A friend explained to me the difficult rule of punctuation. combination of punctuation marks. Some additional nuances in the use of semicolons

Hello dear webmasters! First of all, I address this article to you and myself, because webmasters have to spend a lot of time working with text, and many have forgotten how to place commas in the text, at least I forgot for sure.

Fortunately, today writing tools have become electronic, thanks to which errors in the text are highlighted in color. And what to do with commas? Are there online services on the Internet for checking texts for correct punctuation? I will try to answer these important questions for a webmaster.

Written speech requires special formatting. Punctuation as a system of punctuation marks and a section of grammar is important tool for writing writing.

It is punctuation that makes our text clear in meaning and connects words into one sentence. Punctuation marks separate different semantic parts of the text (semantic pauses, intonations) and in the text they are arranged according to certain rules.

Remember that punctuation marks make it easier for us to read text, and the ease of reading text by our site visitors depends on us, bloggers. Do you know how many punctuation marks are in Russian?

I will answer this question, but for now I propose to go directly to the rules.

Roles of punctuation marks

Separation function - for better perception of the text, one sentence is separated from another.

Semantic function - to express the nuances of meaning. Example: explanations, clarifications.

Highlighting function - to highlight individual words. Example: interjections, appeals, introductory words.

Separating function - to separate homogeneous members of the sentence.

I did not just list the roles of punctuation. If you begin to doubt whether this or that punctuation mark is needed, remember what role it plays.

1. Signal of completeness of written speech

As for oral speech, intonation serves as a signal of completeness, and in writing - question marks, exclamation marks and a period. I won't stop here for long. Even children in kindergarten know where to put these signs.

2. Incomplete signal

The fact that a phrase or sentence is not finished is signaled by a comma and a semicolon.

Example: Today I received a partner reward from a SPA partner: Admitad, A d1.ru.

In the example above, the comma performs a separating function, it plays a highlighting role when it is accessed.

Example: Hello my dear visitors!

Commas are used in simple sentences:

• with homogeneous members of the sentence, not connected by unions and connected by opposing unions a, but, yes (in the sense But), however, but
• before the second part of double unions, between paired homogeneous members, connected unions and, or, etc.

Within the framework of this article, it is difficult to convey all the rules, it is much easier to use schemes.

Pattern 2: oh oh oh but oh

Scheme 3: and oh, and oh, and oh, and oh, and oh

Diagram 4: not only oh, but also oh, oh, oh, oh

Diagram 5: oh and oh, oh and oh

Diagram 6: oh, oh and oh

Diagram 7: about and about

2. Commas are placed with separations. For example: Tired, mom quickly fell asleep.

In sentences where the participle or adjective acts as a predicate, a comma is not put. For example: Mom left tired.

Adjectives and participles that are part of the predicate are not separated by commas. For example: Mom was upset.

If the union "as" expresses the meaning of quality, applications are not isolated. For example: Larisa as my colleague can come to me without an additional invitation.

3. With introductory designs.

In oral speech, we distinguish introductory words with intonation, and in written speech with commas. How to recognize introductory words? If the meaning of the sentence does not change when the introductory word or phrase is deleted, then this word is introductory. For example: Unfortunately, you are right.

Unions "a", "and" with introductory words are not separated by a comma. For example: Write me today the announcement of the news, but by the way, you can tomorrow.

Introductory words and unions are separated by a comma if in complex sentences the introductory word comes after the union. Example: Tatyana came to see me, but, unfortunately, I was not at home.

As part of a separate construction, introductory words are separated by commas. Example: He stopped answering, probably to end the dialogue.

A comma is not put if the introductory word carries a clarifying phrase. For example: In the house opposite, more precisely on the fifth floor, his girlfriend lives.

How to separate the word however with commas

1. However, it is an introductory word. Separated by commas at the end and in the middle of a sentence. Example: It's time for me to go to bed, however.
2. However, the union. The comma is not included. Example: We were waiting for the train, but it didn't come.
3. However, it is an interjection. A comma is placed. Example: However, it's cold!

With plug-in structures

Such constructions are clarifying in nature and are pronounced in a lower voice. Example: The arrival of the foreman - it was definitely him - was a surprise for everyone.

With appeals

This is perhaps the easiest chapter, because references are always set off with commas or an exclamation point.

Example: Dear Vasily Ivanovich, as always, you forgot your birthday. Vasily Ivanovich, dear, how old are you? Sasha, son, how are you.

in complex sentences

In a compound sentence

In compound sentences, commas, dashes, semicolons are put.

Example: Either Maria dreamed of teaching, then she was shaking at the mere thought of the teacher's fate. There was only a momentary pause, and suddenly there was a loud thunder. The wife dreams of her career, and the husband of his; and each dreams of leading the other astray.

In a complex-subordinate sentence

In difficult - subordinate sentences are put: commas, dashes, semicolons, commas and dashes.

Example: When there was a knock at the door, the girls fell silent. If I didn't set a goal for myself; if I hadn't studied so hard; if I did not choose means, going to the end; then I wouldn't get anything. When they give flowers - a holiday in the soul. When it’s cold and windy outside, when it’s cold raining, staying at home is a great happiness.

In a non-union complex sentence

Example: There was no work, everyone went home. There was no work - everyone went home. There was no work: everyone went home. Mom fell asleep - Petya helped the adults. She had a stunning dress - you can only see these in glossy magazines.

10 punctuation marks:

. - dot
? - question mark
! - Exclamation point
... - ellipsis
, - comma
; - semicolon
- - dash
:- colon
"" - quotes
() - brackets

For myself, I made a small cheat sheet, I will be glad if it helps you too. In fact, there are a lot of punctuation rules and I have not told about all of them. To help the webmaster, I recommend the service: Gramota.ru.

Not to forget! Same or also? How right?

Example: Just like me, she doesn't like milk. (after "the same" you can put the phrase "like")

Example: The announcer was nervous, there was also excitement behind the scenes. (the conjunction "also" can be replaced by the conjunction "and")

§112

Between parts of a compound sentence put a comma .

At the same time, connecting relations are established between them (unions and yes in the meaning of "and" no no), adversative (conjunctions ah but yes meaning "but" however, but, but, but, however,), separating (unions or, either, whether... or, whether... whether, whether... whether, that... that, not that... not that), connecting (unions yes and, and moreover, also, too, means) and explanatory (conjunctions namely, that is, or in the meaning of "that is"):

A) My storytelling is strictly documentary,And further I must go the chosen paths(Chiv.); AND the water will shine alone again,And a night star looks into her eye(Ill.); Neither I can't see the light of the sunneither there is no space for my roots,neither the breezes around me freedom(wings);

b) Mother was traveling with her father from Siverskaya station,A we children went out to meet them(Nab.); Leningrad blind light shone in the windows of the house,But for both of us, this place and this light seemed sacred(Paust.); Expensive,but a good thing; Anton Semenovich, let me see the girls from Pirogovka,otherwise they are afraid(Poppy.); Comrades treated him hostilely, the soldierssame truly loved(Cupr.); All the guys wanted to wait for you here,Yes I dissuaded(Fad.); This year he failed to enter the institute,however was still ahead ;

V) Heardwhether V open windows the ringing of city and monastery bells, shoutedwhether peacock in the yardor someone in the hall was coughing, it involuntarily occurred to everyone that Mikhail Ilyich was seriously ill(Ch.); flasheswhether the day behind the blue mountain will risewhether night with an autumn moon, I'm still looking for you, a distant friend(P.); Not that the rain is drizzling,not that snow pellets are falling;Whether do not like the work of a typist,either did not like this Filimonov(Sim.); That he was going to enter the zoological garden to study as a lion tamer,That he was drawn to the fire business(Kav.);

G) I took it into my head to turn under the shed where our horses stood, to see if they had food;and moreover caution never hurts(I.); I was about to leave, my brother was also packing things; The warmth and dampness put him to sleep,Yes HeAnd did not try to resist(Sim.); The clouds are moving inMeans it will be raining ;

e) It is necessary to get bread,that is plow, sow, mow, thresh(Ch.); Father always tried to entertain children with interesting things,namely he bought new books, invented funny games .

