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Describe Newton's experiment. Newton's color experiments. Discovery of Isaac Newton

In 1672, Isaac Newton did a simple experiment that is described in all school textbooks. Having closed the shutters, he made a small hole in them, through which a ray of sunlight passed. A prism was placed in the path of the beam, and a screen was placed behind the prism. On the screen, Newton observed a "rainbow": a white sunbeam, passing through a prism, turned into several colored rays - from purple to red. This phenomenon is called light dispersion.

Sir Isaac was not the first to observe this phenomenon. Already at the beginning of our era, it was known that large single crystals of natural origin have the property of decomposing light into colors. Even before Newton, the first studies of light dispersion in experiments with a glass triangular prism were carried out by the Englishman Khariot and the Czech naturalist Marci.

This experiment of Newton is a wonderful example of how different people, observing the same phenomenon, interpret it differently, and only those who question their interpretation and make additional experiments come to the right conclusions.

Henry Cavendish experiment

Establishment Newton law of gravity appeared major event in history physics. Its value is determined, first of all, by the universality of the gravitational interaction. One of the central sections of astronomy, celestial mechanics, is based on the law of universal gravitation. We feel the force of attraction to the Earth, but the attraction of small bodies to each other is imperceptible. It was required to experimentally prove the validity of the law of universal gravitation for ordinary bodies as well. This is exactly what G. Cavendish did, simultaneously determining the average density of the Earth.

where m 1 and m 2 are the masses of material points, R is the distance between them, a F is the strength of interaction between them. Before the beginning of the 19th century G was not introduced into the law of universal gravitation, since for all calculations in celestial mechanics it is sufficient to use the constants GM having kinematic dimension. Constant G appeared for the first time, apparently, only after the unification of units and the transition to a single metric system of measures in late XVIII century. Numerical value G can be calculated through the average density of the Earth, which had to be determined experimentally. Obviously, with known values of the density c and radius R of the Earth, as well as the free fall acceleration g on its surface can be found G:

The experiment was originally proposed John Michell. It was he who designed the main part in the experimental setup - a torsion balance, but died in 1793 without putting experience. After his death, the experimental facility was taken over by Henry Cavendish. Cavendish modified the installation, conducted experiments and described them in Philosophical Transactions in 1798.

Installation

Torsion scales

The installation is a wooden rocker with small lead balls attached to its ends. It is suspended on a silver-plated copper thread 1 m long. Larger balls weighing 159 kg, also made of lead, are brought to the balls. As a result of the action of gravitational forces, the rocker twists at a certain angle. The stiffness of the thread was such that the rocker made one oscillation in 15 minutes. The angle of rotation of the rocker was determined using a beam of light cast on a mirror on the rocker and reflected into a microscope. Knowing the elastic properties of the thread, as well as the angle of rotation of the rocker, it is possible to calculate gravitational constant.

To prevent convection currents, the setup was enclosed in a windproof chamber. The deflection angle was measured with a telescope.

Having attributed the twisting of the thread to the magnetic interaction of an iron rod and lead balls, Cavendish replaced it with a copper one, obtaining the same results.

Computed value

AT Britannica it is stated that G. Cavendish obtained the value G=6.754 10 -11 m³/(kg s³) . This is what E. P. Cohen, K. Crove and J. Dumond say. and A. Cook. .

L. Cooper in his two-volume physics textbook gives a different value: G = 6.71 10 -11 m³ / (kg s³) .

O.P. Spiridonov -- third: G=(6.6 ± 0.04) 10 -11 m/(kg s) .

However, in the classic work of Cavendish, no value of G was given. He calculated only the value of the average density Earth: 5.48 density water(modern value 5.52 g/cm³). The conclusion of Cavendish that the average density of the planet is 5.48 g/cm3 is greater than the surface density ~2 g/cm3, confirmed that heavy substances are concentrated in the depths.

The gravitational constant was apparently introduced for the first time only S. D. Poisson in "Treatise on Mechanics" (1811) . The value of G was calculated later by other scientists from the data of the Cavendish experiment. Who first calculated the numerical value of G is unknown to historians.

In 1704 comes out famous work Isaac Newton (1642-.1727) "Optics", in which the experimental method for studying color vision was first described. It is called the additive color mixing method, and the results obtained by this method laid the foundation for the experimental science of color.

Newton's experiments are described in many manuals, so we will consider them only in connection with the question of the nature of color. Rice. 1.1 is a diagram of Newton's setup and illustrates the essence of the experiments.

If we take a thick sheet of white cardboard as screen 1, then after the passage of the sun's ray through the prism, the usual linear color spectrum will be reflected on the screen. To test the hypothesis where colored rays originate - in light or in a prism - Newton removed screen 1 and passed the spectral rays to a lens, which again collected them in a beam on screen 2, and this beam was as colorless as the original light.

