General information about control systems and CNC machines

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Under the control of the machine, it is customary to understand the set of influences on its mechanisms that ensure the execution of the technological cycle of processing, and under the control system - a device or a set of devices that implement these influences.

Numerical control (CNC) is a control in which the program is specified in the form of an array of information recorded on some medium. Control information for CNC systems is discrete and its processing in the control process is carried out by digital methods. Technological cycles are almost universally controlled using programmable logic controllers implemented on the basis of the principles of digital electronic computing devices.

In table. 8.1 lists the goals and functions of a modern multi-level CNC device (CNC).

CNC systems are practically replacing other types of control systems.

According to their technological purpose and functionality, CNC systems are divided into four groups:

  • positional, in which only the coordinates of the end points of the position of the executive bodies are specified after they perform certain elements of the work cycle;
  • contour or continuous, controlling the movement of the executive body along a given curvilinear trajectory;
  • universal (combined), in which the programming of both movements during positioning and the movement of the executive bodies along the trajectory, as well as changing tools and loading and unloading workpieces, is carried out.
  • multi-loop systems that provide simultaneous or sequential control of the operation of a number of units and mechanisms of the machine.

An example of the use of CNC systems of the first group are drilling, boring and jig boring machines. An example of the second group are CNC systems of various turning, milling and cylindrical grinding machines. The third group includes CNC systems of various multi-purpose turning and drilling-milling-boring machines.

The fourth group includes centerless cylindrical grinding machines, in which various mechanisms are controlled from CNC systems: dressing, headstock feed, etc. There are positional, contour, combined and multi-circuit (Fig. 8.1, a) control cycles.


According to the method of preparation and input of the control program, the so-called operational CNC systems are distinguished (in this case, the control program is prepared and edited directly on the machine, in the process of processing the first part from the batch or simulating its processing) and systems for which the control program is prepared regardless of the place of processing details. Moreover, independent preparation of the control program can be performed either using computer technology that is part of the CNC system of this machine, or outside it (manually or using a programming automation system).

Programmable controllers are machine control devices. Most programmable controllers have a modular design, which includes a power supply, processor unit and programmable memory, as well as various I/O modules. Programming devices are used to create and debug machine operation programs. The principle of operation of the controller: the necessary inputs/outputs are interrogated and the received data are analyzed in the processor unit. At the same time, they decide logical tasks and the result of the calculation is transferred to the corresponding logical or physical output for feeding into the corresponding mechanism of the machine.

Programmable controllers use different types memory in which the program of the electroautomatics of the machine is stored: electrical reprogrammable non-volatile memory; RAM with free access; erasable by ultraviolet radiation and electrically reprogrammable.

The programmable controller has a diagnostic system: inputs / outputs, errors in the operation of the processor, memory, battery, communication and other elements. To simplify troubleshooting, modern intelligent modules have self-diagnostics.

The program carrier may contain both geometric and technological information. Technological information provides a certain cycle of machine operation, and geometric information characterizes the shape, dimensions of the elements of the workpiece and tool being processed and their relative position in space.

Machine tools with program management(CP) according to the type of control is divided into machines with cyclic program control systems (CPU) and machines with numerical control systems (CNC). CPU systems are simpler, since only the cycle of the machine is programmed in them, and the magnitude of the working movements, i.e. geometric information are set in a simplified way, for example, using stops. In CNC machines, control is carried out from a program carrier, on which both geometric and technological information are entered in numerical form.

AT separate group allocate machines with digital indication and pre-set of coordinates. These machines have electronic device to set the coordinates of the desired points (preset of coordinates) and a cross table equipped with position sensors, which gives commands to move to the required position. At the same time, each current position of the table is displayed on the screen (digital indication). In such machines, either a pre-set of coordinates or a digital indication can be used; the initial work program is set by the machine operator.

