The Austrian Empire included four independent territorial groupings of Ukrainian lands:

Galicia - the southeastern part of the former Commonwealth, captured by the Habsburgs after the first partition of Poland in 1772;

Bukovina, which, according to the Constantinople Austro-Turkish Convention of 1775, became part of the Austrian Empire;

lands settled by Poles, which were included in the Austrian Empire in 1795. after the third partition of Poland;

Transcarpathia, located on the western slopes of the Carpathian Mountains, from the 17th century. was part of the Kingdom of Hungary. In the 19th century it remained in the Hungarian part of the Habsburg Empire and was isolated from other Ukrainian lands.

The Habsburgs became the owners of a large part of Ukrainian lands with an area of ​​more than 70 thousand km2, with a population of over 2,500,000, the majority of which (about 2 million) were Ukrainians.

Bukovina, with its center in Chernivtsi, was first subordinated to military authorities, from 1787 to 1849, as a separate district, it was part of Galicia, and from 1849 to 1918 it had the status of a separate crown region.

Transcarpathia was part of the Pozhonsky (Bratislava) governorate.

So, being part of one empire, the Western Ukrainian lands remained administratively demarcated.

Galicia.

Austria received Galicia in a state of decline. Wars, Russian occupation brought this region to impoverishment. The noble lost its social positions through the mutual struggle of individual clans, urban population impoverished simultaneously with the decline of trade and industry. The peasants languished under the yoke of serfdom. Agriculture was extensive.

In 1774 in Vienna at the Church of St. Barbara was founded Barbareum - a seminary for the Uniate clergy, which in 1784 were transferred to Lviv. Instead of schools of the Jesuit, Basilian and PR orders, where education was conducted in Latin and Polish, the Austrian government established gymnasiums with the German language of instruction, later in 1825 Polish language of instruction was introduced. In 1774, three types of schools were founded: classrooms - parochial with Ukrainian as the language of instruction, three and four classes - with German as the language of instruction. In 1774, a university with four faculties was established in Lvov. At three faculties they taught in German, in theological - Latin. In 1787, a separate theological faculty was organized for Ukrainian students with the Ukrainian language of instruction, this faculty lasted until 1809.

The Austrian government paid considerable attention to improving economic and social relations. The personal dependence of the peasants was abolished. A reform of the judiciary was carried out, thanks to which the peasants received more democratic rights - they could marry on their own, send their children to school, look for work anywhere.

Although, in general, the reforms were democratic in nature, however, they were not completed, and the successors of the emperor were concerned about the fate of the peasants.

revolutionary movement- the so-called "spring of peoples", which swept the whole of Europe, and affected Austria. April 23, 1848 Ferdinand I issued a historical manifesto, completely abolishing corvée in all of Galicia, almost five months earlier than in other parts of the empire. This significantly improved the situation of the peasants, and although 70% of the cultivated land was received by the peasants, and 30% by landowners, the issue of ownership of forests and pastures remained unresolved. Over time, these lands passed to large landowners, and the peasants again became dependent on them in matters of grazing and logging. The size of the peasant allotments turned out to be small - less than 14 acres, which was barely enough to feed a family.

U1861. A new constitution was adopted in Austria. Pro-Polish positions gradually strengthened in Galicia. State language Polish instead of German. Lviv University switched to teaching in Polish; Schools, with a few exceptions, came under the leadership of the Polish Regional School Council. Cities were colonized and state and local governments supported the development of Polish culture and science.

The suppression by Russian troops of the Polish uprising in 1863 exacerbated relations between Ukrainian and Poles. The passage in the cultural and national life of Ukrainian belonged to the intelligentsia of spiritual origin, mainly to the Uniate priests, who united around the Cathedral of St. George in Lvov.

The positions of Muscovites were strengthened external factors: in 1863, Russian troops crushed the first Polish uprising, and in 1868 - the second. In 1865-1866 pp. Austria was defeated in the war with Prussia. The peoples subordinated to it received wide autonomy, and Austria itself became a "dual" monarchy - the Austro-Ugric Republic, which was united by the face of the monarch. But each part of the monarchy had its own separate parliaments: Austria - in Vienna, Hungary - in Budapest. The ministries, with the exception of finance, military and foreign affairs, were also separate.

Supporters of the Ukrainian current - populists - founded new societies: in 1861 - "Russian conversation" in Lvov, in 1868 -

Clearance, in 1873 p. - Society named after T. Shevchenko; since 1893, this society, created to promote the development of literature, has become a scientific organization. У1888 Populists created a political society "People's Council", which set the task of achieving the division of Galicia into Polish and Ukrainian parts. At the end of 1880, under the influence of M. Drahomanov, the Ukrainian Radical Party was created, in which I. Franko and M. Pavlik took the leading place. The main goal of the party was to protect the interests of the peasants. In the 1890s, new intellectual and scientific forces appeared in Galicia. In 1899, the right wing of the Ukrainian Radical Party united with the populists, and they created a new one - the National Democratic Party, which set the main task for "the whole Ukrainian people to unite into a single-strength national organism." it was headed by Y. Romanchuk, a little later - by K. Levitsky. In 1899, the left wing of the National Democratic Party created a new one - the Ukrainian Social Democratic Party, headed by M. Gankevich.

