What was the national composition of the first government of the Bolsheviks. The fate of the leader's guard
1. Organize the Solovetsky forced labor camp for special purposes and two transit and distribution points in Arkhangelsk and Kem.
2. Organization and management specified in art. I entrust the camp and transit and distribution points to the OGPU.
3. All land, buildings, living and dead inventory, previously owned by the former Solovetsky Monastery, as well as the Pertominsk camp and the Arkhangelsk transit and distribution center, should be transferred free of charge to the OGPU.
4. Simultaneously transfer to the use of the OGPU the radio station located on the Solovetsky Islands.
5. To oblige the OGPU to immediately start organizing the labor of prisoners for the use of agricultural, fishing, forestry and other trades and enterprises, freeing them from paying state and local taxes and fees.
Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR Rykov
Business Manager of the SNK Gorbunov
Secretary Fotieva
Right:
Secretary of the Special Department at the OGPU I.Filippov
Copy from copy is correct:
Secretary of Sollagers ON OGPU Vaskov
List of surnames of members of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR who adopted the Resolution "On the organization of the Solovetsky forced labor camp"
Bogdanov Petr | Bryukhanov Nikolai | Dzerzhinsky Felix | Dovgalevsky Valerian | Lev Kamenev (Rosenfeld) | Krasin Leonid | Krestinsky Nikolay | Kursky Dmitry | Lenin Vladimir | Lunacharsky Anatoly | Orakhelashvili Mamia | Rykov Alexey | Semashko Nikolay | Sokolnikov Grigory (Brilliant Hirsch) | Stalin (Dzhugashvili) Joseph | Trotsky (Bronstein) Leo | Tsyurupa Alexander | Chicherin Georgy | Chubar Vlas | Yakovenko Vasily
Not being "people's" commissars, two more comrades had a hand in the preparation of documents and decisions:
And finally, the fidelity of the document to the Decree (or the correctness of the Decree in the document?) was confirmed by comrades from the "authorities":
Filipov I. | Rodion Vaskov
"People's" commissars at the time of the creation of SLON:
half of them will die from the bullet of "comrades-in-arms"
"Do not be afraid of enemies - in the worst case, they can kill you. Do not be afraid of friends - in the worst case, they can betray you. Be afraid of the indifferent - they do not kill or betray, but only with their tacit consent there are betrayals and murders on earth." ( Yasensky Bruno)
Beloborodov Alexander Georgievich(1891 -1938) - The regicide, signed the decision to execute the royal family. He replaced Dzerzhinsky as People's Commissar of the VnuDel of the RSFSR (08/30/1923). Under him, the Administration of the Northern Camps was located on Solovki. Shot.
Bogdanov Petr(1882-1939) - Soviet statesman, engineer. Member of the RSDLP since 1905. In 1917 before. Gomel Revolutionary Committee. Member of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks in 1927-30. Member of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Central Executive Committee of the USSR. In 1937 he was arrested. Shot.
Bryukhanov Nikolai(1878 - 1938) - Soviet statesman. People's Commissar of Food of the USSR (1923-1924), Deputy People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR (1924-1926), People's Commissar of Finance of the USSR (1926-1930). On February 3, 1938, he was arrested. Shot.
Dzerzhinsky Felix(1877 - 1926) - Soviet statesman. Polish nobleman. The head of a number of people's commissariats, the founder of the Cheka, one of the organizers of the "Red Terror", who believed that "the Cheka must defend the revolution, even if its sword accidentally falls on the heads of the innocent."
Dovgalevsky Valerian(1885 - 1934) - Soviet statesman, diplomat. Member Communist Party since 1908, electrical engineer. Since 1921 People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the RSFSR, in 1923 Deputy People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs of the USSR. He was a member of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Died. Buried near the Kremlin wall.
Kamenev (Rosenfeld) Leo(1883 - 1936) From an educated Russian-Jewish family, the son of a machinist. September 14, 1922 appointed deputy. Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (V. Lenin) of the RSFSR. In 1922, it was he who proposed to appoint Joseph Stalin as General Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b). In 1936 he was convicted. Shot.
Krasin Leonid(1870 - 1926) He is Nikitich, Horse, Johanson, Winter, Kurgan. Soviet statesman. Born in the family of a petty official. In 1923 he became the first People's Commissar for Foreign Trade of the USSR. Died in London. Buried near the Kremlin wall.
Krestinsky (?) Nikolay(1883-1938), member of the party since 1903. From the nobility, the son of a gymnasium teacher. Since 1918, People's Commissar for Finance of the RSFSR. In May 1937 he was arrested. The only one refused to admit his guilt: "I also did not commit any of those crimes that are personally charged to me." Sentenced and shot in 1938.
Kursky Dmitry(1874 - 1932), People's Commissar of Justice of the RSFSR, the first prosecutor of the RSFSR. Born in the family of a railway engineer. In 1918 he was a member of the commission for the organization of intelligence agencies in Soviet Russia (together with Dzerzhinsky and Stalin). Member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee (1921) and the Central Executive Committee of the USSR (1923). Committed suicide (1932).
Lenin Vladimir(1870 - 1924), Soviet politician and statesman, revolutionary, founder of the Bolshevik Party, one of the organizers and leaders of the October rebellion of 1917, chairman of the Council of People's Commissars (government) of the RSFSR and the USSR. The main organizer of the SLON.
Lunacharsky Anatoly(1875 - 1933), - Soviet writer, political figure, translator, publicist, critic, art critic. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR (1930), People's Commissar of Education (1917-1929). Died in France. Buried near the Kremlin wall.
