Lighting. Additional classification of lighting devices. Classification of modern lamps is carried out according to several criteria
Light is an integral part of every person's life: people wake up at dawn, can only move in the light, receive information, eat food, work and much more. That is why humanity pays so much attention to lighting, engaging in a close study of various lighting devices.
I want to say what exactly last years the most progressive and multifunctional lamps were created, which became a step into a new era. They "illuminated" the path of mankind to economical and practical devices.
A recent fad in automotive lighting, laser headlights provide a high beam that nearly doubles the performance of conventional high beams and delivers a beam of up to 500 meters, according to the manufacturer. The next big thing in the spotlight is mixing up some of the technologies mentioned above. This creates perfect lighting without causing any glare to the rest that come from the front.
There are tricks on the market that use infrared cameras and sensors to detect pedestrians and animals from a distance. Your predictions are displayed on the car's main screen. The systems even bring extra light to a closer image. You can see a lot of potential in these systems, but the trick will be to reap the benefits without increasing the driver's attention.
LED - the lamp of the future
The main advantage of modern lamps is that LED lamps are not used only for some specific purposes, their scope is quite multifaceted: industrial and industrial premises, residential apartments, private houses, administrative and economic institutions. Although a few decades ago, the LED was a common indicator light that was used in certain areas.
Rebuild mosaics, refurbish jewelry or production screens for the next trade show: different events require varying levels of lighting to support visual challenges in line with regulations. In workstations with complex visual tasks, general lighting is usually insufficient, so additional lamps must be installed at each workstation. If they are equipped with compact fluorescent lamps in electronic switching devices, they consume little power.
In order not to impair visual ability, there should be no irritating reflections on tools or workpieces. Reflective mesh lamps provide controlled, precise and glare-free illumination. The visual task is determined by the contrasts of color and contrasts of clarity and darkness, the size of the details and the speed and duration with which these contrasts must be perceived. The more complex the visual task, the higher the level of illumination.
For example, it is worth noting that it was this kind of lamps that made it possible to reduce the load on vision in office space. This is due, firstly, to the light that they emit. It, unlike incandescent lamps, is of a pale white hue, which does not cause irritation of the mucous membrane of the eye. And, secondly, such a color is close to natural, it does not force a person to rebuild several times, looking out the window, then at the lamp.
Fluorescent lamps without built-in electronic switching device
Plug-in sleeves characterize another line of the compact fluorescent light bulb family, to which compact fluorescent lamps also have a built-in pre-switch. Especially in commercial lighting, these compact and short lamps have become a solid alternative to rod-shaped fluorescent lamps. Unlike lamps with a built-in pre-switching device, in this case this device is placed in the lamp.
Electronic switching devices for fluorescent lamps
The most favorable energy balance corresponds to use with an electronic switching device instead of a magnetic one. Electronic switching devices for fluorescent light bulbs are modern, user-friendly lighting technology that saves costs and energy. There are also magnetic pre-switching devices. In compact fluorescent lamps with a built-in preswitch, the device is built into the lamp, while in fluorescent lamps and compact fluorescent lamps without a built-in preswitch, it is part of the lamp.
LED devices are relevant in rooms where it rarely gets daylight, and where it is not at all, as well as for open areas where night lighting is required. Such places include basements, stairwells, attics, parking lots and playgrounds. But on the other hand, the LED is not the cheapest product that will cost a pretty penny for housing and communal services. What then is the benefit?
Light as a performance factor
There is almost no need to change light bulbs because fluorescent lamps and lamp electrodes are less stressed. It is worth investing in good plant lighting. Better productivity, less fatigue, less waste and many fewer accidents at work thanks to more light, as shown by two studies from Technical University Ilmenau. According to the research report and after a long-term analysis, it is fixed: 600 lux of light intensity is a guideline for a typical industrial workplace.
Savings in the use of modern lamps are associated, first of all, with durability: if a standard incandescent lamp, at best, will burn for about a hundred hours, then an LED can work for seven hundred hours. Some models show performance tests up to nine hundred hours. So imagine how many incandescent lamps you have to change before one LED lamp will fail.
Good lighting in complex visual tasks can improve productivity by more than 50%. At the same time, the failure rate is decreasing. In addition, people are kept in good mental shape. Employers' association statistics show a correlation between accidents and light levels: two-thirds of all reported occupational accidents occurred at work with light levels below 500 lux.