During the first 10-15 years of the XX century. Galicia has made significant progress in all areas of cultural life. The main center of Ukrainian science was the Taras Shevchenko Society, which united scientists not only from Galicia, but also from other parts of Ukraine. It enjoyed the recognition of the whole world and until 1914 issued about 300 volumes of scientific works in Ukrainian, mainly from Ukrainian studies. A significant role in the cultural and spiritual life of Galicia was played by the Metropolitan of Galicia Count Andrey Sheptytsky, who was in this post from 1900 to 1944 pp. Under his leadership, the Greek Catholic Church became the Ukrainian national church, he took care of the schools, founded the Scientific Institute for Studios, connected with the Theological Academy, and the "Academic House" in Lvov; helped private schools; at his own expense he sent young priests for internships in Rome, Vienna; gave scholarships to secular youth for science abroad, helped kindergartens and orphans; founded the Ukrainian Hospital - "People's Hospital" in Lviv, supported publishing houses.

Late XIX - early XX century. characterized in Galicia by the intensification of the struggle against the Poles, who were the actual owners of the region. The desire of the Poles to create their own state becomes a reality as a result of conflicts between Russia and Austria, whose interests intersected in the Balkans. They especially escalated during the Balkan War of 1912-1913 pp.

Significant destruction of Galicia was inflicted by the First World War. 250 thousand Ukrainians fought in the Austrian army. In 1914, a significant part of the Western Ukrainian lands was conquered by Russian troops, but already in May - June 1915 was returned back.

The works of M. Grushevsky, D. Doroshenko contain specific examples of mass terror during the retreat of Russian troops. N. Polonskaya-Vasilenko gives the following picture of those days: “In connection with the retreat of the Russian troops to the east, people were evicted from the Kholmshchina, Volhynia, Podolia. Villages were burned to leave the desert to the enemy. for which there was no fodder and she, dead on the road.When the swath reached the railway station, people were crowded into wagons and for days or weeks they were taken beyond the Urals, to Perm, etc. When the wagons were finally opened, there were cases, the corpses themselves were found there The horror of the ruins was joined by epidemics of typhus, typhoid fever, which mowed down the settlers. "

After the Brusilov breakthrough in the spring of 1916, the former territory of the Kingdom of Poland, which included the Galician lands, was given to the full disposal of Prussia. This created a new discontent among the Ukrainian population, which led to the national liberation movement.

As a result of the three partitions of Poland, as well as the aggressive policy of the Austrian Empire in late XVIII V. it included three Western Ukrainian territories - Eastern Galicia, Northern Bukovina and Transcarpathia.

Galicia, together with part of the Polish lands, was separated into a separate region - the “Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria” with a center in Lviv, it was administratively divided into 19 districts (12 of which were Ukrainian Eastern Galicia). In 1786, Bukovyna was annexed to Galicia as a separate district, with the center in Chernivtsi. Transcarpathia was part of the Bratislava governorate. Consequently, being part of one state, Western Ukrainian lands were divided into three parts.

The main sphere of the economy of the Western Ukrainian lands remained agriculture, mainly agriculture, which, due to the presence of serfdom and the low level of agriculture, developed extremely slowly. The landowners conducted their economy by extensive methods.

The industry was in a state of stagnation. In 1841, there were 183 manufactories in Eastern Galicia, which was
3.6% of their total in Austria. Most of the cities were industrially undeveloped.

In the 1830s in Western Ukraine, the national movement begins to crystallize quite clearly. Two factors influenced its growth and activation: 1) the Polish uprising of 1831 and the denial of the Ukrainian question in Galicia by the Poles; 2) the influence of the Ukrainian national revival on the Left-Bank Ukraine.

Lviv becomes the center of the national movement in the Western Ukrainian lands, and its avant-garde is the social and cultural association "Russian Trinity" (since 1833). Its founders are Markiyan Shashkevich, Ivan Vagilevich, Yakov Golovatsky. All of them advocated the development of a national literary language on a folk basis, against attempts at latinization. In 1836, representatives of the "Russian Trinity" published in Budapest the almanac "Mermaid of the Dniester", which in content (exaltation of the history of Ukraine, poetization of folk heroes) and form (folk language, phonetic spelling) was a phenomenal phenomenon in the literature of that time. This almanac proved that the Ukrainians of Eastern and Western Ukraine are one people.

The activities of the "Russian Trinity" marked the beginning of a new stage in the development of the national movement in Western Ukraine, the transition from cultural problems to socio-political ones.

