Types of speech errors presentation. Presentation "types of lexical errors" in the academic discipline "Russian language and culture of speech". Unjustified repetition of words
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The lexical norms of the Russian literary language are the rules for the use of words and phrases in strict accordance with their meanings. Violation of lexical norms leads to ambiguity of statements and serious speech errors! Lexical norms determine the correct choice of a word from a number of units close to it in meaning or form, as well as its use in the meanings that it has in the literary language.
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Types of lexical errors: tautology - repetition of the same word within a given sentence or interpretation of a word by a single-root word For example: Here, for example, is a classic example; This does not justify Pechorin at all. One of the repeated words must be omitted
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Types of lexical errors: pleonasm - speech redundancy: the use within one sentence of words with close or the same meaning For example: a work colleague, in the month of January, there are vacancies at the enterprise The redundant word must be omitted
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Types of lexical errors: speech insufficiency - an accidental omission of words necessary for an accurate expression of thought For example: Citizen Kalinovsky L.L. driving down the street without a license plate. You need to insert the missing word or phrase
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Types of lexical errors: lexical incompatibility - the use in one sentence of two words with opposite or incompatible meanings For example: In a short time, the devastation was restored. (That's right - the devastation has been eliminated or the destroyed restored) Thirty-two trees were planted in the park. (correct - planted)
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Types of lexical errors: non-distinguishing of paronyms, i.e. words similar in sound and spelling, but different in meaning For example: Pavel's childhood passed in poverty (correctly - in poverty); Davydov held a meeting of rural activists and poverty (correctly - the poor); I was presented the floor at the meeting (correctly - provided)
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Types of lexical errors: inaccurate or inappropriate use of foreign words For example: Chekhov says that a person needs not three pounds of earth, but the whole earth (correct - feet) First we quarreled, and then came to a consensus (in this case, it is more appropriate - to an agreement)
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Types of lexical errors: destruction of phraseological units, stable units of the language For example: deep morning (correctly - late morning); During the war years, all our people worked tirelessly and energy (that's right - tirelessly)
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Types of lexical errors: violation of stylistic unity For example: I offered my girlfriend to marry me. (more appropriate - to marry me) The organization needs a janitor to work. (more appropriate - watchman)
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Correction of lexical errors (editor's workshop): rough His hands are large and callous. again Three years later, Tatyana meets Onegin back. Nicholas was an athletic young man. stopped seeing with his right eye After being wounded, Pavel lost sight in his right eye. When you hear this word, you feel that you are filled with a surge of feelings. Pushkin's poetry makes a unique impression on me.
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Correction of lexical errors (editor's workshop): The image of Chatsky is, as it were, contraindicated in the image of Molchalin. The Nazis tortured the prisoners with overwork and hunger strike. Ostrovnov managed to gain confidence. In the Great Patriotic war the entire multinational Russian people took part. My uncle graduated from university and received higher education. We live in an age when new discoveries literally follow on the heels. Half-starved, half-cold, we built Turksib. Kutuzov as a commander is distinguished by farsightedness.
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Correction of lexical errors (editor's workshop): The lecturer attracted the general attention of all those present. Announcement at the station: "Gentlemen traveling, get travel certificates." First-year students must provide certificates to move into the hostel. The chairman of the meeting gave the floor to the speaker. The station can supply energy to the plant with great effect. He was a funny guy, once he starts laughing, you can't stop him. Not a single injection that nurse Natasha gave was sick.
This presentation contains material on the characteristics of speech errors (lexical, grammatical, punctuation, etc.). Errors and examples of errors are considered. The presentation can be useful in classes on the Russian language, the culture of oral and written speech of a specialist, in preparatory courses for high school students.
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The presentation was prepared by the teacher Klemenchuk S.V. CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH ERRORS AND THEIR PREVENTION
There are 5 types of errors: errors in the content of the presentation, essay, statement; speech errors; grammatical errors; spelling; punctuation. CHARACTERISTICS OF SPEECH ERRORS AND THEIR PREVENTION Violations of certain literary norms are qualified as speech errors.
Types of factual errors: lack of logical connection between sentences; contradiction and ambiguity; unsubstantiated judgments. errors in dates; mixing eras, authors, titles of works; distortion in quotation; distortion of the facts described in the works. Violation of the sequence of statements:
SPEECH DEFECTS A speech defect is understood as: an inaccurately used word or set expression; a word or sentence that violates the stylistic unity and expressiveness of the text; monotonous vocabulary. ________________________________________________ Speech defects are divided into lexical; morphological; and syntactic.