In models of machine tools with PU, the letter Ф with a number is added to indicate the degree of automation: Ф1 - machines with digital indication and presetting of coordinates; F2 - machine tools with positional and rectangular CNC systems; F3 - machines with contour CNC systems and F4 - machines with a universal CNC system for positional and contour processing. A special group is made up of machines with CNC for multi-contour processing, for example, centerless cylindrical grinding machines. For machine tools with cyclic PU systems, the index C is introduced in the model designation, with operational systems - the index T (for example, 16K20T1).

CNC controls the movements of the working bodies of the machine and the speed of their movement during shaping, as well as the sequence of the processing cycle, cutting modes, and various auxiliary functions.

A numerical control system (NC) is a set of specialized devices, methods and tools necessary for the implementation of CNC by machine tools. The CNC device (CNC) with machine tools is a part of the CNC, made as a single unit with it and carrying out the issuance of control actions according to a given program.

In international practice, the following designations are accepted: NC-CNC; HNC - a kind of CNC device with a program task by the operator from the console using keys, switches, etc .; SNC - a CNC device that has a memory for storing the entire control program; CNC - control of an autonomous CNC machine tool containing a mini-computer or processor; DNC - control of a group of machines from a common computer.

For CNC machines, the directions of movement and their symbols are standardized. The ISO-R841 standard considers the positive direction of movement of a machine element to be that in which the tool or workpiece moves away from one another. The home axis (Z axis) is the work spindle axis. If this axis is rotary, then its position is chosen perpendicular to the plane of fastening of the part. The positive direction of the Z-axis is from the part holder to the tool. Then the X and Y axes will be located as shown in Fig. 8.1.

The use of a specific type of CNC equipment depends on the complexity of the manufactured part and the serial production. The smaller the serial production, the greater the technological flexibility the machine must have.

In the manufacture of parts with complex spatial profiles in single-piece and small-scale production, the use of CNC machines is almost the only technically justified solution. This equipment is also advisable to use if it is impossible to quickly make equipment. In serial production it is also advisable to use CNC machines. recent times Autonomous CNC machines or systems of such machines are widely used in conditions of reconfigured large-scale production.

The fundamental feature of the CNC machine is the work on control program(UE), on which the cycle of equipment operation for processing a specific part and technological modes are recorded. When changing the part processed on the machine, you just need to change the program, which reduces the labor intensity of changeover by 80 ... 90% compared to the labor intensity of this operation on machines with manual control.

The main advantages of CNC machines:

  • the productivity of the machine is increased by 1.5 ... 2.5 times compared with the productivity of similar machines with manual control;
  • the flexibility of universal equipment is combined with the accuracy and productivity of an automatic machine;
  • the need for skilled machine operators is reduced, and the preparation of production is transferred to the field of engineering work;
  • parts made according to one program are interchangeable, which reduces the time of fitting work in the assembly process;
  • the terms of preparation and transition to the manufacture of new parts are reduced due to the preliminary preparation of programs, simpler and more versatile technological equipment;
  • the duration of the cycle of manufacturing parts is reduced and the stock of work in progress is reduced.

Many novice furniture makers are faced with the need to create facades based on MDF boards. Moreover, the requirements for products in a highly competitive environment are quite high.

Products must be of high quality, meet modern standards and trends, in addition to having a stable flow of customers, the entrepreneur must fulfill their orders as quickly as possible. It is possible to do work efficiently and quickly only if technological devices are used for work. In this case, it is CNC machines. What they are and how they work, we will tell below.

What does this abbreviation mean?

The definition of this concept is as follows: Computer numerical control. That is, a machine running on numerical control is capable of performing certain actions that are given to it using a special program. The operating parameters of the machine are set by means of numbers and mathematical formulas, after which it performs work according to the requirements specified by the program. The program can set parameters such as:

  • power;
  • work speed;
  • acceleration;
  • rotation and more.