In a compound sentence with single conjunctions and yes(in the meaning of "and"), or, either comma is not included in the following cases:

1) if parts of a compound sentence have a common minor member or a common subordinate clause: Into the wind forests make a great ocean rumbleAnd the tops of the pines bend after the passing clouds(Paust.); Through the rain the sun was shiningAnd the rainbow spread from end to end(Shv.); By noon black clouds will almost touch the ground, a damp wind will blowAnd weary, drowsy heavy rains will pour(Paust.); When the sun came up the dew has driedAnd the grass has turned green; if the subordinate clause refers to only one of the parts of the compound sentence, then the second part is separated by a comma: When I firmly moved the skis downhill, a cloud of cold snow dust rose up to meet me, and along the entire pristine white, fluffy slope, two parallel tracks were cut correctly and beautifully. ;

2) if parts of a compound sentence have a common introductory word, a common isolated member or a common part of a complex sentence explained by them: Word , the time had already expired and it was time to leave;Contrary to forecasts of weather forecasters , the sky has already cleared up and the rain has stopped;Anna had an inexplicable feeling : a little more and the whole story will end(Shcherb.); It was impossible to stop : legs sucked and traces filled with water(Paust.);

3) if parts of a compound sentence are nominative sentences: Do you hear?A hoarse groan and an ardent rattle! (P.); however, if there are more than two nominative sentences, and the union And is repeated, then commas are put - according to the rule that applies when highlighting homogeneous members of a sentence (see § 26): The hiss of underwater sand, awkward crab move,And seagull flight,And bull run,And round ice jellyfish(Bagr.); AND blue smoke,And first meetings vague anxiety,And a scarf thrown over the shoulders, a government house and a long road(Sim.) (in the last part - state house and a long road- there is no comma, since this part is perceived as a whole; union repetition And broke off before part government House);

4) if parts of a compound sentence are impersonal or indefinitely personal sentences with the same form of the predicate: The trees were dripping and there was a smell of leaves all around; Spectators were placed around the arena and the participants of the performance were brought into the arena ;

5) if parts of a compound sentence are incentive, interrogative or exclamatory sentences; the intonation turns out to be unifying here, and in incentive sentences there can be common particles: Where will the meeting beAnd who is its chairman?- general interrogative intonation; how quiet it is aroundAnd How clear is the starry sky!- general exclamatory intonation; Let The sun is shining and the birds are singing! is a common particle.

§113

semicolon, especially if its parts are significantly common and have commas inside (more often in the presence of unions but, but, also, also, also): The heart feels horror in this brief moment, which divides the rumble of thunder into blows;A they thunder, and the clouds break, throwing golden arrows of lightning from their ranks to the ground(M. G.); It seemed to me a paradox, and I did not immediately understand the meaning of his words;But he is like this: behind the Kilda king is a cultural country ...(Shv.); I grabbed his hand;But he quietly and proudly looked at me(Dost.); - We talk seriously;A if you don’t want to honor me with your attention, I won’t bow(Dost.); - Here is your salary; you see, I give out;but you have to save me(Dost.); ... Last time I went to the tankers during the day; at nightsame everything seemed different, unfamiliar(Kaz.); For some time through this veil the noise of larch trees was still heard, then it also ceased, as if crushed by thick snow; windSame subsided(Kor.).

§114

Between the parts of a compound sentence is placed dash if the second part of the sentence contains the meaning of the result, consequence, sharp opposition (more often before the union And, less often before unions but, a): Gotta write it down. The slightest delayAnd thought, flashing, will disappear(Paust.); At first I tried not to scoop up water or mud in my shoes, but I stumbled once, stumbled again -And became the same(Sol.); He pretended to listen to the hostess, was amazed at the simplest things, slapped his knee -And talking about himself again(Boon.); On the oak we will cross the stream -And to the swamp(Shv.); Put your stick on the waterAnd she will go with the flow(Shv.); She breathed in some air -And the smell of the cold sea(Street); The soul, as before, every hour is full of languid thoughts -But the fire of poetry went out(P.); I'm in a hurry to go there -A the whole city is there(P.).

Note. Between the parts of a compound sentence there can be comma and dash as a single punctuation mark: (Boon.);

Punctuation marks in a complex sentence

§115

In the subordinate parts of a complex sentence, unions and allied words are used as if, where, for nothing, what if (if...then), for, why, as if, as soon as, how, which, when, which, who, where, only, only, rather than, from where, why, while, because, why, as if, since, so, just now, exactly though, whose, than, what, to etc. The subordinate clause in a complex sentence is highlighted commas on both sides, if it is inside the main part; if the subordinate part is before the main part or after it, then it is separated from it comma : double sky,when the clouds went in different directions ended in rain for two days(Shv.); When it got dark I lit the lamp(Shv.); It's common knowledgethat everyone who left Russia took with him the last day (Ahm.); Green asked,to put his bed in front of the window (Paust.); Ahead was a white veil,as if the river overflowed its banks (A. T.); I'll comealthough very busy ; If I interfere, then I'll leave(Paust.); Below lay the third layer,where there were many remnants of Roman times (Paust.); It was hard to believewhat's on the sea there is a war (Paust.); Became heardhow the fire buzzes inside the building (Shuksh.).

A comma between the main part and the subordinate clause, attached by a simple union or allied word, not put :

A) if a subordinating conjunction or allied word is preceded by a coordinating conjunction And(or particle): He did not return the book to meand when I read it ; Soon to be knownand who will come to the party ;

b) if there is a particle not before the subordinating conjunction or allied word: Need to prepare for examsnot when the session starts, and long before that (not ... but);

V) if the subordinate clause is truncated to one allied word (a single allied word loses the function of a subordinate clause): Students were assigned an exam, but did not specifyWhen ; From the side of the avenue someone was walking - from afar it was unclearWho (Pelev.);

G) if the subordinate part, thanks to unions and, or, is included in a number of homogeneous members: During workwhen did the movie come out I didn't understand it very well(gas.); And I remembered the unforgettable "Pallada Frigate"And How Grigorovich rolled into Paris eighty years ago!(Bulg.); He suddenly wanted warmthand so the winter was also warm(Ard.); Come back in a weekor when you want .

§116

If a simple subordinating union is preceded by reinforcing-restrictive words (particles, unions or their combinations, introductory words) especially, even, in particular, including, in particular, namely, as well as, as well (But) only, just, just, exclusively, only etc., then a comma is placed before them, and not before the union: Yaroslavl is unique, you can’t confuse it with any city,especially when see the city from the Volga(M. Rapov); Good in the forest in springespecially when (If ) the buds on the trees are just beginning to open; She promised to comebut only when exams are over He came to town to go to the exhibitionsand also to visit your relatives; It's good to relax in the summer in the countryside,in particular if fruitful year for mushrooms, berries; He arrived on timejust when classes were to begin; A ravine appeared before them,only when the fog cleared; He came to Moscowsolely to get to the Bolshoi Theater; I found out about the exhibition latenamely when it's already closed .

§117

In complex sentences, complex conjunctions can be used: due to the fact that, because, instead of, due to the fact that, due to the fact that, in case, while, due to the fact that, on the basis of the fact that, meanwhile, in spite of the fact that, because, before, just as, as, because, before, for the sake of, before, in order to, since, with the aim of especially since and etc.

Unions can be included entirely in the subordinate clause, and then a comma is placed before the first part of the union: He[day] seemed huge, endless and active,although on the way we didn't even talk to each other(Paust.); It was impossible to read in the scattered brilliance of the white night,as well as couldn't turn on the light(Paust.); The rumble of the storm is heard nearby, beyond the cape,whereas in Balaklava Bay, the water, poured flush with the old embankments, stands motionless(Paust.); It is necessary to change the girls at the posts more often,because frost gets stronger in the evening(B.P.); Just got boredas the train was approaching Kruzhilikha(Pan.).