In 1848 - 1849. revolutions took place in most European countries, with the aim of eliminating feudal remnants, limiting the power of monarchs. In some countries, these revolutions had a national liberation character, hence their name - "Spring of Nations". The greatest success of the revolution in the Austrian Empire was the abolition of serfdom on April 16, 1848.

According to the constitution of 1867, the Austrian Empire turned into a dualistic one - the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Galicia and Bukovina were subject to - Austria, Transcarpathia - to Hungary. Thus, the empire was dominated by two nations - German and Hungarian. In Eastern Galicia, despite the numerical advantage of the Ukrainians, administrative positions were occupied mainly by Poles and Germans. Three times the governor of Galicia was appointed Pole Goluhovsky, who pursued an anti-Ukrainian policy. This led to the strengthening of the socio-political movement, which in the 60-80s. 19th century was represented by two main streams: Moscophiles And populists .

Moscophilism is a linguistic and literary, then a socio-political trend that united a part of the conservative intelligentsia and the clergy, oriented towards Moscow. Mussophiles advocated the inviolability of the existing regime, did not perceive some essential aspects of capitalism, they denied the right Ukrainian people for independent development. Their leaders were D. Zubritsky, V. Dilytsky.

Narodovtsy is a political movement of a liberal direction, which originates from the Lviv Circle, founded in 1861 by a group of young writers and public figures. This was a Ukrainophile trend in the socio-political movement, which advocated the unity of Ukrainian lands, the development of Ukrainian literature and language. The leaders of the Narodovtsy were: V. Shashkevich, V. Barvinsky.

A significant role in the development of the self-consciousness of the Ukrainian people was played by the cultural and educational association "Prosvita", founded in 1868 by the Narodovites in Lvov. They published works by Ukrainian writers, newspapers, organized reading rooms.

An important role for the consolidation of the scientific forces of Ukraine was created in 1892 by the Scientific Association named after. T. Shevchenko (NTSH), which actually became the Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. For some time, the NTSH was headed by the outstanding Ukrainian historian M.S. Grushevsky.

In the mid 70s. in Galicia, a radical revolutionary-democratic movement is unfolding, led by I. Frank, M. Pavlik. In 1890, the Russian-Ukrainian Radical Party (RURP) was founded - the first legal Ukrainian political party of the European type and at the same time the first peasant party of a socialist orientation in Europe. In its program, the RURP put forward the demand to achieve the political, economic and cultural independence of the Ukrainian people, their state independence and the unification of their lands.

In 1899, the Ukrainian National Democratic Party (UNDP) and the Ukrainian Social Democratic Party (USDP) were created, and in 1896, the Catholic Russian-People's Union. UNDP and USDP were on the same positions as RURP regarding their ultimate goal. The political independence of Ukraine became the main slogan of the national movement in Galicia and Bukovina. With the emergence of parties, the national idea from a group one becomes a mass-political one.

Lack of land and unemployment, low living standards, agrarian overpopulation caused mass emigration of the Western Ukrainian population, mainly to America. The first Ukrainian settlers in the United States in the 70s. 19th century were Transcarpathians. They laid the foundation for the formation of the western direction of the Ukrainian diaspora.

Conclusion: 19th century feudal-serf relations were replaced by new, more progressive - bourgeois ones. After the abolition of serfdom and other bourgeois reforms, all conditions were created for the growth of productive forces in the Ukrainian lands.

Against this background, the socio-political movement against the colonial policy of tsarism, social and national oppression is intensifying. Political life significantly intensifies, and the noble period is replaced by the raznochinsk period in the development of the national movement, then various political parties are born. Ukraine is approaching a new stage in its history - the stage of turbulent events at the beginning of the 20th century.

Ministry of Agrarian Policy of Ukraine Pribrezhnensky Agrarian College NAU

Methodological development of the lecture session No. 4 in the discipline "History of Ukraine".

Teacher Lozovskaya T. N.

Evpatoria -2009

Subject: Ukrainian lands under the rule of the Russian and Austrian empires in the 19th century.

