and other household items?
Let's start with the Riga Infantry Junker School (1865 - 1886).
As part of the ongoing Minister of War of the Russian Empire Dm. Milyutin military reform(carried out at the same time as other transformations under Emperor Alexander II) in the 60s of the 19th century, military schools called junker schools were opened in each military district or a significant part of the Empire. Therefore, in addition to the previously existing schools at the 4th Army Corps in Voronezh, at the 2nd Army Corps (School of the Troops of the Kingdom of Poland) and in Finland (School of Troops located in Finland), at the end of 1864, the Vilna and Moscow Junker schools. In 1865, the Helsingfors (for 100 cadets), Warsaw, Kiev, Odessa, Chuguev, Riga schools (for 200 cadets each), as well as the Tver and Elisavetgrad cavalry (for 60 and 90 cadets, respectively), and in 1866 - Kazan and Tiflis (for 200 junkers each). In 1867, the Orenburg School was formed for 200 people (including 120 Cossack officers of the Orenburg, Ural, Siberian and Semirechensk Cossack troops).
In 1868, the staff of the Tver School was increased to 90 cadets, the Elisavetgrad School was increased to 150, and the Helsingfors School was reduced to 90. In 1869, the staff of the Warsaw, Moscow, Kazan, Kyiv and Chuguev schools was increased to 300 people, and two new schools were opened: Petersburg infantry for 200 cadets and Novocherkassk Cossack police officers for 120 officers of the Don and Astrakhan Cossack troops. In 1870, the Stavropol School for 30 cadets and 90 officers of the Kuban and Terek Cossack troops was added to them. Thus, the network of cadet schools was created very quickly. If by the end of 1868 there were 13 schools for 2130 people, then by the beginning of 1871 there were 16 schools for 2670 infantry, 270 cavalry and 405 Cossack places (11 infantry for 2590 people, 2 cavalry for 240, 2 mixed for 320.1 Cossack for 120, as well as 2 Cossack departments for 75 people at the Warsaw and Vilna schools). In 1872, the Irkutsk cadet school was opened for 60 officers and 30 infantry cadets. In 1878, the Stavropol and Orenburg schools were transformed into Cossack schools (since 1876, the Cossack department was also in the Elisavetgrad school); the Cossack troops now had a total of 655 vacancies in the cadet schools instead of 330 in 1871. The Helsingfors school was closed in 1879, and by 1880 there were 16 schools left with a total staff of 4,500 people.
The cadet schools accepted those who graduated from military progymnasiums or the corresponding civilian educational institutions, as well as volunteers; since 1869, non-commissioned officers called up by recruitment could also enter. The course consisted of two classes: junior general and senior special. The volume and content of special education were dictated by the knowledge and skills necessary to command a battalion. At the end of the course, the cadets returned to their regiment and were promoted to officers to honor their superiors. At the same time, those released in the 1st category were made after the camp collection on the proposal of the authorities, regardless of the presence of vacancies in the regiment, and those released in the 2nd category - only for vacancies. The program of cadet schools in the early 80s. changed, but only slightly. Their release in 1866-1879. ranged from 270 to 2836 people and totaled 16,731 people.
Junker schools by the 80s. 19th century basically satisfied the army's need for officer cadres, and it became possible to increase the requirements for their educational training, which was recognized as insufficient. With the development of the network of cadet schools, the production of officers who did not complete the training course was discontinued, but most of the officers were given precisely by the cadet schools. Now the task was to educate as many officers as possible at the level of military schools. To this end, in 1886 it was decided to reduce the total staff of the cadet schools from 4,500 to 2,800, but in reality they were reduced to 3,620 people (the Riga and Warsaw schools were closed). Since then, future army officers from the Baltic region had the opportunity to enter the Vilna infantry cadet school (since 1910 - the Vilna military school), where future Latvian military leaders usually entered, as well as geographically close military schools in St. Petersburg and Moscow.
What was the difference between cadet and military schools?
The first military schools appeared in 1863, when the senior (special) classes of the cadet corps (except for the Page, Finland, Orenburg and Siberian corps) were consolidated into three military schools, which received the names: the first - Pavlovsk, the second - Konstantinovsky and the third - Aleksandrovsky. In 1865, on the basis of the Nikolaev School of Guards Junkers, the Nikolaev Cavalry School was formed (for 200 cadets), in connection with which, from 1866, graduation from other schools to the cavalry was stopped.
In the 1880s, the ratio of graduating from military and cadet schools was 26 and 74%. AT total number those who graduated from the cadet schools, those who had the 1st category, made up a very small percentage, and the majority of those who received the 2nd category, for many years awaited the rank of ensign for promotion to officers for vacancies in their unit, reaching the rank of ensign (later second lieutenant) when they peers from military schools managed to go far ahead on the career ladder. If their service training and knowledge of the life of the lower ranks, ensigns graduating from cadet schools for the most part surpassed officers who graduated from military schools, then in terms of their general education and theoretical military training they were significantly inferior to them, as a result of which the composition of officers in the infantry and cavalry troops was heterogeneous - Among them, one can single out those who graduated from the military and graduated from cadet schools. The latter were appointed to responsible positions of commanders of individual units relatively rarely, they usually ended their careers with the rank of lieutenant colonel.
It can be said that military schools located in the main military cities of the Russian Empire from ancient times (starting in particular from the School Pushkar Order, the Shlyakhetsky Cadet Corps, the Corps of Pages, the Tula Alexander Noble School and the School of Guards Ensigns) trained the officer elite, and the cadet schools were called upon to massively train a sufficient number of combat officers for the rapidly growing army, which was transferred to a new recruitment system - instead of many years of service of relatively few recruits the armies of all the leading states of Europe switched to recruitment by conscription, with the service of the maximum possible number of representatives of each year of birth for a limited time, thanks to which a mobilization reserve of the army was created from military and conscripted soldiers and officers.
Of the graduates of the Riga Infantry Junker School, interesting and indicative life path the son of a Latvian peasant I.I. Krastynia:
KRASTYN Ivan Ivanovich (1863 - after 1915).
Commander of the 97th Lifland Infantry Regiment in 1914-1915.
Born December 3, 1863. From the peasants of Livonia Province. Lutheran denomination.
Having received a general home education, on May 27, 1883, he entered the military service as a private on the rights of a volunteer of the 3rd category in the 97th Livonian Infantry Regiment. On August 13, 1883 he was sent to the Riga Infantry Junker School. On September 3, he arrived at the school and was enrolled in the junior class. On July 22, 1884 he was transferred to the senior class. December 18, 1884 promoted to non-commissioned officer. On August 2, 1885, after completing the course of the school in the 1st category, he was promoted to lieutenant.