But unions can be divided - depending on the meaning of the sentence, the logical allocation (strengthening) of the first part of the union. In this case, a comma is placed before the second part of the union, and the first is included in the main part as a correlative word: Because of we got up very early and then did nothing, this day seemed very long(Ch.); Thanks to the summer is very hot and dry, every tree had to be watered(Ch.); Fedor has changed a lotearlier than mother thought(Av.); It's hard to understand the youthbecause this Russia is no more(Paust.). Wed: It's hard for young people to understandbecause this Russia is no more .

Not dismembered complex unions whereas, as if, as if, as if, meanwhile: The construction manager ordered the construction of the dam in the native way,whereas , according to Ivin and other workers, it was necessary to erect a concrete(ABOUT.); It was very similaras if a car was driving away(Shv.); A rustle was heardas if a cat ran on the roof .

Unions while, while, before, if the subordinate part comes before the main part, usually not dismembered : As the snow in the pot turned gray and turned into a milky cloudy liquid, Pavel added snow from a bucket(Bergg.); While I gutted and cleaned bright sea fish, a woman of about sixty stopped near me(Sol.). Wed: As the sun was rising, the day was warm and cheerful(Boon.); … After the economy lost its boss, not only Fedor was confused, but also his mother(Fad.); - The noise subsidedas the news penetrated all corners of the hall(Leon.); What happened at the last minutebefore as he followed Elizaveta Alexandrovna into the hall(Fad.).

Union dismemberment while is found only when the temporal meaning is strengthened, especially when words are included just, still, most, exactly: I asked my grandfather about thisjust at the time when he swung it was the second boots(Prishv.). Such sentences are close to sentences with the union When (during the time when): Mushrooms are really starting to growduring the time when rye sweeps an ear(Tendr.).

Union So does not parse if it has a corollary value: He swayed in three steps, and suddenly, describing a full circle with his whole body,So for one moment his legs were directly above his head, he pushed off the bars with force<…>and deftly, like a cat, sat down on the ground(Cupr.) - an appendage of the investigation; cf. with sentences that have the meaning "in this way" in the subordinate part: ... describing a full circle with the whole bodySo for one moment his feet were directly above his head- the meaning of the word so in the main part of the sentence is concretized by the subordinate part of the mode of action.

§118

The dismemberment of a complex union is mandatory:

A) in the presence of words adjacent to the first part of the union and logically distinguish it: when using negation, amplifying, restrictive and other particles, introductory words, adverbs. All these words pull the stress on the first part of the union, contributing to its transition into a correlative word: Pastukhov met with Tsvetukhinnot because gravitated towards actors(Fed.); And the sun seems to shinejust to in front of her eyes, without disappearing, shone a window with a motionless black silhouette(Fed.); Young grouse did not respond to my whistle for a long time,probably because I whistled not naturally enough(T.);

b) when the first part of the allied combination is included in a homogeneous series of members of the sentence: Romashov blushed to real tearsfrom his impotence and confusion, and from pain for the offended Shurochka, and because through the deafening sounds of the quadrille he could not insert a single word(Cupr.);

V) when opposed: Melodies mixed with tears flow straight down your nerve to your heart and you crynot because you are sadbut because the way to you inside is guessed so true and insightful(B. Past.).

§119

In complex sentences with several homogeneous adjectives punctuation marks are placed according to the rules that apply when separating homogeneous members of a simple sentence: it is taken into account whether the subordinate parts are connected by coordinating unions or not connected, the coordinating union is repeated or not repeated; the number of repeated coordinating conjunctions also matters (see § 25, 26).

1. A comma is placed between homogeneous subordinate clauses not connected by coordinating unions: I remember,how we ran through the woods, how the bullets buzzed, how the branches they torn off fell, how we made our way through the hawthorn bushes (Garsh.) - four subordinate clauses, explanatory, not connected by coordinating conjunctions.

2. Between two subordinate clauses connected by a single connecting or separating union and, or, either, yes(in the meaning of "and"), the comma is not put (in this case, the subordinating union or allied word may not be repeated): As I approached the house, I rememberedthat nearby in a spruce copse with juniper more than once frightened off an old black cock and there also lived a queen with one young cockerel And; Exactly the same pity aroused in her mother, Zinaida Vitalievna,when, having forgotten about her saleswomen, hairdressers and masseuses, tired, she went to bed for the night or when she taught a girl to tie bows (Bel.) - two subordinate parts of time, connected by a union or .

Note. Sentences with homogeneous subordinate clauses connected by a union And, which is not preceded by a comma must be distinguished from sentences in which the union And after the subordinate part, attaches a new part of the compound sentence. Wed: I believe that nothing goes unnoticedAnd that every slightest step of ours matters for the present and future life(Ch.). - The car rumbled and swayed, and the mouth of the car fan hummed intermittently, and one could hear how fine evening rain chirped in it,And a wide empty lowland opened up ahead, flood meadows, a meandering river ...(Boon.) - comma before union And (and opened) indicates that the last part of the sentence is not subordinate.

3. If there are several homogeneous subordinate parts and the last of them is joined by a coordinating union And, then before the union And comma not put :…Mom said,What uncle Kolya insists that I move to him in Bryansk for a while,What he will arrange me in the Bryansk gymnasiumSo what this is absolutely essential...(Paust.) - three subordinate parts of the explanatory, the third of which is joined by the union And .

4. Between two subordinate parts connected by opposing unions, a comma put : We have been connected with this Vaska for a long time,when he had Karay and my dog ​​Anchar was shot while hunting (Prishv.) - two subordinate parts of time, connected by a union A; And we also thought about capercaillie,that, probably, the cattle got here and frightened [birds] , otherwise, perhaps, in a clearing from above, a hawk looked at them, rushed, dispersed (Prishv.) - two subordinate parts of the explanatory, connected by a union otherwise .

5. With repeated coordinating unions, a comma between homogeneous subordinate parts put : In deep autumn, gathered around the fire, we recalled with pleasurehow recently we picked mushrooms and berries in these places, and how friends from the city came to visit us, and how fun and carefree everyone was (gas.) - three subordinate clauses, explanatory, connected by a repeating union And .

6. If homogeneous subordinate parts are connected by different single coordinating unions, commas between them not put : Think very much, however, aboutwhat doubled in my eyes or in fact the trail was double and how could it be that there was a double trail from one bird - I didn’t have time(Prishv.) - three subordinate clauses, explanatory, connected by conjunctions or And And .

§120

Between homogeneous common subordinate parts, as well as between common homogeneous members of a sentence, a semicolon can be placed (cf. § 30): Davydov felt a little sad because so much had changed there now; that now he would no longer be able to sit all night long at the drawings; that now they seem to have forgotten about him(Shol.).

§121

If a complex sentence has two or, more rarely, several main parts in the presence of a common subordinate part, the signs are placed according to the rules that apply to homogeneous members. In particular, the two main parts connected by a connecting union are not separated by a comma: By the time we got to Nikitsky Boulevard, where the Printing House was located,the evening ended and Blok left … (Past.) Unionless connection of the main parts entails the setting of a comma: As soon as Svezhevsky left Nina,how a mountain student ran up to her, someone else followed him (Kupr.).

§122

With sequential subordination in a complex sentence, all subordinate clauses are separated by commas: Levinson swept his silent, still damp gaze over this spacious sky and earth, which promised bread and rest, these distant people on the current,whom he will soon have to make the same close people as those eighteen who silently followed (Fad.).

§123

In a complex sentence with several subordinate clauses, as well as in a complex sentence with composition and subordination, two unions (or a union and a union word) may appear side by side: two subordinating unions (or a subordinating union and a union word), a coordinating and subordinating union (or a coordinating union and conjunction word). Conjunctions are separated or not separated by a comma, depending on the following conditions.

1. Comma at the intersection of unions put, if after the first union follows single union in the accessory part: But in this swamp it was impossible to stand for a long time,because when in the first frosts, it was covered with a layer of ice, the water under the ice dropped, and thus ice was formed on an empty stomach.(Shv.); And the woman kept talking and talking about her misfortunes,and although her words were familiar, they suddenly made Saburov's heart ache(Sim.). The dog pausedand while she stood, the man saw how the sunbeam caressed the whole clearing(Prishv.).