Administrative-territorial structure of Ukrainian lands as part of foreign states. Population and its ethnic composition. The crisis of serfdom and the development of capitalist relations. The beginning of the industrial revolution. Aggravation of socio-economic contradictions in Ukraine. Peasant uprisings. The initial stage of the national revival. Formation of the Ukrainian intelligentsia. Activities of the Decembrists in Ukraine. Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood, Personality T. Shevchenko. The participation of Ukraine in the Russian-Turkish wars (1806-1812), (1828-1829), the accession of Bessarabia to Russia. War with Napoleon 1812 The nature of Austria's policy towards the Ukrainian population. Reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph, their role in the development of the national and cultural life of Galicia and Bukovina. Socio-political movement. bourgeois revolution 1848 The abolition of serfdom. Golovna Ruska Rada. Exacerbation of social class contradictions. Peasant uprisings. The abolition of serfdom in Russian Empire. Bourgeois reforms 60-70s of the 19th century. The development of bourgeois relations in agriculture. Features of the industrial revolution. Ukrainian cooperative movement. Peculiarities economic development Galicia, Northern Bukovina, Transcarpathia. social structure Ukrainian population. Ethnomigration processes. Cultural and educational stage of the national movement. Ukrainophiles. Community movement. Valuev circular. Em decree. Crisis of the community movement. Activities of Russian populist groups in Ukraine. The birth of Ukrainian socialism. revolutionary democratic movement. The beginning of the proletarian movement. Political and administrative status of Western Ukrainian lands. People's and Muscovite currents of the national liberation movement. The origin of the national-political movement in Ukraine. Emergence of Ukrainian political parties.

Number of hours : 2

Conduct form: lecture

Goals: - To form in students a system of knowledge about the essence of socio-political processes, their objective conditionality, interconnection;

To be able to analyze and evaluate the phenomena of the political development of Ukrainian society in the context of world history, to compare historical processes with eras;

Use the acquired knowledge to predict social processes;

Cultivate a patriotic attitude towards Ukraine.

Interdisciplinary connections: fundamentals of economics, fundamentals of jurisprudence, sociology, political science, cultural studies

Educational literature: Boyko O.D. History of Ukraine.-K.: Academy, 2001.

Braychevsky M. Synopsis of the history of Ukraine.-K., 1994.

Hrushevsky M. History of Ukraine.-K., 1991-1998.

Subtelny O. Ukraine: history.-K., 1996.

Basic concepts Keywords: Russian-Turkish war, Bucharest peace, Russian-French war, dragoons, Azov Cossack army, crisis, lesson system for performing corvee, state lands, revisions, tithe, credit, pledge, military settlements, industrial revolution, labor productivity, rationalization of production, commodity production, market, duty, separatism, socio-political movement, autonomy, almanac, politicization, freemasonry, Decembrists, opryshki, censorship, status.

Personalities of this period: Senyavin D, Lazarev M., Kazarsky A., Greig A., Karmelyuk U., Kapnist V., Kotlyarevsky I., Maksimovich M., Muravyov-Apostol S., M., Pestel P., Bestuzhev_Ryumin M., Volkonsky S., Kostomarov N., Kulish P., Kobylitsa L., Shtolyuk M., Shevchenko T., Gogol N.

Lesson progress:

Organizational moment. Knowledge update.

Name the periodization of the history of Ukraine

Name the time frame for each period

Analyze the main periods of the formation of the Ukrainian nationality

Recall the sources of law and name them

Which states included Ukrainian lands in the 14th-18th centuries

What is a union

Explain the terms: Cossacks, Ukraine, liberation war, Hetmanate, autonomy of Ukraine.

Analyze the causes, driving forces and outcomes of the liberation war

Name the system of authorities and administration in the Hetmanate

3.Explanation of new material.

1. Socio-economic and political situation in Ukraine in the 1st half. 19th century, 2nd floor 19th century

2. The abolition of serfdom and the reforms of the 60-70s. in Ukraine, their significance.

3. Western Ukrainian lands within the Austro-Hungarian Empire in the 1st half. 19th century, socio-political and state structure Ukrainian lands in the 2nd half. 19th century

4.Culture of Ukraine in the 19th century.

Ukraine at the end of the 18th-1st half of the 19th century being a dependent state could not conduct an independent foreign policy. Remaining a material base, a strategic foothold and a source of replenishment for the army of the Russian Empire, it participated in the Russian-Turkish wars of 1806-1812 and 1828-1829, the Russian-French war.

At the end of the 18th - 1st half of the 19th century. the landlord economy of Ukraine, based on the labor of serfs, was in decline. The old forms of farming did not meet the requirements of the times, and the landowners could not introduce new ones. Agriculture found itself in a difficult transitional state, which was called a crisis.

In the 1st half of the 19th century in Ukraine, belatedly, slowly but steadily, market relations are being formed. The following conditions are necessary for the development of capitalism: the free accumulation of capital, a broad internal market, and free-lance labor. These factors of economic development in this period of time have not yet been sufficiently formed. But the industrial revolution that began at that time was of great importance.

The origin and development of market relations in Ukraine was accompanied by the growth of the urban population, the revival of domestic and foreign trade. However, the dependent position of Ukraine within the Russian Empire already in the 1st half of the 19th century. turned Ukrainian territory into a sales market and a source of raw materials. The consequence of Ukraine's loss of its statehood was the settlement of its cities mainly by non-Ukrainians. These circumstances have made bad influence for further socio-economic and political development of Ukraine. (The concept of urbanization).

