Donbass during the years of the Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution and the First World War. Donbass during the years of the Russian bourgeois-democratic revolution and the First World War Donbass revolutionaries 1905 1921
In January 1905, a bourgeois-democratic revolution began in Russia, caused by contradictions in the political and economic development. Its main tasks were the elimination of the remnants of serfdom - landownership, the monarchy, the unresolved national question. One of the most important issues was the limitation of the power of tsarism, the adoption of the Constitution, the formation of legislative and executive power, independent of the royal family. The powerful workers', peasants' and nationalist movement, the emergence of the Soviets of Workers' and Peasants' Deputies, the opposition activity of the liberal bourgeoisie and the democratic intelligentsia forced the authorities to make concessions. In October 1905 Russian tsar Nicholas II proclaimed the Manifesto, in which the peoples of Russia were granted certain political and democratic freedoms - the acquisition of voting rights by citizens and participation in elections to the State Duma, the activities of political parties, freedom of speech, and assembly. However, tsarism retained control over the Duma and the government.
The working class of Donbass took an active part in the revolutionary struggle. The workers of the region participated in the General Political, in the cities of Avdeevka, Yasinovataya, Gorlovka, Bakhmut, armed demonstrations took place.
Just like in other large cities of Russia, new organs of revolutionary power were created in the Donbass. In October-December 1905, Soviets of Workers' Deputies arose in Enakievo, Mariupol, and Yuzovka. They operated at railway stations, at a number of factories and mines. The Soviets became a new form of organization of the working population of Donbass, a new democratic government. These were administrative and strike committees. They implicitly introduced an 8-hour working day, set prices for products in mine and factory shops, organized the protection of the population from rioters and hooligans. Elections were made on the basis of direct open voting of all participants, and all political revolutionary parties were represented in them.
The centers of the armed struggle in December 1905 were railway stations and workers' settlements with metallurgical and machine-building plants. To lead the uprising, fighting squads were created that opposed the tsarist troops.
Gorlovka became the center of events, where on December 16, 1905, the police and troops opened fire on the striking workers of the machine-building plant. 18 people were killed and 50 wounded. Workers from the cities of Donbass, mostly railway workers, arrived to help Gorlovka. On December 17, the combatants managed to repulse the troops, but the forces were unequal and on December 24
Government troops occupied all the junction stations in the Donbass, declared a state of emergency and banned any strikes. The participants in the uprising were tried, 8 out of 131 participants were hanged, the rest received various punishments.
The revolution was suppressed, but its legacy was, albeit limited, but the power of the State Duma, as a legislative body, a system of political organizations - parties. Formed political bourgeois organizations, raznochinskaya intelligentsia, the working class.
The party of the big bourgeoisie and landlords was pleased with the Manifesto of October 17 and took the name "Union of October 17" as a sign of this. The Octobrists did not want the revolution to continue and stood on the grounds that in the peasant question the landownership of the landlords should be preserved. The liberal bourgeoisie, the intelligentsia, took shape in the "Constitutional Democratic Party". The Cadets, as they were called, saw the ideal in the English monarchy, where royal power was combined with constitutional democracy.
The party "Union of the Russian People" represented the landowners who did not want change, and demanded protection in Russia of autocracy, Orthodoxy, nationality (Russian). Despite the reactionary views, the party enjoyed great support from the citizens. In the Donbass, its branch was the most numerous. Thus, in large cities of the region, its number reached from 900 to 1200 people. While the Octobrists in Mariupol numbered only 152 people.
Raznochinskaya intelligentsia supported the party of "Social Revolutionaries" (Socialist-Revolutionaries), who used radical terrorist methods in the struggle. After the revolution, the Socialist-Revolutionaries advocated the solution of the agrarian issue through "socialization", according to which the land was transferred to the peasants by special committees. The workers were led by the RSDLP, or Social Democrats (Social Democrats), and there were up to 3,000 of them in the Donbass.
There were also Jewish parties in the Donbass - the Bund and the Zionist-Socialists.
Deputies from political parties and from Donbass were delegated to the I and II State Dumas. In addition to representatives of the landlords and the bourgeoisie, peasants, the middle circles of the population, were also represented, who took an active part in the work of the Dumas. In the IV State Duma, G. Petrovsky, elected from the Mariupol Social Democrats, resolutely defended the interests of the workers. Donbass, along with the largest industrial centers of Russia, became the most active political region. Strikes and strikes drew almost 40,000 people.
The peasant movement also intensified. It was a consequence of the Stolypin agrarian reform in 1906-1907. The main content of the reform was the withdrawal of peasants from the community, the consolidation of their allotments into private ownership and the formation of district farms (farms and cuts).
District farms were a counterbalance to the mass of striped-communal lands, the number of which in the Yekaterinoslav province reached 97%. After the issuance of the Decree of November 9, 1906. the pace of formation of precinct land ownership accelerated. Since the more prosperous peasants, when leaving the community, demanded better lands for themselves, the exit of the rest was carried out by force. The poor peasantry in the community saw protection, collective assistance in the preservation of the community. The communal economy was preserved, and the peasants had the right to redistribute their allotments according to their hearts, as well as use their striped allotments. Developed bran and farm farms. A bran farm included a farm in which one allotment was allocated at a greater or lesser distance from the village, and the peasant owner lived in the village. When creating a farm, the peasant allocated his allotment in a certain place and settled in it as a farm, ran his farm as a small private owner. The reform increased the differentiation of the peasant class, and led to the growth of prosperous and middle peasants in the countryside.