It is this phenomenon, which will make it possible to formulate one of the laws of color mixing, and led Newton to develop a method of color mixing. Let us turn again to fig. 1.1. Instead of a solid screen 1, we put another screen 1 in which holes are cut out so that only a part of the rays (two, three or four out of seven) pass through, and the rest are blocked by opaque partitions. And here miracles begin. Colors appear on screen 2 from no one knows where and no one knows how. For example, we blocked the violet, blue, blue, yellow and orange rays and let the green and red rays through. However, after passing through the lens and reaching screen 2, these rays disappeared, but yellow appeared instead. If we look at screen 1, we see that the yellow beam is blocked by this screen and cannot reach screen 2, but screen 2 still has exactly the same yellow color. Where did he come from?

The same miracles occur if all the rays are delayed, except for blue and orange. Again, the original rays will disappear, and a white light will appear, the same as if it consisted not of two rays, but of seven. But the most amazing phenomenon occurs if you miss only the extreme rays of the spectrum - violet and red. On screen 2, a completely new color appears, which was neither among the original seven colors, nor among their other combinations - magenta.

These amazing phenomena forced Newton to carefully consider the rays of the spectrum and their various mixtures. If we also peer into the spectral series, we will see that the individual components of the spectrum are not separated from each other by a sharp boundary, but gradually pass into each other so that the neighboring rays in the spectrum seem more similar to each other than the distant ones. And here Newton discovered another phenomenon.

It turns out that for the extreme violet ray of the spectrum, the closest in color are not only blue, but also non-spectral purple. And the same purple, together with orange, makes up a pair of neighboring colors for the extreme red ray of the spectrum. That is, if we arrange the colors of the spectrum and the mixture in accordance with their perceived similarity, then they do not form a line, like a spectrum, but a vicious circle (Fig. 1.2), so that the most different in position in the radiation spectrum, i.e., the most physically different rays will be very close in color.

This meant that the physical structure of the spectrum and the color structure of sensations are completely different phenomena. And this was the main conclusion that Newton made from his experiments in "Optics"

“When I speak of light and rays as colored or causing colors, it should be understood that I am not speaking in a philosophical sense, but in the way ordinary people speak about these concepts. Essentially, the rays are not colored; they have nothing but a certain ability and disposition to evoke the sensation of this or that color. Just as sound ... in any sounding body there is nothing but movement, which the senses perceive as sound, so the color of an object is nothing but a predisposition to reflect one or another type of rays to a greater extent than others , the color of the rays is their predisposition in one way or another to influence the senses, and their sensation takes the form of colors ”(Newton, 1704).

Considering the relationship between light rays of different physical composition and the color sensations they cause, Newton was the first to understand that color is an attribute of perception, which requires an observer who is able to perceive the rays of light and interpret them as colors. Light itself is no more colored than radio waves or X-rays.

Since Newton was a supporter of the corpuscular theory of light, he believed that the transformation of electromagnetic radiation into colors is carried out by vibration of nerve fibers, so that "a certain combination of vibrations various fibers causes a certain sensation of color in the brain.

Now we know that Newton was mistaken in assuming a resonant mechanism of color generation (in contrast to hearing, where the first stage of the transformation of mechanical vibrations into sound is carried out precisely by the resonant mechanism, color vision is arranged fundamentally differently), but something else is more important for us, that Newton first identified a specific triad: physical radiation - physiological mechanism - mental phenomenon, in which color is determined by the interaction of physiological and psychological levels. Therefore, we can call Newton's point of view the idea of the psychophysiological nature of color.

Hundreds of thousands of physical experiments have been performed over the thousand-year history of science. It is not easy to select a few "most-most"

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Among US physicists and Western Europe a survey was conducted. Researchers Robert Creese and Stony Book asked them to name the most beautiful physics experiments ever made. Igor Sokalsky, a researcher at the Laboratory of High-Energy Neutrino Astrophysics, Ph.D. 1. Experiment of Eratosthenes of Cyrene One of the oldest known physical experiments, as a result of which the radius of the Earth was measured, was carried out in the 3rd century BC by the librarian of the famous Library of Alexandria, Erastofen of Cyrene. The scheme of the experiment is simple. At noon, on the day of the summer solstice, in the city of Siena (now Aswan), the Sun was at its zenith and objects did not cast shadows. On the same day and at the same time in the city of Alexandria, located 800 kilometers from Siena, the Sun deviated from the zenith by about 7 °. This is about 1/50th of a full circle (360°), which gives the Earth a circumference of 40,000 kilometers and a radius of 6,300 kilometers. It seems almost unbelievable that measured so simple method the radius of the Earth turned out to be only 5% less than the value obtained by the most accurate modern methods, the site reports. 2. Experiment Galileo Galilei In the 17th century, the point of view of Aristotle dominated, who taught that the speed of the fall of a body depends on its mass. The heavier the body, the faster it falls. Observations that each of us can make in Everyday life would seem to confirm this. Try to release a light toothpick and a heavy stone at the same time. The stone will touch the ground faster. Such observations led Aristotle to the conclusion about the fundamental property of the force with which the Earth attracts other bodies. In fact, the rate of fall is affected not only by the force of gravity, but also by the force of air resistance. The ratio of these forces for light and heavy objects is different, which leads to the observed effect.