Characteristics of typical lexical errors 1. The use of the word in a meaning that is not characteristic of it: "Chatsky is not alone: he has many accomplices." 2. Mixing of words-paronyms: "Onegin leads a festive lifestyle." 3. The use of superfluous words (pleonasms): "Dark darkness has come." 4. Lexical anachronisms (the use of a word or expression that does not correspond to lexical, phraseological, etc. norms of this era): "Chatsky went on a business trip abroad." 5. Ambiguity due to the use of homonyms and ambiguous words: "In preparation for the exams, I re-read all the books."
VIOLATION OF COMPATIBILITY OF WORDS There are three types of compatibility: lexical, grammatical and stylistic. The connection of words is impossible due to: semantic incompatibility (dine ceiling); the grammatical nature of words (adjectives do not come into contact with verbs or adverbs); restrictions regulated by stylistic laws (words of a bookish nature are not combined with colloquial vernacular).
SPELLING ERRORS Typical spelling mistakes: spelling errors of unstressed vowels (both checked and unchecked) in word roots, prefixes, suffixes; omission on the letter of unpronounceable consonants; false doubling of consonants; omission of b and b, their confusion in use, unnecessary use of b or b; errors in writing the endings of various parts of speech; errors for continuous, hyphenated and separate spelling of words; translation errors.
Common punctuation errors: Missing a comma. To be always there __ where it is most difficult. The future is beautiful __ it belongs to the young. But the policy was temporary __ and it was necessary to organize the provision of the city. Omitting a sign to highlight participial and adverbial phrases, appeal, introductory words and constructions, direct speech. The use of an extra sign.
MORPHOLOGICAL ERRORS Errors in the gender of nouns: "Sandal (sandal) was on the leg." Errors in the use of the number of nouns: "Streams ran along the asphalt." Errors in the use of case forms: "We do not have time (time)." Errors in the formation of adjective forms: "This book is more interesting." Mistakes in the use of pronouns: "There were no gardens in their village." Errors in the use of numeral forms: “With two hundred rubles; on both sides of the road." Errors in the use of verb forms: "We played in the garden." these are all kinds of deviations from the norms of the formation and use of word forms.
ERRORS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF PROPOSALS Unreasonable omission of members of the proposal: "Oleg Koshevoy is one of the talented organizers." Violation of agreement between the members of the sentence: "The work describes a number of episodes from a soldier's life.". "The Cherry Orchard, the Ranevsky estate, must go under the hammer." Incorrect use of prepositions: "No scream was heard over the noise of the engine." "He tore a new shirt on the side of the car." Mismanagement of words: "Gogol describes the adventures of Chichikov." "According to orders."
ERRORS ASSOCIATED WITH VIOLATION OF WORD ORDER IN A SENTENCE The subject or object takes the wrong place: "The indignation of the people grew stronger and stronger against the enslavers." The definition occupies an uncharacteristic place: "Large and beautiful buildings in the city center grew rapidly." The circumstance occupies a place that is not characteristic of it: “We went to the forest with the whole class for flowers in the spring.” Incorrect placement of parts of the composite union: "The scout set fire not only to the German headquarters, but also saved the wounded officer."
ERRORS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES Errors in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members: a) errors in homogeneous compound predicates "Grinev was honest, truthful, but sometimes gullible." b) violation of the aspectual-temporal correlation of verb forms "The works deeply revealed social contradictions, they breathe hatred for the existing system." c) incorrect use of the union And, showing the completeness of the enumeration "The driver quickly got out of the car, and threw himself into the water in his clothes, saved the child." d) breaking a simple sentence with homogeneous predicates “The poet loves Russian nature very much. And he describes it in his paintings.
ERRORS IN THE CONSTRUCTION OF SENTENCES Errors in the construction of compound sentences: a) with an unsuccessful connection of heterogeneous simple sentences "Bazarov is a doctor, but he is a strong and strong-willed nature." b) in the use of opposing conjunctions instead of a connecting union AND "Winter has come, but we began to ski." c) with the tautological use of coordinating conjunctions “We went into the forest without permission, and my mother was very upset, and she scolded us very much for this.”