A significant part of the peasantry could not stand the reform, they lost their land, landless and land-poor peasants left the village and went to the city.
The bourgeois transformation of the countryside led to a significant increase in the number of private owners of the economy, which contributed to an increase in the level of agricultural production. Already in 1908, the average harvest of spring grains was 113.6% compared with the average harvest for 1903-1907. The increase in the yield of winter crops in 1915 reached 201.8% compared with the average harvest for 1910-1914. An important result of the reform was the expansion of the sown areas of the province, and from 1908 to 1915 it exceeded 218%.
By 1915, the territorial-administrative division of Donbass was finally formed. Bakhmut county had 22 volosts, 281 rural communities, 1 city (Bakhmut) and 930 settlements. Mariupol uyezd was divided into 30 volosts, 164 rural communities, 1 city (Mariupol) and 562 settlements. More than a quarter of the population of the Yekaterinoslav province lived in the Bakhmut and Mariupol uyezds, in which, according to the 1897 census, there were over 3.5 million people.
The new revolutionary upsurge in Russia, which began in 1912, was interrupted by the First Imperialist War.
38 countries with a population of over 1.5 billion took part in World War I. Main opponents: England, France, Russia, Serbia, Japan, later Italy, Romania and the USA. They were opposed by Germany, Austria-Hungary, Türkiye and Bulgaria.
The reasons for the war were the contradictions between the countries of Europe, the countries that carried out the initial division of the world and skipped this process. The German Empire, created in 1871, sought to catch up and take away the colonies from England and France. In this regard, the contradictions between Germany and Great Britain and France escalated. The United States and Japan began to act more and more actively on the world stage, wishing to expand their spheres of political and economic influence.
The main one was the Anglo-German contradiction, in which Germany wanted to take away her colonies from England, as well as the Franco-German antagonism over Alsace and Lorraine, disputed territories on the border of the two countries. The contradictions of the European powers in the Balkans in the Middle East were strong. Germany tried to expand its influence in this region, Austria-Hungary claimed Serbia and Russia sought to maintain its position in the Balkans. All countries were concerned about the issue of control over the straits.
The reason for the war was the assassination of the heir to the Austrian throne by a Serbian nationalist. Austria-Hungary presented Serbia with an ultimatum, and on July 15, 1914, declared war on Serbia, despite Serbia's compliance. Russia, as the guarantor of Serbia's independence, began a general mobilization. Germany demanded that it be stopped and, in response to Russia's negative response, declared war on it. France and England, allies of Russia, also entered the war.
The war was fought on two fronts - Western (in France and Belgium) and Eastern (against Russia). Germany planned to defeat France with a lightning strike, and then transfer troops to the Eastern Front. But the Russian offensive thwarted this plan.
Mobilization began in Russia, enterprises switched to military orders. The war became a difficult test for the inhabitants of Donbass. The situation in the Donbass during the First World War deteriorated sharply.
During the war, the prices of consumer goods began to rise rapidly. The centralized supply of cities began to be disrupted, the prices for goods in the markets increased by 3-6 times in comparison with the pre-war.
Since the second half of 1915, the region has intensified labor movement, the strikes of the Donetsk workers took on a massive character. In 1915-1917, the number of strikes in the Donbass and the number of participants in them increased. Thus, 40,000 people took part in the workers' strike in the Gorlovsky-Shcherbinovsky district. The workers demanded a 50% increase in wages, the abolition of overtime work, and the improvement of housing and living conditions. The administration of factories and mines rejected these demands.
The enterprises worked for the war, and breaks in work were considered by the authorities as undermining the country's defense. The strikes of the war years were particularly persistent. The activities of legal organizations, trade unions, and cooperatives did not stop.
In World War I, during the war years, the activity of zemstvo and city unions intensified. Local branches organized industrial enterprises that worked for the war, committees of the Red Cross. Various public organizations were active: the Russian Technological Society, the Russian Medical Society. Jewish organizations created societies to help the Jewish poor, Jewish refugees.
Since 1915, among liberal organizations, local Cadet and Octobrist committees, opposition sentiments have intensified, and fear of revolution has grown. In this regard, there was growing criticism of the local administration, which proved unable to lead the country out of the crisis. On the contrary, the Bolshevik Party headed by Lenin in 1916-n. 1917 set a course for the collapse of the front, convincing soldiers, former peasants not to fight for the capitalists and landowners, turning the world imperialist war into civil war on the basis of "fraternization" with the Germans, the same peasants. These actions, coupled with the anti-war sentiments of the population, defeats at the fronts, active criticism of the tsarist government and Nicholas I himself, led to the destruction of state power and increased the revolutionary intensity.
In the nineteenth - n. XX Art. Donbass from uninhabited sparsely populated lands turned into the largest industrial coal and metallurgical center of Russia, in terms of the pace of development and concentration of production, the working class surpassed other regions of the country. At the same time, the underdevelopment of the social sphere, democratic institutions, the predatory use natural resources foreigners, the brutal exploitation of the working class and its lack of rights created the ground for revolution, which was fatal to the state.
The central place in the hall is occupied by materials about the first Russian revolution in the Donbass. The exhibition includes leaflets exposing the predatory, anti-people nature of the Russo-Japanese War, dedicated to the events of January 9, 1905.
Under the leadership of the Bolsheviks, the workers of Donbass prepared for armed struggle, created fighting squads. Of great interest is the subscription list for the collection of funds for the purchase of weapons, pikes and spears, which the workers made at the factories.