August 5 arrived in Dinaburg in his regiment. July 27, 1886 promoted to second lieutenant (seniority September 1, 1885). On January 15, 1888, he was appointed acting battalion adjutant (August 17, he was approved in the position). March 2, 1890 promoted to lieutenant (seniority September 1, 1889). On September 7, 1890, he was appointed head of weapons and acting as regimental quartermaster (on September 25, he was approved in the position). From November 28, 1893 to January 1, 1894 he was on a business trip in Oranienbaum at the Officer Rifle School. On February 20, 1894 he was awarded the Order of St. Stanislav, 3rd degree. He was also awarded medals - silver in memory of the reign of Emperor Alexander III (March 17, 1896) and for work on the census (July 7, 1897). April 15, 1897 was promoted to staff captain (seniority March 15, 1897). On August 27, 1897, he was appointed commander of a non-combatant company of the regiment (December 12, he was approved in his position). He was awarded prizes for excellent shooting on August 9, 1899 and August 11, 1900. On June 8, 1900 he was appointed commander of a combat company. On October 22, 1900, he was promoted to captain (seniority on May 6, 1900). On October 24, 1904, he was appointed acting superintendent of the 63rd Field Mobile Hospital. On November 5, he accepted the hospital in 1904 and on November 18, as part of the hospital, he went to the Far East. He did not take part in the hostilities. For his work and excellent diligent service, he was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 3rd degree (June 2, 1905), St. Stanislav, 2nd degree (presented on October 10, 1905, approved on April 13, 1906) and a dark bronze medal in memory of the war with Japan (January 21, 1906). On May 15, 1906, after disbanding the hospital, he was seconded back to the regiment. On May 15, 1906, he was appointed commander of the 11th company, on June 20 - acting manager of the economy, on July 23 - commander of the 4th company, on November 10 - commander of the 15th company. From October 10, 1907 to February 8, 1908, he was sent as part of a regiment to Vindava, Courland Province, to pacify the Baltic Territory. On April 8, 1909 he was appointed commander of the 3rd company. On April 24, 1909, he was promoted to lieutenant colonel for distinction in service (seniority on April 11, 1909). From October 4 to October 14, 1909, according to a secret order from the head of the 25th Infantry Division, he was on a business trip in the city of Mogilev.
In 1914 he was promoted to colonel. In this rank, he served in the regiment for great war. In August 1914, he distinguished himself in the very first battles in East Prussia (the Battle of Gumbinen). For distinction in cases against the enemy in East Prussia, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 4th degree with swords and a bow (November 1914). In the autumn of 1914 he was appointed temporary commander of the regiment. In January 1915, he distinguished himself with the regiment in multi-day battles for the village of Gumin, for which he was awarded the St. George weapon (October 8, 1915). By the summer of 1915 he commanded the 1st battalion of the regiment in Poland. In the autumn of 1915 he was appointed commander of the 443rd Sosnisky Infantry Regiment. (RGVIA, fund 409, inventory 1, file 2430).
Military schools existed in Russia until the October Revolution of 1917, after which they were liquidated as "centers of counter-revolution". Although some of them did not end their history on this: some military schools were revived in the White armies and existed for some time in exile.
CAVALRY SCHOOLSNikolaev Cavalry School
The building of the Nikolaev Cavalry School was located on Lermontovsky Prospekt of St. Petersburg. The glorious "School of Guards Ensigns and Cavalry Junkers" was founded in 1823. During its 94-year existence, it gave the Imperial Russian Army more than one hundred excellent cavalry officers. From 1832 to 1834 M.Yu. studied here. Lermontov.
In 1859, the school was renamed the Nikolaev Cavalry School of Guards Junkers, and in 1864 it was transformed into the Nikolaev Cavalry School with a contingent of junkers of 200 people and, in memory of its founder, Emperor Nicholas I, received the Sovereign's monogram on shoulder straps.
The general education classes of the Guards Junkers School were turned into a preparatory boarding school for young people entering the same school. The creation of the Nikolaev Cavalry School ensured the replenishment of cavalry units, while before that the officers who entered the cavalry were recruited from persons who graduated from infantry schools and did not receive any special education.
The training course of the school was similar to the course of infantry schools, but it also included special subjects: hippology and equestrian engineering. Every step of the cadet, both within the walls of the school and outside it, every little detail of life was strictly regulated by customs and traditions, sometimes harsh, but necessary for a cavalry officer.
In combat terms, the school was a squadron and a Cossack hundred. The Cossack hundred, the so-called Tsarskaya, was established at the school in 1890 for the cadets of the Don Cadet Corps. With regard to training and drill classes, incentives, penalties, internal regulations, the hundred were guided by the rules of the school. In St. Petersburg, a hundred were housed in a three-story school building, in which an arena and Cossack stables were built especially for them. Junkers of the Tsar's Hundred were known in St. Petersburg as exceptional in their dashing and prowess combat unit.
Together with the Cossack hundred, the staff of the Nikolaev Cavalry School at the beginning of 1914 consisted of 335 junkers: 215 in the squadron and 120 in the hundred.
Nikolaev Engineering School. Sapper work.
The junkers wore scarlet epaulettes, along the edges of which there was a silver galloon.
After the outbreak of the First World War, the staff was expanded to 465 cadets, and the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of study. The school did not have time to take part in the performance of the junkers in Petrograd in October 1917. It was disbanded along with the rest of the military schools. Already by February 10, 1918, the 1st Soviet Petrograd Cavalry Command Courses were opened in his building and at his expense.
Tver Cavalry School
The Tver cavalry cadet school was opened in 1866. By 1908, the Tver cavalry school was a three-year one, young people with a 6-grade education were admitted here. In 1908, military school courses were organized at the school with a two-year course for graduates of the cadet corps and secondary educational institutions.
The junkers were housed semi-squadron in large bedrooms. Classes lasted from 8 am to 3 pm. Drilling classes included riding, charters, gymnastics, vaulting, rifle and drafts techniques, and work in the forge. Every two weeks the junkers had to "hand over rehearsals".
On the day of the school holiday, after a prayer service and a parade, a competition was held: figure riding, vaulting and felling for senior cadets (they acquired their own horses). Tverdy often went to parades in Moscow, staying at the Alekseevsky military school. In early June, the squadron went to the camp in Moscow, on the Khodynka field. Their neighbor in the camp was the Alekseevsky military school. Instrumental shooting, on foot, on horseback, squadron exercises, shooting were carried out there, guards were posted at the standard and the cash box.
In combat terms, the school was a squadron, with a staff of 150 cadets. The school holiday was celebrated on December 6th.
The cadets of the school had light blue epaulettes, with black edging, trimmed with silver galloon.
With the outbreak of the First World War, the school switched to the practice of eight-month accelerated graduations.
After the military schools were disbanded in November 1917, the 1st Soviet Tver Cavalry Command Courses were opened in the school building and at its expense.
Elisavetgrad Cavalry School
On September 25, 1865, the opening of the Elisavetgrad cavalry cadet school in the Kherson province took place as part of one squadron of cadets of 90 people. The course was set to two years. The school was intended for staffing the officers of the cavalry units of the Kyiv, Odessa and Kharkov military districts.
In 1868 the staff of the school was increased to 150 people. After 6 years, in 1874, the staff increased to 300 people. The junkers were divided into 2 squadrons: the first for the dragoon regiments, and the second for the lancers and hussars, 150 junkers in each squadron. In combat terms, the school was an equestrian division. In 1876, a Cossack department for 35 people was established at the school, which was not part of the squadrons.
In 1880 the school built its own camp. Until that time, junkers were seconded to cavalry regiments for the summer. At the same time, a preparatory class was opened, and after 6 years the Cossack department was transferred to the Novocherkassk school. In 1888, the school occupied the premises of the abolished Military Gymnasium - three buildings that were located in the very center of Elisavetgrad, at the end of Palace Street.
In 1901, under a new regulation, the cadet departments were transferred to a three-year course of study with a more extensive program. Those who graduated from the two-year course of the school before the reform were renamed Estandart Junkers by order of the troops of the district and were candidates for production as officers. Those who graduated in the first category were promoted to cornets on the proposal of their immediate superiors in the last 4 months of the year of their graduation. In 1902, this educational institution was renamed the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School. After the reform, young people were already graduating with the rank of cornet.
Junker of the Konstantinovsky Artillery School in the arena. 1906
Until 1903, the cadets were listed in the lists of their units and wore regimental uniforms, having only a narrow cadet galloon on shoulder straps. In 1908, the cadets of the school were granted the uniform of the Uhlan model.