ERRORS IN CONSTRUCTING A COMPLEX SENTENCE a) subordinating and coordinating conjunctions are used simultaneously in the sentence: "When the night was calm, but people did not sleep." b) an extra union is used: "I have one desire to grow faster." c) in the main sentence there is no demonstrative word: "I love my Motherland, that we live under a peaceful sky." d) the union and the allied word are used incorrectly: “We went in the direction where the sounds were heard.” e) the adverbial attributive and participial phrases are combined in one sentence: “Plyushkin lived in a house that had a neglected appearance and in which all the windows were closed with shutters.”
1. We were fascinated by the beautiful
the play of the actors.
2. Thought develops throughout
the entire text.
Indistinguishability of shades of meaning introduced into the word by prefix and suffix
1. My attitude to thisthe problem has not changed.
2. Spectacular
measures. 1. My attitude to this
the problem has not changed.
2. Effective
measures.
Indistinguishing synonymous words
1. In the final sentence, the authorapplies gradation.
2. The old man labored to put the cart
on wheels. 1. In the last sentence, the author
applies gradation.
2. The old man tried to put the cart
on wheels.
The use of words of a different stylistic coloring
1. The author, referring to thisproblem, trying to direct
people in a slightly different direction.
2. Lermontov pours bitter
the truth of the current age.
3. The reader chokes on
many examples. 1. The author, referring to this
problem, trying to direct
people in a slightly different direction.
2. Lermontov exposes bitter
the truth of the current age.
3. The reader is drowning in a multitude
examples.
Inappropriate use of emotionally colored words and phraseological units
1. Astafiev every now and thenresorts to using
metaphors and personifications.
2. Awesome Horrors
fortress era reflected
in the comedy "Woe from Wit". 1. Astafiev constantly
resorts to using
metaphors and personifications.
2. The real horrors of the serf
eras reflected in comedy
"Woe from Wit".
Unjustified use of colloquial words
1. Such people always succeedpiss off others.
2. Petya walked behind.
3. The goalkeeper is wearing a T-shirt,
put on a shirt. 1. Such people always succeed
deceive others.
2. Petya walked behind.
3. The goalkeeper wears a jersey
shirt.
Violation of lexical compatibility
1. The author increasesimpression.
2. The author uses
artistic features.
3. The girl had brown
eyes.
4. Cheap prices. 1. The author reinforces the impression.
2. The author uses artistic
facilities.
3. The girl had brown eyes.
4. Low prices.
Use of superfluous words, including pleonasm
us with the help of artistic
tricks.
2. A young boy, very
beautiful. 1. The author conveys the beauty of the landscape
with the help of art
tricks.
2. He was a wonderful young man.
The use of words near or close to the same root (tautology)
1. This story tellsabout real events.
2. Within the historical
development of Russian society
develops and personality
person." 1. This story tells about
real events.
2. Within the framework of the historical
evolution of Russian society
personality develops
person."
Unjustified repetition of words
1. The hero of the story does not thinkover your actions. hero even
does not understand the depth
deed.
2. I recently read one
interesting book. This book
It's called Heart of a Dog. 1. The hero of the story is not
thinking about his
deed and not even
understands the depth
deed.
2. I recently read one
interesting book that
called "Doggy"
heart".
Poverty and monotony of syntactic constructions
1. When the writer came toedition, it was accepted by the chief
editor. When they talked
the writer went to the hotel.
2. Tatyana was simple, modest
girl. She started reading early
French novels. Her
brought up by a French tutor.
Tatyana was thoughtful
girl. 1. When the writer came to
edition, it was accepted by the chief
editor. After talking to him
writer went to
hotel.
2. Tatyana was simple,
humble and thoughtful
girl. She was brought up
French tutor, therefore
she started reading early
French novels.
Bad use of pronouns
1. This text was writtenV. Belov. It refers to
artistic style.
2. Chatsky's meeting with
Famusov did not bring
no good for him. 1. This text was written by V. Belov.
This work belongs to
artistic style.
2. Meeting with Famusov is not
brought Chatsky nothing
good.
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TYPES OF SPEECH ERRORS AND THEIR CORRECTION Workshop Russian language, Grade 10 Teacher: Ilyina O.M.
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Lesson objectives: Repeat the classification of speech errors; To form the ability to find speech errors in speech; Develop the ability to correct speech errors; Learn to evaluate the quality of speech.