In April 1905, the Third Congress of the RSDLP was held. He armed the Party and the working class with a program of struggle for the victory of the democratic revolution. These decisions were substantiated in V. I. Lenin's book "Two Tactics of Social Democracy in the Democratic Revolution". In the exhibition - the title page of this work.
Among the documentary materials, there is a photograph of the house where the Enakievo Council of Workers' Deputies met, photographs of the buildings of the Mariupol and Yuzovsky Soviets of Workers' Deputies.
The electrified map shows the places where the Soviets of Workers' Deputies and fighting squads were created: Yuzovka, Grishino, Gorlovka, Avdeevka, Yenakiyevo, Mariupol, Debaltseve.
The revolution reached its highest rise during the December armed uprising, one of the main regions of which was the Donbass, where militant workers' squads disarmed policemen and soldiers. On December 16, 1905, the tsarist authorities tried to arrest the Gorlovka Soviet of Workers' Deputies. The troops opened fire. In the exposition - a telegraph apparatus st. Gorlovka, through which a call for help was transmitted. Working combat squads from Yenakiyevo, Alchevsk, Debaltseve, Lugansk and other cities arrived in Gorlovka (about four thousand people). A small detachment remained to defend the station, where the rebel headquarters and reserve were located. The rest moved to the barracks of the dragoons and forced them to retreat into the field towards Yenakiyevo. The picture of this battle on December 17, 1905 is clearly reflected in the diorama (artists N. Zhdanov and A. Aslanov). New military units, sent to help the Gorlovsky garrison, captured the station, defeated the workers who were on the waste heap of mine No. 1. The forces turned out to be unequal. The rebels were forced to stop fighting. The defeat of the Gorlovka armed uprising was a turning point in the revolutionary movement in the Donbass and Ukraine.
In the hall - the peak of the participant in the uprising of the Enakievsky worker Gvozdev, the pikes and spears of the Grishinsky and Yasino-Vatskaya combat squads, a copy of the cannon of the Grishinsky squad, portraits of leaders and participants in the revolutionary movement in the Donbass and the Gorlovsky armed uprising: G. F. Tkachenko-Petrenko, A. F. Shcherbakov (Enakievo), P. S. Deinego, N. F. Faibyshev (Grishino), V. A. Isichenko, and A. M. Kuznetsov-Zubarev (Gorlovka). The tsarist authorities organized a brutal reprisal against the participants in the uprising. Eight people were sentenced to death, among them G. F. Tkachenko-Petrenko, A. F. Shcherbakov, A. M. Kuznetsov-Zubarev. The exposition includes a report on the execution of the sentence, a photograph of members of the Grishinsky fighting squad driven to hard labor, a photograph of N. N. Sinebryukhov, a Cossack of the Don Hundred (Yuzovka), a member of the underground committee of the RSDLP, sentenced to life imprisonment for revolutionary activities. In the window there are personal belongings of G. Obukhov, a participant in the uprising, a member of the Grishinsky combat squad, who died in hard labor, letters from participants in the uprising from the Shlisselburg fortress, shackles, N. F. Faibyshev's exile-settlement passport.
Leaflets “To the peasants”, “To all peasants”, a picture about the speech of the peasants of the village of Pokrovskoye (now the village of Boevoye, Volodarsky district) in October 1906 against the Yekaterinoslav governor Klingenberg, who traveled around the Mariupol district, tell about the peasant movement in the Donbass, materials about the unrest of the peasants , about their joining the working fighting squads. The peasantry was the ally of the proletariat in the bourgeois-democratic revolution.
The exposition contains materials covering the struggle of the workers and peasants of Donbass during the retreat of the revolution. Despite the defeat of the December armed uprising, the brutal persecution of the participants in the revolution, the struggle of the masses did not stop. In 1906, the strikes of the workers of Donbass continued, there were clashes between the strikers and the police. Kramatorsk became the center of revolutionary rallies. They were attended by peasants of nearby villages, workers of many mines and factories.
Revolution 1905-1907 was defeated, but its historical significance is very great. It dealt a blow to autocracy and imperialism, was a general rehearsal, without which victory October revolution 1917 would have been impossible.