The different light intensity requirements for different carpentry jobs can only be met with a common lighting concept with a fixed assignment of lights and workstations. The exception is simple general lighting with a uniform light level throughout the room in order to flexibly allocate workspaces and use spaces. For lighting to match workstations, modern and expandable lighting systems also offer flexible solutions when it comes to rearranging machines and work tables.
Another advantage of modern lamps is resistance to high voltage. This allows such devices to be used in more severe conditions, where conventional lamps will become unusable.
Street lighting is one of the areas that LED products are proud of. Indeed, in the open air, the lamp must have a high resistance to temperature extremes, high humidity, and overheating in the sun. All these qualities are possessed by the standard led fixture capable of operating smoothly in severe frosts. They also have surge protection.
Light should be installed parallel to window fronts as daylight falls. This means that machines and work benches must also be placed parallel to the windows. The light should be on the side. Therefore, the lights should be offset laterally relative to the work surfaces. Tools and blanks are well known when light causes only a slight shadow. There should be no annoying reflections on machines or bright scales in the worker's visual direction.
Workstation lighting
For accurate and control work high light intensity required. In workplaces with complex visual tasks, additional lamps should be installed: pendant lamps, lamps for each workstation, or lamps for machines. These lamps complement the general lighting, so they should always be on. Compact fluorescent lamps in pre-switched electronics save energy costs, while reflective grids provide controlled, precise and glare-free lighting.
Lamps for living quarters.
No matter how much they say that LEDs are expensive lamps that only wealthy companies and people can afford, the demand for them is constantly growing.
Most often, of course, ceiling lights with diffused light are purchased. This option is relevant for residential areas where uniform lighting is required: bedrooms, with a soothing soft white tint, spacious living rooms with high ceilings, kitchens, with bar counters.
Separate lamps for each workstation must not create reflections on tools or workpieces. In addition to the carpentry, additional lamps are also needed to control surfaces, whose light should be streaked and create deep shadows. This is the only way to detect scratches even on matte surfaces.
All joinery produces dust, sawdust or fibers. To prevent the burning of flammable substances, the generation of heat from light bulbs must be limited. There is a danger of explosions in rooms or areas where paints, polishes and adhesives containing volatile solvents are used.
Less popular and Spotlights, which are purchased for the visual division of the room, the selection of an object.
You can talk about the benefits LED lamps, gradually covering all world markets, but it is better to see for yourself. And let the price not scare you, a quality product tends to cost more than the rest.
General workshop lighting
The main requirement for good capacity and visual comfort is balanced general lighting. This is mainly determined by the level of illumination. Light intensity should be 500 lux in all museum workshops, regardless of the type of work performed.
General lighting is usually installed depending on the workstations, preferably with a transverse light incidence on the work benches. Lamps with halogen lamps are suitable, in large workshops, even arranged in rows or as a system of luminous strips. Additional lamps can be connected to individual workstations to increase the light level.
There are such lighting devices, which streams of light distribute from sources to where it is required. They are called Lighting Devices (OL) and are divided into lamps, spotlights and projectors.
The lamps include those OPs that spread the flow of light from the source not far. Therefore, objects that are nearby from these light sources, at a close distance, are illuminated. Lamps used to illuminate something inside and outside the room.
Ships up to 6 meters high
The workshop produces carpentry, dust, sawdust or fibers. Security is becoming an important issue. In addition, in order that in these cases or in similar cases the deposition of flammable materials does not ignite, the heating of these lamps must be limited. For vessels between four and six meters in height, the most economical solution for general lighting is a system of light strips fitted with fluorescent or other lamps. The correct thing would be the distribution over light intensity.
The accuracy of reflective reflectors allows them to be used also on ships up to six meters high, although at this height with a transverse light distribution. Combination with lamps with discharge lamps high pressure may also be suitable for these vessel heights.
For a simple calculation of the required number of lamps, use the Lamp Quantity Calculator.
Spotlights emit light from a source at a narrow illumination angle. This allows you to clearly illuminate objects that are at a great distance and large sizes. Spotlights illuminate objects on the street.
Ship over 6 meters high
Energy can be saved with pre-swappable electronic devices. Thus, the system consumes only 55 watts. Ships over six meters in height require particularly powerful yet economical lamps: high-pressure sodium or metal halide lamps at power levels from 250W to 3000W generate so much light at high altitudes that there is clarity enough to make the aircraft where you are work. Reflector lamps for ships have a distribution of light intensity transversely and symmetrically to rotation.
For projectors, the purpose is not only to illuminate the surface, but also to transfer an image to this surface. A prime example is a movie projector. It illuminates a well-defined area from a given space. With the help of optical systems, the projector uniformly illuminates the required surface and creates on this surface a clear image of various scales from one place to another.