The epaulettes of the pupils of the Elisavetgrad School were scarlet with black piping.
The school was disbanded in November 1917. Junckers-Elisavetgrad took an active part in civil war.
COSSACK SCHOOLSNovocherkassk Cossack School
The Novocherkassk Cossack Junker School was opened in August 1869 and was originally called the Novocherkassk Police Officer School. The school was intended to train the Don Cossacks (114 vacancies) and Astrakhan (6 vacancies).
With this name, the school existed until 1871, when it was renamed the Novocherkassk Cossack cadet school, and the students who studied in it began to be called junkers, not conscripts. In 1880, 6 vacancies of the Astrakhan Cossacks were transferred from the Novocherkassk to the Orenburg school, and from that year the school began to train officers specifically for the Don army.
Until 1871, unlike the Cossacks and sergeants of combat units, the sergeants of the Novocherkassk school wore epaulettes with a longitudinal stripe of yellow lace, and from that year the bason stripe was replaced with silver, like the cadets of cavalry schools.
In 1901, the transformation of all cadet schools, including the Cossack ones, followed, namely: a three-year course of study was introduced instead of a two-year one. Junkers who completed the course in the first and second categories were issued officers, with the first category given a year of seniority. The first release of officers from the Novocherkassk school was made in August 1904. Until 1904, the cadets had to have their own uniforms in accordance with the established form, and from that time they began to be kept at the expense of the army.
In January 1904 the school was granted a banner. In 1905, the staff of the cadets of the school was increased from 120 to 180 people.
On the eve of the First World War, the cadets of the school wore scarlet epaulettes, without edging, trimmed with silver galloon, and since 1915 they were decorated with the silver cypher of the heir to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "A".
With the outbreak of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased from 180 cadets to 420 and a four-month accelerated course of study was established.
At the beginning of 1918, the Novocherkassk military school took part in the battles near Rostov. It should be noted that it became the first refuge of the Volunteer Army. In it, soldiers and officers received uniforms, equipment, weapons and were organized for the first time.
The cadets of this school took an active part in the Civil War. The school ended its existence already in exile in 1923.
Orenburg Cossack School
On November 11, 1867, the Highest permission was received to open a cadet school in Orenburg for cadets and volunteers, conscripts from nobles and senior officers' children of the troops of the Orenburg, Turkestan and West Siberian military districts. The opening of the school took place on December 20, 1867. The staff of students was determined to be 200 people. In 1876 it was increased from 200 to 300, including 150 infantry and 150 Cossack junkers. Young people were released into the troops as ensigns.
After the transfer in 1878 to the Kazan cadet school of infantry cadets of the junior class, the staff of the school was reduced to 250 cadets. In 1898, 16 vacancies were temporarily opened for the junkers of the Caucasian Cossack troops. In 1901, the school was reorganized from a two-class to a three-class one. The Cossack department of the Irkutsk cadet school was transferred to its composition and a staff of 120 cadets of all Cossack troops, except for the Donskoy, was established. Young people were issued by officers in the rank of cornet.
Until 1903, the school did not have a uniform uniform. Each junker wore the uniform of his army. Since 1903, a uniform uniform was introduced for all junkers, modeled on the Orenburg Cossack army.
In 1905, the school left the subordination of the chief of staff of the Kazan military district and came under the jurisdiction of the chief ataman of the Orenburg Cossack army. In 1908, it came under the control of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions.
In 1910, all district cadet schools were equated in rights to military schools, and the Orenburg School became known as the "Orenburg Cossack School". The school consisted of a hundred of 120 junkers. Each army had its own number of vacancies in it, for example: Orenburg - 36, Kuban - 18, Terek - 12, etc., sent money for the maintenance of their junkers (for uniforms, equipment, horses and food).
This fact is interesting: the competitive exam for admission was not general, but for the troops - it was possible to pass the exam with lower scores, but, having your own vacancy, to enter, it was possible to pass the exam with the best scores, and without a vacancy, do not enter. 90% of the school consisted of children of ordinary Cossack families.
The training schedule was very tough: even in severe frosts - a training hour of shift driving on the garrison square. In soft snow - riding arena, cutting with a sword, pricks with a pike and, finally, horse riding. The senior class went hunting with their own wolves, released into the steppe into the wild.
In July, the school went on a training camp: on a hike through the Orenburg villages, villages and Tatar auls. In this campaign, the cadets performed the duties of ordinary Cossacks.
On the eve of the First World War, the cadets wore light blue epaulettes without encryption.
To the first world war The staff of the school was increased from 120 to 150 cadets. A four-month course was introduced. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign.
After the coup of 1917, the Orenburg Cossack army with their ataman A.I. Dutov (a former teacher of tactics and engineering at the school) did not recognize the Soviet government. The school continued its activities until the end of 1919. Its cadets actively participated in the battles of the Civil War.
ARTILLERY SCHOOLSMikhailovsky Artillery School
The Mikhailovsky Artillery School was established on November 25, 1820, on the initiative of Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich. Prior to this, there was no military school in Russia that would provide such serious special artillery training. The school was formed as a training brigade of three companies for the preparation of fireworks and artillery officers. There was no position of head of the school as such. The military educational institution was entrusted to a special commander. However, the position of class inspector already existed. The school accepted young people aged 14 to 18 after entrance examinations. For the brigade, a place and a building on the banks of the Neva were purchased at auction, which housed the Mikhailovsky Artillery School until October 1917.
Tea shop in the camp of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.
Initially, the school consisted of two departments: higher - officer and lower - cadet. Junkers at the opening of the school were divided by knowledge into 3 classes. In 1822, the senior (fourth) cadet class was established, from which the first promotion to officers followed in 1823.
The training course started in January. Junkers were considered to be in active service, therefore, upon admission, they were sworn in and obeyed the requirements of discipline. In the summer, the cadets of the two senior classes, together with the training brigade, were taken to the camp on the Volkovo field, where they studied the camp service, shooting and artillery formation. However, thorough drill artillery classes began only in 1826, when the school was given its own guns. The horses were delivered by a training brigade, and first the lower ranks were ridden, and from 1830 - the junkers. Since 1826, the school, along with other parts, began to camp in Krasnoye Selo. Since 1827, the training of junkers in riding began. Since 1832, the school received 8 three-pound "unicorns", thus making up an 8-gun battery.
In 1834, the school separated from the training brigade, the school commander, Colonel Kovanko, became the head of the artillery school, and a special battery commander was also appointed. In 1849, after the death of its founder, Grand Duke Mikhail Pavlovich, the school was named Mikhailovsky and came under the jurisdiction of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions. On August 30, 1855, the officer classes of the school were renamed into the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy.
In 1861, the artillery departments of the third special classes of the cadet corps were concentrated in the artillery school. At the same time, an extensive chemical laboratory was set up and the teaching of chemistry was introduced. In 1865 the school became three-class. Admission to the junior class of the school was made from persons who had graduated from military gymnasiums and other secondary educational institutions, or who had passed exams according to a specific program. However, in reality, almost exclusively graduates of military gymnasiums entered the school, and the number of people who entered from the outside did not exceed 5-7%. In addition, at the end of the course, the pupils of the combined arms military schools were given the right to enter the senior class of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School, for which this class was divided into 2 departments: mathematical - for those who passed 2 classes of the school and drill (with a somewhat easier course) - for cadets other military schools.