2. If after the first union follows double union, That comma at the intersection of unions not put. This happens when the subordinating conjunction has the word in the main part of the sentence then: Prokofiev, dressing by touch in pitch darkness, said,What writing is the hardest and most tempting thing in the worldand what if If he wasn't a geologistThat I would definitely become a writer(Paust.) - in this sentence there are two explanatory parts connected by the union So what And What; but the second subordinate clause is a complex sentence ( if...then); I thoughtwhat if there will be no change in this hour,That Judge ducks don't shoot this morning(Prishv.) - in this sentence, the union What joins the entire following complex sentence in its entirety ( if...then).

Comma at the junction of unions not put and in the event that before the subordinating union or allied word there is an connecting union yes and (yes and why, yes and what): Explain to me what you want to sayso what all this means .

3. At the beginning of a sentence, the coordinating and subordinating unions, as well as the subordinating union and the allied word are not separated by a comma: Denis is dead.And when I was leaving, his old woman brought me a goose ...(Shv.); And forgive, and already forever, forever ...Because where is can they meet now?(Boon.).

§124

In a complex sentence, you can put dash :

1) after the subordinate part, standing before the main part (especially if there are words this, that, that in the main part): When longing - write well(Paust.); What is the abyss in the air - no longer paid attention(Ch.); When it screams eagle, falcon, hawk, finally , is both beautiful and powerful(M. G.);

2) when strengthening the interrogative nature of the sentence to emphasize the unusual location of the subordinate clause before the main one: What is influence - You know?(grain); Why did all this happen to you - Tell me(the usual location of the explanatory subordinate part is after the main part);

3) in the presence of several subordinate parts to emphasize the generalizing nature of the main part: Where will I be this academic year, will I transfer where - after all, you need to think about all this!(grain);

4) with parallelism in the structure of the sentence: Yes,what do you know as a child - you know for life, but alsowhat you don't know as a child you don't know for the rest of your life(Color.);

5) with the clarifying nature of the subordinate part: Only time she revivedwhen Mika told her that ditties were sung at yesterday's wedding(Grain.).

§125

colon :

1) if in the main part of the sentence there are words that warn of a subsequent explanation: He warnedabout one : so that everyone arrives on time; Dispositionwas the following : so that everyone prepares for the trip in advance; Butthat's what he remembered well: how Clara jumped over the(Shuksh.). In such sentences it is possible to insert words namely ;

2) if the clause is an indirect question: He was very worried about the question:is it worth buying this book (Gran.); however, a comma is also acceptable in this case.

§126

In a complex sentence, put comma and dash, if the sentence is built in the form of a period, which is always divided into two parts - pronounced with an increase and decrease in tone (a comma and a dash are placed in place of division): If the old foliage rustled under foot,If different branches blushed,If willows unfolded,If trees of different species spoke with the aroma of their bark, -That , which means that there is movement in the birches, and there is nothing to spoil the birch(Prishv.). In such sentences, the main part often has a generalizing character and completes the enumeration of the preceding subordinate clauses: When I found myself in the bosom of the Odessa family,When listened to Mika's violin,When , floating on her back, looked into the deep sky, -All fell into place(grain); What I'm sadWhat it was hard andWhat inspired the profit of forces,with what life was in a hurry to cope - IAll here and brought(TV).

Punctuation marks in a non-union complex sentence

§127

Between parts of an asyndetic complex sentence when listing put a comma : The ocean roared behind the wall in black mountains, the blizzard whistled hard in the heavy gear, the ship was trembling all over.(Boon.); It was getting dark, it was freezing, water was supplied to the kitchen. Children came, shushed at them(B. Past.); From childhood, I was drawn to the distant and unknown, I always wanted to go somewhere and on something(Chiv.); The wind pulled for a week, it got warmer, the earth receded, the late moonlit green blossomed brightly in the steppe(Shol.); Far below, alfalfa ran in the wind, a hot blue leaned in from above, leaves rustled against the very cheek(Nab.).

§128

With a significant prevalence, parts of the non-union complex sentence can be divided semicolon; a semicolon is preferable, if there are commas inside the parts of a complex sentence - indicators of their internal articulation: Clear water gurgled and splashed in the pools; from beautiful vases hanging in the air between the trees, climbing plants descended in garlands(Cupr.); Naples grew and approached; the musicians, shining with the brass of the wind instruments, had already crowded on the deck and suddenly deafened everyone with the triumphant sounds of the march(Boon.); The stone stairs near the palace were illuminated by the dawn; yellowish light fell on the ground, reflected from the walls and windows(Paust.); The face was pale and stern, quite as if frozen, motionless; eyebrows are slightly shifted and furrowed(Dost.).

Note. In a non-union complex sentence, parts can be connected in different ways: parts that are close in meaning are separated by a comma, more independent ones - by a semicolon: Behind the wooden brick-colored station, troikas are visible, bells are rumbling, cabbies are vying with each other; winter day gray and warm(Bun.) - a semicolon delimits a part that has an independent meaning, the first three parts are united by a common circumstance ( Behind the wooden brick-colored station); In the grass, in the bushes of dogwood and wild rose hips, in the vineyards and on the trees, cicadas were flooding everywhere; the air trembled with their ringing, monotonous, incessant cry(Cupr.) - the parts of the non-union sentence are separated by a semicolon, since they are quite common in themselves.

If the parts of an asyndetic complex sentence are, in turn, complex sentences or simple and complex sentences, then between the parts is placed semicolon : For whole hours, while it was striking seven, eight, nine, while the autumn night, black as soot, was falling outside the windows, I examined her old glove, or the pen with which she always wrote, or her little scissors; I did nothing and clearly realized that if I had done anything before, if I had plowed, mowed, chopped, it was only because she wanted it(Ch.); On him[sky] three slender figures of distant poplars loomed; it seemed that they were either decreasing or getting taller(M. G.). Internal combinations of signs in such blocks can be very diverse.

§129

In a non-union complex sentence, between the parts is placed colon :

1) if the second part of the non-union proposal explains what is said in the first part; in such cases, word substitution is possible namely: Spring, of course, is moving: in the pond, which has not yet completely melted, the frogs have leaned out, purring in an undertone(Shv.); And from these words of hers, everyone felt good, calmly, as in childhood: the sun is shining quietly, times are slipping quietly ... (T. Tolst.).

In the first part of a non-union complex sentence, there may be words warning about a subsequent explanation: Some time passes, and then a newmismanagement : grandfather fell ill, there is no one to plow and sow(Shv.); Then happened on danaevent , similar to a miracle: a wild rose bush, oppressed, came into the light and bloomed in September, and bloomed until frost(Shv.); My days more and more shimmer in memory. And life turnsinto something strange, double : there is one, real, and another, ghostly, memory item, and they exist side by side(Trif.); It happenedSo : we went to reconnaissance in the wild forest(Shv.); In our regionold sign : on the twentieth day after the cranes, plowing begins for spring(Shv.); drilledthought Why didn't she go and change?(Shcherb.); Until I tell youone : we read from these sections and from all sorts of other signs a wonderful thing(Paust.);

2) reasons, reasons, which is checked by the possibility of substituting unions because, because: Miller did not have time to answer: the boat entered the breakers(Paust.); Nastya was exhausted all over, but she did not dare to urge her father-in-law: it was impossible to show that for some reason she needed a boat(rasp.); Seeing him, white as a wall, Mikhailovna gasped and clutched her heart: she also thought that Yegor had surreptitiously returned and found him.(Shuksh.); My first photography experiments were extremely unsuccessful: I was in a hurry, often inserting the plate inside out into the cassette(Cat.); Oh, it was scary to look at him: some kind of geyser of anger(T. Tolst.);

3) if the second part of the non-union complex sentence has a meaning explanatory, which is emphasized by the verbs placed in the first part of the sentence and warning about the subsequent presentation of a fact. If there are verbs see, understand, hear, look, know, think, feel etc., then a union can be inserted between the parts of a complex sentence What; if there are verbs to look, to look, to look, to listen, to look, i.e. verbs that are not able to attach an explanation directly, then combinations can be inserted and saw that; and heard that; and felt that and etc.: I immediatelyUnderstood : the rooster was around here somewhere(Shv.); I don't know how much I slepthear : again I have work in my room(Shv.); He carefully opened the glued eyelids andlooked forward like a lunatic: behind a snowstorm in pitch darkness three fires blazed(Paust.).