Orakhelashvili Mamia (Ivan)(1881 - 1937) - Soviet party leader. Born into a noble family. He studied at the medical faculty of Kharkov University. From July 6, 1923 to May 21, 1925 - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR. In April 1937 he was exiled to Astrakhan. In 1937 he was arrested and shot.
Rykov Alexey(1875 - 1938), party member since 1898. Born in Saratov. Since 1921, deputy. Prev. SNK and STO of the RSFSR, in 1923-1924 - USSR and RSFSR. Signed a decree on the creation of the SLON. Expelled from the party (1937) and arrested. Shot on March 15, 1938.
Semashko Nikolai(1874 - 1949) - Soviet party and statesman. Nephew of the revolutionary G. Plekhanov. In Switzerland he met Lenin (1906). Since 1918 People's Commissar of Health of the RSFSR. Professor, Academician of the Academy of Medical Sciences of the USSR (1944) and APN of the RSFSR (1945). Died a natural death.
Sokolnikov Grigory (Brilliant Hirsch)(1888 - 1939) - Soviet state. figure. Member and can. to the Politburo (1917, 1924-1925). People's Commissar for Finance of the RSFSR (1922) and the USSR (1923-1926). Arrested and sentenced to 10 years in prison (1937). According to the official version, he was killed by prisoners in the Verkhneuralsk political isolator (1939) .. Shot on 07/29/1937, the corpse was burned. The ashes were thrown into a pit at the cemetery of the Donskoy Monastery in Moscow.
All these comrades are commissars of the Council of People's Commissars, members of the government - the same Leninist government that launched the state mechanism of terror with the first stop at Solovki, in SLON. All these "comrades" are directly involved in the adoption of the Resolution. Active position or criminal connivance. Question for the Court: what did each of them do on November 2, 1923?
Narkomnats was one of the first people's commissariats formed in accordance with the "", adopted by the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets on October 26 (November 8), 1917 to implement national policy Soviet Republic. The activities of the People's Commissariat extended to the territory of the RSFSR and to all the national outskirts of the former Russian Empire. It was located first in Petrograd, then in Moscow in Trubnikovsky Lane, and later on Gogolevsky Boulevard.
JV Stalin was appointed People's Commissar for Nationalities. He had under his command: I. P. Tovstukha (the future personal secretary of Stalin), S. S. Pestkovsky, F. A. Sova-Stepnyak and I. Yu. Kulik. Board of People's Commissariat of Nationalities: N. Narimanov, M. Pavlovich, S. Dimanstein, O. Karklin, G. Broido, M. Huseynov, A.Z. Kamensky, S. Pestkovsky.
The main tasks of the People's Commissariat for National Affairs were determined:
- ensuring peaceful cohabitation and fraternal cooperation of all nationalities and tribes of the RSFSR, as well as treaty friendly Soviet republics;
- assistance to their material and spiritual development, in relation to the peculiarities of their way of life, culture and economic condition;
- monitoring the implementation of the national policy of the Soviet government.
In the localities, the national committees and departments of the people's commissariat had an extensive network of local national commissariats and departments under provincial, district, and city soviets. On April 19, 1920, national representations were established under the People's Commissariat on the rights of its departments. They tied autonomous republics and areas with a center.
Under the People's Commissariat for National Affairs, an advisory body was formed - " Council of Nationalities"(Decree April 21, 1921), which included representatives of all autonomous parts of the RSFSR. It was headed by the people's commissar and a collegium with him of five members. The "Council of Nationalities" had broad powers in solving political and economic problems.
On December 16, 1920, commissioners were established under the governments of the autonomous and treaty republics and under the executive committees of the autonomous regions.
A number of educational, scientific, cultural and educational institutions operated under the People's Commissariat (the University of the Workers of the East, the All-Russian Scientific Association of Oriental Studies, etc.).
The main tasks of the People's Commissariat
After the formation of autonomies in the RSFSR, the main task of the people's commissariat was the economic, political and cultural revival of the lagging peoples of Russia. The Council of Nationalities turned into a Grand Collegium, under which there was a permanent presidium and an executive body in the person of the Small Collegium. The apparatus of the People's Commissariat also consisted of the administration of affairs, the secretariat, departments: information and press, national minorities, as well as national departments.
Source: Electronic catalog of the branch department in the direction of "Jurisprudence"
(libraries of the Faculty of Law) Scientific Library them. M. Gorky St. Petersburg State University
M218 Malyutina, A. V. (Aurora Vasilievna).
People's Commissariat for Nationalities:
Abstract of the dissertation for the degree
candidate of legal sciences. Specialty 12.00.01 - Theory
and history of state and law; history of political and
legal doctrines /Moscow State University them.
M. V. Lomonosov. Faculty of Law. -M., 1979. -22 p.-
Bibliography : With. 22.2. links Material(s):
- People's Commissariat for Nationalities.
Malyutina, A. V.Malyutina, A. V.
People's Commissariat for Nationalities Affairs: abstract of the dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences
Relevance of the topic. Object, goals and method of research.
Throughout the centuries of the existence of a class society, the national question has been one of the most pressing. The modern era - the era of revolutionary transformations, socialist revolutions, is at the same time the era of the national liberation movement. The liberation of the colonial peoples and the building of their own independent national states became possible thanks to the growth of the forces of socialism and its transformation into a decisive factor in world development. The principles of equality and self-determination of nations, which became the main guideline for all the oppressed, were proclaimed by the Communist Party even before the October Revolution and were developed and consolidated with the victory of the Great October Socialist Revolution.
The national contradictions inherent in capitalist society have been eliminated in the Soviet state. The nations and peoples of our country that were at war with each other rallied into a new historical community - the Soviet people. But the formation of this community does not yet mean the withering away of nations.