Exacerbation of contradictions within Russian Empire, and defeat in Russian-Japanese war of 1904-1905 led to a serious political crisis. The authorities were unable to change the situation in 1905-1907. the first bourgeois-democratic revolution took place in the country. Causes of the revolution of 1905 - 1907: - the unwillingness of the highest authorities to carry out liberal reforms, the drafts of which were prepared by Witte, Svyatopolk-Mirsky and others politicians; - the absence of any rights and the miserable existence of the peasant population, which accounted for more than 70% of the country's population (agrarian issue); - the absence of social guarantees and civil rights for the working class, the policy of non-intervention of the state in relation to the entrepreneur-worker (labor issue); - the policy of forced Russification in relation to non-Russian peoples, who at that time accounted for up to 57% of the country's population (national question); - unsuccessful development of the situation on the Russian-Japanese front. The first Russian revolution of 1905-1907 was provoked by the events that took place in early January 1905 in St. Petersburg. The main stages of the revolution: Winter 1905 - autumn 1905 The first revolution in the Russian Empire began with "Bloody Sunday" on January 9, 1905, when the Russian tsar ordered to shoot a peaceful demonstration of the common people, who, with icons and portraits of the emperor, went to the Winter Palace " ask for mercy and relief from the tsar-priest. 130 people are killed and hundreds injured. With this action, Nicholas II finally shot the people's illusions about a just and kind ruler of the empire. The execution of a peaceful demonstration on January 9, 1905, called "Bloody Sunday", led to the start of workers' strikes in almost all regions of the country. Throughout the country, the movement of workers is intensifying, the peasant movement is becoming more active. The event caused a flurry of protest throughout Russia, including Ukraine. Mass strikes of workers and peasant uprisings began, shaking the empire throughout the spring and summer of 1905. The workers demanded an 8-hour working day, wage increases, better living conditions, the overthrow of the autocracy, the peasants fought for the confiscation and redistribution of landowners' land. It was the first truly popular revolution in Russia. 3 initiatives of the intelligentsia, who wanted to organize a spontaneous peasant movement, in the summer of 1905 a mass political organization - All-Russian Peasants' Union. In Ukraine, there were seven provincial, 12 county and 120 rural committees of the Peasant Union, in which Ukrainian figures actively worked - representatives of zemstvos, political parties, cooperatives. The summer-autumn of 1905 saw the peak of the peasant movement for land. In some places the events took on a dramatic character. In the autumn there was an uprising of peasants in the village of Bolshiye Sorochintsy, drowned in blood by the regular cavalry of the Don Cossacks. There were unrest in the army and navy. One of the important episodes of the first Russian revolution of 1905-1907. there was a mutiny on the cruiser "Prince Potemkin Tauride", which took place on June 14, 1905. Having captured the ship and chose its leadership, led by Ukrainian sailors Afanasy Matyushenko and Grigory Vakulenchuk, the team, which also consisted mainly of Ukrainians, raised a red flag and sent the ship to Odessa. Among the officers who joined the performance was A. Kovalenko, one of the organizers and leaders of the RUP. Not wanting to surrender to the tsarist authorities", the Potemkin crew sailed to Constanta, where they asked for political asylum from the Romanian government. Autumn 1905 The revolution of 1905 culminated in the October political general strike, which paralyzed the country. During the speech, which was attended by 2 million workers (120 thousand in Ukraine), the strikers began to create their own leadership bodies - the Soviets of Workers' Deputies, coordinated revolutionary actions. The all-Russian October strike, started by the printers' trade union, was supported by many other trade unions. Under pressure from workers and peasants, Nicholas II was forced to make concessions and on October 17 he issued a Manifesto, which announced political freedoms, an 8-hour working day and promised to convene a parliament - the State Duma, elected from representatives of all segments of the population. The manifesto spoke of the creation of the State Duma as a legislative body. After Nicholas II granted the right to freedom of assembly, speech, conscience, press, the Union of October 17 and the Constitutional Democratic Party, as well as the Socialist-Revolutionaries and Mensheviks, announce the end of the revolution. This period is the highest point of the revolution. In November 1905 p. In Kyiv, a battalion of sappers led by Boris Zhadanovsky rebelled. Ukrainian political parties were in the thick of the revolutionary struggle. Particular success was achieved by the Ukrainian Social Democratic Union, which worked among the peasants, attracting many of them into its ranks, directing them to organized struggle. The USDRP also waged an active struggle among students, workers and intellectuals, having gained strength during the years of the revolution. Together with the Bund, she formed self-defense units in the Poltava region against pogroms, which were carried out by the "Black Hundreds". The Union of Autonomists was also formed in Ukraine. December 1905 The last outbreak of the revolution was the December armed uprising of the workers, which began in Moscow. The radical wing of the RSDLP supports the armed uprising in Moscow. On the streets - fierce barricade battles (Presnya). On December 11, the regulation on elections to the 1st State Duma is published. Particularly fierce armed battles took place in mid-December 1905 in the Donbass, mainly in Gorlovka. But the action of the workers was defeated. The revolution gradually subsided, although the country was shaken by peasant protests and workers' strikes even before the spring of 1907. 1906 - the first half of 1907 Decline in revolutionary activity. Start of work of the 1st State Duma (with a Cadet majority). In February 1907, the 2nd State Duma was convened (it was leftist in composition), but after 3 months it was dissolved. During this period, strikes and strikes continue, but gradually the government's control over the country is restored.
A wretched picture was presented by the Donetsk region at the beginning of the last century. Around the smoky factories and mines huddled low barracks, each of which crowded dozens of working families. Huts-huts huddled up to the shores.
The crooked streets sank into the mud, and the place of leisure was the taverns where the workers drank away their penny salaries. One such tavern, which is recorded in historical documents, stood, for example, on the main street of the then working settlement of Amvrosievka, in the place where the two-story music school is now located.
The working day lasted twelve to fourteen hours. Not every locality had a medical assistant's station, not to mention a hospital. Yes, and with schools, even primary, there were big problems. At enterprises and mines, accidents often occurred, resulting in the death of dozens of people. The survivors were practically nowhere paid any compensation or benefits. Ordinary workers were completely disenfranchised in the face of employers and administration, and there was no one to complain to, since the police and the courts were corrupt, although perhaps to a lesser extent than today.
So the grapes of anger in the proletarian Donbass by the beginning of 1905 had fully ripened. And as soon as a socio-political crisis broke out in the Russian Empire, which was suffering a defeat in the war with Japan, how it responded on the banks of the Seversky Donets and Kalmius.
Literally a few days later, the field of "Bloody Sunday" in St. Petersburg - on January 17 - the workers of the Yuzovsky Metallurgical Plant went on strike, demanding higher wages, an eight-hour working day and benefits in case of accidents. In January-February, Yuzovsky Social Democrats organized strikes of metallurgists and miners. True, the coordinated actions of the revolutionaries were hindered by the contradictions between the Bolsheviks and the Mensheviks. Unfortunately, the lack of unity of action among the parties of the left seems to be their generic feature in our country...