1. Chief officer of the squadron of the Nikolaev School of Guards Junkers in full dress, 1862
Hat: the color of the crown is white, the band is red, with dark green piping, the chin strap is made of black patent leather. The cap was decorated with a golden eagle and a white hair plume.
2. Juncker Konstantinovsky school in summer full dress.
Golden metal instrument. Double-breasted uniform of dark green cloth, with a rounded collar, around the collar and cuffs - gold galloon. On the uniform there are buttons of yellow copper with a grenade. Red epaulettes with the letter "K" under the crown. Shoulder straps are trimmed with narrow galloon. Black leather belt with yellow copper buckle. The headdress is a kepi with a coat of arms and a black sultan. Bloomers - summer white from the guards flamish linen.
3. Junker of the Nikolaev Engineering School in winter dress uniform.
The metal device is silver. Harem pants of dark green cloth with red piping. In dress uniform, the junkers of this school were supposed to wear a bayonet.
The number of hours devoted to the study of secondary and higher mathematics, compared with the volume of these courses at the end of the 50s, increased by more than 50%, and for the course of artillery - by almost 100%. In the same year, drill training was canceled at the academy, which led to an increase in the corresponding hours at the school. In social terms, the composition of the junkers was almost exclusively noble. Even after 1876, when the path to military schools was opened to all classes, its composition changed little. So, in 1878, out of 157 junkers, there were 130 hereditary nobles, 20 children of officers and officials, 1 of the clergy, 1 of hereditary honorary citizens, 1 of the children of non-commissioned officers, 4 of the children of the townspeople.
Since 1894, according to the new regulation on military academies, by no means all graduates of the artillery school became students of the academy. A compulsory two-year course was introduced at the school, and only junkers who were especially successful in the sciences could remain for an additional third year, which consisted of 60-80 people, while the first and second courses consisted of 180-190 people each. From now on, the school consisted of two batteries.
An additional course gave a preferential right to enter the Mikhailovsky Artillery Academy or, in the absence of such a desire from a graduate, gave the right to enter the guard.
The production of "additional" officers took place not on August 6, but on April 28 in Tsarskoye Selo. It was not celebrated especially solemnly, rather, it was in the nature of a family celebration. The Sovereign personally congratulated the junkers, and after the production he invited all the graduates to breakfast at the Palace. During the production of officers from an additional third year, the cadets received 600 rubles for uniforms.
Since 1903, a three-year course of study was mandatory for all junkers. By 1913, the staff of the school consisted of 450 cadets. Drilling classes at the school included walking, horseback riding, riding in guns, exercises with guns, studying the material part of rapid-fire guns, charters and shooting rules.
A. Markov, in his book Cadets and Junkers, spoke of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School as follows: “Mikhailovtsy and the atmosphere of their school gave the impression of a real temple of science, and my old corps comrades acquired the appearance of scientists rather than frivolous cadets. It was felt that the school lives a serious working life, and there is no place for an ostentatious side, there is no place for "tsuku" and unnecessary bravado.
1. Junker of the Nikolaev Cavalry School.
Golden metal instrument. The cap of the sample of 1882 is made of cloth, with fur flaps, a scarlet top, St. Andrew's star and a cockade. The uniform of the sample of the guards dragoons, double-breasted, fastened with hooks. Bloomers are gray-blue, with a scarlet edging. Three-way sash. Shoulder straps are scarlet, along the free edges there is a gold galloon.
2. Chief officer of the infantry cadet school.
Lamb cap, model 1881, with a cockade and a coat of arms. The uniform of the sample of the army infantry of the "royal color" (sea wave). Bloomers are dark green with scarlet piping. On the collar there is patterned sewing of military educational institutions in two rows. Epaulettes - on a metal device.
3. Feldwebel of the military topographic school.
Silver metal device, uniform of the army infantry model of 1881, double-breasted black. Cap with a visor, black with light blue piping. Shoulder straps are black with a light blue edging and ciphered in the form of the letter "T". On shoulder straps there was a transverse stripe made of silver galloon, sergeants were supposed to have a saber with an officer's lanyard.
The Mikhailovsky Artillery School has always been famous for its balls, the ball on November 25, the day of the school holiday, was especially chic. Only the Naval Corps and the Nikolaev Engineering School could compete with the school, but in terms of the size and spaciousness of the premises, the Mikhailovites were out of competition.
Junkers wore scarlet epaulets without piping, with the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "M". When riding, the Mikhailovites wore dark blue trousers. In the summer, in the camp, a protective tunic was often replaced by a canvas shirt, complemented by a white peakless cap.
The school did not take part in the performance of the junkers in Petrograd in October 1917. It was disbanded on November 6, 1917. On its basis and at its expense, the 1st Soviet artillery command courses were created.
Konstantinovsky Artillery School
The Konstantinovsky Artillery School was located on Zabalkansky Prospekt in St. Petersburg. It traces its history back to the Noble Regiment, founded in 1807 under the Second Cadet Corps to train young people who wanted to enter the military service. On April 17, 1855, the regiment was renamed the Konstantinovsky Cadet Corps. In 1859, the corps was transformed into the Konstantinovsky military school, from which in 1894 the Konstantinovsky artillery school was created.
This school, in terms of staff and course of study, was quite similar to the Mikhailovsky Artillery School. In combat terms, it was divided into two batteries of 8 guns each.
The first head of the Konstantinovsky Artillery School was Colonel V.T. Chernyavsky, who had previously been the battery commander of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School. He took with him several experienced officers from there, and with their help, in a few years, the young school was practically equal to Mikhailovsky. This school had excellent traditions, the cadets-Konstantinovtsy considered themselves the successors and continuers of the traditions of the Noble Regiment. In 1907, the 100th anniversary of the regiment was widely celebrated at the school.
1. Staff officer of the Nikolaev Cavalry School in a festive uniform out of order.
The uniform is double-breasted, lapel cut, "royal color" with a scarlet edging. The collar is slanted, dark green, cuffs with a toe. Buttoned scarlet lapel. Chakchira with a two-row scarlet stripe.
2. Junker of the Cossack Hundred in full dress.
The device is silver, the hat is black karakul, the scarlet is scarlet. In front is a silver St. Andrew's star in radiance, a white hairy sultan. The uniform of the Cossack cut is dark blue, the trousers are gray-blue with a single-row scarlet stripe. The sash is light blue, the epaulettes are silver with scarlet lining. White harness and checker of the Cossack sample.
3. Squadron cadet in dress uniform.
The device is gold. The uniform is double-breasted, with a scarlet edging, a scarlet lapel and two rows of gold buttons. Gold non-commissioned officer galloon on the collar and cuffs. Three-way sash. Cavalry epaulettes with scarlet lining. Shako Guards sample.
Juncker artillerymen studied mainly the exact sciences: mathematics, analytical geometry, differential and integral calculus, physics, chemistry, mechanics, drawing. In addition to general education and special military sciences, the cadets were trained on foot and equestrian formation, regulations, gymnastics, horseback riding and fencing. In the camps, a practical course of shooting and topographic survey was held, with the solution of tactical problems.
Pupils of the school wore scarlet epaulettes, with black edging and the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Konstantin Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "K".
Since the beginning of the First World War, the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of study. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign.
The school did not take part in the performance of the junkers in Petrograd in October 1917. It was disbanded on November 6, 1917. On its basis and at its expense, the 2nd Soviet artillery command courses were created.
Sergiev Artillery School
The Sergiev Artillery School was opened in 1913 in Odessa, at the 3rd station of the Bolshoi Fountain, near the Odessa Cadet Corps located there.