L.I. Brezhnev, when presenting the Order of Friendship of Peoples to the Kazakh SSR, noted: “Speaking of a new historical community of people, we do not at all mean that national differences are already disappearing in our country, or, moreover, there has been a merger of nations. All nations and nationalities inhabiting Soviet Union, retain their own characteristics, features of the national character, language, their best traditions. They have every opportunity to achieve an even greater flourishing of their national culture.
This state of national relations was preceded by
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a long period when the Communist Party, the Soviet state, in the person of all its bodies, fought for the practical implementation of the program provisions on the national question. An important place among these bodies belongs to the People's Commissariat for Nationalities. Created at the Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, the Commissariat became the conductor of the ideas of the Communist Party and the Soviet state, the defender and spokesman for the interests of all the nations and peoples of your country. The experience of the activities of this Commissariat, which was first formed in the system of the mechanism of the socialist state, the way it solves the national question in Russia, can be used in the future by multinational states choosing the path of socialism. It has not exhausted itself in solving individual problems of improving national relations in our country.
Meanwhile, the problem of the history of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities has not yet been sufficiently studied in our historical-legal and legal science in general, although the first works about it appeared as early as the 1920s.
In this work, an attempt is made to investigate the place of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities in the system of organs of the Soviet state, the tasks assigned to it, the forms and methods of its activity. The development and adaptation of the structure of the People's Commissariat for National Affairs to the solution of its tasks, which are transformed throughout the existence of the People's Commissariat, is traced.
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When studying the problem, a combination of two organizational principles was used: chronological in logical.
The novelty of the study lies not so much in the choice of topic as in the tasks set in its study. It is strengthened by the fact that the authors who wrote earlier about the People's Commissariat for National Affairs were, as a rule, not lawyers, and therefore the state analysis of the problem was not sufficiently carried out. Previous researchers could not draw on the materials available to the modern author. Finally, the novelty of the dissertation is manifested in the reassessment of the views and concepts that dominated science in the 40s - early 50s, when the desire to embellish the history and significance of the People's Commissariat for National Affairs, which undoubtedly played a huge role in the construction of the Soviet multinational state, could not but affect the historical reliability of the facts and conclusions, which, in turn, made it difficult to use his experience.
The author tried to introduce something new into the solution of certain specific issues about the forms and methods of the People's Commissariat for National Affairs, its participation in the rule-making activities of the state, the formation of the foundations of Soviet legislation, and the significance of this participation for national regions. For the first time in the dissertation, the issue of the place of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities in the system of organs of the Soviet state, its relationship with the highest bodies of state power and administration, and the methods of managing its activities by party organs is considered. In addition, the question of the role of the People's Commissariat for National Affairs in Soviet construction, the significance of his experience for the further development of Soviet bodies is considered.
The work explores the entire history of the existence of the People's
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Commissariat - from formation to abolition. The plan of work takes into account such an important point as the originality of this body before 1920, it emphasizes the presence of two main periods in the history of the People's Commissariat. Such a periodization is caused not only by differences in the structure of the ICH, which changes from period to period, but with the transfer of the center of gravity of its activities to the field of nation-state building precisely from May 1920.
Approbation of the theme. The main ideas of the work are set out in two published scientific articles and a speech at the interuniversity conference of post-graduate law students in Moscow in October 1977. Some dissertation materials are used in teaching the general course "History of State and Law of the CCCF" in the special course "Main Problems of the History of the Soviet State and Law" at Moscow State University. Separate provisions can be used in the preparation of teaching aids and in political and legal propaganda.
Historiography of the problem. The People's Commissariat for Nationalities was not the subject of a special historical and legal study, although it was repeatedly mentioned in numerous works devoted to the national question. But usually this is just a mention, more or less extensive.
The only special study of the Narkomnats is the work of E.I. Posikina "People's Commissariat for Nationalities and its activities in 1917-1918." The work is written from general historical positions and any legal analysis is completely absent in it. In addition, it is devoted to a narrow period in the history of the ICH - its formation.
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Among the literature that incidentally touches on the problem of the People's Commissariat for National Affairs, it should be noted, first of all, works on the history of nation-state building. The largest of them is The History of National-State Construction in the USSR, which has already gone through two editions, and both historians and lawyers took part in its creation.
It should be noted other works of historians and lawyers published in different years. Book by E.B. Genkina "Formation of the USSR" /M., 1947/; works of one of the largest specialists in the history of the USSR S.I. Yakubovskaya - "The unifying movement for the formation of the USSR" / M., 1954 / and "Construction of the Union Soviet Socialist State" / M., 1960 /. Monographs - R.S. Mulukaev "Development of Soviet statehood in North Ossetia", published in Ordzhonikidze in 1958, G.I. Makarova "Implementation of the Leninist national policy in the early years of Soviet power. 1917-1920", published in Moscow in 1969, S.E. Ebzeeva "Formation of the Soviet statehood of the peoples of the North Caucasus" / M., 1976 /, works by O.I. Chistyakov and D.L. Zlatopolsky.
All these works relate to the history of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities in only one aspect - in relation to the leadership of nation-state building, which took the lead in the activities of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities in last years his existence.
More comprehensively, although very briefly, the problem of the People's Commissariat of National Affairs is studied in the "History of the Soviet State and Law" / M.,
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1966, book. one/. The participation of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities in the formation of the foundations of Soviet legislation is written by S.L. Ronin in the work "The principle of proletarian internationalism in Soviet socialist law" / M., 1956 /. Along with all the first people's commissariats, M.P. Iroshnikov in his work "The Creation of the Soviet Central State Apparatus" /L., 1967/, focusing on the organization of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities and its structural divisions.