Nevertheless, the revolutionary movement in the Donbass continued to expand. In February, the machine builders of Gorlovka, the workers of the iron foundry and glass factories in Druzhkovka and Konstantinovka were already on strike. The events at the Shcherbinovsky mine took on a particularly acute character, where more than two and a half thousand people took part in the strike. The police and the Cossacks used their weapons. At this mine, 164 strikers were arrested and two were killed. The protests of the workers in Nikitovka, Yuzovka, and Rutchenkovo were brutally suppressed.
On February 22, the Bakhmut police officer reported to the governor of Yekaterinoslav that there were 10,700 strikers at the Yuzovsky plant and mines, 18 thousand in the Bakhmut district itself, and 10 thousand in Taganrog. In March, the revolutionary movement captured Mariupol. There, in the port alone, on March 25, a thousand workers went on strike. The port froze, and the frightened authorities called in armed Cossacks from the village of Almaznaya.
Discontent seized not only the workers, but also the villagers. On August 23, factory workers, together with the peasants of the village of Uspenskoye, seized bread and implements from the economy of the landowner Bishler. On the same day, peasant unrest took place in the village of Blagodatnoye, provoked by an increase in land rent. Led by the poor peasant Yakov Struk, the villagers went to the economy of the landowner Mazaev, demanding that he lease the land small areas and reduced payments. The frightened Mazaev initially agreed to comply with these demands. However, a company of soldiers and a hundred Cossacks, who arrived in the settlement at his call, dealt with the participants in the speech. The most active rebels were arrested and sent to the Taganrog district prison, while the rest were subjected to corporal punishment - flogged with rods and whips.
The revolutionary movement in the Donbass reached its peak in the autumn of 1905, during the October political strike. Already on October 1, the Mariupol commercial port went on strike. Then the strikes engulfed Debaltseve railroad workers, mines and metallurgical plants of Makeevka.
It should be noted that in those days many enterprises of the Donetsk region were in foreign ownership. Therefore, defending the interests of their compatriot entrepreneurs, the ambassadors of France, Belgium, England and Germany demanded that the tsarist government send troops and suppress the strike struggle. They had something to worry about, because 112 foreign companies settled in the Donbass with a total capital of 315 million rubles, which now equals tens of billions of dollars.
However, it was no longer possible to cope with the revolutionary movement. In the cities and towns of the Donbass, workers' squads were created and armed. On December 14, at the Yasinovataya station, workers disarmed the 12th company of the Balakleyevsky regiment. In Avdiivka, strikers dispersed a platoon of dragoons. In Grishino, a telephone exchange was seized, and in Debaltseve, the revolutionaries urged the police to hand over their weapons. The mass disarmament of the soldiers on the trains began. This was facilitated by the fact that at that moment there were many units in the tsarist army that were imbued with a revolutionary spirit and did not want to shoot at the insurgent people.
In December, the bodies of Soviet power also began to take shape. On December 11, the first meeting of the Council of Workers' Deputies of the Yuzovsky District took place. Soviets were created in Lugansk, Makeevka, Mariupol, Yekaterinoslav. Klim Voroshilov was at the head of the Lugansk Soviet, and Grigory Petrovsky, who headed the government of Soviet Ukraine already in the 1920s, was the secretary of the Yekaterinoslav Soviet. At enterprises, an eight-hour working day was introduced without permission, and assistance was provided to the unemployed. Along with the Bolsheviks, representatives of other leftist parties, such as the Mensheviks, Socialist Revolutionaries, and anarchists, took an active part in the revolutionary events.
By mid-December, all railway stations were occupied by combat squads. More than a thousand people gathered at the Yasinovataya station alone. At the stations of Grishino and Avdeevka during December 15 there was a fierce battle with the Cossacks. The combatants were armed with a cannon and two machine guns, transferred by them to reserve soldiers from Yuzovka.
On December 16, in Gorlovka, the police opened fire on workers mechanical plant. However, this could not contain the anger of the masses, who on the same day seized the office of the machine-building plant and arrested the director. The company of infantry, called to the rescue, did not help either. A call for help was telegraphed, and by the evening of the same day, nine trains with combatants arrived from Grishino, Yenakiyevo, Yasinovataya, Debaltsevo. A group of cement workers from Amvrosievka also went to help the residents of Gorlovka.
On the morning of December 17, the rebels approached the barracks and began shelling them. The battle lasted about six hours. Vigilantes suffered huge losses: only those killed, there were about three hundred. The final armed uprising in the Donbass was suppressed only two weeks later.
Massacres began. Those arrested were tried by courts-martial, which sentenced thirty-two people to death. Among those sentenced were the chairman of the Enakievsky Council, Grigory Tkachenko. His letter, written before his death to his brother, has been preserved: “Hello and goodbye, dear brother Alyosha and all other brothers, workers and friends. I send you my sincere and last greetings. I am writing now near the scaffold and in a minute they will hang me for a cause dear to us. I go to the scaffold with a proud step. I look cheerfully and boldly into the eyes of my death, and death cannot frighten me, because, as a socialist and revolutionary, I knew that they would not pat me on the head for defending our class interests. And I knew how to fight and, as you see, I know how to die for our common cause, as befits an honest man. Kiss my parents for me and ask you to love them as I loved my fellow workers and my idea, for which I gave everything I could. 12 midnight September 3, 1909. Yekaterinoslav.