The school was equipped last word technology, an exceptionally good composition of teachers and course officers was selected. And the personnel of the junkers very quickly learned the glorious traditions of the Mikhailovsky and Konstantinovsky artillery schools. Major General Nilus was appointed head of the school.
Junkers wore scarlet epaulettes with the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Sergei Mikhailovich in the form of the letter "C".
Because of the outbreak of war, the school did not have to make a single normal graduation: all the graduations, and there were 12 of them, were accelerated, and the 12th graduation did not complete the course, because the school was closed by the Bolsheviks, who occupied Odessa in January 1918. But the school ceased to exist temporarily - until October 1919, when it was restored by order of the Commander-in-Chief of the Volunteer Army, General A.I. Denikin. The staff was staffed by cadets, cadets, volunteers and volunteers who were in parts of the Volunteer Army.
The last, 15th graduation of the school completed the course already in exile in Bulgaria in 1922.
1–2. Junkers of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School in an overcoat and dress uniform.
Until 1909, the cadets of the Elisavetgrad Cavalry School wore a cap instead of a hat (the school was attached to the Odessa Military District). Cap with scarlet top, dark green edging and dark green band. The overcoat is gray, the collar flaps are scarlet. In 1909, the school was given a cap of the Uhlan pattern with the silver State Emblem. The applied color of the school is scarlet.
3. Chief officer of the Tver cavalry school.
The device is silver. Outfit sample of army lancers. Uniform of "royal color". On the collar and cuffs sewing of military schools. In 1912, instead of the State Emblem, the coat of arms of military educational institutions appeared on the cap.
Nikolaev Artillery School
Neither the Mikhailovsky, nor the Konstantinovsky, nor the Sergievsky artillery schools had such a large parade ground. The 1st set included 180 junkers.
Until the construction of its own building was completed, the school was temporarily housed in a damp and cold barracks, which had no running water and was poorly heated. Immediately after the first enrollment in the school, cadets of the second graduation were accepted, who began classes on May 20, 1916. The pace of classes did not slow down. In August, the cadets took a shooting course in the Darnitsa camp. In October 1916, the school was visited by Nicholas II, who spent 3 days here. During these days, the emperor tried his best to keep the spirit of the junkers alive. On December 22, 1916, the 2nd graduation of the school took place, amounting to 200 people. And immediately began to study the 3rd set. In February 1917 the school moved to its own building.
The junkers wore scarlet epaulettes, without piping, with the yellow cypher of Nicholas II "H II" and the gold cypher in His Majesty's battery.
The February revolution did not bring significant changes to the life of the school. On the contrary, the junkers somehow pulled themselves together. The oath to the Provisional Government passed without a rise, and some of the junkers refused to take the oath. Young people tried in every possible way to avoid the penetration of "red agitators" into their environment. Discipline and tradition were strictly maintained.
In September 1917, the 6th recruitment began. Mostly it was civilian youth. Since October 25, together with other military schools in Kyiv, the school opposed the Bolsheviks.
On January 25, 1918, before the capture of Kyiv by the Bolsheviks, junkers of the 6th graduation, who did not have time to complete the full course, were issued certificates of completion of the 4-month course.
The school was disbanded in mid-February 1918. For all the time it took a course of training and 1,500 people were promoted to officers.
1. Chief officer of the Novocherkassk Cossack School in dress uniform.
In 1904, the Novocherkassk Cossack School was given the uniform of the Don Cossack cavalry regiments. The uniform is dark blue, single-breasted, without buttons, fastened with hooks, gray-blue trousers with a scarlet stripe. Papakha is slightly conical in shape with black short fur. The cap is scarlet, in front - a cockade. The officers were given a revolver holster with a cord and an officer's bandolier.
2. Junker of the Novocherkassk Cossack School in a marching uniform.
In 1912, the cadets of the school were given a camouflage uniform. Gray-blue trousers with a scarlet stripe, a dark blue cap with a scarlet edging, high boots, a brown belt, and a Cossack-style saber.
3. Senior sword-junker of the Orenburg Cossack School.
A uniform uniform for the cadets of the Orenburg Cossack School was introduced only in 1903 on the model of the Orenburg Cossack army: a black double-breasted uniform, a collar and cuffs trimmed with a wide silver galloon, gray-blue trousers with a light blue stripe. Scarlet epaulettes, encryption "O.U."
ENGINEERING SCHOOLS Nikolaev Engineering School
In St. Petersburg, with one facade facing the Fontanka, the other with Inzhenernaya Street overlooked the ancient building of the Mikhailovsky (or Inzhenerny) Castle. This castle housed a military educational institution that gave Russia many big names - the Nikolaev Engineering School. Founded in 1804 as a special school for the training of engineering conductors, in 1819 it was renamed the Main Engineering School, which in 1855 was renamed Nikolaev. In 1863, the school merged with the Engineering Academy, which was formed on August 30, 1855 from officer classes. Since 1855, the course of study at the school was set to three years, and the staff was 126 junkers; senior year was considered mandatory. Junkers of the Nikolaev Engineering School were largely pupils of civilian educational institutions. So, in 1868, 18 were identified from among those who entered the junior class from military gymnasiums, and from outside - 35. In 1874 - from military schools and gymnasiums - 22, from outside - 35. In 1875 - from the military schools and gymnasiums - 28, from outside - 22. Admission to the senior class of persons who graduated from military schools was also carried out.
The school was a preparatory institution for entering the engineering academy for successful cadets in the sciences, and also prepared officers for service in the combat unit of the engineering department; in sapper, railway and pontoon battalions or in mine, telegraph and fortress sapper companies. There, young people served for two years while retaining the right to enter the Nikolaev Engineering Academy.
The full contingent of the school on the eve of the First World War was 450 cadets (150 for each course).
From the very foundation of the engineering school, the junkers treated the sciences with respect. Being part of the Engineering Department, which was always considered a scientist, they highly valued knowledge.
The Nikolaev Engineering School was considered "the most liberal". The relationship between the cadets and their educators - officers and teachers - was almost ideal. The relations of the junkers among themselves are friendly and simple. As a result, sensible officers left the school, who knew their specialty well and preserved in their relations with the soldiers the most fair and humane treatment that they had learned in the school. The educational part was excellent: the best composition of the capital's professors, especially the teachers valued the mind, the ability to think analytically, and encouraged the scientific and creative activity of young people.
1. Chief officer of the Nikolaev Engineering School in dress uniform.
The metal device of the school is silver. Uniform and shako of "royal color". Straight hair sultan, on the sides of the shako - axes on the device. On the collar and cuffs - sewing of military educational institutions.
2. Junior harness-junker of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School in dress uniform.
Black double-breasted uniform with scarlet edging, black trousers, boots with spurs, black leather belt with a gold plaque, a checker on the shoulder belt, a shako with a pom-pom.
3. Juncker of the military topographic school in dress uniform.
A black double-breasted uniform with a light blue edging, a black leather belt with a silver badge, a black felt shako.
1. Vice non-commissioned officer of the Vladimir School in dress uniform.
The metal device is gold. Black double-breasted uniform with scarlet edging, with two rows of buttons, high boots, black felt shako.
2. Staff officer of the Pavlovsk military school.
Uniform and shako of "royal color". Straight white hair sultan, on the collar and cuffs sewing of military educational institutions.
3. Junker of the Pavlovsk military school in a gymnastic shirt and field cap.
Khaki summer shirt without breast pockets. A khaki cap with a visor, a black leather belt with a gold badge.