The activities of the structural subdivisions of the NKN - its national commissariats and national departments, have been studied and covered in more detail by authors from the national republics. First of all, this is a monographic study by R.G. Khairutdinov "On the Way to Soviet Autonomy", published by the publishing house of Kazan University in 1972 and the collective work of Kazakh authors S.Z. Zimanova, S.O. Dauletova and M.Sh. Ismagulov "Kazakh department of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities of the RSFSR" /Alma-Ata, 1975/. A number of articles should also be included here.
There is another direction in the study of the history of the People's Commissariat - an analysis of certain aspects of its activities. This was started by I.P. Trainin. This direction, subsequently, was reflected in the articles of K.E. Bendryakov "People's Commissariat for Nationalities and its activities in the field of education of the peoples of the USSR. 1917-1920; published in the journal "Soviet Pedagogy" No. 5 for 1951, A. Badyan" The fight against interventionists in 1918 and the People's Commissariat of Nationalities ", placed in the 10th issue of the Historical Journal for 1942, etc.
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There are also dissertation studies that examine the People's Commissariat for Nationalities either in separate periods or in separate areas of activity. Only one of them takes the problem of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities as a whole. This is the dissertation of N.V. Mansvetov "People's Commissariat for Nationalities of the RSFSR. / Organization, structure, functions /, defended in Moscow in 1950. But this is a work of a general historical nature, which does not pretend to be a legal analysis.
There is one dissertation for the degree of candidate of legal sciences. This is the work of A.G. Mazur "People's Commissariat for Nationalities and Its Role in the Creation of the USSR", defended in 1952 and considering only a certain range of issues, mainly state-legal.
The history and activities of the People's Commissariat of National Affairs and bourgeois authors did not pass over in silence. Special works there is no Narkomnats in the West, but in publications devoted to broader problems, the NKN is mentioned more than once. Emigrant B.M. pays great attention to the Narkomnats. Hite in his book "Soviet-Russian Eastern Policy on the Example of Turkestan", the authors from the United States, R. Pipes and D.N. Hazard.
Research materials. The study of the topic required the involvement of a wide range of sources. source of guidance
10
ideas were the works of V.I. Lenin, as well as party documents, materials of party congresses, conferences and Plenums of the Central Committee. A large role in the study of texts belongs to the works of I.V. Stalin, not only as People's Commissar for Nationalities, but also as a theoretician of the national question.
The necessary sources were official and unofficial publications of the texts of documents of the Soviet state concerning the national question; Peasant Government of the RSFSR" / SU RSFSR /, a collection of documents "Constitutions and constitutional acts of the RSFSR / 1928-1937 /", "Decrees of Soviet power", collections of documents on the national question, published by the People's Commissariat for Nationalities.
But the basis of the dissertation is archival materials. First of all, the fund of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities / f. 1318 / n fund of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee / f. 1235 / Central State Archive of the October Revolution, the highest bodies of state power and bodies government controlled USSR /TsGAOR USSR/; taught and partly used - fund of the Central Committee of the RCC/b/ /f. 17/, fund of the Council of People's Commissars /f.19/, fund of the Society of Old Bolsheviks /f. 124 / Central Party Archive of the Institute of Marxism-Leninism under the Central Committee of the CPSU / TsPA IML /.
The introduction to the dissertation substantiates the relevance of the topic, the object, goals and method of research, shows the degree
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development of the topic in the scientific literature, a brief summary of the new that the author brings to the study of the topic. The introduction ends with a review of sources.
First chapter- "Creation of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities" is dedicated to the first period of the existence of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities - November 1917 - May 1920.
The era of imperialism, which sharpened all contradictions to the limit, brought the national question to one of the leading places. National contradictions go beyond the framework of an intrastate, private issue and acquire global importance, turn into the question of the liberation of the oppressed nations and the creation of their own statehood.
The Communist Party of our country had to act in special historical conditions, which were determined by the complex multinational structure of Russia, the different levels of economic development of the central and outlying regions, the diversity of social structures, cultural and living conditions. In 1914, the population of Russia. amounted to 169.4 million people, 33.2 million of them lived in the colonial outskirts of the country.
These peoples stood at various stages of political, economic and cultural development. Almost all peoples of non-Russian nationality were deprived of their statehood, the right to develop their national language and culture. The tsarist autocracy pursued a chauvinistic policy aimed at cultivating ethnic hatred and strengthening the mutual alienation of the working masses of the country.
Having won in the center and spreading throughout the country, the Great October Socialist Revolution faced in all its acuteness the need for an immediate solution of the national question. This was dictated by the complexity of national relations in the country, where in order to attract the working masses of the national outskirts to the side of the revolution, it was necessary not only to overcome their dislike for tsarist Russia, for everything Russian, but also to overcome the influence of the national bourgeoisie, feudal lords, the clergy, whose force of pressure on the working masses of the backward nationalities was quite tangible.
At the same time, the solution of the national question was necessary to consolidate the victory of the dictatorship of the proletariat, to consolidate the power of the Soviets in the center, since without the support of the national masses the Russian proletariat would hardly have been able to maintain and consolidate its power. For the complete victory of the October Socialist Revolution, and then the consolidation of Soviet power and the construction of a new society in the national regions of the country, special forms of organization of the working people of the national outskirts were necessary.