The Italian Galileo Galilei doubted the correctness of Aristotle's conclusions and found a way to test them. To do this, he dropped a cannonball and a much lighter musket ball from the Leaning Tower of Pisa at the same moment. Both bodies had approximately the same streamlined shape, therefore, for both the core and the bullet, the air resistance forces were negligible compared to the forces of attraction. Galileo found that both objects reach the ground at the same moment, that is, the speed of their fall is the same.

The results obtained by Galileo are a consequence of the law of universal gravitation and the law according to which the acceleration experienced by a body is directly proportional to the force acting on it and inversely proportional to the mass. 3. Another experiment of Galileo Galilei Galileo measured the distance that the balls rolling on an inclined board overcame in equal time intervals, measured by the author of the experiment using a water clock. The scientist found that if the time is doubled, the balls will roll four times further. This quadratic relationship meant that the balls under the influence of gravity move accelerated, which contradicted Aristotle's accepted belief for 2000 years that bodies subject to a force move at a constant speed, whereas if a force is not applied to a body, then it rests. The results of this experiment by Galileo, as well as the results of his experiment with the Leaning Tower of Pisa, later served as the basis for formulating the laws of classical mechanics. 4. Henry Cavendish experiment After Isaac Newton formulated the law of universal gravitation: the force of attraction between two bodies with masses Mit, distant from each other at a distance r, is equal to F=γ(mM/r2), it remained to determine the value of the gravitational constant γ- To do this, it was necessary to measure the force attraction between two bodies with known masses. This is not so easy to do, because the force of attraction is very small. We feel the gravity of the earth. But it is impossible to feel the attraction of even a very large mountain that is nearby, because it is very weak.

A very subtle and sensitive method was needed. It was invented and applied in 1798 by Newton's compatriot Henry Cavendish. He used a torsion balance, a yoke with two balls suspended from a very thin cord. Cavendish measured the displacement of the rocker (turn) when approaching the balls of weights of other balls of greater mass. To increase the sensitivity, the displacement was determined from the light spots reflected from the mirrors fixed on the rocker balls. As a result of this experiment, Cavendish was able to quite accurately determine the value of the gravitational constant and for the first time calculate the mass of the Earth.

5. The experiment of Jean Bernard Foucault

French physicist Jean Bernard Léon Foucault in 1851 experimentally proved the rotation of the Earth around its axis using a 67-meter pendulum suspended from the top of the dome of the Paris Pantheon. The swing plane of the pendulum remains unchanged relative to the stars. The observer, who is on the Earth and rotates with it, sees that the plane of rotation slowly turns in the direction opposite to the direction of the Earth's rotation. 6. Isaac Newton's experiment In 1672, Isaac Newton did a simple experiment that is described in all school textbooks. Having closed the shutters, he made a small hole in them, through which a ray of sunlight passed. A prism was placed in the path of the beam, and a screen was placed behind the prism. On the screen, Newton observed a "rainbow": a white sunbeam, passing through a prism, turned into several colored rays - from purple to red. This phenomenon is called light dispersion.

However, prior to Newton, such observations were not subjected to serious analysis, and the conclusions drawn from them were not rechecked by additional experiments. Both Chariot and Martzi remained followers of Aristotle, who argued that the difference in color is determined by the difference in the amount of darkness "mixed" with white light. Violet color, according to Aristotle, occurs with the greatest addition of darkness to light, and red - with the least. Newton did additional experiments with crossed prisms, when light passed through one prism then passes through another. Based on the totality of his experiments, he concluded that “no color arises from whiteness and blackness mixed together, except for intermediate dark ones; the amount of light does not change the appearance of the color." He showed that white light must be considered as a composite light. The main colors are from purple to red. This experiment of Newton is a wonderful example of how different people, observing the same phenomenon, interpret it differently, and only those who question their interpretation and make additional experiments come to the right conclusions. 7. Thomas Young's experiment Until the beginning of the 19th century, ideas about the corpuscular nature of light prevailed. Light was considered to be composed of individual particles - corpuscles. Although the phenomena of diffraction and interference of light were observed by Newton ("Newton's rings"), the generally accepted point of view remained corpuscular. Considering the waves on the surface of the water from two thrown stones, you can see how, overlapping each other, the waves can interfere, that is, cancel out or mutually reinforce each other. Based on this, the English physicist and physician Thomas Young made experiments in 1801 with a beam of light that passed through two holes in an opaque screen, thus forming two independent light sources, similar to two stones thrown into water. As a result, he observed an interference pattern consisting of alternating dark and white bands, which could not have formed if the light consisted of corpuscles. The dark bands corresponded to zones where the light waves from the two slits cancel each other out. Light streaks appeared where the light waves mutually amplified. Thus, the wave nature of light was proved.