What significance can those seemingly long-standing events have for us? Alas, history teaches only that it teaches nothing. The new masters of life, who have "taken over" plants and factories, are mindlessly exploiting the workers, without thinking that sooner or later this will lead to a social explosion. When millions of people are deprived of their most basic rights, the grapes of anger begin to ripen again.
Of course, the revolution of 1905 was suppressed. But the story of the workers' struggle for their rights did not end there. No one could have foreseen then that in just twelve years, as one popular song of the perestroika period sang, "the red seventeenth year would dance." And then already few of the then capitalists and landlords did not seem. History repeats itself. I would like the ruling circles not to forget about it. At least out of a sense of self-preservation.
"DONETSK NATIONAL TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY"
AUTOMOBILE AND ROAD INSTITUTE
ON THE 110th ANNIVERSARY OF THE GORLOVSK ARMED UPRISING
COMPETITION SCIENTIFIC WORK
SUBJECT:
«
DONBASS DURING THE FIRST RUSSIAN REVOLUTION1905–1907»
Completed:
students of group MO-15
Stryukova Julia,
Turbaba Marina
Scientific adviser:
Ph.D., Assoc. Shipovich M. A.
Gorlovka - 2015
Introduction 2
Chapter 1 Donbass before the revolution of 1905 3
Pre-revolutionary Gorlovka 3
Chapter 2 Revolution of 1905 9
Beginning of the first Russian revolution. strike fight 9
Conclusion 14
Bibliography 18
Introduction
Donbass is not only a geographical term - it is a concept filled with revolutionary, socio-economic and political meaning. In the glorious past, Donbass was a powerful bastion of the revolution, the All-Russian stoker, today it is one of the country's largest industrial and energy bases. The Donetsk region owes its worldwide fame to the labor and struggle of the working people of the basin, and above all its workers - the fighting detachment of the glorious creative class.
Time is moving further and further away from us the years of the heroic struggle of the working class of Russia under the leadership of the Bolshevik Party against the tsarist autocracy. However, interest in it does not weaken. The current generation strives to learn more about the revolutionary struggle of their people, who courageously opposed the tsarist oppression, exploitation, want and lack of rights, for a happy, free and creative life.
task
Work on this topic is especially relevant in this difficult period of struggle for the Donbass on the ideological front. It is vitally important today to defend our right to a unique Russian, in the words of F. M. Dostoevsky "all-human" identity, culture and traditions.
Chapter 1. Donbass before the revolution of 1905
Gorlovka is one of the largest industrial cities Donetsk region. Its history knows a lot. Including the hard labor of miners, the lack of rights of the working people, the terrible poverty of the workers of the colonies - "dogs" and "Shanghai", frequent epidemics, high infant mortality, churches, taverns, illiteracy.
Pre-revolutionary Gorlovka
As early as the beginning of the 18th century, poor Zaporizhzhya Cossacks and newcomers arrived in the current lands of Gorlovka and built dwellings near icy springs. The mild climate, chernozem soil, forests created favorable conditions for agriculture, and a large number of stone, sand and clay provided settlers building material for the construction of dwellings and outbuildings. All this attracted new settlers, and by the 60-70s of the 18th century, the farms that existed here were turning into villages - Zheleznoye, Zaitsevo, Gosudarev-Buerak (Bayrak) and others. The settlers were engaged in arable farming, cattle breeding, beekeeping and hunting.
IN early XIX century in the area of the villages of Zaitsevo and Zhelezny, the farms of Shcherbinovka and Pelepovka, coal deposits were discovered. At that time, due to the narrowness of the domestic market, coal mining was carried out on a negligible scale. In 1839, about 200 thousand poods were mined at all the peasant mines of Zaitsev and Zhelezny, and the total productivity of the Donbass mines on the eve of the abolition of serfdom was 6 million poods per year.
The growth of Donbass as an industrial center began in the post-reform period and was associated with the general process of the development of capitalism in Russia. This was facilitated by the emergence of a free labor force. Railway construction, which was widely developed throughout Russia, appeared because it presented a huge demand for metal (rails, wagons, steam locomotives), fuel and consumer goods.
Intensive growth mining industry caused the rapid emergence of large industrial settlements. Along with the previously existing cities of Donbass - Bakhmut (now Artemovsk), Lugansk (now Voroshilovgrad), Mariupol (now Zhdanov), Slavyansk, new industrial settlements appeared, including Gorlovka, which became centers of concentration of a significant number of workers.
The emergence of Gorlovka as a mining settlement is associated with the construction of the Kursk-Kharkov-Azov railway and the development of the coal industry. In the autumn of 1867, survey work was carried out on the route of the future road, which passed through the peasant lands of the villages of Zhelezny, Nikitovka and others. Barracks were built for workers six kilometers southeast of Nikitovka, and workshops and other buildings were built for the production of work, which was the beginning of Gorlovka.
During survey work on the allotted land for the construction of the railway, a rich coal deposit was discovered, which was already partially exploited by the peasants of the village of Zhelezny.
High profits in the mining industry and the patronizing policy of the tsarist government to foreign capitalists favored the penetration of foreign capital into Russia, and in particular into the Donetsk coal industry. In 1884, for the exploitation of coal deposits on the lands of the village of Zaitsev, the farms of Shcherbinovka and Nelepovka, the French capitalists formed the "Society for the Development of Coal and Salt in Southern Russia." In 1899, the "Belgian Anonymous Society of the Sovereign-Bayrak Coal Mines" was founded, and in 1900 - the "French Joint Stock Company of Nikitovsky Mines".