The Communist Party, having come to power and being the ruling party of the Soviet state, carried out its program, including on the national question. The main instrument for its implementation was the Soviet state, its entire mechanism from the highest bodies - the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, the Council of People's Commissars, the People's Commissariats - to the local Soviets, i.e. the solution of the national question was the task of the entire state mechanism as a whole. But life dictated the need to create a special body. Recognizing this, the party considered it necessary to create a special body for the implementation of the national policy. On the
The Second All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies, among other commissariats, created the People's Commissariat for Nationalities. I.V. was appointed People's Commissar. Dzhugashvili-Stalin.
The tasks assigned to the new body were defined only in the general view- carrying out and implementing in practice the policy of the Communist Party and the Soviet state in the field of national relations among the peoples inhabiting Russia, the organization of these peoples on a new Soviet basis. Only gradually, as a result of the practical activities of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities, was the range of its tasks identified and outlined, subsequently fixed in the Regulations on the People's Commissariat for Nationalities, approved by the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars in 1921. "The People's Commissariat for Nationalities / Narkomnats / has as its task:
a / ensuring peaceful cohabitation and fraternal cooperation of all nationalities and tribes of the RSFSR, as well as the treaty friendly Soviet republics;
b/ assistance to their material and spiritual development in relation to the peculiarities of their way of life, culture, economic condition;
c/ monitoring the implementation of the national policy of the Soviet government.
The People's Commissariat for Nationalities was a kind of body according to the principle of its organization, according to formal external features. It was built according to a special, not industry-
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system, since the national question cannot be called a branch, but worked as a body of integrated management, designed to deal with all issues to a greater or lesser extent, if they at least to some extent affected the interests of non-Russian peoples or a separate nationality.
In the Report to the 5th Congress of Soviets, the People's Commissariat of Nationalities characterizes its activities; “Since our commissariat is the conductor of Soviet national policy, and national policy affects all branches of state life, we had to intrude, willy-nilly, into the circle of activities of all departments. This question of the competence of our activities can and should be resolved only by agreement with each individual department ".
This emphasizes the place of the NKN in the system of organs of the Soviet state, its interaction and interconnection with other people's commissariats. And there is reason to call the People's Commissariat for Nationalities an interdepartmental and, to some extent, even a supra-departmental body, since its activities affected the range of issues of almost all people's commissariats.
The specificity of the tasks and place in the system of state bodies also led to the specificity of the structure of the ICH: it differed sharply from the structure of other people's commissariats. Having no predecessor in history, the Narkomnats, of course, did not inherit any experience from the old system, either in the field of its activity, or in the structure and organization of the apparatus.
As a formed collegial body, the NKN begins its activities on February 15, 1918, when the first meeting of its Collegium took place. Unlike other commissioners,
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comrades, its creation was not accompanied by the liquidation or subordination of the old apparatus, tk. such a device simply did not exist. In addition, if the governing bodies of the people's commissariats - the Collegia - were created and approved by a special resolution of the Council of People's Commissars simultaneously with the appointment of the People's Commissar, then this was not the case during the formation of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities. The first meeting The Collegium of the NCI is a simple meeting of the heads of the structural subdivisions of the commissariat - national commissariats in departments, which is approved by its decision. The collegium "represents an assembly of national commissioners", i.e. it creates and affirms itself. Only on August 10, 1918, the question of approving the composition of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities was on the agenda of the meeting of the Council of People's Commissars.
The People's Commissariat for Nationalities was built according to two different principles: national - national departments and commissariats - the main structural units that solved political problems, and functional - departments of the ICH, which mainly performed technical tasks. Initially, these structural units were formed by party, Soviet and other organizations and approved by the Council of People's Commissars. After the approval of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities, it began to be formed directly by the latter. The question of the legal status of the national commissariats and national departments in their correspondence with each other, which is not sufficiently developed in the literature, is considered by the author in dynamics. From the very beginning, their creation and legal status were not unified. There is an evolution from the independence of these bodies in the initial period of existence to the subordination of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities in the future in the formation of a single
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body, where the national committees and national departments play the role of the main cells. All this is fully justified by the state of affairs that existed at that time in general and by the novelty and specificity of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities, in particular.
The chapter discusses the issue of the creation and legal status of not only the central bodies of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities - its Board, national commissariats, national and functional departments, but also local - national departments under the provincial and district executive committees of the Soviets, which by the end of 1918 numbered over 100.
Second chapter- "The main directions, forms and methods of activity of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities. / November 1917 - May 1920 /" is devoted to the activities of the People's Commissariat of National Affairs to fulfill its tasks. It should be noted that his activities have always met the requirements of the current moment. Therefore, initially, all the efforts of the NKN were aimed at defending the gains of the revolution. Much attention was paid to the creation of the national units of the Red Army, which were necessary to suppress the internal counter-revolution in the national regions, the dissolution of bourgeois nationalist organizations, the abolition of their press organs, etc.
As a result of the imperialist war, tens of thousands of inhabitants of the Baltic States, Belarus, Ukraine, Armenia, fleeing the German and Turkish occupation, flooded the regions of central Russia. The People's Commissariat for Nationalities Affairs and its national committees considered one of their main tasks to be to help refugees.
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women, the organization of communist cells among them, carried the ideas of Soviet power to the masses. This activity, and then work on re-evacuation, led to the Sovietization of the mass of refugees, to their education as supporters and defenders of Soviet power. After returning to their homeland, they became its guides and propagandists.
The Narkomnats set as its task the preparation of the national masses for a conscious perception of the ideas of the revolution. The backwardness of the border regions, especially the eastern and northern ones, dictated the need to raise the cultural level of the masses before carrying out political work. In this direction, the NKN, as a rule, skillfully combined the conduct of cultural-mass and political-educational work. The People's Commissariat launched a wide range of activities in the field of out-of-school education: educational programs, schools for the semi-literate, workers' clubs, and libraries were created. School building has been greatly developed. Activities in this area were carried out through the implementation of the decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "On a unified labor school."