8. Klaus Jonsson's experiment

The German physicist Klaus Jonsson conducted an experiment in 1961 similar to Thomas Young's light interference experiment. The difference was that instead of beams of light, Jonsson used electron beams. He obtained an interference pattern similar to that which Jung observed for light waves. This confirmed the correctness of the provisions of quantum mechanics about the mixed corpuscular-wave nature elementary particles. 9. Robert Milliken's experiment The idea that the electric charge of any body is discrete (that is, it consists of a larger or smaller set of elementary charges that are no longer subject to fragmentation) arose in early XIX century and was supported by such famous physicists as M. Faraday and G. Helmholtz. The term "electron" was introduced into the theory, denoting a certain particle - the carrier of an elementary electric charge. This term, however, was at that time purely formal, since neither the particle itself nor the elementary electric charge associated with it were discovered experimentally. In 1895, K. Roentgen, during experiments with a discharge tube, discovered that its anode, under the action of rays flying from the cathode, is capable of emitting its own, X-rays, or Roentgen rays. In the same year, the French physicist J. Perrin experimentally proved that cathode rays are a stream of negatively charged particles. But despite the enormous experimental material, the electron remained a hypothetical particle, since there was not a single experiment in which individual electrons would participate. The American physicist Robert Milliken developed a method that has become a classic example of an elegant physical experiment. Millikan managed to isolate several charged water droplets in space between the capacitor plates. By illuminating with X-rays, it was possible to slightly ionize the air between the plates and change the charge of the droplets. When the field between the plates was switched on, the droplet slowly moved upward under the action of electric attraction. With the field turned off, it descended under the influence of gravity. By turning the field on and off, it was possible to study each of the droplets suspended between the plates for 45 seconds, after which they evaporated. By 1909, it was possible to determine that the charge of any droplet was always an integer multiple of the fundamental value e (electron charge). This was strong evidence that the electrons were particles with the same charge and mass. By replacing water droplets with oil droplets, Millikan was able to increase the duration of observations to 4.5 hours, and in 1913, eliminating possible sources of error one by one, published the first measured value of the electron charge: e = (4.774 ± 0.009) x 10-10 electrostatic units. 10. Ernst Rutherford's experiment By the beginning of the 20th century, it had become clear that atoms were made up of negatively charged electrons and some sort of positive charge, which kept the atom generally neutral. However, there were too many assumptions about what this “positive-negative” system looks like, while experimental data that would make it possible to make a choice in favor of one or another model was clearly lacking. Most physicists have accepted J.J. Thomson's model: the atom is a uniformly charged positive ball about 108 cm in diameter with negative electrons floating inside. In 1909, Ernst Rutherford (assisted by Hans Geiger and Ernst Marsden) set up an experiment to understand the actual structure of the atom. In this experiment, heavy positively charged a-particles moving at a speed of 20 km/s passed through a thin gold foil and scattered on the gold atoms, deviating from their original direction of motion. To determine the degree of deflection, Geiger and Marsden had to observe, using a microscope, flashes on the scintillator plate that occurred where an a particle hit the plate. In two years, about a million flashes were counted and it was proved that about one particle in 8000, as a result of scattering, changes the direction of motion by more than 90 ° (that is, turns back). This could not have happened in a "loose" Thomson atom. The results unambiguously testified in favor of the so-called planetary model of the atom - a massive tiny nucleus about 10-13 cm in size and electrons revolving around this nucleus at a distance of about 10-8 cm. Modern physical experiments are much more complicated than the experiments of the past. In some devices, they are placed on areas of tens of thousands of square kilometers, in others they fill a volume of the order of a cubic kilometer. And still others will soon be held on other planets. By the way, do you know

Ph.D. Academician MIA

OOO ICC "Systems and Technologies"

Chief Researcher

Annotation:

Based on the analysis of Newton's optical experiments and new experiments, the article reveals the inaccuracy of Newton's conclusions regarding the color components luminous flux and it is substantiated that light consists of three material carriers, the individual and joint impact of which on the visual apparatus of the animal organism causes the corresponding associations of the brain, reflecting the color diversity of nature.

The article based on the analysis of optical experiments of Newton and new experiments revealed the inaccuracy of Newton's insights regarding color components of light and proved that light consists of three physical media, individual and joint impact on the visual apparatus of the animal organism calls the appropriate Association of the brain that shows the color diversity of nature.

Keywords:

Newton; prism; dispersion; carriers of colored components.

newton; prism; dispersion; carriers of non-ferrous components.

UDC 535.1, 535.6

Newton's experiments (1642-1727) on the dispersion of light were reported by him in 1672 to the Royal Society of London. And from that moment on, the results of the experiments were criticized by famous scientists. The sharpness of the relationship between Newton and his opponents at that time was almost the same as between Bruno and the members of the Italian scientific community who sent him to the stake. Nevertheless, today, in view of the obviousness of the results of these experiments, some of which are easily verified under the conditions for conducting experiments according to Newton's description, the conclusions of the great physicist are recognized by modern science as knowledge gained empirically. To understand the inaccuracies noticed in Newton's experiments, we present in Fig. 1 his scheme of experiments with two prisms.

