Experienced pleonasm expert. Tautology and pleonasm, speech redundancy. How to use speech redundancy
In the eyes of the majority, to repeat is to prove.
A. FranceTalking a lot and saying a lot are not the same thing.
Sophocles
The unjustified addition of words is called pleonasm from the Greek pleonasmos- excess.
The addition can be justified when they do not hide repetitions, when they want to better consolidate what was said, it is better to convey the mood. It is better to convey the mood of such additions as the best, the best, true truth, path-road, the best, honest-honest, true true, high-high, cold-precold, clearer than ever…
Pleonasm looks good in jokes: face muzzle, stupid fool, humor joke, free leisure leisure, small insect insect, kleine schweine piglet. A friend called earnings salary salary. I thought it was a joke, but then I found this pleonasm in the official text.
When superfluous words are not used in jest, not for emotional amplification, they make it difficult to understand, obscure the meaning.
They want to show their "education" by verbosity. Unter Prishibeev from Chekhov's story says in court "the drowned corpse of a dead man." With these words, Prishibeev is trying to inflate his worth in front of the judge and the peasants. A familiar philosopher was proud that no one understood his lengthy dissertation. When I studied at the Faculty of Economics of the University, our teacher, a famous academician, gave five to a student who managed to write the most great job. Others could also get an A, but only if the work was of high quality. This academician taught us that one can be an excellent student in economics due to quantity. We all then studied according to Marx, who understood the importance of volume. While working on Capital, on June 18, 1862, he wrote to Engels: “I am greatly increasing this volume, since German dogs measure the value of a book by its volume.”
Of course, if you achieve a large volume by simply repeating the same thing, then you will quickly be figured out. One should repeat imperceptibly, presenting the repetition as something new, as an interpretation, as the dynamics of thought. But when the same thing is presented as different, it is misleading. These disguised repetitions are called tautologies (from the Greek tauto, the same, and logos, word). It deceptively seems that this is not a repetition, but a clarification of the meaning, that along with transportation there are some other transportations, and along with liberal freedoms there are some other freedoms. Tautology is a special case of pleonasm.
A tautology ceases to be a tautology when new meanings are firmly attached to the words of which it is composed. Values that are clearly different from the original. For example, white linen is a tautology only if “linen” means only white fabric, as it was originally. But today the word "underwear" no one understands. Therefore, white underwear is no longer a tautology. The same can be said about red paint and black ink.
Pleonasm can take the form of an over-qualification. And again, this disguised excess leads to false thoughts. It is unnecessary to specify that vegetable chamomile, fish pike, human Chinese, metal iron, and animal lion. After all, there are no non-vegetable daisies, non-fish pikes, non-human Chinese, non-metallic iron and non-animal lions. It is also unnecessary to talk about square quadrangles, Chinese people, iron metal, lion beasts, snow precipitation, children's population, historical memory. Except as a joke.
But such unnecessary clarifications we meet even in laws. Example: cash, debt obligations, penalties, legal options or powers. After all, money is always means, a loan always gives rise to obligations, a fine is always a sanction, a punishment for an offense, and rights are always opportunities. Talking about cash, debt, penalties and legal options is just as bad as talking about apple fruit, pot utensils, trouser clothes, triangular polygons, female people.
The pleonasm of money indicates a poor understanding of what money and means are.
Needless to say, social justice, labor activity, production process, educational or negotiation process, since justice is an exclusively social phenomenon (non-social justice does not exist), labor is always an activity, and activity, including labor and negotiations, is always a process. Needless to say life or science. After all, life is inseparable from activity, just as science is inseparable from teaching.
It is not good to call technology technology. Energy - energy. The environment in which we live is ecology. Production growth - economic growth. Center - epicenter, genius - congeniality. All these are pleonasms, excesses.
Congeniality is from Ostap Bender. But with Ostap Bender, everything is clear. He is a con man who hypnotized his victims with glib words. Technology is justified in calling the science of technology, but not technology itself. Energy is an industry that generates energy, but not energy itself. Ecology is the science of the environment, but not itself environment. Economics is the science of the economy, but not the economy itself. And the epicenter can be very far from the center.
The love of verbal excess smacks of fraud, dishonesty or stupidity.