Gradually, the People's Commissariat of Nationalities began to focus more and more on nation-state construction. Already during the work in the occupied territories in 1918, the NKN was developing questions about determining the future legal status of the liberated territories. In 1918, the work of the People's Commissariat for National Affairs also began on the formation of autonomous units within Russia. However, during this period, the People's Commissariat of Nationalities did not consider the leadership of nation-state construction to be its main task, as evidenced not only by the activities of the Commissariat, but also by documents that to some extent define its competence. And since the People's Commissariat for Nationalities sought to cover all aspects of the life of peoples.
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which took a lot of effort, since constant communication with the outlying regions was difficult, there was an acute shortage of personnel, it will become clear that his activities in the field of nation-state building during this period were limited only to general guidelines, the development of theoretical provisions on this problem.
Only from the second half of 1920 did the People's Commissariat of Nationalities actively deal with the issue in which it was the most competent and the solution of which it brought to its logical conclusion - nation-state building. It was in 1920 that the mass construction of autonomies began. Now not only autonomous republics are being formed, as was the case in the first period, but also autonomous regions and labor communes. The NKN not only prepares regulations on autonomy, but ascertains the will of the population of these regions, participates in the establishment of borders in the pr. In the Report for the six years of its activity, the NKN speaks directly about its periods: "All the work of the People's Commissariat of National Affairs of the period 1917-1920, although it revealed a number of achievements in the field of autonomous device, was still mainly under the sign of the necessary defense of the gains of the October Revolution and the rallying working people of all nationalities for this purpose. But vigorous work on questions of economic and cultural construction among the nationalities began only approximately at the end of 1920.
Gradually, when, as a result of practical activities, the circle of his competence was identified and outlined, and, most importantly, when
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he transferred part of his functions to the formed central bodies - the Central Commission for the Affairs of Prisoners and Refugees, the Commission for the Education of National Minorities of the People's Commissariat of Education, the department of national minorities under the Central Committee of the RCP / b /, the People's Commissariat of Nationalities got the opportunity and developed its activities in the issue of national state building. Assessing the activities of this People's Commissariat now, there is every reason to believe that in order to resolve this particular issue, it was necessary to create a special body, which was the People's Commissariat for Nationalities.
The activities of the ICH took place in various forms, prompted by life itself. The main place among them belongs to the legal - the establishment and application of the rule of law. Several aspects can be distinguished here. First of all, this is the participation of the People's Commissariat for National Affairs in the rule-making activities of the highest state bodies, in the creation of major documents of national importance, such as the "Declaration of the Rights of the Peoples of Russia", the decree "On Turkish Armenia", the Constitution of 1918. Along with this, the People's Commissariat of Nationalities was a preparing authority in the issuance of legislative acts in its direct competence, primarily in the field of nation-state building. A special place here belongs to the publication of independent acts of the ICH. Although often these acts are not rule-making, but declarative in nature, it is impossible to deny their importance for the development of legal norms in the field of national construction. In addition, the Narkomnats also issued acts establishing certain legal norms - decisions on the return of state and public institutions evacuated from Lithuania, Latvia, Belarus, on the return of historical and cultural values \u200b\u200bto the peoples of Ukraine, Armenia, the East - are of a national nature. But there were
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acts and departmental nature. An important place is occupied by the activities of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities in the form of implementation, application of the law.
The non-legal forms of activity of the ICH were the carrying out of organizational and logistical measures: convening congresses and meetings, systematic monitoring of the activities of structural divisions, inspections, development of instructions and regulations, organization of lectures, meetings, publication of publications in national languages, creation of libraries, archives, etc. d.
As for methods, here we find the use of both persuasion and coercion. However, if all organs of Soviet state administration are characterized by the widespread use of the method of persuasion, then this method occupied a particularly important place in the work of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities.
Third chapter- "Reorganization of the People's Commissariat for Nationalities and its New Tasks".
One of the most important reasons for the reorganization of the Narkomnats, carried out in 1920, is that the functions that it initially assumed were gradually transferred to other departments as they were formed - Tsentroplenbezh, the Department of National Minorities of the Narkompros, etc., and the CCH faced the need to focus on nation-state building. The existing apparatus of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities, the principles of its organization did not meet the interests of the current moment and the tasks of the state. The reorganization was carried out in stages. At the first stage, in May 1920, instead of national commissariats and national departments, representations of all nationalities of the RSFSR were created, both those that separated into autonomous formations and those that were in a state of resolving this issue. This made the People's Commissariat of Nationalities closer and more understandable to the national masses, because. in charge of
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representations stood candidates directly from the field. In addition, this principle of building the People's Commissariat of National Affairs put him in a special place among other people's commissariats. As part of the NKN, a self-representative body was formed - the Council of Nationalities. As a result of the reorganization carried out already at its early stage, the People's Commissariat of Nationalities becomes rather a representative, elected body than an ordinary commissariat. The Council of Nationalities, originally created as an advisory body, as a result of the introduction of the most acceptable forms of organization, acquires ever broader rights and is transformed into a Grand Collegium.
With the expansion of functions and the concentration of the solution of all major issues in the Big Collegium, the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Nationalities is transformed into a permanent Presidium and becomes the executive body of the Council of Nationalities. The activities of representative offices are also expanding. The Narkomnats is left only with general political control, and their current work is carried out completely independently.