Note 1. With verbs expressing sensory perception, staging is also possible. comma– if the writer does not intend to issue a warning: I hear a miserable thing from the fields, the wind brought the breath of the fields(Lis.). Note 2. In a non-union complex sentence, when indicating explanations, reasons, justifications, explanations, it is permissible to use dash instead of a colon (especially in fiction and journalism). Here, in particular, are examples from the works of K. Paustovsky: From time to time a bluish spot shone in the sky - the moon broke through the clouds, but immediately died out; The snowdrops were probably already sprouting in the ground, their faint grassy smell seeping through the snow; The layer of clouds was very thin - the sun shone through it; The lights were extinguished on the pier - the ship left; Tatyana Andreyevna shuddered from dampness - after a warm cabin on deck it was fresh; Pakhanov firmly held the captain by the elbow - the captain was still weak after being wounded; She wanted to cry - the crowbar even through the mittens froze her hands; They don’t take me into the army either - my heart is mended; Once in the winter I went out and I hear someone moaning behind the fence . Examples from the works of contemporary authors and from the periodical press: I didn't have to think long - the door opened and I saw Chapaev(Pelev.); No one could get into the house - the doors and windows were closed(gas.); The boards buckled and wobbled under his boots—he was heavy and the floor old.(Set); We called her Barbariska - she always treated all the children to caramel ...(Street). The same with verbs that require explanation: He threw up his head - Maria is standing at the threshold(Shuksh.); And I remember - courtyards were drowning in snowdrifts(Sn.); It seemed to me - with strict love she looks from under her eyebrows(Lis.); She looked around frightened - no one(rasp.); Olga looked ahead - nothing special ...(Set). Note 3. The colon is used in those syntactic conditions where its explanatory and explanatory function can be most manifested, for example, in binomial constructions with the nominative case in both parts, which are built according to the scheme: the name of the general problem and the particular details specifying it; place and event, etc. Such constructions are common in headlines, especially in the headings of newspapers: Criticism: feedback; World problems: ways of solution; Alexander Blok: unpublished heritage; Public service: keys and reserves; Television: program for the week; High School: Another Look at Student Government . Note 4. The colon is obligatory in compound sentences in which the second part, the explanatory one, is a complex sentence: Then it became clear to me: in order to better understand people, one must live among them.(gas.).

§130

In a non-union complex sentence, dash :

1) if between the parts of the union-free complex sentence are established comparative and opposite relations : In the yard in a frosty steam the sun was reddening -the house was warm . In the yard the summer heat was scorching -it was cold in the house (Boon.); This is not a horse scribbling -my heart is beating (Sn.); They wanted to appoint him chairman again -it is forbidden (rasp.); Neighbors called heart-rending -did not come , lay low(T. Tolst.);

2) if the second part of the sentence contains an indication of result, result : Krainev lit the cords -they broke out (E.P.); Sintsov gave the turn -tanker disappeared (Sim.); Another shot -the driver dropped the reins and quietly slid under the wheels (Shol.); Used to sing -breathtaking, any height was taken (As.);

3) if in the first part of the sentence there is an indication of time or condition performing the action indicated in the second part: Weathered face burns, andclose your eyes - the whole earth will float under your feet(Boon.); You will go into such a hut in winter - does not smell like a living spirit(Shuksh.); Which sheet is missing Serezha is looking for him.(Pan.); Then there were a lot of peoplelet's go to the mowing - horror(Sol.);

4) if the second part of the sentence contains comparison with what was said in the first part: Says the word -the nightingale sings ; Will pass by -will give the sun ;

5) if the second part of the sentence begins with the words so, this, only, like this: I, like rain, fly into the narrowest cracks, expand them -So new lines appear(Ahm.); Elena sighed heavily.So crying child sighs(Current.); The moon, as if on a rope, was lowered from above -such she was close(Shuksh.); ... No matter how eagerly you peer into the blue distance, you will not see a point, you will not hear a sound -So as if people with their faces and speeches flicker in life and drown in our past(Ch.); Suddenly he heard singing -This great-grandmother sang(Pan.); I picked up and examined his Mauser -This it was a great car, and brand new(Pelev.); And Nikitich can talk like this all night long -only spread your ears(Shuksh.); Bird cherry was large, in long and clean, without a leaf, heavy clusters -only put your hands under them(Spread).

Note 1. In a non-union complex sentence, it can be put comma and dash as a single sign, especially with the meaning of joining in the second part of the sentence (this sign is currently losing its activity): There was no point in looking outside - the darkness of the night swept in ever thicker waves.(Paust.); Even the water was agitated - that's how the frogs jumped(Shv.); IN garden, white and small light bulbs sparkled in the mountains - it looked like an illumination(Paust.); The wide entrance seemed to me completely empty - it seemed strange to me(Kav.). Note 2. A comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark should not be confused with a combination of these characters, when the dash delimits parts of an unassociated complex sentence, and the comma separates the front stand-alone construction or subordinate part of the sentence: Not even three hours had passed since sunrise, and it already seemed that noon was close - it was so hot, it was light everywhere and so crowded near the shops at the end of the street(Boon.); A big-faced guy, a longboat mechanic, looked indifferently at the cloudy sky, turned on the engine, and instantly everything calmed down, calmed down in the water, tightly cordoned off by boats - no splash, no noise, no sparkle(Bond.).

Punctuation marks in complex syntactic constructions

§131

In complex syntactic constructions, that is, in complex sentences with a syntactic connection of various types (with composition and subordination; with composition and union-free communication; with subordination and union-free communication; with composition, subordination and union-free communication), punctuation marks are placed on a common basis ( see § 112, 115, 119, 127) - the type of unions, the semantic relationships of the parts of the sentence, the order of their arrangement are taken into account: On the youngest birches, the buds turn green and shine brightly with fragrant resin, but the forest is not yet dressed, and this year a cuckoo flew into this still bare forest: a cuckoo on a bare forest is considered bad(Shv.); On a walk in the woods, sometimes, while thinking about my work, I am seized by a philosophical delight: it seems as if you are deciding the conceivable fate of all mankind.(Shv.); Leo Tolstoy saw a broken burdock - and lightning flashed: an idea appeared for an amazing story about Hadji Murad(Paust.).

§132

In complex syntactic constructions that break up into large logical-syntactic blocks, which themselves are complex sentences or in which one of the blocks turns out to be a complex sentence, punctuation marks are placed at the junction of the blocks indicating the relationship of the blocks, while maintaining the internal signs placed on their own. own syntactic basis: Bushes, trees, even stumps are so familiar to me here that the wild felling has become like a garden to me: every bush, every pine, fir-tree caressed, and they all became mine, and it's like I planted them, this is my own garden(Prishv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a colon; Yesterday a woodcock stuck its nose into this foliage to get a worm out from under it; at this time we approached, and he was forced to take off without dropping the layer of old aspen leaves put on from his beak(Shv.) - at the junction of blocks there is a semicolon.

Note 1. In complex syntactic constructions, the use of punctuation marks is regulated by the degree of their (signs) separating power. For example, if a comma is enough at the junction of sentences consisting of two parts, then in complex syntactic constructions, in the presence of internal characters, a semicolon is used: The duck walks at night, and before dawn, before frost, it hurries to the nest; if you can leave, then cover the eggs with something(Prishv.). A semicolon is also placed when there are dashes in the internal parts of the structure, between parts of a complex sentence: Here and there the stars reflected on the dark water; they trembled and blurred - and only from this it was possible to guess that the river was flowing quickly(Ch.); To the right and to the left are fields of young rye and buckwheat, with jumping rooks; look ahead - you see dust and backs of the head, look back - you see the same dust and faces ... Four people with checkers are walking ahead of everyone - this is the avant-garde(Ch.). Note 2. Between the parts of a compound sentence there can be comma and dash as a single punctuation mark: Baring his teeth, the headman began to beat him with a whip on anything - from pain and horror, Averky woke up all in tears.(Boon.); Police stations were next in line - and there no one heard anything about David(Prishv.). Such a division of parts of a compound sentence is somewhat outdated.