1. Junker of the Irkutsk military school in dress uniform.
Black double-breasted uniform with scarlet edging, with two rows of gold buttons, high boots, black leather belt with a gold badge. Papakha of gray fur with a protective cloth top trimmed crosswise with a white-orange-black non-commissioned officer's cord.
2. Junker of the Irkutsk military school in an overcoat.
AT winter time The junkers wore a gray infantry overcoat. The collar flaps are scarlet with a dark green edging and a button. In frost below -10 ° C, the junkers wore a cap, which could be passed under shoulder straps, either worn on the head or tied around the neck.
3. Chief officer of the Irkutsk military school in a coat.
The collar flaps of the coat are scarlet with a dark green edging and a button, the crown of the cap is “royal color”, the band is red.
The Nikolaev Engineering School gave Russia many outstanding military leaders. Suffice it to recall General E.I. Totleben - the hero of the defense of Sevastopol and Plevna, General K.P. Kaufman, who led the military operations when joining Central Asia to Russia, General F.F. Radetsky - the hero of the battles at Shipka and in the Caucasus, G.A. Leer - an outstanding military writer and professor, whose works on strategy are known to the whole world and, finally, General R.I. Kondratenko - the hero of Port Arthur.
The cadets of this school had scarlet epaulettes without edging with the monogram of Emperor Nicholas I "H I".
Since the beginning of the First World War, the school switched to an accelerated eight-month course of study. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign.
The school took active steps against the Bolsheviks on October 29-30, 1917 in Petrograd. And it was disbanded on November 6, 1917. The 1st Soviet Engineering Command Courses were opened in its building and at its expense in February 1918.
Alekseevskoye Engineering School
The Alekseevsky Engineering School was established in March 1915 in Kyiv as the Second Engineering School. All graduations of the school were accelerated eight-month.
The shoulder boards of the junkers were scarlet without edging with a yellow and applied silver monogram of the heir to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolaevich in the form of the letter "A" at the company of His Highness.
The cadets of the school opposed the establishment of Soviet power in Kyiv. The school was disbanded in November 1917.
Camp of the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.
INFANTRY SCHOOLSAlexander Military School
On September 16, 1863, by order No. 330 of the military department, the first Russian military schools were created, among them the Alexandrovsky in Moscow, which was located in the building of the disbanded Alexandria Orphan Corps on Znamenka. On October 9, 1863, Colonel B.A. Shvanebach was appointed its first head. From the cadet corps, along with the building, the following were transferred to the school: a church, a library, an archive, all the material property of the senior classes, as well as marble plaques with the names of distinguished cadets and black marble plaques with the names of graduate officers who were killed and died from wounds.
On April 27, 1867, Emperor Alexander II visited the school for the first time, who was very pleased with the school and its students. He assumed the title of chief of the school. On May 16, 1886, Emperor Alexander III assumed the title of chief.
Junckers who successfully completed the course of the school were awarded prizes (Engelson, Ushakov, in the amount of 100 to 200 rubles). During the existence of the school, such famous professors as Klyuchevsky, Chuprov, Smyslovsky gave lectures within its walls.
In 1900, the "Society for the Aid to the Former Alexandrovites" was organized.
Chemical laboratory at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.
Before the outbreak of the First World War, the school had 600 cadets, which were divided into 4 companies. On the shoulders of the junkers there were white epaulettes, without edging, with the scarlet monogram of Emperor Alexander II "A II". In the company of His Majesty there is an applied metal cypher of the Sovereign on the instrument.
From the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased by 1000 people and amounted to 1600 junkers. The practice of accelerated, four-month releases began. Young people up to 30 years old were accepted for an accelerated course, they could also be married. Construction exercises were carried out daily for several hours. Some subjects were abolished: the Law of God, Russian and foreign languages, military history, geography.
At the end of October 1917, the school took an active part in the hostilities in Moscow. The headquarters of the fight against the Bolsheviks was created in it, officer companies were formed here. After the defeat of the junkers in Moscow, the school was disbanded. However, on January 31, 1919, it was revived in the Volunteer Army.
In 1921, the monogram of Emperor Alexander II was returned to the school.
In emigration, there were societies of former pupils of the school.
Pavlovsk Military School
The Pavlovsk military school is the oldest school in St. Petersburg. It was created in 1863 from the special classes of the Pavlovsk Cadet Corps, which transferred its banner to the school. The school was located on Bolshaya Spasskaya Street, next to the 2nd Cadet Corps and the Military Topographic School. The Pavlovsk School was what is called "the first of the first." A. Markov, the author of the well-known book Cadets and Junkers, wrote: “The Pavlovsk military school had its own, inherent face and its own special spirit. It was as if the spirit of the stern Emperor, who gave him his name, reigned here. It was felt in everything that this, indeed, was the military school from which the best combatants of our glorious army came out.
Mikhailovsky Artillery School. Eye photography.
Over the 50 years of its existence, from 1863 to 1913, the Pavlovsk School graduated 7730 officers, 52 former cadets of the school became holders of the Order of St. George the Victorious. Over 200 officers were killed in action and died of their wounds. By 1913, 1/4 of the available officers of the General Staff consisted of former "Pavlons". The chiefs of the school were emperors, starting with Alexander II and ending with Nicholas II.
In combat terms, the Pavlovsk Infantry School consisted of a battalion of 4 companies, and by 1914 its staff consisted of 400 cadets and 66 in excess of the set. With the outbreak of the First World War, the school switched to the practice of 4-month accelerated graduations. The staff of the school was increased to 1000 cadets.
The junkers had scarlet epaulettes without piping with the yellow cypher of Emperor Paul I "П I" and the gold applied cypher of Emperor Nicholas II "Н II" in His Majesty's company.
The school did not take part in the October battles in Petrograd, because on the night of October 25 it was surrounded by soldiers of the reserve Grenadier Regiment and the Red Guards of the Putilov and Obukhov factories, and under the threat of machine-gun fire, was disarmed. The entire command staff, together with the head of the school, General Melnikov, was arrested and sent to the Peter and Paul Fortress. The school was disbanded on November 6, 1917.
Alekseevsky military school
The Alekseevsky Military School was founded in 1864 as the Moscow Infantry Junker School and existed under this name until 1897, when it was renamed the Moscow Military School.
In 1886, 2 departments were opened in it: with a one-year course for young people with higher education and two years for high school graduates. At first, the school was under the jurisdiction of the General Staff, and in 1897 it was transferred to a two-year military school course. Thus, the opportunity opened up for young people from the outside to enter the school, without first being enrolled in the regiments as volunteers. At the end of the course, the pupils were promoted directly to officers, and did not return to their regiments as ensigns, as was the case before.
Nikolaev Engineering School. Camp guard at the banner.
In 1897, the school was subordinated to the chief head of military educational institutions. In 1906, the heir to the crown prince, Grand Duke Alexei Nikolaevich, became the chief of the Moscow Military School. Since then, the school was called Alekseevsky.
The school was located in the Red barracks, next to the 3rd Moscow Emperor Alexander II Cadet Corps. The camp of the school was located on Khodynka, in Serebryany Bor.
During its existence from 1864 to 1913. the school gave the Russian army about 8150 officers, to this figure it is still necessary to add those released, starting from July 12, 1914 - 200 people, October 1, 1914 (thirteen-month course) - 200 people, December 1, 1914 (4 months) - 200 people, February 1, 1915 - 300 people; 4 editions of 1915: May, July, September and October - 1200 people; 6 issues in 1916 - 3600 people. In just 52 years of its existence, about 13,850 officers were trained at the school.
The junkers had scarlet epaulettes without edging with the yellow monogram of the heir to Tsarevich Alexei Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "A" and with a gold applied monogram at the company of His Highness.