Fig.1 ([Figure 118 from Newton's Optics (published in 1721). "Explanation. Let S represent the Sun, F the hole in the window, ABC the first prism, DH the second prism, Y the circular image of the Sun formed by directly by the beam of light, when the prisms are removed, PT is an elongated image of the Sun, formed by the same beam when passing only through the first prism, when the second prism is removed, pt is the image obtained by cross-refracting both prisms together"]

As you know, Newton called the resulting pattern of color bands dispersion. In the dispersion he received, he singled out the colors RED, ORANGE, YELLOW, GREEN, BLUE, BLUE, PURPLE. He called these colors monochromatic colors and believed that "All colors are indifferent to any boundaries of the shadow, and therefore the difference in the colors of one from the other does not come from different boundaries of the shadow, as a result of which the light would change in different ways, as philosophers thought so far."

Having passed the light flux decomposed by the first prism through the second prism, Newton believed that for all the color components he singled out, a regularity is observed - these color components have a different refractive index.

Under the circumstances noted by Newton, which, as it were, are manifested in the experiments indicated by someone repeated, it would be necessary to agree with his conclusions:

The luminous flux consists of seven monochromatic components, including red, orange, yellow, green, cyan, indigo, violet;

Each of these components has its own refractive index.

At the same time, we note that Newton noted with particular categoricalness that he carried out the dispersion he obtained on a very narrow hole (probably no larger than the diameter of a pin).

The data of Newton's experiments with a prism were interpreted by physicists until the middle of the 19th century as evidence of the corpuscular hypothesis of the light flux. In the 20th century, scientists revised their attitude to these experiments in connection with the experiments of Fresnel, Young and Maxwell's hypothesis about the electromagnetic nature of the light flux. But, as Einstein noted, “...and the history of the search for a theory of light is by no means over. The sentence of the 19th century was not the last and final. For modern physicists, the whole problem of choosing between corpuscles and waves exists again, now in a much deeper and more complex form. Let us accept the defeat of the corpuscular theory of light until we find that the nature of the victory of the wave theory is problematic.

The results of new experiments with a prism create insurmountable obstacles for their explanation from the standpoint of the wave hypothesis of the light flux, but they are quite easily explained from the standpoint of the corpuscular hypothesis.

In new experiments, instead of a round hole, a vertical slot was used according to Fig. 2.

Rice. 2. New scheme of experiments

The width of the gap can be changed using movable opaque shutters "a" and "b" of black (dark) color. The sashes are placed vertically on the window glass. Observing this gap during the day through one part (left or right, shown by dashed and solid arrows) of a horizontally located prism, we will observe a curious phenomenon.

This phenomenon consists in the fact that a pair of colored stripes is formed at the inner edges of the flaps forming a gap. One pair consists of vertical stripes of red and yellow. The other pair is stripes of turquoise and purple. At the same time, with an increase in the distance between the prism and the slit, the width of the colored bands increases, and the boundaries between the yellow and turquoise bands approach each other. The convergence of the boundaries of the yellow and turquoise bands can be done by turning the prism around the vertical axis. With a sufficient distance of the valves from each other, a strip of white light flux is clearly observed between the yellow and turquoise stripes (Fig. 3 on the left).

When the flaps "a" and "b" are shifted, the boundaries between the yellow and turquoise stripes approach each other, which leads to a decrease in the width of the white stripe down to zero at a certain slot width. Further narrowing of the gap leads to the intersection (superposition) of the yellow and turquoise bands. In this case, the area of intersection of the yellow and turquoise stripes turns green (Fig. 3, types II and IV).

Fig.3. The observed pattern according to the scheme of the experiment according to Fig. 2

When you change the viewing angle (from a solid arrow to a dashed arrow), the pairs of colored bars are reversed. But at the same time, there is still a green stripe in the middle part of the intersection of the yellow and turquoise stripes.

From those shown in Fig. 3 of the experimental results it follows that the dispersion pattern contains a green band, which is not monochromatic. Its occurrence is determined by the intersection of yellow and turquoise stripes. Those. the green color in the luminous flux is not monochromatic. Introducing the concept of "carrier of colors" in the light flux, the result of the experiment allows us to state that the appearance of an image of green color in the human brain is the result of simultaneous exposure of the sensitive elements of the eyes to carriers of yellow and turquoise.

But if two carriers are involved in the formation of green, then it is bichromatic. This should affect the results of experiments with two prisms P1 and P2 (Fig. 4). And it was received exactly as expected.

Fig.4. Results of experiments with two prisms

It should be noted that in Fig. 4 when the view through the second wing of the second prism changes, the color of the sections at the ends of the red, green and purple stripes change places.