Features of CNC machines

Creation technique furniture parts on the modern appliance of this type includes several stages of work:

All mechanical actions that the equipment performs are the embodiment of the sequence that is written in the control program.

Modern CNC machines are complex electromechanical devices and require skilled use. The main operation of the machine is carried out by two people:

  • adjuster;
  • CNC machine operator.

The installer is entrusted with a more complex array of work, he performs the adjustment and readjustment of the device, and the operator must monitor the workflow and carry out easy adjustment.

Actions of the adjuster and operator of the CNC machine

Stages of work of the adjuster look like this:

  • selection of a cutting tool according to the map, checking its integrity and sharpening;
  • selection according to the setup map of the specified dimensions;
  • installation of the cutting tool and clamping chuck, checking the reliability of fastening the workpiece;
  • setting the switch to the position "From the machine";
  • checking the working system at idle;
  • the introduction of punched tape, which is carried out after checking the tape drive mechanism;
  • verification of the correctness of the specified program for the CNC control panel and machine and the light signaling system;
  • fixing the workpiece in the chuck and setting the switch to the "According to the program" mode;
  • processing of the first workpiece;
  • measuring the finished part, making adjustments to special switches-correctors;
  • processing of the part in the "According to the program" mode for the second time;
  • taking measurements;
  • transfer of the mode switch to the "Automatic" position.

This completes the setup process and the operator of the CNC machine starts to work. He must do the following:

  • change oils;
  • clean the work area;
  • lubricate cartridges;
  • check the machine for pneumatics and hydraulics;
  • check the exact parameters of the equipment.

Before starting work, the operator of the CNC machine must check its operation using a special test program, he must also make sure that lubricating fluid is supplied and that oil is present in the hydraulic system and limit stops.

In addition, he must check how secure the fastening of all appliances and tools, as well as how the furniture blank corresponds to the specified technological process of the machine. Followed by take measurements for possible deviations from the accuracy of zero adjustment on the instrument and other parameters.

And only after these manipulations can you turn on the CNC machine itself:

  • the workpiece is installed and fixed;
  • then the program of work is introduced;
  • punched tape and magnetic tape are loaded into the reader;
  • press "Start";
  • after the first part is processed, it is measured for compliance with the previously specified model.

Areas of application of CNC machines

CNC machines are used in various service and manufacturing industries:

  • for processing wood and wood boards;
  • for plastic processing;
  • stones;
  • complex metal products, including jewelry.

CNC devices have a number of such functions., how:

  • milling;
  • drilling;
  • engraving;
  • cut;
  • laser cutting.

Some models of CNC machines have the ability to combine at the same time different types processing materials, then they are called CNC-based machining centers.

Advantages of CNC machines

The use of CNC-based machine tools and machining centers in the production makes it possible to complete such work on time, which would be impossible without their use. For example, when produced in this way furniture facades from MDF, you can perform complex relief decors which is simply impossible to do manually. So, thanks to special graphic design programs, you can implement the most daring design decisions.

In addition, mass production of MDF facades using large-format CNC machines is possible without the need for pre-cutting the boards and allows you to do a full cycle of their processing, which greatly saves time and labor.

The price of CNC-based equipment is such that you need to think carefully before buying it whether it will cost-effective

The site you are currently visiting is an Internet showcase of the CNC machine tool shop of the Router machine tool company. Our product range includes a large selection of CNC milling and engraving equipment designed to solve a wide range of tasks.

What does the listed price of the machine include?

The price of each machine on the site is indicated for its standard configuration. When forming and producing a non-standard order (spindle replacement, additional options or accessories), the price of the machine may change.

Please also note that the cost of CNC machines indicated in the online store does not include VAT.

Are there machines available?

Yes, many of the machine models shown in the webshop are available in our showroom. You can buy and pick up these machines "to the same day". Also, if necessary, we will help arrange delivery by a transport company.

Check the availability of machines with our consulting engineers by phone: +7 499 686 11 86 .

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