The reorganization carried out was directed and created all the conditions for the focus of attention of the People's Commissariat for National Affairs on the sphere of national-state construction. But his activities in this area were not limited to the formation of new autonomous units, more and more attention was paid to raising the economic and cultural level of autonomies, representing and protecting their interests before the central authorities. Here, too, the People's Commissariat for Nationalities could not always meet the requirements placed on it. Being still a departmental body, it could not independently resolve many emerging issues.
Much attention in the third chapter is devoted to the consideration of the place and role of the People's Commissariat for National Affairs.
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nationalities in the system of organs of the Soviet state. Created in the first hours of the existence of Soviet power, when Russia was a unitary state, the People's Commissariat of Nationalities could not be anything but a departmental body. Gradually, as construction Russian Federation, with a focus on the main issue - nation-state building, the principles of its organization ceased to meet the requirements of the times, made it impossible for it to fulfill its tasks and functions. Even after the reorganization of the NKN, it was often not authorized to resolve certain issues that arose before it, especially when it concerned the independent Soviet republics.
With the formation of the USSR, the People's Commissariat for Nationalities finally exhausted its possibilities. It became clear that it was impossible to solve national problems within the framework of a branch management body, even an improved one. This could be done only by a body endowed with power, and on the scale of the Union. This body became the Second Chamber of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR.
Chistyakov O.I. Formation of the Russian Federation, ed. MGU, 1966; Zlatopolsky D.L., Chistyakov O.I. Formation of the USSR. M., 1972.See: Nafigov R. Activities of the Central Muslim Commissariat for Nationalities in 1918, "Soviet Oriental Studies", 1959, No. 5; Noreykene S. The Commissariat in Lithuanian Affairs - the Conductor of the Leninist National Policy. "Communist", Vilnius, 1956, No. 2, etc.
Matveeva T.M. The activities of the People's Commissariat for National Affairs in the years civil war. Cand. diss., M., 1948; Volzhina T.A. Narkomnats and national-state construction of the RSFSR in 1920. Cand. diss. M., 1949; Stepanov A.S. People's Commissariat for Nationalities and preparations for the creation of the USSR. Cand. diss., M., 1951, etc.
R. Pipes. The Formation of the Soviet Union. Communism and Nationalism, 1917-1923. 2 ed. Cambridge, 1964; John H. Hazard, Statutory recognition of nationality differences in the USSR. In: Allworth Edward (ed.) Soviet Rationality problems. New-York-London, 1971.
See: Pesikina E.I. People's Commissariat for Grandfathers of Nationalities and its activities in 1917-1918; M., 1950, p. 62.
Information updated:03.06.2014
Related materials:| Thesis defense
The story of the extermination of the “Leninist” guard is considered to be an anti-Soviet myth. But this is only a view from one side
It is believed that in 1937, Stalin destroyed the Trotskyists, the enemies of the country. But who are the Trotskyists? Were they at all?
Trotsky joined the Bolshevik Party in 1917 ... and the only real supporter of him was Joffe
The rest were Bolsheviks with 10-20 years of experience and revered Lenin as their teacher .... and were in regular conflict with Trotsky
Lenin always said that world revolution it’s about to come ... but it didn’t come. And Stalin, in fact, finally buried their dream about it
And this is what led them to a new betrayal ... .. Like their teacher Lenin, they were ready to sacrifice Russia on the altar of the revolution
THE FIRST COMPOSITION OF THE RSFSR Council of People's Commissars
This composition was selected by V. Lenin as the most trusted persons of the party.
Here it is, Lenin's guard:
Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars - Vladimir Ulyanov (Lenin) (died 1924)
People's Commissar for internal affairs- A. I. Rykov (SHOOT)
People's Commissar for Agriculture - V. P. Milyutin (SHOOT)
People's Commissar of Justice—Isaac Steinberg (in 1923 fled to the West)
People's Commissar of Labor - A. G. Shlyapnikov (SHOOT)
People's Commissariat for Military and Naval Affairs - Committee, consisting of: V. A. Ovseenko (Antonov) (SHOOT)
People's Commissar of Railways of the RSFSR - V. Nevsky (SHOOT)
N. V. Krylenko (SHOOT_) and P. E. Dybenko (SHOOT)
People's Commissar for Trade and Industry - V. P. Nogin (DIED IN 1924)
People's Commissar of Public Education - A. V. Lunacharsky (DIED IN 1933)
People's Commissar for Finance - I. I. Skvortsov (Stepanov) (DIED IN 1928) ....
People's Commissar for Finance Krestinsky (deputy Skvortsova) ..(SHOOT)
People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs - L. D. Bronstein (Trotsky) (Killed)
People's Commissar of Justice - G. I. Oppokov (Lomov) (SHOOT)
People's Commissar for Food Affairs - I. A. Teodorovich (Shooted)
People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - N. P. Avilov (Glebov) (SHOOT)
People's Commissar for Nationalities - I. V. Dzhugashvili (Stalin) (SURVIVED)
This is not enough .... the entire first Leninist composition was laid down. But if not enough, here is the first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR
The first composition of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR was approved at the 2nd session of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR on July 6, 1923. Lenin, despite his illness, took part in the selection of candidates:
Chairman - V. I. Lenin
Vice Chairmen:
L. B. Kamenev, (SHOT)
A. I. Rykov, (SHOT)
V. Ya. Chubar, (RASTRALYAN)
M. D. Orakhelashvili (RASSTRELYAN)
A. D. Tsyurupa (DIED 1928) G. K. Ordzhonikidze (DIED 1937)
People's Commissars of the All-Union People's Commissariats:
for foreign affairs - G. V. Chicherin (died in 1936),
People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs - L. D. Trotsky (Killed),
People's Commissar for Foreign Trade - L. B. Krasin, (DIED IN 1926)
People's Commissar of Railways - F. E. Dzerzhinsky (DIED in 1926),
People's Commissar of Posts and Telegraphs - I. N. Smirnov (RASSTRELYAN)
People's Commissars of the United People's Commissariats:
VSNKh - A. I. Rykov (SHOOT)
People's Commissar for Food - N. P. Bryukhanov (SHOOT),
People's Commissar of Labor - V. V. Schmidt (SHOOT),
People's Commissar for Finance - G. Ya. Sokolnikov (RASTRELYAN),
People's Commissar of the Workers' and Peasants' Inspection - V. V. Kuibyshev (died in 1936).