Before the outbreak of the First World War, the staff of the school consisted of 500 cadets, who were distributed among the 4th companies. With the outbreak of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased by 700 people and amounted to 1200 cadets. The school turned into a two-battalion structure.
During the October battles in Moscow, the school took active steps against the Bolsheviks. In November 1917 it was disbanded.
The 1st Soviet Moscow Infantry Command Courses were located in its building.
Kiev military school
The Kiev military school was established in 1897 on the basis of the Kyiv infantry cadet school, founded in 1865. This school was open to military junkers and volunteers with insufficient education. It consisted of 4 companies, and the total number of cadets numbered 400 people. The school had a banner, the highest granted on May 6, 1896.
Fencing lesson at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.
On October 1, 1914, the last graduation of junkers with the rank of second lieutenant took place. The school switched to the practice of four-month accelerated graduations. The staff was increased to 630 junkers. Combat officers, in addition to their direct work, were involved in lecturing on tactics and topography. Due to the fact that with the outbreak of World War I, 3 more military schools were opened in Kyiv, on September 26, 1914, the school was given the name "1st Kyiv Military School".
The junkers wore light blue epaulettes, with scarlet edging, without encryption.
In November 1920, due to the complete evacuation of the Crimea, the school left its homeland. The last - the 69th graduation of the school took place already in exile, in Bulgaria, in 1923.
Junker at the review of gymnasts in Tsarskoye Selo.
Vilna military school
The school was opened in 1864 as an infantry cadet school. The training course was divided into senior and junior. Initially, the staff of the school was defined as 200 cadets. From 1874 the staff was increased to 300 people. It should be emphasized here that since 1868, in the school, along with the infantry junkers, Cossack officers were preparing to receive the officer rank. In 1876, they were separated into a special cavalry platoon - the Cossack department - with a staff of 35 cadets, and three years later a preparatory class was opened for volunteers with poor training. However, in 1885 the Cossack department and the preparatory class were closed.
In 1901, the school was reorganized into a three-year school, programs in the main subjects were equalized with military schools, cadets began to be issued as second lieutenants. In 1904–1905 the staff of the school was increased to 400 cadets, divided into 4 companies. In 1906, second lieutenants, ensigns, promoted to these ranks for military distinctions due to wartime circumstances, were allowed to enter the school to take a course in science. In 1910, the school was renamed into a military one. Equality has always been a hallmark of the Vilnius people.
The junkers wore scarlet epaulettes, with white edging, without encryption.
With the outbreak of the First World War, a four-month accelerated course of study was introduced at the school. The staff has been increased from 500 to 900 junkers.
In 1915 the school was evacuated to Poltava.
The building of the Pavlovsk military school in St. Petersburg.
Vladimir Military School
The school was opened on December 1, 1869; Initially, it had 1 company of 200 cadets and was divided into 2 classes - junior and senior. In 1880, by order of the Main Directorate of Military Educational Institutions, another preparatory class was added, which, however, was closed in 1881 and the school again became a two-class class. On September 1, 1901, the school was reorganized according to a new type, and its composition increased to 400 cadets, with a division into 4 companies. On November 18, 1908, the Sovereign Emperor, the Highest, ordered from September 1, 1909 to call the school "St. Petersburg Military School." A year later, it was given the name "Vladimir Military School" in honor of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich, the former commander of the St. Petersburg Military District, who had been in charge of the school for 24 years. The school was located in the building of the former military gymnasium.
The cadets of this school wore white epaulettes, with scarlet edging, with the scarlet monogram of Grand Duke Vladimir Alexandrovich in the form of the letter "B".
With the outbreak of the First World War, the school switched to the practice of 4-month accelerated graduations. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign. The staff of the school was increased from 400 to 885 cadets.
During the days of the October battles of 1917, the Vladimir Military School put up fierce resistance to the Bolsheviks, who could not cope with the half-disarmed Vladimir residents during the day. The school was subjected to the most severe artillery shelling, and after the surrender - a pogrom. According to the data cited by the Menshevik newspaper " New life”, During the siege of the Vladimir Military School, about 200 cadets were wounded and killed, and 71 people became victims of lynching.
According to the decree of November 6, 1917, signed by the People's Commissar for Military Affairs N.V. Krylenko, the Vladimir Military School, among others, was disbanded. At the expense of the school, the 1st Soviet Infantry Petrograd Courses of the Red Army were opened in the premises of the Military Topographic School.
Canteen in the camp of the Pavlovsk military school.
Kazan military school
The Kazan Infantry Cadet School (since September 1, 1909 - the Kazan Military School) was founded on September 1, 1866 according to the type of cadet schools opened on the basis of an order from the military department dated September 20, 1864 No. 285.
The school was intended to recruit officers not only for two divisions that were quartered in the Kazan Military District, but it was supposed to accept lower ranks and cadets from the troops of the Moscow District, who, due to lack of vacancies, could not be accepted into the Moscow cadet school. Therefore, the staff of the school was set at 200 cadets.
The first head of the school was appointed battalion commander of the Alexander Military School, Lieutenant Colonel Loboda.
From 1904, junkers were produced upon graduation to second lieutenants, and from 1904 to 1909, 768 junkers were promoted to second lieutenants. The staff of the school in 1870 was increased to 300, and in 1876 it was increased to 400 cadets. The course was originally a two-year course, in 1879 a preparatory class was added, closed in 1886. In 1901, the school was reorganized. A three-year course of study was established, with 2 classes of special and one general. Young people with a complete secondary education were accepted into the 1st special class without an exam, and a general class was opened for those who had the rights of volunteers of the second category. Reception was allowed not only from the troops, but also from outside. This measure gave an excess of applicants to enter the school, as a result of which a competitive entrance examination was introduced. In 1905, on the occasion of hostilities and significant losses of officers, a supernumerary was allowed, which reached 112 people.
January 27, 1903 the banner was granted to the school. In 1906, 89 warrant officers were additionally admitted to the school, partly into the general, partly into special classes. On September 1, 1909, the Kazan Infantry Cadet School was renamed the Kazan Military School.
The junkers had scarlet shoulder straps with a light blue edging.
Since the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school has increased from 470 to 600 people.
The school took part in the fighting against the Bolsheviks in Kazan. According to the decree of November 6, 1917, it was disbanded. On February 10, 1918, the 1st Soviet Kazan Infantry Command Courses were opened in the building and at the expense of the school.
Tiflis military school
The school was founded in 1864 during the reign of Alexander II by the governor of the Caucasus, Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolaevich.
At first, the staff of junkers was defined as 50 people. In the autumn of 1865, the reception began. The study lasted 2 years; volunteers and junkers from the troops were allowed to receive. For camp time, the junkers were seconded to the nearest military units, and at the end of the course they returned to their units with the rank of junker belts and were promoted to officers on the recommendation of their superiors.
In 1866, the staff of junkers was increased to 200 people, and in combat terms, the school was one company. In 1871, the staff was determined to be 300 people. And the cadets are divided into two companies. In 1879, a camp was opened especially for the school near the village of Suram, and the sending of cadets to the troops for camp time was stopped.
In 1901 the school was reorganized; and 3 classes are open; general - the purpose of which was to give the junkers a complete general education, and the first and second special, in which military subjects were studied according to the programs of military schools. Both volunteers and young people from the outside were allowed to receive. At the end of the course, the cadets were promoted to second lieutenants of the army infantry.
Before the start of the First World War, the school had 4 companies, junior officers - 11, full-time cadets - 400, supernumerary - 31.