And now the promised hundred in alphabetical order:
1. address of location, address of residence
2. vigorous activity
3. water area of water bodies, water area
4. antagonistic fight
5. appeal
6. arbitration court
7. currency values
8. everything and everyone
9. paid (salary) wages
10. Assurance guarantee, guarantee guarantee
11. heroic deed
12. public policy
13. accounts receivable
14. actions and deeds
15. act in force
16. business transaction
17. paperwork, proceedings
18. democratic republic
19. cash
20. deposit
21. labor, production, entrepreneurial activity
22. debt obligation, debt and duty
23. life activity
24. preset data
25. loan obligation
26. property rights
27. interactive interactions
28. information message
29. execution of a writ of execution
30. true reality
31. historical memory, historical time, historical process
32. punitive repression
33. commercial trade
34. competition
35. credit of trust
36. legitimate law
37. liberal freedoms
38. false utopia, false fiction, false fabrication
39. people and society
40. Boundary signs of borders, borders of the section, section of borders
41. supervision and control
42. taxes and fees, taxation
43. people's democracy, people's republic
44. science
45. indivisible individual
46. illegal bandit formation
47. contractual
48. operational activities, implementation operation
49. experienced expert
50. souvenir
51. soul-searching
52. constant constant
53. political state
54. rights and freedoms, the right to freedom
55. right to legal personality
56. authority, legal opportunity
57. legal justice
58. ownership
59. justice
60. price list, tariffs
61. production of works
62. labor, production, educational, negotiation process
63. works and services
64. permissive license, permits and licenses
65. current account, settlements on the account, settlements with accountable persons
66. reality
67. revolutionary coup
68. registration accounting, accounting registers
69. reorganization of the organization
70. free vacancy
71. service, service
72. dependent maintenance
73. social community, social society, social structure societies
74. social justice
75. just right
76. grace period
77. accounting accounts
78. superstitious belief
79. commodity market
80. transportation
81. management and control
82. economic management
83. Accounting for settlements
84. accounting registration, accounting register
85. accounting and reporting
86. factual circumstances
87. form of registration
88. economic economic mechanism ...
89. holistic (sometimes holistic) system
90. time pressure
91. complete system(sometimes system integrity)
92. private property
93. man and citizen, man and society
94. penalties, fines and penalties
95. economics of the economy (domestic, folk, rural)
96. economics and management
97. vigorous activity
98. epicenter of events
99. etatic (etatist) state, etatic (etatist) policy
100. legal rights, legal justice.
Not everyone recognizes pleonasms in the above expressions. For example, I was told that historical memory- a useful phrase designed to distinguish personal memories from the history of a whole people, which, apart from penalties there is a reprimand or disapproval, and along with in cash there are non-monetary funds. If you agree with my opponents, I will answer such and similar objections in the comments.
In Russian, there are concepts of speech insufficiency and speech redundancy. Speech deficiency occurs when the meaning of speech is lost if one or another word is omitted, for example: He helped his parents in the field, although it was only the eleventh year. It would be more correct to say: he was in his eleventh year.
Speech redundancy is the repeated transmission of the same thought. It can take the form of pleonasms, which often appear when one-valued words are combined, for example: long and prolonged, courageous and courageous.
Pleonasm (from the Greek pleonasmós - excess), the use of words that are unnecessary for semantic completeness. Pleonasm violates the norms of lexical compatibility, is used by the authors, in our opinion, most often as a stylistic device to make speech expressive.
Pleonasm is common in colloquial speech. Some pleonastic phrases have become entrenched in the language and are not considered erroneous, for example: go down, go up, a period of time, an exhibit (Latin exponatus means "exposed"), people's democracy (democracy translated from Greek "power of the people").
Also, pleonasms are often found in phraseological phrases: to walk with a shaking, crowded, eat with food. Such pleonasms do not contradict the literary norm.
Typical examples of pleonasm are phrases: the first premiere (premier is enough - “the first performance of a play, film or performance of a musical work”), atmospheric air(air is enough - “a mixture of gases that forms the Earth’s atmosphere”), return back (the verb “return” indicates movement back, in the opposite direction), import from abroad (it is enough to import - “import from abroad”).
Ancient stylistics sums up the verbosity of speech under three concepts: perissology - the accumulation of words of the same meaning, as a rule, synonyms; macrology - the burden of speech with unnecessary explanations, such as subordinate clauses; tautology - the literal repetition of words of equal meaning.
The latest stylistics applies to all these concepts a common designation - tautology.
Tautology and pleonasm are almost the same thing. But there are subtle differences that separate these concepts. If pleonasm is precisely verbal redundancy, then tautology is an identity word.
Tautology (from the Greek tauto - the same thing and logos - a word), a combination or repetition of the same or similar words in meaning, for example: the true truth, entirely and completely, is removed further and further. Often has the appearance of unnecessary repetition. Especially often the name "tautology" is used where there is a repetition of words with the same root.