The use of a comma and a dash as a single punctuation mark should be distinguished from the combination of a comma and a dash, when each character stands on its own basis: Who knows how long you will have to stay in the taiga - and all the time will be behind Grinka and his comrades(Shuksh.) - A comma closes the subordinate part of a sentence, and a dash separates parts of a compound sentence.

An estate cannot be confused with a manor: a manor is not all land ownership, but only a landowner's house with adjoining buildings, a yard and a garden.
1) The first part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the condition for doing what is said in the second part.
2) The second part of the non-union complex sentence is opposed to the first part.
3) The first part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the time of doing what is said in the second part.
4) The second part of the non-union complex sentence indicates the reason for what is said in the first part.

A24. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
Gross domestic product is the indicator (1) on the basis of (2) which is the division of countries (3) into developed and developing.
1) 1
2) 1, 2
3) 1, 3
4) 2, 3

A25. Which answer option correctly indicates all the numbers that should be replaced by commas in the sentence?
His face was sad (1) and (2) when we left the outskirts (3) he looked for a long time (4) how the village and all his former life were moving away from him ..
1) 1
2) 1, 3
3) 1, 2, 3, 4
4) 2, 3, 4

A26. In which sentence can the subordinate clause of a complex sentence be replaced by a separate definition expressed by participle turnover?
1) The first artists who painted portraits of horses for their owners were serf masters.
2) Romanticism, which spread in European art in the first third of the 19th century, arose as a result of the collapse of enlightenment illusions as a response to the excessive pragmatism of the industrial time.
3) The most interesting thing was to play hide and seek with an old crab, which often looked out from behind a ledge of a rock.
4) Between the city and the mountain, on which the clouds lie, an unceasing river rushes.

A27. Read the text.
Human skin has a means of protection from harmful ultraviolet rays. Under the epidermis are cells that produce the smallest coloring bodies - melanin, which forms a "shield" that protects the skin from the penetration of ultraviolet rays. The stronger and longer the sun affects the skin, the more melanin is produced in it. Which of the following sentences correctly conveys the main information contained in the text?
1) In the human skin there are cells that produce the smallest coloring bodies - melanin.
2) Ultraviolet rays are harmful to humans, so strong and prolonged exposure to the sun on the skin should not be allowed.
3) In the skin of a person, the more melanin is formed, which protects it from ultraviolet rays, the longer the sun acts on the skin.
4) Under the influence of the sun in the epidermis, coloring bodies are produced - melanin.

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Exercise 1.

First write down complex sentences with the union as, and then sentences with the nominal part of the predicate with the union as. Set up punctuation marks. Graphically indicate the rules for setting a comma before the union as or its absence.

1) Thumbelina was glad that it was so beautiful around and the water in the sun was like pure gold. 2) Each snowflake was for Thumbelina like a whole shovel of snow for us. 3) Thumbelina did everything as the good old mouse ordered. 4) The bird told Thumbelina how she hurt her wing. 5) The eyes of the Snow Queen were like stars. 6) And what happened to little Gerda after Kay disappeared? 7) The little mermaid's skin was like rose petals and her eyes were like the blue sea. 8) Fishes floated into the open amber windows, just as swallows sometimes fly into our windows. 9) The second dog has eyes like mill wheels, but don't be scared. 10) The third dog that sits on the chest has each eye like a round tower. 11) The soldier, as the witch said, found himself in a large passage where lamps were burning.

Exercise 2.

Write off by placing signs in the following sentences. After that, write down the numbers of sentences with a double union both ... and ....

1) Some animals and insects, as scientists have been able to establish, notice only moving objects. 2) The requirements of different plants for both light and other life factors are not the same. 3) People try to understand how earthquakes occur in order to prevent disasters associated with them in advance. 4) From the window of the space rocket, the Moon was visible as it can be seen through a telescope from the Earth, and even better. She was like a huge sparkling circle (according to N. Nosov). 5) The spaceship was, as it were, a kind of building equipped with everything that is necessary both for scientific research and for normal life. 6) The day before there was a wind and, as always happens after the wind, wavy ripples lay on the sand (K. Paustovsky). 7) A beautiful fairy tale is necessary for both children and adults. 8) Treat others as you would like to be treated (Voltaire). 9) More than two thousand years ago, describing how a polite and well-mannered person Aristotle especially emphasized that he would beware of upsetting people. 10) Kramolnikov was ardently and passionately devoted to his country and knew perfectly well both its past and its present (S. Shchedrin). 11) There were no houses in the village, as they stood up and stood with facades in different directions. 12) At the World Championships, our skaters had great success both in singles and in pairs. 13) It is thanks to language that scientists believe that each generation can accumulate knowledge and pass it on to other generations.

Exercise 3

Write off by placing signs in the following sentences.

1) The success of a monkey in the art of handling tools depends both on the ability of the monkey to reason and on its ability to abandon habitual behavior. 2) Both people and animals can transmit signals to each other. 3) Scientists want to know how a language arose from something that was not yet a language. 4) In those days, news about astronauts was broadcast both on radio and on television. 5) Catching any animal in nature is quite dangerous for both the animal and the catcher.

Exercise 4

Copy the table in your notebook. Place punctuation marks in sentences. Record the number of each sentence in the corresponding column of the table.

1) The venerable castle was built
How castles should be built.
2) And Lensky screwing up his left eye
He also began to aim, but just
Onegin fired.
3) Many many days have passed
Ever since young Tatyana
And with her Onegin in a vague dream
Appeared to me for the first time.
(A. S. Pushkin)
4) shook hands neatly
And as duty dictates in the house
Bowed to the old woman
And the soldier himself.
(A. Tvardovsky)
5) The most beautiful jugs
Made from regular clay
Just like a beautiful verse
Created from simple words.
(R. Gamzatov)
6) Many Russian words themselves radiate poetry, just as precious stones radiate a mysterious light (K. Paustovsky). 7) In the sky, just at that moment, fiery snakes suddenly flared up, crackled, the air sparkled and became red-hot. 8) Just as a microscope serves a person as a window into the invisible world of microbes, so a telescope can rightly be called a "window to the Universe" (K. Dombrovsky). 9) Long months have passed since the expedition left their native lands. 10) As the travelers went deeper into the icy desert, progress became more and more difficult. 11) Both the men and the sled dogs were exhausted as the supplies were running low.

Exercise 5

Divide the sentences into 2 columns. Set up punctuation marks.

1) Scientists characterize a female giraffe as a bad mother who leaves her calf a month after birth. 2) B Lately some zoologists suggest that the stripes on the skin of zebras appeared as a means of preventing tsetse fly bites. Scientists suggest that from afar, the tse-tse fly sees the zebra only as a light gray spot. 3) Gerasim, as an excellent worker, was immediately given a scythe in his hands (I. S. Turgenev). 4) As a truly kind hero of a fairy tale, Emil never wants to offend anyone, on the contrary, he passionately wants everyone to be as good as possible (S. Mikhalkov). 5) The reading public managed to get used to Chekhov as a comedian (K. Fedin). 6) As a man of remarkable mind, Bazarov did not meet his equal (D. Pisarev). 7) They talked about the construction of the cinema as if it was a done deal. 8) As a true artist, Pushkin did not need to choose poetic subjects for his works, but for him all subjects were equally filled with poetry (V. G. Belinsky). 9) The box with letters passed from generation to generation as the greatest treasure. 10) As an experienced lecturer, Alexey saved the most interesting message for the end of the lecture. 11) Ushakov's dictionary as a classic collection of Russian vocabulary is reprinted in China and the USA in France and Japan.

Exercise 6

Write off. Fill in the missing characters in the sentences. Graphically indicate the rules for setting a comma before the union as or its absence.