The junkers had blue epaulettes, with a white edging, with the yellow monogram of Grand Duke Mikhail Nikolayevich in the form of the letter "M".
With the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased to 700 cadets.
The Tiflis military school was disbanded in 1918.
Band of the Junkers of the Pavlovsk Military School.
Chuguev Military School
The school was founded on September 1, 1865. On January 27, 1903, it was granted a banner, which was consecrated on June 29, 1905.
The school was reorganized from a two-hundred to a four-hundred staff by order of the military department No. 218 of 1888, and by order of the military department No. 197 of 1901, the two-year course was replaced by a three-year course, and the cadets from the school began to be issued immediately as officers, and not ensigns.
Before the start of the First World War, the school had 4 companies, full-time junkers - 400, supernumerary - 44.
From the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased to 1200 cadets. During the war years, accelerated releases were made. A four-month course of study was established.
The cadets of the school opposed the establishment of Soviet power. The school was disbanded on December 15, 1918.
Odessa military school
The Odessa school was opened in 1865 as an infantry cadet school. The junkers, who entered it from volunteer combat units, wore the uniform of their regiments and, at the end of the course of study, were released as ensigns in their own units. Since 1902, there were 2 special classes in the school, where people with completed secondary education were admitted, and 1 general class, in which young people who did not have a secondary education were admitted. In 1903 the school was granted a banner. Beginning in 1904, cadets who graduated from college were no longer issued ensigns, but were promoted by the Highest Order to second lieutenants in part of the troops, according to the selected vacancies. In 1908, the general class was abolished, and on September 1, 1910, the school was renamed the Odessa Military School. The school token was approved by Nicholas II on May 1, 1908, and the badge - in 1913. Since 1909, the school published an illustrated magazine "Junker leisure", which reflected the glorious traditions of this educational institution.
The junkers wore white epaulettes, with a light blue edging, without encryption.
From 1866 to 1902 The school released 4701 ensigns as ensigns. On the eve of the First World War, the school consisted of 4 companies, there were 11 junior officers, 400 full-time junkers and 35 supernumeraries.
The school was disbanded at the beginning of 1918, and its pupils took an active part in the Civil War in the South of Russia.
Irkutsk military school
The school was founded in 1874 for volunteers from the Cossacks. From 1878 to 1901 there was a preparatory class at the school - due to the low level of education of the Cossack population of Siberia. By order of the military department No. 197 of 1901, the school was transformed into a three-class infantry school for 100 cadets, and the Cossack cadets were transferred to the Orenburg Cossack School. The military school began to be called from 1909. An interesting fact is that during the war of 1904-1905. with Japan, junkers trained state militia warriors in various Siberian garrisons. The graduation of the school in 1905 joined the ranks of the 4th Siberian Army Corps, which operated in Manchuria. In 1905, the school was granted a banner, solemnly consecrated on November 26 of the same year.
The cadet oath of the school, unlike most Russian military schools, was taken not in October, but on December 6 on the day of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker, and after the accession to the throne of Nicholas II, on the day of his namesake. In this school, the use of alcohol by the Junkers threatened with expulsion. The camp of the school was located 5 km from the city, on the river. Ushakovka. After the first course, the cadets carried out summer maneuvers 60 km from Irkutsk, in the Usolye region, after the second - in the Baikal region. The Irkutsk military school was replenished not only with Siberians. Almost half of the junkers came from the Baltics (Latvians, Lithuanians, Estonians, Germans), some from the Western Territory: Belarusians and Poles, some from the Caucasus (Armenians, Georgians) and many young people from northern Russia.
Junker of the Nikolaev Engineering School in the camp. The construction of the bridge.
School graduates served in the garrisons of Omsk, Tomsk, Krasnoyarsk and Irkutsk.
The junkers of this school had white epaulettes without piping and without encryption.
From the beginning of the First World War, the staff of the school was increased to 490 cadets. The cadets of the school during the First World War were released into the Siberian rifle regiments, which over the years have lost up to 85% of their composition.
In December 1917, the school took an active part in the hostilities against the Bolsheviks in Siberia and ceased to exist in early 1918.
Nikolaev Military School
After the outbreak of the First World War, the school was formed in Kyiv as the 2nd Kiev. On October 15, 1914, it was renamed into Nikolaevskoe. Initially, the staff of the school was set at 440 junkers, later expanded to 530 junkers.
The junkers of this school wore white epaulettes with scarlet edging and the scarlet stenciled cypher of Emperor Nicholas II (“N II”) and with a gold applied cypher in the company of His Majesty.
The cadets of the school opposed the establishment of Soviet power in Kyiv. This military educational institution was disbanded in November 1917.
Tashkent military school
The youngest school was the Tashkent military. It opened at the end of 1914. Initially, its staff consisted of 176 cadets, later it was expanded to 220. The construction of its own building was only in the project, so the 1st company occupied the building of the Public Assembly, the 2nd was engaged in the Pushkin School. In December 1916 the school was granted a banner. In the same year, the badge of the Tashkent Military School was approved. It was a silver Bukhara star with a six-pointed golden cross on it, placed above a golden crescent and a corresponding inscription. The junkers of this school wore crimson epaulettes.
From October 28 to November 1, 1917, the cadets of the Tashkent Military School, together with the cadets of the Tashkent Cadet Corps, fought hard battles with the Bolsheviks in the city.
Delivery of "rehearsals" at the Mikhailovsky Artillery School.
MILITARY TOPOGRAPHICAL SCHOOLOn Bolshaya Spasskaya Street in St. Petersburg there was a white long building of the most modest of the St. Petersburg military schools - the Military Topographic.
On January 28, 1822, the Corps of Military Topographers was created, for the recruitment of which, nine months later, the St. Petersburg School of Topographers was opened. It was renamed several times: from 1832 it was called the School of Topographers, from 1863 - the School of Topographers, and finally, on August 1, 1867, it was renamed the Military Topographic School.
The school accepted young people from 17 to 22 years old who graduated from secondary schools, according to a competitive exam consisting of the Russian language, algebra, arithmetic, rectilinear trigonometry, geometry and physics. Cadets, at their request, could be credited for competitive examinations with the grades obtained upon graduation from the corps.
In combat terms, the school was 1 company. The staff of junkers was small, and on the eve of World War I consisted of only 100 people. The course of study was three years and very intense. In addition to topography, higher geodesy, artillery and fortification, Junker topographers studied spherical trigonometry, analytical geometry, differential and integral calculus, and physics. Many hours were devoted to practical work on geodetic calculations, topographic drawing, cartography, calligraphy, surveying and geodetic work. Junkers got acquainted with the order of office work and accounting, with photography, electroplating and lithography.
Unlike other metropolitan military schools, leaving for camp training in Krasnoe Selo, topographers from April 29 to August 15 were at practical work in the Vitebsk region, near the town of Rezhitsa.
At the end of the school, second lieutenants-topographers were seconded to the infantry regiments of the guard and the army for 6 months to get acquainted with the military service, and at the end of this period they were enlisted to shoot in St. Petersburg, Riga, Grodno, Odessa, Tiflis, Tashkent, Khabarovsk and Omsk.
The junkers wore black epaulets with light blue piping and a yellow cipher in the form of the letter "T".
With the outbreak of the First World War, the school switched to an eight-month course of study. Young people were issued with the rank of ensign.
The school did not take part in the performance of the Junkers in Petrograd on October 29, 1917, since it was surrounded by the Bolsheviks. It was disbanded on November 6, 1918. In February 1918, the 1st Soviet Infantry Command Courses of the Red Army were opened in its premises.