Tautology can manifest itself at different levels.
Often occurs at the level of vocabulary: in the end (correctly “in the end” or “enough in the end”).
A peculiar manifestation of tautology can be found at the level of grammar, for example, in the formation of the comparative degree of adjectives: more important (it is a grammatical error since the comparative degree is formed using the suffix -ee or using the word more). Sometimes, when forming a superlative degree, for example: “However, no matter how interesting, no matter how wonderful the thoughts that Tyutchev directly expresses in his poems, the thoughts thought out by him, conscious - much more remarkable is the innermost content of his poetry, which he unconsciously put into poetry, by virtue of secret creative intuition "(V. Bryusov" Far and near ")
Often in everyday colloquial speech, tautology is lexical error. This happens if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic goals and is of an accidental nature: to put together, to dance a dance, to treat sports in a sporty way, to confirm the statement. There was a lexical error in the phrase “my autobiography”, it was enough to say “autobiography”, since the word itself implies an independent description of a person’s life.
Every day, some tautological phrases are used more and more widely in colloquial speech, for example, "ask a question." Tautology is meaningless and empty as such, it does not carry any information, and people try to get rid of it as unnecessary ballast that clutters up speech and makes communication difficult.
Thus, the use of tautology in colloquial speech is a mistake, and in journalism and fiction, tautology is allowed as a means of speech, giving it expressiveness and the desired shade, carrying a specific semantic load.
In folklore, the repetition of complex sentences or isolated groups of words is often found, which is used to enhance the emotional sound of a phrase. Such repetitions are called a refrain, in folklore this technique is traditional, so the question “can a refrain be considered a kind of tautology” remains open.
In the practical part of this work, we will conduct a study by studying tautology in literary works of various genres and authors.
Analytical part
Study Description
Our research consists of several stages:
1. The study of tautology in oral folk art, namely in songs, fairy tales, legends, epics.
2. The study of tautology in proverbs and sayings.
3. The study of tautology in the literary works of various authors.
4. The study of modifications of tautology, ranging from its use in oral folk art to its use in the literary works of various authors.
In this study, we used the method of comparative analysis.
Study
About tautology as a technique artistic expressiveness and the expressiveness of speech was well known to our distant ancestors: one-alone, sadness-longing, path-path, sea-okiya, bitter grief. Near Chernigov, the silushki are black-black, black-black, blacker than a crow (“The Nightingale the Robber”); O light-bright and beautifully decorated Russian land! ("Word about the destruction of the Russian land"). Tautology in folklore gives a sound repetition, the so-called alliteration. Alliteration gives folklore expressiveness.
In the collection of Russian folk tales by A. N. Afanasyev, there is a fairy tale called “Wonderful, wonderful, wonderful, wonderful”, where you can see two tautological turns at once.
Tautology is found not only in Russian folklore, it can also be found, for example, in Korean folk tales: “The girl went to the lake, cries, sheds tears, her father is no more, he drowned in the lake” (“Lake Zhangche”), in Celtic poetry, which widely uses tautology as an artistic device: “. For in battle, in struggle and in battle, it seemed to him that they were equal. “It is easier to fall from a spear of strength, courage and combat dexterity than from a spear of disgrace, shame and reproach” (“Irish Sagas”, translated by A. Smirnov).
Tautology occupies a special place in proverbs and sayings: friendship is friendship, and service is service; free will; not to be heard, not to be seen; small small less.
Here, the expressiveness and poetry of speech neutralizes semantic redundancy.
In folklore, especially in epics, there is often a repetition of isolated groups of words, for example, in the epic "Sadko":
About thirty thousand money:
How to buy Sadka Novgorod goods,
Bad goods and good ones,
Do not leave the goods for money,
Not a little bit different.
Sadko got up early the next day,
He spoke to the squad to the good:
“Ah, you are a good friend!
Take the golden treasury for food,
Redeem goods in Novegrad!”
And disbanded the squad along the shopping streets,
And he himself went straight to the living room,
How I bought Novgorod goods,
Bad goods and good ones,
Didn't leave any goods for money
Not a little different half a piece!
Similar repetitions, more like a tautology, are present in the literary works of various authors. From V. Ya. Bryusov:
Like a realm of white snow
My soul is cold.
What a strange bliss
In the world of cold sleep!
Like a realm of white snow
My soul is cold.