From these experiences it follows:

The color of the green stripe is not monochromatic. The green color is a consequence of the formation in the brain of the simultaneous effect on the sensitive elements of the eyes of carriers of yellow and turquoise colors;

The color of the red stripe is not monochromatic. The red color is a consequence of the simultaneous exposure of the sensitive elements of the eyes to carriers of yellow and purple colors (in Fig. 4 - the lower band of the dispersion pattern);

The color of the purple stripe is not monochromatic. Violet color is a consequence of the simultaneous exposure of the sensitive elements of the eyes of carriers of lilac and turquoise colors (in Fig. 4 - the upper band of the dispersion pattern);

The color of the yellow stripe, like the color of the turquoise stripe, is monochromatic.

The strips of red, green and violet colors from the first prism, when passed through the second prism, decrease in length by the linear value of the corresponding two colors formed at the ends of these strips.

1. Newton's hypothesis about the color components of the light flux, according to which sunlight consists of seven monochromatic colors (red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo, violet) is not true.

2. Individual (mono) carriers of red, green and violet colors do not exist in nature. These colors are the result of exposure to the sensitive eye system of at least two carriers.

3. In nature, there are three carriers - a carrier of turquoise, a carrier of yellow and a carrier of lilac. The variety of color shades is determined by the combination of the corresponding amounts of carriers of turquoise, lilac and yellow (God Loves Life).

4. Limiting the number of light flux carriers to 3 allows us to state that White color The luminous flux is determined by the simultaneous exposure of the eye to equal proportions of carriers of turquoise, purple and yellow colors.

Bibliographic list:

1. Newton I. Optics, or a treatise on reflections, refractions, bendings and colors of light. Series: Classics of natural sciences, book. 17, M.-L. GIZ, 1927, 374 p.
2. Albert Einstein. Meeting scientific papers. T. IV. M.: Nauka, 1967. - C 357 - 543.
3. Skvortsov V. Young Newton and sunlight / Republic of Bashkortostan. No. 230, 2.12.2009.

Reviews:

06/22/2017, 15:44 Sukharev Ilya Georgievich
Review: Review of the article NEWTON'S EXPERIENCES WITH A PRISM: ESSENCE AND CONSEQUENCES (author Tarkhanov Oleg Vladimirovich Ph.D. Academician of the Moscow Aviation Institute, ICC "Systems and Technologies", Chief Researcher). The main consequence of Newton's experiments is the conclusion that the white light of the Sun contains a spectrum of waves of different frequencies. For the experiment, we used the property of the dependence of the angle of refraction on the frequency of a wave passing through the interface between two media with different densities. Passing light through a prism where double refraction took place, one could see the color gamut on the screen. He, as a recognized author of this experiment, identified 7 primary colors. By the way, if he were color blind, there would be fewer of them. But this is completely unimportant for the meaning of the experiment, called dispersion, that is, the decomposition of a light beam of waves into frequency components. Such an experiment can be performed, for example, in the microwave range with a dielectric radiotransparent prism, and its meaning will remain the same without highlighting any color schemes. The experiments of the author of the article can be conditionally divided into 2 topics. The first can be conditionally called the observation of kaleidoscopic effects, and the second - the property of vision to perceive mixed colors as a color that differs from the original ones. The first experience has a very positive effect on both children and adults, and the second experience is professionally used by artists and manufacturers of kinescope beam convergence systems. That is, we are talking about known effects. I don't recommend posting.

5.07.2017, 17:24
Review: If most of the author's responses to reviews and reviews are adapted to the format of the article in the form of a discussion and discussion, in a different form, then the reviewer expresses a positive reaction to the article and recommends it for publication. With respect to the author!

User comments:

2.07.2017, 14:06 Mirmovich-Tikhomirov Eduard Grigorievich
Review: Dear Oleg Vladimirovich! Perhaps you just wanted to justify a certain fundamentality of the RGB formula in IT and parallel this triad with our rods and cones? And they swung at first on dualism. With the so-called. "dualism" then everything is simple. Are you a billiard lover? Elastic, flowing, twisting blows in a rough and smooth field. Replace the ivory balls with a hydrodynamic spherical (spherical) object. Here you have diffraction, and dualism, and all sorts of quantum barriers with tunneling transitions. There is no time yet to understand the meaning of the fundamental nature of your article. Maybe the discussion here with the doubts of Ilya Georgievich will contribute to this! In the meantime, nothing will be written in the peer-reviewed format, so as not to throw a possible child out of the bath.