PARTY GUARD LENIN
These people were the basis of the Bolshevik Party .... Zinoviev, Kamenev, Bukharin and others ...
It was Zinoviev that Lenin considered his right hand and trusted him unlimitedly.
And he went through the first Moscow trial with prominent Bolsheviks of that time ... here is their list:
G. E. Zinoviev - the second head of Petrograd, secretary of the Central Committee and member of the Politburo .... Lenin's right hand
L. B. Kamenev- Member of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Chairman of the Moscow Council, Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V. Lenina
The rest of the leadership positions were not held:
G. E. Evdokimov
I. P. Bakaev
S. V. Mrachkovsky
V. A. Ter-Vaganyan
I. N. Smirnov
E. A. Dreitser
I. I. Reingold
R. V. Pikel
E. S. Goltsman
ALL OF THEM SHOT
LENINISTS IN THE SECOND TRIAL
The accused were:
Pyatakov, Georgy Leonidovich - the first head of Ukraine, Chairman of the Main Concession Committee, Deputy Chairman of the State Planning Commission.
Sokolnikov, Grigory Yakovlevich - Commander of the Turkestan Front, Chairman of the Turkestan Commission of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars and Chairman of the Turkestan Bureau of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks ... then (1920) People's Commissar of Finance
Radek, Karl Berngardovich—secretary and member of the executive committee of the Comintern
Serebryakov, Leonid Petrovich - Secretary of the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, Head of the Political Directorate of the Red Army, Secretary of the Central Committee of the RCP (b),
Also accused:
Livshits, Yakov Abramovich in 1920, the head of the operational headquarters of the All-Ukrainian Cheka,
Muralov, Nikolai Ivanovich Member of the Board of the Collegium of the People's Commissariat of Agriculture., Commander of the Moscow Military District,
Drobnis, Yakov Naumovich - a member of the Small Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR, and in 1923 - a member of the administrative and financial commission under the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
Boguslavsky, Mikhail Solomonovich - Deputy Chairman of the Moscow Council (1922-1924), Chairman of the Small Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR
Knyazev, Ivan Alexandrovich in 1920, Knyazev took the post of deputy head of the operation department of the NKPS
The rest of the prominent positions in the center did not occupy and were already in the leadership of the regions:
Stroilov, Mikhail Stepanovich
Turk, Iosif Dmitrievich
Grache, Ivan Iosifovich
Pushin, Gavriil Efremovich
Arnold, Valentin Volfridovich
Norkin, Boris Osipovich
Shestov, Alexey Alexandrovich
THIRD PROCESS
The main defendants were prominent party figures who, since the late 1920s, had been accused of right deviation and who (at least then) constituted one or another opposition to Stalin's course: this
A. I. Rykov, - Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars V. Lenin and Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars
N. I. Bukharin, from 1917 to 1923 the leading ideologist of the party, according to Lenin, “the faithful son of the party”
N. N. Krestinsky - People's Commissar of Finance in 1918-1919
G. Rakovsky - Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars and People's Commissar for Foreign Affairs of Ukraine.
G.Yagoda - In 1919-1920 - a member of the board of the People's Commissariat for Foreign Trade. From the end of 1919 to the end of 1920, the manager of the department of the Special Department
A.P. Rozengol --- Head of the Glavvozdukhflot, since 1922, Chief Head of the Air Force of the Red Army, since July 1923, Head of the Red Army Air Force, since November 1924 and member of the Revolutionary Military Council of the USSR
F. Khodzhaev - head of the government of the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic as Chairman of the Council of People's Nazirs (September 1920 - December 1924)
The rest were of a smaller order, Gorky's secretary (and an employee of the OGPU) P. P. Kryuchkov, doctors L. G. Levin, I. N. Kazakov and D. D. Pletnev.
In addition to the named persons, V. I. Ivanov, M. A. Chernov, G. F. Grinko, I. A. Zelensky, S. A. Bessonov, A. Ikramov, F. G. Khodzhaev, V. F. Sharangovich, P. T. Zubarev, P. P. Bulanov, and V. A. Maksimov-Dikovsky. Total 21 defendants
WHAT IN THE RESULT
1. In the 1st Lenin SNK, everyone died except Stalin
2. Only a few people survived in the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR.
Dzerzhinsky and Ordzhonikidze took an anti-Leninist position and therefore were out of danger
The rest - Chicherin, Lunacharsky, Krasin, Tsuryupa, Kuibyshev would certainly have been shot, since they actively supported Stalin's opponents
But did not live until 1937
CONCLUSION
The tragedy of the Leninist Guards was that they could not give up their crazy ideas - the world revolution, the destruction of the family and the state ... .. this led them to a logical ending
Stalin in the 1st Council of People's Commissars of the RSFSR hid his anti-Leninist views and in every possible way positioned himself as a supporter of the Leninist course
Lenin and his associates could not then see in him their ideological enemy