At K. Balmont ("Lack of verbality"):
Come at dawn to the slope of the slope, -
Coolness smokes over the chilly river,
The bulk of the frozen forest is blackening,
And the heart hurts so much, and the heart is not happy.
Motionless reed. The sedge does not tremble.
Deep silence. Silence of rest.
The meadows run far, far away.
In all fatigue - deaf, dumb.
Enter at sunset, as if into fresh waves,
In the cool wilderness of the village garden, -
The trees are so gloomy-strangely silent,
And the heart is so sad, and the heart is not happy.
This tool is widely used in fiction, usually with the aim of concretizing the details of the narrative or enhancing emotional expressiveness, assessments:
The old fear again seized him all over, from head to toe. (F. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment");
“It’s true, you don’t love me, it’s true, you don’t see anything,” and suddenly she throws herself on my neck, wrapped her arms around me, burst into tears, sobbed! (F. M. Dostoevsky "The village of Stepanchikovo and its inhabitants" part 1, ch. XII Catastrophe);
“I haven’t seen you for a whole week, I haven’t heard from you for such a long time. I crave, I long for your voice. Speak up. (A. Chekhov, "Ionych").
A. Blok in the poem “Solveig! Oh Solveig! Oh, Sunny Way" is a hidden pleonasm: the name "Solveig" belongs to the heroine of H. Ibsen's drama "Peer Gynt", and in Norwegian it means precisely "sunny path", "solar trail".
Especially often tautology is found in works that have a folklore basis: They can’t go back (V. A. Zhukovsky “The Tale of Tsar Berendey, his son Ivan Tsarevich, the tricks of Koshchei the Immortal and the wisdom of Marya-Tsarevna”);
The intentional use of cognate words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: The law is the law (from the newspaper);
How smart is the mind, how efficient it is,
How terrible is the fear, how dark is the darkness!
How life is alive! How deadly is death!
Like youth young yuna!
(Z. Ezrohi)
Tautology has been used from ancient times to the present day. In folk art, this technique was used especially often, had a special expressive coloring and was a feature of folklore.
Especially often N. Gogol uses tautology in his works:
Is there really such fires, torments and such a force in the world that would overpower the Russian force! ("Taras Bulba");
Allow you not to allow this,” Manilov said with a smile. ("Dead Souls");
They will laugh at my bitter laughter (N. Gogol).
In his works, Gogol uses tautology to convey the appearance and speech characteristics of the hero.
The tautology creates a grotesque that gives a work or episode a fantastic start: In fact, extremely strange! - said the official, - the place is completely smooth, as if it were a freshly baked pancake. Yes, unbelievably even! ("Nose").
Tautology is common in satire, a striking example is the works of M. M. Zoshchenko: a native relative (“You don’t need to have relatives”); Here you are laughing and baring your teeth, - said Vasya, - and I really, Marya Vasilyevna, passionately adore and love you (“Love”).
In his works, M. M. Zoshchenko sometimes uses euphemism. Euphemism (Greek: ευφήμη - “praise”) is a word or descriptive expression that is neutral in meaning and emotional “burden”, usually used in texts and public statements to replace other words and expressions that are considered indecent or inappropriate, for example, wife, spouse then is ("Rich life").
Non-normative lexical redundancy acts here as a means of speech characteristics of the characters, the author creates a portrait of the hero. With the help of tautology, as well as with the help of euphemisms, the author managed to create a special language of the work, which is clearly different from others.
Conclusion
In order for the reader to better understand the main idea of the work, the author's position writers use various artistic techniques. Often in literary works there is such a technique as tautology. By definition, tautology is a speech error, but the authors use tautology as an artistic device.
“Tautology in many cases enhances the emotional impact of speech if introduced as a justified stylistic device, and not the result of stylistic slovenliness. "(V. Kozlovsky" Dictionary of literary terms ").
Tautology is seen as an extreme, turning into a "vice of style"; the border of this transition is unsteady and is determined by the sense of proportion and the taste of the era. In folklore, tautology acquires stylistic expressiveness, expressive coloring, enhances the poetic side of speech; used in literature to enhance emotional impact; in colloquial speech, they try to avoid it.
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When there are a lot of unnecessary words in a short statement, this is called speech redundancy or verbosity. For example, during the last 24 hours there were heavy snowfalls and a large number of snow.
When there is a lot in written or oral speech extra words, then this is called stylistic negligence. It proves that the author has no idea about the object he describes. There is a fine line between verbosity and idle talk.
An example of speech redundancy. The sports commentator of the competition notifies: athletes who have arrived at sports competitions take part in competitions with foreign athletes.