The crisis of the serf economy was accompanied by an aggravation of relations between landowners and peasants. The peasants of Ukraine often resorted to armed protests. For the first half of the 19th century. In various regions of Ukraine - on the Left Bank, Slobozhanshchina, Right Bank and the South - there were several hundred peasant uprisings. Especially large - in Podolia under the leadership of U. Karmelyuk, in the Kiev region - "Kyiv Cossacks".

An important page in the anti-serf struggle of the Ukrainian peasantry was the uprisings of military settlers. These unrest convincingly testified that the vast majority of the population of Ukraine opposed serfdom and was ready for an active armed struggle in order to eliminate it.

- "Nikolaev reaction"

The acute crisis in society gave rise to dissatisfaction not only among the peasantry. Discontent arose among that part of the wealthy and educated citizens who were not indifferent to the future of the country. They began looking for a way out of the crisis. This search for new ways of social development was accompanied by discussions, a sharp ideological struggle, and the involvement in politics of people who had previously been indifferent to it. All this in the complex was a socio-political movement.

Federation

- "History of the Russians"

Policy

Chauvinism

- "Love of Truth"

- "Little Russian Society"

A feature of the socio-political movement in Ukraine was the presence in it, in addition to the Ukrainian, Russian and Polish currents, which reflected the interests of the Russian and Polish populations of the Russian Empire. Representatives of each of these currents had their own views on the past and future of the Ukrainian people. At the same time, they had high hopes for the support of the Ukrainian population.

- Union of Salvation

- “Union of Welfare”

Southern Society

- "Russian Truth"

N. Muravyov's Constitution

- "Society of United Slavs"

- "Little Russian Society"

Spitzruten

The organization and activities of the Cyril and Methodius Brotherhood (1846-1847) opened a new stage in the struggle of the Ukrainian people for their national and social liberation. The main goal of the society was the achievement of Ukraine's state independence with a democratic system in a federal union of the same independent Slavic states. This was the first attempt by the Ukrainian intelligentsia to move from the cultural to the political stage of the struggle for the national liberation and development of Ukraine.

- "The Book of the Ukrainian people"

- "Charter of the Slavic society"

National Elite

Pan-Slavism

Confederation

Beginning of the 2nd half of the 19th century. In the Russian Empire, it was marked by a peasant reform, which created the conditions for the rapid economic development of the Dnieper Ukraine.

Secret Committee, manifesto, arrears.

The crisis of the feudal serf system

Features of economic development of Ukrainian lands on the eve of reforms

Progress and regress

Tchaikovsky M., Herzen A.

In order to adapt the country to the new conditions of socio-economic development, to the needs of a market economy, the government is carrying out reforms of administrative and political management. But the reforms concerned only local self-government, the judicial system, public education, the army, and censorship. Carrying out reforms in various fields life of society, the government took little account of local and national characteristics.

Judicial

Zemskaya

City government reform

Education reform

Military reform

financial reform

censorship reform

The reforms opened the prospects for rapid industrial development of the Dnieper Ukraine (population, minerals, geographical position). Intensive construction of factories and factories begins.

Ukrainian industrial region

First railway line

Protectionism

Western Ukrainian lands (Eastern Galicia, Bukovina, Transcarpathia) in the 1st half. 19th century They were part of the Austrian Empire. As in the Dnieper region, the vast majority of the Ukrainian population worked in agriculture. There were no Ukrainian gentry in the region, the Ukrainian intelligentsia was small. Therefore, Ukrainians were ruled by foreigners: in Galicia - the Polish gentry, in Bukovina - the Romanian boyars, in Transcarpathia - the Hungarian feudal lords.

As a result of the reforms of Maria Theresa and Joseph (agrarian, religious, educational), the position of Ukrainians was partially improved. However, the successors of the reformers abandoned most of the innovations of their predecessors. The multi-day corvee, new taxes and duties were again introduced. The situation of the peasants worsened so much that they were forced to run away from their masters.

In Western Ukraine, 1st half. 19th century It was marked by peasant protests, which took various forms: from written complaints to escapes and armed struggle.

- "Cholera Riots"

Opryshki

First half of the 19th century Became the beginning of the national revival in Western Ukrainian lands. At the head of the revival stood the Greek Catholic clergy - the only educated social group Ukrainians, which kept the national identity.

- Society of Greek Catholic Priests

- "Russian trinity"

- "Mermaid Dniester"

In 1848 The European peoples rebelled against the autocracy of monarchs, demanding democracy and political equality. Active participants in the revolution of 1848-1849. became Western Ukrainians. The government was forced to make concessions (the abolition of corvée). The revolution contributed to the acceleration of self-organization of Ukrainians. The Golovna Ruska Rada was created - the first political body in the history of the Ukrainians of the Austrian Empire.

Central Rada of Peoples

- "Zorya Galitska"

easements

- "mother"

- "Russian Cathedral"

Despite all the oppression, Ukrainian culture in the 1st half of the 19th century. continues to develop. Thanks to the development of capitalism, society's need for education and science grew. With growth national identity national features began to emerge more and more clearly in literature, theatre, music, and architecture.