1) As a poet of modern times, Batyushkov, in turn, could not but pay tribute to romanticism (V. G. Belinsky). 2) As a writer, Garin-Mikhailovsky worked in completely unsuitable conditions and it is surprising that, with his restlessness, he could write such things as "Childhood of the Theme", "Gymnasium students", "Students". 3) In almost every story about the adventures of Sherlock Holmes, his mental work is demonstrated as his main feat (K. Chukovsky). 4) Frayerman's love for the Far East seemed amazing, his ability to feel this region as his homeland. The whole region in Fraerman's stories seems to emerge from the morning mist and solemnly bloom under the sun. The main thing in Fraerman's books is people. Perhaps none of our writers has yet spoken about people of different nationalities of the Far East about the Tungus Gilyak Nanai Koreans with such friendly warmth as Fraerman (K. Paustovsky). 5) I knew that in addition to such large planets as the Earth Jupiter Mars Venus, there are hundreds of others and among them are so small that it is difficult to see them even with a telescope (A. Saint-Exupery). 6) Even when we cannot help a person, nothing can be so dear to him as a few encouraging words of words of participation.

Exercise 7

Write off. Place punctuation marks in the following examples.

1) The plants that we saw on the mountainside were nothing more than material for the preparation of medicines. 2) These wonderful flowers were nothing but tulips. 3) In front of her was none other than Egl, a well-known collector of songs of legends of legends and fairy tales (A. Green), traveling on foot. 4) Know, the most blessed of the youths, that I am none other than the mighty and glorified in all four countries of the world genie Hassan Abdurrahman ibn Hottab, that is, the son of Hottab. 5) And this lad is none other than your friend Zhenya? (L. Lagin).

Exercise 8

Place punctuation marks and underline comparisons in examples from the works of A. S. Pushkin. Remember one of the examples of your choice by heart and write it down from memory.

1) Suddenly a tent
Opened up and the damsel
Shemakhan queen
All shining like the dawn
Quietly met the king.
2) Hello prince, you are my beautiful!
Why are you as quiet as a rainy day?
3) The prophetic Oleg feasts with the retinue
At the ringing of a cheerful glass
And their curls are as white as morning snow
Above the glorious head of the barrow.
4) Dika is sad and silent
Like a forest doe is timid
She is in her family
Seemed like a stranger girl.
5) Learn to control yourself.
Not everyone will understand you like I do.
6) But that's really close.
In front of them
Already white-stone Moscow
Like the heat of golden crosses
Old chapters are burning.
7) He returned and hit
Like Chatsky from the ship to the ball.
8) She is like with old friends
With their groves arcs
Still in a hurry to talk.
9) She is round and red-faced
Like that stupid moon
In this stupid sky.
10) Neva rushed about like a patient
Restless in your bed.
11) Crazy years faded fun
It's hard for me like a vague hangover.
12) But like wine, the sadness of bygone days
In my soul, the older the stronger.
13) Runs and hears behind him
As if thunder rumbles
Heavy-voiced galloping
On the shaken pavement.
14) On the porch
With a raised paw, as if alive
There were guard lions.
15) Tatyana has been in a fashionable cell for a long time
How enchanted.
16) Like ruddy lips without a smile
No grammatical error
I do not like Russian speech.

Exercise 9

Write off. Place punctuation marks in sentences. Graphically indicate the rules for setting a comma before the union as or its absence.

1) Culture as well as lack of culture can manifest itself in different ways. 2) The ancient Romans said that books, like people, have their own destiny.
3) The ice is not strong on the icy river
Like melting sugar lies.
Near the forest as in a soft bed
You can sleep.
Peace and space.
The leaves haven't faded yet.
Yellow and fresh lie like a carpet.
(N. A. Nekrasov)
4) Levitan, like Pushkin and Tyutchev and many others, was waiting for autumn as the most expensive and fleeting time of the year (K. Paustovsky).

Exercise 10

Write off. Set up punctuation marks. Write down the numbers of sentences with comparisons.

1) The planet of the Little Prince was just above us. 2) At dawn, the sand became golden as honey. 3) When you gave me a drink, that water was like music. 4) It was like the most beautiful feast. 5) And I'm afraid to become like adults who are not interested in anything except numbers. 6) You are still just a little boy for me, just like a hundred thousand other boys. 7) I ran up to the wall just in time to pick up my Little Prince (A. Saint-Exupery). 8) I am like a sailor, born and raised on the deck of a robber brig.
9) He is beautiful
He is like God's thunder.
10) And he rushed in front of the shelves
Powerful and joyful as a fight.
11) Like a plowman the battle is resting.
(A. S. Pushkin)
12) Underneath Kazbek is like a facet of a diamond
Shined with eternal snows.
(M. Yu. Lermontov)

Exercise 11

Read expressively. Write out, using punctuation marks, sentences with comparisons. Determine what role the union plays as in the rest of the examples.

1) Monkeys are known to be very skilled imitators. 2) Dolphins, like people, constantly communicate with each other. 3) The vocal exercises of great apes chimpanzees look like a set of screams and exclamations. 4) Tradition tells that parchment as a material for writing was invented in the Asia Minor city of Pergamon, where there was a wonderful library. 5) There are works of art that are as multifaceted as the world and as inexhaustible as it is. 6) Polissya remained in my memory as a sad but slightly mysterious country (K. Paustovsky). 7) If time can extinguish love and all other human feelings, as well as the very memory of a person, then for genuine literature it creates immortality (K. Paustovsky). 8) The books smelled of the smell that remained in my memories as one of the most pleasant smells that I managed to hear, although to tell the truth it was a somewhat musty smell (Y. Slesha). 9) Among the works of art of the eighties, according to the impression made on society, T. Abuladze's film "Repentance" would probably take the first place. It was perceived as a film about Stalin, about "a dictator in general" about terror, about good and evil, about God and the devil, about a road that does not lead to the Temple (B. Kochubey). 10) Sherlock Holmes' powers of observation seem almost supernatural. He developed it in himself over many years of training, because observation, like any other ability of the mind, can be refined and improved. He notices in the surrounding world such phenomena that we usually pass by as blind (K. Chukovsky).

Exercise 12

Work as a proofreader! Find and correct punctuation errors. Write the sentences in correct form. Graphically indicate the rules for setting a comma before the union as or its absence.

1) The main island of the Japanese archipelago, Honshu does not sink as scientists have previously claimed, but gradually rises above the level Pacific Ocean. 2) The chimpanzee Vicki could compete successfully with her children of the same age: both in the ability to figure out how the box opens and in the ability to sort objects according to such common features as color, shape and size. 3) My little friend almost never ran, and laughed very rarely, but when she laughed, her laughter sounded like the smallest bell (V.G. Korolenko). 4) In the black as coal sky, only stars sparkled, but there was no moon. The hand went up as if by itself. She was light as a feather. It even seemed to be pushed by something from below. Fiery-red mountains, as it were, rose from the bottom, the petrified sea, and stretched their pointed tops to the sky. Above all this bizarre world, like a bottomless abyss, the black sky gaped, with myriads of large and small stars (according to N. Nosov).

Exercise 13

Write sentences with punctuation marks. Remember what rules you need. Graphically indicate the rules for setting a comma before the union as or its absence.

1) Andersen loved to invent his fairy tales in the woods. ... He could examine a piece of bark or an old cone and see on them, as through a magnifying lens, such details from which one could easily compose a fairy tale. In general, everything in the forest, every mossy stump and every robber ant that drags a little midge with transparent green wings like a stolen pretty princess, all this can turn into a fairy tale (K. Paustovsky). 2) There are a lot of people who are lonely by nature, like a hermit crab or a snail, in this world (A.P. Chekhov). 3) Paustovsky wrote about Victor Hugo The music of his books was as powerful as the thunder of ocean surfs. He burst into the classic boring age like a hurricane wind like a whirlwind that carries streams of rain, leaves, clouds, flower petals, powder smoke and cockades plucked from hats. This wind was called Romance. 4) Mayakovsky knew how much joy deserved praise gives a person and tried to bring people this joy. 5) If you have walked on stilts at least once in your life, then you do not need to explain how important it is not to lose balance. 6) Putting on a radio collar on a giraffe is quite simple if you know how to design such collars and how to put them on a giraffe's neck.
7) How to fly from earth to the stars
How to catch a fox by the tail
How to make steam out of stone
Our doctor Gaspar knows.
(Yu. Olesha)
8) I don’t know how goddesses march
But the darling walks the earth.
(W. Shakespeare)
9) Your verse as God's spirit hovered over the crowd
And the recall of noble thoughts
Sounded like a bell on a veche tower
In the days of celebrations and troubles of the people.
(M. Yu. Lermontov)
10) And I was scary at that moment
Like a desert leopard, angry and wild
I blazed squealed like him
As if I myself were born
In the family of leopards and wolves
Under the fresh forest canopy.
(M. Yu. Lermontov)

Exercise 14

Write down the sentences, try to complete the sentences with suitable phraseological units.