Industrial fever manifested itself with particular force in the second half of the 90s of the 19th century, during the years of industrial upsurge. On the expanses of the Donetsk steppes, new enterprises sprang up like mushrooms after the rain. In 1895-1897, the Belgian company built a machine-building plant in Gorlovka, which produced steam boilers, coal hoists, mine fans, blowers, Bessemer converters, hot iron ladles and other mining and metallurgical equipment. At that time, more than 800 workers worked in its main workshops alone.
Settlements arose around each built mine or factory, and by the end of the 19th century Gorlovka became a large mining settlement, as well as the center of the Gorlovsky mining district.
The rapid development of the mining industry led to the fact that the Donets Basin at the turn of the two centuries took a leading place in the development of the coal industry in Russia.
However, burst into Western Europe V late XIX century, the economic crisis also affected Russia. In 1901-1902, in the Donbass, it manifested itself first in a fall in prices, and then in a reduction in production, as a result of which the capitalists threw tens of thousands of workers into the streets.
Thus, by the beginning of 1905, a revolutionary situation had developed in Russia. The peals of the revolutionary storm that began in St. Petersburg reached the Donbass. An intensive upsurge of the strike movement among the workers began. The people fought for their rights en masse.
2.2 Gorlovka armed uprising
By ten o'clock on the morning of December 9, 1905, more than 4,000 workers had gathered at the railway station. They were mainly machine builders, miners, railway workers, as well as peasants who arrived at the rally from the surrounding villages. A member of the strike committee, I. M. Snezhko, read telegrams from the Yekaterinoslav militant strike committee to the workers about the beginning of a general political strike and called on the workers to follow the example of the Moscow proletariat and actively engage in the struggle against the tsarist regime. Speaking at the rally on behalf of the factory and mine workers, locksmith Smirnov said that they were uniting with the railway workers and would act together. An administrative committee was immediately elected, which actually performed the functions of the Soviet of Workers' Deputies. Bolshevik E. I. Glushko became its chairman. Not a single order of the mine or factory administration could come into force without the knowledge of the committee. On the same day at 9 pm, another rally took place at the station, which, at the suggestion of A. S. Grechnev, adopted the text of a telegram to the Yekaterinoslav militant strike committee, which reported that the workers of Gorlovka had joined the general political strike.
Two combat squads were organized at the plant and Korsunskaya Mine No. 1. For the purchase of weapons, the administrative committee confiscated 300 rubles at the cash desk of the railway station, and fundraising was also carried out among the population. In total, more than 1000 rubles were collected. On a special train, two members of the committee went to Taganrog to purchase weapons.
On December 16 (December 29), about a thousand workers with their families gathered at the main office of the machine-building plant. Members of the strike committee presented a demand to the director of the plant: to cancel the order on a 6-hour working day and a reduction in wages in connection with this. The director refused, but the workers threatened him with weapons and forced him to accept these demands. Soon dragoons and soldiers arrived at the factory yard. Having received reinforcements, the police demanded that the workers hand over the leaders of the strike, but they were refused. Then, on the orders of the bailiff and the company commander, the soldiers and police fired two volleys at the workers. 18 people were killed and many wounded.
One of the rebels, Kuznetsov, was wounded in the arm. Because of the wound, gangrene developed, as a result of which the arm was amputated. Among those killed was the worker Sergei Ivanovich Totkal. The next day, his mother took the body of her son, who had been hacked to death by the Cossacks. The hand of the revolutionary Kuznetsov, who at that time was hiding underground, was placed in the coffin of Sergei Ivanovich.
After this clash, the leaders of the strike A. S. Grechnev and I. M. Snezhko sent urgent dispatches to all combat squads of Donbass asking for help. Already on the night of December 17, combatants from Avdeevka, Alchevsk, Debaltsevo, Grishino, Yenakiyevo, Kadievka, Khartsyzsk, Yasinovataya arrived in Gorlovka - about four thousand people gathered in total, 600 of them with firearms. The leaders of the fighting squads at the meeting developed a plan for the uprising. All combatants were divided into three detachments, commanded by the Bolshevik A.S. Grechnev, as well as the foreman of mine No. 1 P.A. Gurtovoy and the teacher from Grishin P.S. Deinega.
On the morning of December 17, the workers launched an attack on the barracks where the tsarist troops were stationed. After a two-hour battle, the combatants took possession of the barracks, but a detachment of Cossacks arrived from Enakievo to help the government troops. Having received reinforcements, the soldiers pushed the rebels back to the railway station. Dozens of workers died in the clash.
The investigation into the case lasted two years. Initially, it was planned to try the jury arrested by the ordinary court, but then the government decided to transfer the case to a military court. From December 7 to December 19, 1908, the case of the participants in the Gorlovsky armed uprising was considered in Yekaterinoslav by the court of the Odessa military district. Of the 131 defendants, the military court found 92 guilty; 32 were sentenced to death by hanging. But later, the death penalty was approved by eight convicts, and the rest were replaced with indefinite hard labor. The execution took place on the night of September 4, 1909. Annex 1.