Education and science

Ukrainian literature, theater, music

Architecture, sculpture, painting

Osipovsky T., Ostrogradsky M., Maksimovich M., Kostomarov N., Markevich N., Kotlyarevsky I., Gulak-Artemovsky P., Kvitka-Osnovyanenko G., Kulish P., Gogol N., Shevchenko T., Verbitsky M.

Kharkiv University, parochial schools, district schools, gymnasiums, lyceums, Lvov Ossolinsky Institute, University of St. Vladimir, Nizhyn Gymnasium, rector, dean,

Independent work (tasks).

4. The result of the lesson. Evaluation.

5. Homework.

How cities and trade developed in the second half of the 19th century

Describe the Western Ukrainian lands as part of Austria-Hungary in the 2nd floor. 19th century, compare with the Dnieper Ukraine

Abstracts: - Our region in the 1st half of the 19th century.

Crimean (Eastern) War and Ukraine

Causes and beginning of labor emigration of Ukrainians in the 2nd half. 19th century

Crimea in the 2nd half. 19th century

Personalities of the 19th century.

Ukrainian culture of the 19th century.

1. Ukrainian lands within the Austrian and Russian empires in early XIX century

Administrative-territorial division in the 50s years XIX century

Until the beginning of the 19th century, as a result of the three partitions of Poland, the Russian-Turkish wars, the liquidation of the Hetmanate and the Zaporozhian Sich, Ukrainian lands were under the rule of the Russian and Austrian empires.

The Russian Empire owned Slobozhanshchina, the Left Bank, the Right Bank and the South, which accounted for about 85% of the lands inhabited by Ukrainians. The Austrian Empire included approximately 15% of Ukrainian lands, namely, Eastern Galicia, Northern Bukovina and Transcarpathia. The territories that were under the rule of the Russian Empire are usually called the Dnieper Ukraine, as part of the Austrian Empire - Western Ukrainian lands

After the annexation of the Ukrainian lands to the Russian Empire, they were extended to the general imperial administrative structure. By the middle of the XIX century. out of 10 general governorships of Russia, three were located in the Dnieper region. The General Government is a large territorial-administrative unit, which included several provinces. Governor-generals were appointed and dismissed only by the emperor, he had practically unlimited power (military, administrative, judicial, financial). The composition of the three governor-generals in the Ukrainian lands included 9 provinces, in which the governors carried out the administrative and executive function. The provinces were divided into counties, headed by police officers.

The administrative-territorial division did not take into account the ethnic composition of the population. Ukrainians made up 95% of the population on the Left Bank, 86% in the Sloboda region, 85% on the Right Bank, and 74% in the south. Many Ukrainians settled in the Kuban, Don, parts of the Voronezh, Kursk, Grodno, Mogilev and Bessarabia provinces.

Jews were a large national minority in the Ukrainian lands. After the first partition of Poland, the Russian government introduced in 1791 a "Pale of Settlement" for the Jews, beyond which members of this minority were forbidden to settle. The ban lasted until 1917. All the Dnieper region, except for Sloboda, was included in the "Pale of Settlement". This event certifies that the Russian government pursued a policy of discrimination against people based on nationality. In addition, Jews were forbidden to settle in Kyiv, Nikolaev, Sevastopol, state and Cossack villages of the Poltava region. In many cities, special Jewish quarters were created

As part of the Austrian Empire, the lands inhabited by Ukrainians belonged to different administrative units of the empire. The Austrian authorities also did not pay attention to the ethnic composition of the population when they carried out the administrative-territorial delimitation.

So, the eastern lands (where the majority were Ukrainians) and the western Galician lands (where the majority were Poles) fell into one administrative-territorial unit, called the "Kingdom of Galicia and Ladomeria" with the capital in the city of Lvov. In the representative body of the region, the Polish gentry was reliably in charge, although it was not the decisive force in local self-government. The fullness of all administrative power was concentrated in the hands of the governor, later the governor, who was appointed by the emperor himself. The "Kingdom" was divided into 18 districts (districts), of which 12 were Ukrainian parts of the region. Until 1861, Bukovina was a separate district (also without ethnic division, although in Northern Bukovina the Ukrainian population prevailed, and the South - the Romanian). territorial administrative Ukrainian land

Transcarpathian Ukraine was subordinated to the Pozhonska vicegerent administration of the Kingdom of Hungary and was divided into four committees. All power in the committees belonged to the administrators, who were appointed from among the large landowners. The vast majority of the population of the region were Rusyn peasants, enslaved by Hungarian landowners.