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Grammar (word-formation and morphological) norms (A 3) Determine which of the given words correspond to the standard of literary speech, and which ones to common speech: From these words, form the forms I.p. pl.: Author, address, director, contract, boat, cake, workshop, lecturer.
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Grammatical (word-forming and morphological) norms (A 3) Colloquial: I lie down, lay down, reward, shoes, - baking sheet. Author - authors, address - addresses, director - directors, contract - contracts, boat - boats, cake - cakes, workshop - workshops, lecturer - lecturers.
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Grammatical (word-building and morphological) norms (A 3) From these words, form the form R.p. pl.: Apricots, oranges, young ladies, hectares, Ossetians, tangerines, boots, stockings, towels, socks, pancakes. Make phrases of numerals both, both with these words in the form I.p. and D.p .: Tree, daughter, bed, director, son, statement.
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Grammar (word-formation and morphological) norms (A 3) Apricots - apricots, oranges - oranges, young ladies - young ladies, hectares - hectares, Ossetians - Ossetians, tangerines - tangerines, boots - boots, stockings - stockings, towels - towels, socks - socks , fritters - fritters. Tree - both trees, both trees, daughter - both daughters, both daughters, bed - both beds, both beds, director - both directors, both directors, son - both sons, both sons, statement - both statements, both statements.
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Grammatical (syntactic) norms (A 4) Correct the shortcomings in the construction of sentences with adverbial turnover: After reading the play, images of characters stood in front of me. When we entered the stoker, we were overwhelmed with heat.
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Grammatical (syntactic) norms (A 4) When I read the play, the images of the characters stood in front of me. We went into the stoker, and we were engulfed in heat.
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Grammatical (syntactic) norms (A 5) Find and correct a grammatical error: Everyone who has ever visited St. Petersburg will never forget the magnificence of the Hermitage. Rewrite the phrases, putting the words in brackets in the right case: Arrive by (graduation from the institute), return by (arrival in the capital).
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Grammatical (syntactic) norms (A 5) Anyone who has ever visited St. Petersburg will never forget the magnificence of the Hermitage. Arrive after graduation, return upon arrival in the capital.
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Grammatical (syntactic) norms (A 26) Replace the attributive clauses with participial phrases, where possible: In the dark sky, which was dotted with thousands of stars, barely perceptible lightning flared up. The Idiot is a novel in which Dostoevsky's creative principles are fully embodied.
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Grammatical (syntactic) norms (A 28) In the dark sky, dotted with thousands of stars, barely perceptible lightning flared up. The Idiot is a novel in which Dostoevsky's creative principles are fully embodied.
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TYPOLOGY OF SPEECH ERRORS The use of a word in an unusual meaning Violation of lexical compatibility Superfluous word(pleonasm) Tautology Inappropriate repetition of words
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TYPOLOGY OF SPEECH ERRORS Ambiguity in the use of pronouns Syntactic poverty Violation of word order Violation of aspect-temporal relations of verbs Stylistic inappropriateness
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TRAINING EXERCISES 1. Thought develops on the continuation of the entire text. 2. He listened intently to my story. 3. The monument amazes us with its bizarre dimensions. The use of a word in an unusual sense.
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TRAINING EXERCISES 1. In our city squares and parks are located very well. 2. A.S. Griboedov was also the author of a chic waltz. 3. In anticipation of the meeting, we need to prepare all the necessary pieces of paper. . Stylistic irrelevance
Error type
Editing method
Corrected version
A group of guys were standing by the pool. Once my mother and I wanted to cook a pie.
Agreement violation.
Determine which word in the sentence this word is associated with, is the connection broken? Change the form of the word.
A group of guys stood by the pool. One day, my mother and I wanted to make a pie.
I saw a boy in a red T-shirt.
Errors in the formation of nouns associated with the categories of gender, number, case.
Find the main word in the phrase, determine its gender, number, case, agree with the dependent word in the same gender, number, case.
I saw a boy in a red T-shirt.
We cleaned the room together and baked a cake. And sat down to drink tea with our creation.
Supply boundary violation. An error in the construction of a complex sentence.
Find the grammatical basis of the sentence, rebuild it, replace or remove conjunctions.
We cleaned the room together, baked a cake and sat down to have tea with our creation.