Verbosity takes the form:
- pleonasms - the use of words that have the same meaning, but are superfluous in the text (as a result of everyday routine, rose up, the main essence).
- tautologies (variation of pleonasm). Repeated term, only in other words (we multiply twice, inexplicable phenomena). The tautology is clearly expressed in the combination of words with the same root: How to ask the right question?
Lexical repetition found in the text is a sign that the writer lacks clarity and conciseness to formulate thoughts. Sometimes lexical repetition can help the author focus on something important, for example: Live forever, learn forever.
How to use speech redundancy?
Speech insufficiency and speech redundancy is not in all situations an error during the writing of works of art. It's even worse when a person uses
Pleonasms and tautologies are used in stylistics to enhance the effectiveness and inspiration of statements, as well as to highlight the aphorism of speech. Writers comedians resort to these techniques to create a joke.
The main goal of speech redundancy and tautology in style:
- point out the poverty of speech, the lack of education of certain heroes;
- enhance the semantic significance of the situation;
- highlight a certain idea in the text;
- tautological repetition emphasizes the saturation or duration of the situation, for example: “We walked and walked”;
- emphasize with pleonasms the signs of an object or its characteristics. Authors can use to clarify an excessive number of items, for example: “And everywhere there are balls, balls, balls, balls ...”;
- creating funny situations, for example: “Allow me not to allow”.
Tautology
Tautology is a thought represented by unreasonable repetitions of the same cognate words. There is such a thing as tautological rhyme - the repetition of one word in a modified form in poetic form.
One-root words in one sentence that create a tautology is one of the most common mistakes. Thus, in one sentence, we are marking time in one place. It looks like .
In order to highlight a certain thought in a sentence, it is necessary to clear it of the superfluous, that is, to get rid of the tautology, examples: ... quite naturally, definitions may follow indicating that performance labor process at a certain stage in the development of a technical process is determined by a completely definite pattern.
In this sentence, everything is confusing and there is too much repetition. We clear it of garbage and get:
Labor productivity at various stages of development of the technical process is determined by an objective pattern - this is a reasonable conclusion.
Not in all situations it is necessary to perceive words with one root as a stylistic mistake. They do not always need to be replaced by synonyms in one judgment, in some situations this is impossible, the test may become poorer.
A couple of words with the same root that are mentioned in the same passage of text are stylistically justified when considered the only carriers of the meaning. We have to come to terms with the fact that the proposal contains a tautology, examples: pink flowers bloom on the bushes, the head coach will train the team.
In the Russian language, there are tautological combinations that are inevitable: a dictionary of Russian words, a foreman of two brigades, investigators of the operational group were investigating.
When the authors are faced with such a problem as a combination of a Russian word and a foreign one, they do not understand the exact meaning of the second, for example: a little child prodigy, leading leaders. Before combining foreign words with others, one must think about their meaning.
Tautology can be found in Russian folklore and proverbs. Writers deliberately use them for lexical expressiveness: friendship is friendship, and service is service; walk shaking; Life to live is not a field to cross.
Pleonasm
This term has Greek roots and is translated as “excessive”, “excessive”.
Let's understand what is pleonasm? It means an overabundance in one judgment of words of the same meaning.
Examples: they saw a dead corpse; I met a dark brunette; he sat silent and silent.
These judgments are complicated by unnecessary clarifications. Like other forms of speech redundancy, pleonasm indicates the author's lack of education. You need to analyze the vocabulary and learn how to correct mistakes in time.
In Russian there is such a thesis as “imaginary pleonasm”. Writers use it consciously to enhance the expressiveness of speech and the effect of perception.
Pleonastic combinations are used for folklore. Even earlier, the authors used expressively colored pleonasms in stories, for example: sea-ocean, paths-paths, lived-were.
Lapalissiades
One of the forms of speech redundancy is lapalissiads. They create the effect of humor in a tragic (inappropriate) situation,
PLEONASM - the use of superfluous words that do not add a new meaning to what has been said, i.e. duplication of meaning, not roots.
For example: "go back", "commemorative souvenir", "price list", "vacancy", "other alternative", "home nostalgia", "interior", "protective immunity", "first premiere", "folk folklore", "fall down", "pre-announcement", "hand gesture", "top priority", "incriminate guilt", "complete fiasco", "memories of the past", "great metropolis", "himself", " with their own ears (eyes, hands)", "assassination attempt", "there is a place to be", "hard Sisphian work", "Ariadne's guiding thread", "working class of the working people", "true truth", "entirely and completely" , "people's democracy", "go down", "go up", "better position", "full right", "personally I", "my autobiography", "united union", "service".