07/03/2017, 9:12 Tarkhanov Oleg Vladimirovich
Review : RESPONSE TO THE COMMENT OF Eduard Grigorievich Mirmovich-Tikhomirov Dear Eduard Grigorievich! Thank you for reading the article and the thought “In the meantime, nothing will be written in the peer-reviewed format so as not to throw a possible child out of the bath.” Judging by the questions, you are probably interested in my desires driven by me regarding “RGB, IT, cones and rods” before conducting the experiment described in the article? The answer to the question: "I did not have such a desire." Regarding the history of the desire to publish an article in a journal 1. In 2009, I demonstrated the experience I had spent several decades before to the deputy editor of Sovetskaya Bashkiria. He turned out to be a graduate of a technical university and was well acquainted with Newton's experiments. Seeing different results in two real experiments, V. Skvortsov considered it possible to publish the experiment demonstrated to him in a newspaper. Eight years have passed since then. It is quite natural that I was aware of the consequences of the results of the experiment with a variable linear size of the hole. A new experience, in which this size could be changed from any large size to much smaller than that of Newton's needle hole, testified that young Newton was mistaken in determining the number of colors. But the main thing, which could not be determined in Newton's experiment, is the nature of the green component of the spectrum. This was hampered by the small size of the hole, in which it was impossible to study the reduction of the yellow and emerald components to the border contact and their subsequent gradual intersection. New experience, refutation unknown to me, demonstrates that this "green" component is not monochromatic. By expanding the experiment along the path already found by Newton (using a second prism), it was possible to eliminate the monochromatism of the red and violet components. This is also described in the article. The rest is presented in the article not in the form of statements, but in the form of a description of the experiments and the consequences of the experiment. Naturally, I repeatedly demonstrated my experience with a prism and an adjustable slit, so to speak, to a wide variety of audiences. At the same time, both schoolchildren and university students and teachers confirmed that they (to the question - “what color stripes do you see?”) Do not see other colors than easily observable ones (a pair at the edges of different wings and green after overlapping the yellow and turquoise stripes). Those. the average vision of the participants in the examination of the experiment, as well as the author of the experiment, was quite "healthy" - without "color blind" deviations. Newton's opinion about the unacceptability of the hypotheses and Einstein's opinion about the precariousness of dualism became decisive for writing the article. And yes, age does matter. Finally, I knew and know the power of "love" of those who are convinced of dualism. But, as they say, “you can’t hide an awl in a bag” and “Plato is my friend, but the truth is more precious.” 2. Regarding balls. Unfortunately, the Compton effect does not confirm the dualism of the photon. 3. Given the above, I believe that I, as a graduate of the Faculty of Engineering and Physics, was and is driven by a simple desire - forty years after the experiment, to present this experiment to the reader and the physical community. At the same time, I took into account that the living Hooke brought Newton to an extreme degree of caution - Newton published "Optics" after the death of Hooke, who "ate" Newton alive for thirty years. But we, as a community of scientists, play the role of, so to speak, a collective "GOOK". Unfortunately, this is a fact. There are not enough followers of Newton, Planck and Einstein. This is necessary - Newton was clapped for an experiment that was not entirely correct, and here they are burying the obvious with very light hints. Ultimately, the "weight" of dualism is very, very unbearable. The described experiment is just a milestone.

3.07.2017, 14:04 Mirmovich-Tikhomirov Eduard Grigorievich
Review: Continuing the debate around your experiences... 1. In IT, RGB colors, as you know (and everyone), are considered fundamental, not fractally additive, and their addition or superposition generates all other colors. But the colors themselves are the result of the interaction of at least three elements of nature: frequency f with its different dispersion df for different f + interaction with the natural frequencies of our eyes + nervous and brain transformations into our sensations (where there is a rare place for color blindness, color variations that have not yet been studied autism spectrum, etc.). You assert with your experiments that the primary, fundamental and "universal constant" in our universe are not these three frequencies, and not the frequency (microrange) of yellow (I will not give a value), but green. This is true? 2. Completely agree. And this is a separate conversation. There are such shots in billiards when the cue ball completely wraps around the target ball and moves against any laws of Newton and dualism. And there is nothing to say about particles capable of deformation such as soap bubbles. Continuity and wave nature is a projection of our interpretations based on our "ignorance" of something. Continuity and eternity include only universal rotation and the effects of quasi-turbulence, which give rise to smaller structures of rotation up to micro and so-called. elementary particles. 3. In disputes between R. Hooke, G. Leibniz and even J. Berkeley, I am on their side, and not on the side of I. Newton. If you are talking about my "very light hints", then I do not bury my eyes on the material, nor him in any hole, but show interest in him before the review.