1) He took a pill, and soon the pain was like ... 2) From the top of the mountain, the village was visible as ... 3) By the beginning of the exams, I knew all the tickets as ... 4) They persuaded him and shamed him, but everyone like... 5) Feeling the teacher's attentive gaze, the student blushed like... 6. The twins looked like... 7) The beginner stared at the computer like... ... 9) Humanitarian subjects were easy for him, but he understood mathematics as ...

Exercise 15

Unravel the "confused" phraseological units.

1) It was raining like snow on the head. 2) Throughout the entire session, the boy fidgeted in his chair, turned around, in a word, sat at a glance. 3) Soon things got better and went like a gray gelding. 4) The guests fell into the house like a bucket. 5) The boy was silent like a fish on ice. 6) From the bell tower the city was visible on pins and needles. 7) I knew the Arbat lanes like a fish in water. 8) He fought over a difficult task as if he took water in his mouth. 9) This person always lies like clockwork. 10) In his yard, Mishka was like the back of his hand.

Exercise 16

Find and correct punctuation errors. Write the sentences in correct form.

1) Having risen higher, they again saw the sun, which, as if nothing had happened, touched the black line of the distant horizon with its crimson edge. 2) Hottabych snapped his fingers, and instead of one big Sidorelli, seventy-two little Sidorelli ran one after another along the low barrier of the arena, resembling the famous magician like two drops of water. After running a few laps, they merged into one big Sidorelli as it merges into one big drop, many small droplets of mercury (L. Lagin). 3) The father went to the kitchen to comfort the neighbor who was sitting as if lowered into the water. 4) Emil looked into his sister's throat, listened to her heart and tapped it out exactly like a real doctor. Emil sat in a locked barn, angry as a dog. He was alone as a finger. And suddenly, the rooster fell like a mowed down. As soon as he got up a little, he immediately fell, head first. For some time, he swayed helplessly back and forth, and then, suddenly, desperately flapped his wings, crowed and, like a madman, rushed to a flock of chickens. Emil knew that one could die from fear, and then, with his own eyes, he saw how the chickens began to fall one after another (A. Lindgren).

Exercise 17

Now you are so well versed in all the options for using the union as that you can put signs even in unfinished sentences. Place a question mark next to those examples where you don't know if a comma is needed. Write down the resulting suggestions. Graphically indicate the rules for setting a comma before the union as or its absence.

1) The English writer Arthur Conan Doyle gained international fame after ... 2) Sherlock Holmes unmistakably solved the secrets of crimes because ... 3) The sea was like ... 4) Nowhere in a mutual meeting do they bow so nobly and naturally as ... 5) All those present kept themselves at the table sedately and calmly, only Petya sat like ... 6) The abandoned monkey sighed in the corner of the cage like ... 7) Despite all the efforts of the driver, the donkey stood like ... 8) The boy jumped over the fence as easily as ... 9) Mom tried to get at least one word from Natasha, but she was like ...
10) Like a beast she will howl
It will cry like...
11) Sing me a song like...
12) I remember a wonderful moment.
You appeared in front of me like...
13) Love and friendship will reach you through gloomy gates
How...
14) For his bride Prince Elisha
Meanwhile, the world is jumping.
No how...
15) And a mosquito dug in just...
(A. S. Pushkin)
16) I lay down to take a nap at the gun carriage
And it was heard before dawn
How...
17) A little morning lit up the guns
And forests blue tops
The French are here...
18) Die near Moscow
How....
(M. Yu. Lermontov)
19) My verse with labor will break through the vastness of years
and will appear heavily rudely visible
How...
(V. Mayakovsky)

Test on the topic “Difficult cases of punctuation. Comma before union AS "

1. In which case before the union "HOW"put a comma?

1) I watched for a long time as the coals of the fire smoldered.
2) They began to look for him, but he __ as if sunk into the water.
3) I suffered for the dear, kind Ivan Andreevich __ as for a son.
4) I remember how we went to school together and played in our own yard.

2. In which case before "HOW"put a comma?

1) He is known among his friends as a good chess player.
2) Oblique rain, driven by the wind, poured like a bucket.
3) And autumn, clear as a sign, catches the eye.
4) The heroic defense of Sevastopol will go down in the history of Russia as one of its brightest pages.

3. In which case before "HOW"put a comma?

1) He was received in the house __ as a native.
2) Your words are like a sharp knife to the heart for me.
3) There is no national science, just as there is no national multiplication table.
4) Culture is studied by a number of sciences as a social phenomenon.

4. In which case before "HOW"comma not included?

1) It was seen __ how tender spring grass breaks through the ground.
2) I knew beauties that were inaccessible, cold, pure, like winter.
3) This man, having experienced much suffering, died as a hero.
4) Nekrasov, like any literary innovator, was firmly connected with the traditions of his great predecessors.

5. In which case before"HOW" comma not included?

1) Tarusa entered the history of our art as a place of life and work of many wonderful poets and writers.
2) Petals of poppies flew in the wind in light flocks__like moths.
3) This evening, my whole life is dear to me, like a pleasant memory of a friend.
4) As an experienced journalist, I immediately came up with a headline for a sensational article.

6. In which case before the union "HOW"comma not included?

1) Auditing firms have __ as a rule __ highly qualified lawyers and economists.
2) The judge has the right to __ both issue a warning to the athlete and finally disqualify him.
3) According to Russian scientists, the current state of affairs in the economy is nothing but another crisis.
4) Tolstoy, as a true artist, had the ability to see what no one noticed.

7. In which case is the correct explanation of punctuation given before the union "HOW"

The new building built on Kutuzovsky Prospekt appears as an example of modern architecture.

2) A comma is not needed, since the conjunction as is part of the predicate.

4) A comma is not needed, since the union is part of a stable combination.

8. In which case is the correct explanation of punctuation given before the union "HOW"(no punctuation marks)?

Dubrovsky, having taken possession of the Frenchman's papers, boldly appeared, as we have already seen, at Troekurov's.

1) A comma is needed, since the union is part of the comparative turnover.
2) A comma is needed, since the union as is part of the subordinate clause.
3) A comma is needed, since the union as is part of the introductory construction.
4) A comma is needed, since the union as is part of the application with the value of the reason.

9. In which case is the correct explanation of punctuation given before the union "HOW"(no punctuation marks)?

Concrete has been known as an excellent building material since ancient times.

1) A comma is needed, since the union is part of the comparative turnover.
2) A comma is not needed, since the union as means "as".
3) A comma is needed, since the union as is part of the application with the value of the reason.
4) A comma is not needed, since the conjunction as is part of the predicate.

10. Which sentence has a punctuation error?

1) She looked upon his temporary disappearance as an unpleasant, accidental circumstance.
2) I saw how the stars began to fog up and lose their radiance.
3) The people in the car were like herring in a barrel.
4) Under it, like an ocean, the steppe turns blue all around

11. Which sentence has a punctuation error?

1) Each figure moved in three dimensions, as before it moved in two.
2) The creak of the wheels on the blizzards seemed melodious like the voice of a violin.
3) You can hear how rare drops break from the visor above the entrance.
4) The rest, apparently, were deliberately applied to his run, not wanting to leave one

12. Which sentence has a punctuation error?

1) Unlike the Western one, the Russian computer market is growing by leaps and bounds.
2) In the middle of the 19th century, thermodynamics was fully formed as a science.
3) Look how the bird cherry blossoms below.
4) Each feature of Assol was expressively light and pure, like the flight of a butterfly.