As part of the population, Ukrainians were: in Eastern Galicia - 71%, in Bukovina - 69%, in Transcarpathia - 40%

The entire population of Dnieper Ukraine was divided according to class into the nobility, clergy, philistines and peasants. The vast majority of the population were peasants. The position of the peasants was different. 40-45% of the peasants were serfs. There were also state peasants, they were not personally dependent, they had the opportunity to run their own household, giving a quarter of their income as a tax to the state.

In the Western Ukrainian lands, peasants also made up the vast majority of the population. The Ukrainians of the region actually did not have their own national elite, it was Polonized, or Romanized. The only representative of the educated strata in Eastern Galicia and Transcarpathia was the Greek Catholic clergy. In Bukovina, only a small stratum of Orthodox priests resisted Romanization. Therefore, at the turn of the XVIII-XIX centuries. Ukrainian lands within the Russian and Austrian empires found themselves in different conditions, which led to differences in their development. The leading idea, which in the XIX century. inspired Ukrainian patriots, there was an awareness of belonging to a single people, albeit torn in half and enslaved by two empires

By the middle of the XIX century. an administrative-territorial division of Ukrainian lands took shape, which lasted until the end of the First World War (1914-1918).

History of Ukraine. Popular science essays Team of authors

Incorporation of Ukrainian lands into the Russian and Austrian empires

Incorporation of Ukrainian lands into the Russian and Austrian empires

At the end XVIII century almost every state is characterized by significant territorial changes, which was associated with wars for hegemony on the European continent. Let us recall the strengthening of the Ottoman Empire, and its entry into one of the dominant places on the continent, and the Russian-Turkish wars, which, as a result, eliminated the danger of the Turkish conquest of Eastern and Central Europe. But at the same time, none of the states managed at that time to impose their hegemony on Europe, which is why the end of the 18th century. can be described as a period of relative European equality of power. And only French revolution and the divisions of the Commonwealth somewhat changed the situation and raised the Russian Empire to a higher level compared to other powers. In an effort to seize vast territorial expanses, the Commonwealth lost itself as a historical phenomenon, and the end of the 18th century. became fatal for her. It was then that it was divided between Prussia, the Austrian and Russian empires, which by that time exercised a significant influence on various spheres of life in Europe, and for a long time lost its state independence. So, due to II and Section III The Commonwealth ceded to the Russian Empire significant territories of the Right Bank of Ukraine. The tsarist government sought to merge these lands into a single whole with the empire, as. this had previously been done with the Left-Bank Ukraine.

The historical fate of the Ukrainian people has developed in such a way that from the end of the 18th century. and practically until 1914 it was divided between the empires of the Romanovs and the Habsburgs. After the three partitions of Poland (1772–1795), the Right-Bank Ukraine (Kyiv, Volhynia, Podolia), Beresteyshchyna and Kholmshchyna were ceded to the Russian Empire, and Galicia, Bukovina and Transcarpathia became part of the Austrian Empire. In 1774, after another war with Ottoman Turkey, the Russian Empire annexed the Crimea and the northern Black Sea steppes.

M. N. Krechetnikov, general of infantry, on the orders of Catherine II, participated in the suppression of the uprising of the Gaidamaks, was the governor-general of the regions that had ceded to Russia after the second partition of Poland (1790s)

At the end of the XVIII - beginning of the XIX century. Ukrainian lands were transformed into ordinary structural divisions of the political and administrative systems of the Romanov and Habsburg empires. In place of the autonomous Ukrainian regions - Slobozhanshchina and the Left Bank - appeared Kharkov, Chernihiv and Poltava provinces, and to neighboring Ukrainian lands Russian provinces annexed territories where the majority of the population were Ukrainians. The lands of the Right-Bank Ukraine, which, as part of the Commonwealth, were Kiev, Bratslav, Podolsk and Volyn provinces, were transformed into the provinces of Kyiv, Podolsk and Volyn. After the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. the territory between the Dniester and Prut rivers, populated mainly by Moldovans, went to the Russian Empire. Here they created the Bessarabian region, which included the newly formed counties of Izmail, Akkerman and Khotyn with a predominantly Ukrainian population. Southern (Steppe) Ukraine - the territory of the so-called "Wild Field", which by the last quarter of the XVIII century. inhabited only by Tatars and Zaporizhzhya Cossacks, was transformed into Yekaterinoslav, Kherson and Taurida provinces.

In the provinces, the state power of the Russian Empire was represented by provincial governments headed by governors, who were appointed and removed by the emperor. The provinces consisted of districts headed by police officers. The counties, in turn, were divided into camps, led by police bailiffs. important government agency was the Treasury. She was in charge of collecting various state taxes from the population. The established administrative and managerial apparatus was called upon to protect the imperial power in the field.

The Austrian government has developed more flexible forms of administrative-territorial division. Galicia (with part of the Polish lands) was allocated to the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the center in Lvov. In 12 out of 18 districts (since the middle of the 19th century), in 50 out of 74 districts, the Ukrainian population prevailed. Since 1787 Bukovyna has been part of it as a district, and since 1849 it has received the status of a separate crown region.