07/04/2017, 15:34 Tarkhanov Oleg Vladimirovich
Review: ANSWER TO REVIEW dated 3.07.2017 Mirmovich-Tikhomirov Eduard Grigorievich Dear Eduard Grigorievich! 1. Let me begin another clarification on the article with part of your third paragraph. Your attitude to the article seems to me quite logical and ... correct, given the "gravity of dualism." I described my attitude to “hints” in the form of statements without justification and without a place to be in response to the review of Sukharev Ilya Georgievich. 2. Regarding "IT color RGB" and your opinion regarding the frequencies of the carriers. 2.1. We have to agree that the carriers of the luminous flux are hypothetical (I cannot justify another) and so far the only sign of their differences from each other is the frequency. I can not put forward statements that are substantiated in practice about the nature of the frequency of the light components. 2.2. Regarding the interaction of the carriers identified in the experiment, which are responsible for the color reactions of the brain, then regarding your thoughts about the consequences of the interaction of the identified carriers with our organs of optical transformations, then, for lack of another, we have to agree with this. 2.3. Regarding the fundamental nature of the "universal constant" based on certain parameters of a yellow carrier or a green carrier, I believe that if there is such a "universal constant", then its nature is associated with three carriers, and not with one of them. Moreover, the nature of the connection (in an informal sense, as, for example, with Planck) has yet to be determined. Directly from the conducted experiments, in my opinion, this nature does not follow. Information about the substances in the sensitive elements of the eyes and the essence of the interaction of carriers with these substances is very important. But I don't have this information yet. At the same time, as follows from the experience described in the article, there are no individual carriers of Green, Red and Blue in nature. This is the fallacy of the theory and the imperfection of the practice of the RGBists. 3. I believe that we have enough reason to reckon with the opinions of the three scientists you mentioned. Perhaps Newton was more “lucky” in terms of his purely inventive “revelations” (small diameter hole), the use of a second prism and silence for thirty years. On a hole of a larger diameter (about three Newtonian diameters of the hole and close placement of the prism from the hole), he would have been disappointed - he would not have received a continuous spectrum. But it would have only four color bands, two pairs of which (red - yellow and turquoise - violet) would be separated by a strip of white light, not green. Tarkhanov O.V.

In 1704, the famous work of Isaac Newton (1642-.1727) "Optics" was published, in which an experimental method for studying color vision was first described. It is called the additive color mixing method, and the results obtained by this method laid the foundation for the experimental science of color.

Thus, Newton showed that colors are formed not by a prism, but ...! And here it is necessary to stop for a moment, because so far there have been physical experiments with light, and only here experiments on mixing colors begin. So, seven colored rays mixed together give a white ray, which means that it was the composition of the light that caused the color to appear, but where do they go after mixing? Why, no matter how you look at white light, there is no hint of the colored rays that make it up? It is this phenomenon, which will make it possible to formulate one of the laws of color mixing, and led Newton to develop a method of color mixing. Let us turn again to fig. 1.1. Instead of a solid screen 1, we put another screen 1, in which holes are cut out so that only part of the rays (two, three or four out of seven) pass through, and the rest are blocked

opaque barriers. And here miracles begin. Colors appear on screen 2 from no one knows where and no one knows how. For example, we blocked the violet, blue, blue, yellow and orange rays and let the green and red rays through. However, after passing through the lens and reaching screen 2, these rays disappeared, but yellow appeared instead. If we look at screen 1, we see that the yellow beam is blocked by this screen and cannot reach screen 2, but screen 2 still has exactly the same yellow color.

Rice. 1.1. Diagram of Newton's setup for additive color mixing. Shown at the top are the various types of screens used in the experiments. The spectral color range projected onto the E1 screen is shown on the front cover of the book.

Where did he come from? The same miracles occur if all the rays are delayed, except for blue and orange. Again, the original rays will disappear, and a white light will appear, the same as if it consisted not of two rays, but of seven. But the most amazing phenomenon occurs if you miss only the extreme rays of the spectrum - violet and red. On screen 2, a completely new color appears, which was neither among the original seven colors, nor among their other combinations - magenta.

These astonishing phenomena forced Newton to carefully consider the rays of the spectrum and their various mixtures. If we also look into the spectral series, we will see that the individual components of the spectrum are not separated from each other by a sharp boundary, but gradually pass into each other so that the neighboring components in the spectrum

rays appear more similar to each other than distant ones. And here Newton discovered another phenomenon. It turns out that for the extreme violet ray of the spectrum, the closest in color are not only blue, but also non-spectral purple. And the same purple, together with orange, makes up a pair of neighboring colors for the extreme red ray of the spectrum. That is, if we arrange the colors of the spectrum and the mixture in accordance with their perceived similarity, then they do not form a line, like a spectrum, but a vicious circle (Fig. 1.2), so that the most different in position in the radiation spectrum, i.e., the most physically different rays will be very close in color.

Rice. 1.2. Newton's color wheel. In contrast to the linear physical scale, the closed shape of the circle reflects the subjective similarity of the colors of the spectrum. This meant that the physical structure of the spectrum and the color structure of sensations are completely different phenomena. And this was the main conclusion that Newton made from his experiments in "Optics":

Thus, Newton was the first to experimentally prove that color is a property of our perception, and its nature is in the device of the sense organs, capable of interpreting the influence of electromagnetic radiation in a certain way. Since Newton was a supporter of the corpuscular theory of light, he believed that the transformation of electromagnetic radiation into

color is produced by the vibration of nerve fibers, so that a certain combination of vibrations of different fibers causes a certain sensation of color in the brain. Now we know that Newton was mistaken in assuming a resonant mechanism of color generation (in contrast to hearing, where the first stage of the transformation of mechanical vibrations into sound is carried out precisely by the resonant mechanism, color vision is arranged fundamentally differently), but something else is more important for us, that Newton for the first time singled out a specific triad: physical radiation - physiological mechanism - mental phenomenon, in which color is determined by the interaction of physiological and psychological levels. Therefore, we can call Newton's point of view the idea of the psychophysiological nature of color.