In 1930, a monument was erected near the machine-building plant "At this place in 1905, the hand of the revolutionary Kuznetsov was cut off by the tsar's executioners." In 1955, in connection with the 50th anniversary of the events of 1905, a
Conclusion
Starting from the 18th century, our lands were inhabited by poor Zaporizhzhya Cossack settlers. The settlers were engaged in arable farming, cattle breeding, beekeeping and hunting. At the beginning of the 19th century, coal deposits were discovered in the area of the villages of Zaitsevo and Zhelezny, the farms of Shcherbinovka and Nelepovka. The intensive growth of the mining industry caused the rapid emergence of large industrial settlements. High profits in the mining industry and the patronizing policy of the tsarist government to foreign capitalists favored the penetration of foreign capital into Russia, and in particular into the Donetsk coal industry. The rapid development of the mining industry led to the fact that the Donets Basin at the turn of the two centuries took a leading place in the development of the coal industry in Russia.
At the same time, work organization and lack of safety were the causes of frequent accidents. Living conditions were unbearable, daily, many hours of work often led to the death of people. Survivors were not paid any compensation or benefits. Ordinary workers were completely powerless in the face of the owners and administration, and there was no one to complain to, since the police and the courts were corrupt.
As we have already said, by the beginning of 1905 a revolutionary situation had developed in Russia. The peals of the revolutionary storm that began in St. Petersburg reached the Donbass. An intensive upsurge of the strike movement among the workers began.
One of the largest protests of workers in the Donbass in 1905 was the December armed uprising in Gorlovka. At the suggestion of the Gorlovka Bolshevik group of the RSDLP, the workers decided to respond to the arbitrariness of the administration with an organized strike. The significance of the armed uprising was that, despite the defeat, it marked the beginning of the development and consolidation of the traditions of the workers in their struggle for social justice.
Annex 1
Participants and leaders of the Gorlovsky armed uprising of 1905
1. V. D. Danchich (1875-1937). Member of the Gorlovsky strike committee in December 1905. Convicted, received 4 years of corrective labor. Escaped to Germany.
A descendant of the Serbian royal house, senior mining engineer of the mines of the Society of the South Russian Coal Industry. The initiator of the development of the sports movement in the Donbass. Since 1921, the head of the Special State Commission for the rebuilding of mines in the Donbass. In 1937 he was repressed for accusations of espionage for the benefit of Germany. Rehabilitated posthumously in 1958.
2. S. F. Quilingenberg (1881-?). Member of the Gorlovsky strike committee in December 1905. Collegiate assessor, doctor at the mines of the Society of the South Russian Coal Industry.
3. N. M. Sokolovsky (1870-1908). Member of the Gorlovsky strike cabinet in December 1905. Chemist and dentist of the Society of the South Russian Coal Industry. Born from the townspeople.
4. W. G. Maddaleno (1881-?). One of the organizers of the auxiliary fighting squad in the village of mine No. 5 (the modern mine named after Lenin), the cashier of the strike fund. Italian citizen, foreman of mine No. 5 of the Society of the South Russian Coal Industry.
5. A. A. Berwolf (1881-?). One of the organizers of the auxiliary combat squad in the village of mine No. 5 (the modern mine named after Lenin). Convicted, received 8 years of corrective labor. Former Russian citizen, mining engineer of Mine No. 5 of the Society of the South Russian Coal Industry.
6. G. Z. Troyanov (1882-10s of the XX century). Head of the railroad strike committee (administrative committee) in December 1905. Convicted, received 6 years of corrective labor. Died in prison. Originally from the village of Zhelezny Bakhmut district of the Yekaterinoslav province, telegraph operator of the Nikitovka station. Member of the Grishinsky fighting squad, convicted to hard labor for participating in the events of the Gorlovsky battle.
7. V. A. Isichenko (1884-1960). Telegraph operator of Gorlovka station. Member of the railroad strike committee in December 1905. Sentenced to 4 years of hard labor. In Soviet times, he worked as the head of the base of employees of the Gorlovka cooperative "Gornyak", a people's judge.
8. V. P. Grigorashchenko (1880-1909). Member of the Gorlovsky battle. Convicted, was executed on the night of September 3-4, 1909. Locksmith of mine No. 1 (mothballed mine "Kochegarka") of the Society of the South Russian coal industry. Originally from the villagers of the Kharkov province.
9. O. M. Zubarev (Kuznetsov) (1878-1909). The organizer of the fight between workers and the police on December 16, 1905 in Gorlovka, which led to the event of the Gorlovka battle. Convicted, he was executed on the night of September 3-4, 1909. in the prison of the city of Yekaterinoslav. A professional revolutionary, a member of the RSDLP (Mensheviks), he worked in the rolling shop of the Petrovsky Metallurgical Plant in the city of Enakievo. Originally from the villagers of the Oryol province.
10. G. F. Tkachenko-Petrenko (1882-1909). Tkachenko-Petrenko is an active participant in the December strike in Donbass. Head of the Council of Workers' Deputies of the village of Enakievo, member of the RSDLP Mensheviks. Convicted, executed on the night of September 3-4, 1909. Foundry worker of the Petrovsky Metallurgical Plant in the city of Enakievo. A native of the townspeople of the Kyiv province.
11. O. F. Shcherbakov (1876-1909), an active participant in the December strike in the Donbass. Convicted, executed on the night of September 3-4, 1909. An electrical engineer at the Petrovsky Metallurgical Plant in the city of Yenakiyevo. Originally from the villagers of the Oryol province.
List of used literature
Evseenko S. A. Gorlovsky battle ... Fighting squads of workers of Donbass in the December armed uprising of 1905 / S. A. Evseenko .- Donetsk: Lebed LLC. – 2000.– p.80