Transcarpathia was part of the Pozhonsky (Bratislava) governorate and only for a short time after the revolution of 1848-1849. had the status of an autonomous Uzhgorod district. In 1867, Austria recognized Hungary's right to self-government within a single empire.

Thus, the incorporation of Ukrainian lands was accompanied by the leveling of the features of their territorial and administrative structure, forms of self-government, established courts, etc.

From the book Ethnogenesis and the Biosphere of the Earth [L / F] author Gumilyov Lev Nikolaevich

Incorporation The noted and described feature of the ethnic phenomenon explains the difficulties that constantly arise during the incorporation of foreigners. In order to enter a foreign ethnos, one's own desire and even the simple consent of the recipient are not enough.

author Gogun Alexander

2.4. The war of Ukrainian rebels against Ukrainian partisans According to the English researcher Richard Overy, “the tension between the Soviet partisans and the local population was nowhere so great and as dangerous as in [Western] Ukraine…” This was due to

From the book Stalin's commandos [Ukrainian partisan formations, 1941-1944] author Gogun Alexander

4.3. Ethnic composition of Ukrainian partisan formations The hypothesis of the American researcher John Armstrong that "in Ukraine, in contrast to the regions located to the north, partisans were an ethnically and socially alien layer" was not confirmed.

From the book From the Invasion of the Barbarians to the Renaissance. Life and work in medieval Europe author Boissonade Prosper

CHAPTER 3 The Eastern Roman Empire and the Restoration of the Economy and public life V Western Europe from the 5th to the 10th century – Settlement of new lands and agricultural production. – Division of property and class composition of the rural population in Eastern Europe Continued

From the book Ukraine: history author Subtelny Orestes

12. UKRAINE AS A PART OF THE RUSSIAN AND AUSTRIAN EMPIRES For about 150 years, from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century, Ukrainians lived in two different empires: 80% of them were subjects of the Romanovs, the rest - of the Habsburgs. So at the dawn of the New Age, Ukrainians find themselves inside political systems,

From the book Commanders of the First World War [Russian army in faces] author Runov Valentin Alexandrovich

Appendix 3 The highest command staff of the ground forces of the Russian Empire in the period August 1914 - March 1917 STAVKA .1915

From the book History of Ukraine from ancient times to the present day author Semenenko Valery Ivanovich

Topic 7. The process of further incorporation of the Hetmanate into the Russian

From the book Grand Duchy of Lithuania author Levitsky Gennady Mikhailovich

The inclusion of the western lands of Rus' (the territory of modern Belarus) into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania (XIII-XIV centuries) 1. The appearance of Lithuanian princes in the Novgorod land However, as shown

author Team of authors

The entry of the East Slavic lands into the Grand Duchy of Lithuania The beginning of the rapid rise of the Principality of Lithuania falls on the reign of Mindovg. In 1240, Mindovg proclaimed himself the sovereign ruler of Lithuania, and after that, the process of

From the book History of Ukraine. Popular science essays author Team of authors

The entry of Ukrainian lands into the Commonwealth A new powerful impetus to the escalation of the conflict between Moscow and Vilna, the situation receives from the moment of resuscitation in the late 50s. Ivan IV Vasilievich (Grozny) of the course of his grandfather Ivan III to provide the state with access to

From the book History of Ukraine. Popular science essays author Team of authors

2. Evolution and crisis of Ukrainian class statehood. The entry of Ukrainian lands into empires

From the book History of Ukraine author Team of authors

The entry of Ukrainian lands into the Commonwealth. emergence

From the book Ukraine and the Commonwealth in the first half of the XVII century. author Beziev Dmitry Anatolievich

§ 1. The policy of the Russian government in relation to the Commonwealth and its Ukrainian lands in the first half of the XVII century. In this chapter, we will very briefly touch upon the problem of the attitude of the Russian government to the events that took place on the territory of Ukraine in the first half of the 17th century, its

From the book History Ukrainian SSR in ten volumes. Volume eight author Team of authors

3. COMPLETION OF THE REUNION OF THE UKRAINIAN LANDS The victory of Soviet diplomacy. The last stage of the long struggle of Soviet diplomacy for the recognition by the United States and Great Britain of the new western borders of the USSR unfolded at the Crimean Conference of Heads of Government

From the book Russian explorers - the glory and pride of Rus' author Glazyrin Maxim Yurievich

The basis for the return to Rus' of the fortress (Fort) Ross and adjacent lands in Russian California

From the book Telengety author Tengerekov Innokenty Sergeevich

Part 1. Telengets BEFORE JOINING THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. TELEGET. Russian Turkologists Radlov V.V. and Aristov N.A. in their scientific papers by studying the Turkic peoples and tribes, independently of each other, they came to a common opinion that the Telengits, Teleuts,