If high vertical light intensities are required for sloped surfaces, halogen lamps must also be used. Metal halide lamps combine compact structure, high light output, high light output and good color rendering with a very long lifespan with economical light sources.
Warehouse light
In ships with high storage levels, there is a danger that items stored above the shelf, or the shelves themselves, if too high, will obscure the ceiling light and allow very little light to burn. The solution consists of special reflectors in lamps for ships with high-pressure discharge lamps or high-power halogen lamps with a diameter of 16 mm. Reflectors direct light into corridors and provide vertical light intensity, which facilitates visual and vertical search tasks when distributing stored products.
Lighting fixture settings.
First lamp characteristics are the light intensity curves. Distribution luminous flux determines its purpose. And the distribution of the luminous flux in space is estimated using the luminous intensity curve. The luminous intensity curve is displayed as a graph I (a,b). A and b are the angles of propagation of the light flux in the longitudinal and transverse planes. The larger the oval from the light stream, the narrower the curved light intensity and the higher the illumination in the center of the light spot. it important indicator light device.
Warehouse light
Warehouse reflector lamps also have a screen to look up without being dazzled. If all areas of the warehouse are not used equally, it is recommended to use switching options that save energy, as in small warehouses. Lamps with halogen lamps that can be hung in the middle of a corridor in light strip systems at shelf height. Energy can be saved if there is a choice of additional switching options.
When switching zones, the light in less frequented areas of the warehouse almost always turns off. With bi-level switching, the light level can be adjusted as needed, for example, when some areas of the warehouse are used for several days only as a walkway and no reading or searching tasks are performed. Pre-Included electronic devices guarantee immediate switching on and absence of light. If no further movement is detected after the set time, the light will turn off again.
- Installation of presence sensors in some areas of the warehouse.
- They turn on automatically when needed.
According to typical light intensity curves, 7 types of OP are distinguished: concentrated (K), deep (D), cosine (D), semi-wide (L), wide (W), uniform (M), sine (S). Typical luminous intensity curves (in cd) of a luminaire are calculated for the value of luminous intensity with a lamp luminous flux Fcv = 1000 lm. The main feature that determines the type of curve is the ratio of the maximum lamp luminous intensity to the arithmetic mean for the given plane.
The second lighting characteristic is the ratio of flows emitted into the lower and upper hemispheres. Depending on this, light fixtures are divided into classes, depending on what proportion of the total lamp flux is the luminous flux of the lower hemisphere. The flow in space can be distributed predominantly downward ( direct light fixtures), mostly up ( reflected light fixtures), uniformly in all directions ( diffused light fixtures).
Ambient light fixtures are better suited for general room lighting as they give an even distribution of brightness. Sufficient light saturation ensures visual comfort.
Reflected light fixtures provide comfortable and uniform lighting, as they fully comply with the norms for limiting glare and discomfort. They saturate the space with light, combining well with overhead or side daylight.
Direct light fixtures are used for rooms with low ceilings. These are ceiling-mounted or built-in appliances. They are economical, highlight the right place, are used to highlight paintings, objects, sculptures.
Lighting devices are divided into 5 classes, depending on the size of the luminous flux incident on the lower hemisphere: direct light (share 80% - P), predominantly direct (60-80% -H), diffused (40-60% -P), predominantly reflected (20-405-B), reflected (less than 20% -O). These parameters can be found in the accompanying documents on the OP.
important lighting characteristic OP is the efficiency factor. According to their main purpose, lighting fixtures are divided into groups. For lighting industrial premises, administrative, office and other public premises, agricultural premises, sports facilities; for functional and decorative outdoor lighting; for internal lighting of means of transport and for architectural and artistic lighting of buildings, structures, monuments, fountains, etc., as well as for emergency lighting.
This classification is conditional, since the same lamp can be used in different situations.
Op differ in constructive application and installation method. According to GOST17677, there are built-in (B), ceiling (P), suspended (C), wall (B), floor (H), crowning (T), cantilever (K), portable (P). Design feature luminaire sets its position in space to obtain the best effect.
Luminaires for any purpose is artificial lighting. Today, a huge role is given to artificial lighting. With this lighting, a person spends most of his life. People also use lighting devices in the daytime. Today, artificial light is no longer just lighting. It also became a lighting design in the overall interior. At night the cities sparkle from various types lighting fixtures. Therefore, it is very important to know the features and characteristics of lighting devices so as not to harm human health and reasonably save electrical energy.