BUT! Pleonasm is allowed in literature and poetry. Here's how we throw it out of fairy tales: path-path, lived-were, sea-ocean?
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TAUTOLOGY or IDENTITY - the use of words with the same root (i.e., close in meaning), creating semantic redundancy.
1) It is allowed in the literature: “friendship is friendship, and service is service”, “crammed”, “soon the fairy tale is told, but not soon the deed is done”, “sits in the seat”, “bitter grief”, “they laugh with laughter”, make riddles.
2) Tautology - a lexical error in ordinary speech and journalism. For example: "to put together", "to dance a dance", "to resume again", "butter oil", "a table is a table", "torrential downpour", "the narrator told", "the highest peaks".
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Reviews
There is also the so-called hidden tautology, combinations with words of foreign origin, for example, "service".
I think "nostalgia for the homeland" is not necessarily pleonasm, because one can be nostalgic not only for the homeland, but also for the past. Although, of course, it depends on the context.
In general, the note is useful.
"service maintenance". ABOUT! Thanks Andy Now I will add pleonasm to this piggy bank.
Nostalgia for the past is acceptable, but for the homeland it is not.
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Senior Research Fellow, Institute for Linguistic Studies, Russian Academy of Sciences,
Candidate of Philology
PLEONASM (Greek - excess).
1. A means of lexical expressiveness based on the use in a sentence or text of words that are close in meaning, creating semantic redundancy.
Pleonasm is found in folklore: once upon a time, sadness-longing, path-path, sea-okiya. Also, this tool is widely used in fiction, usually with the aim of concretizing the details of the narrative or enhancing emotions, assessments: Indeed, extremely strange! - said the official, - the place perfectly smooth like a freshly baked pancake. Yes, unbelievably smooth! (N. Gogol, "The Nose"); The old fear gripped him again. everything from head to toe (F. Dostoevsky, "Crime and Punishment"); - I didn't see you the whole week I didn't hear you so long. I passionately want, I thirsty your voice. Speak up.(A. Chekhov, "Ionych").
2. A kind of lexical error associated with a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility, when words that are unnecessary from a semantic point of view are used in a phrase or sentence. For example, in a sentence They ensured the rhythmic and uninterrupted operation of the enterprise. definitions express similar meanings; here one of them is sufficient. Author's inscription on the cover of the book I dedicate to my dad - Sergey Mikhailovich pleonastic; Enough Dedicated to Dad...
Typical examples of non-normative pleonasm are phrases in which the meaning of one word repeats the meaning of another: more important (more redundant, because more important means "more important"), first premiere (premier is enough - "the first performance of a play, film or performance of a musical work"), atmospheric air(air is enough - "a mixture of gases that forms the Earth's atmosphere"), eventually(Right in the end or enough in the end), go back(the verb to return indicates movement back, in the opposite direction), import from abroad(it is enough to import - "to import from abroad").
Some pleonastic phrases have become entrenched in the language and are not considered erroneous, For example: go down, go up, time period, exhibit(Latin exponatus means "exposed"), people's democracy(democracy in translation from Greek means "power of the people").
In fiction and journalism, non-normative lexical redundancy can act as a means of speech characterization of characters: - Here you are laughing And bare your teeth, - said Vasya, - but I really, Marya Vasilievna, warmly welcome you adore And I love (M. Zoshchenko, "Love").
TAUTOLOGY (Greek - the same and - the word) - a kind of pleonasm; the use of single-root words in a sentence or text.
Tautology is found in proverbs and sayings: friendship friendship, A service by service; life to live– not a field to go; free will ; in phraseological turns: walk shaking, crowded, eat by eater .
Expressively colored tautological combinations are characteristic of folklore: Soon fairy tale affects, but not soon the deed is done; sit down sit, bitter grief .
The intentional use of single-root words serves as a means of lexical expressiveness in fiction and journalism: “ Gorky with fur mine laugh "(N. Gogol); " How mind is smart, How business is efficient, // How terrible fear, How darkness is dark!// How life is alive! How death is fatal! // How youth young youth! "(Z. Ezrohi)," Law There is law " (from the newspaper).
The tautology is lexical error if the use of cognate words is not justified by stylistic purposes and is random: put together, dance a dance, treat sports in a sporty way, confirm the statement. Usually they say about an unintentional tautology like this: butter oil.
