Types of industrial facilities and principles of their placement in the city. Theoretical foundations for the formation of industrial facilities General types of work in construction

In order to characterize the concept of an industrial facility, we first need to consider the concept of industrial activity as an environment and form of existence of industrial facilities.

Industrial activity is a kind entrepreneurial activity, aimed at the development and production of material goods in terms of the production of tools and objects of labor, including the extraction and processing of minerals and natural resources, production of building parts and materials, processing of agricultural products, production of energy and energy carriers, repair and restoration work, as well as activities for the processing (utilization) or destruction of solid, liquid and gaseous wastes arising during production processes.

Therefore, being elements of industrial activity, an industrial facility is a property complex used by a subject of industrial activity to carry out industrial activity.

Another version of the definition of an industrial facility is as follows. Industrial facility - an enterprise, workshop, site, unit and other production units used to carry out industrial activities.

A set of industrial facilities combined according to certain characteristics can form new types of industrial facilities:

• 1. Industrial site.
• 2. Industrial park.

Industrial hub - a group of enterprises located on the same territory, with common communications, engineering structures, auxiliary industries and farms, and, under appropriate conditions, with cooperation of the main industries.

Industrial parks - managed single operator park a complex of real estate objects (administrative, industrial, warehouse and other premises that ensure the operation of an industrial park) with an area of ​​at least 100,000 sq. m and infrastructure that allow compact placement and provide conditions for effective work small and medium industries .

Since our goal term paper is the solution of a set of theoretical problems related to the theoretical foundations of the formation of industrial facilities, their normative legal regulation, planning and design, as well as overcoming urgent problems of reconstruction and development of industrial zones in cities, we will consider the concept of an industrial facility from the point of view of architecture and urban planning.

According to clause 1.7. SNiP 2.07.01-89*. “Construction norms and rules of urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements, taking into account the functional use, the territory of the city is divided into:

• 1. Residential;
• 2. Production
• 3. Landscape and recreational.

Within these territories, zones of various functional purposes are distinguished:

• 1. Residential development.
• 2. Community centers.
• 3. Industrial zones.
• 4. Scientific and research and production zones
• 5. Communal storage areas.
• 6. Zones. External transport
• 7. Public recreation areas.
• 8. Resort areas (in cities and towns with medical resources), protected landscapes.

The production area is intended to accommodate industrial enterprises and related facilities, complexes of scientific institutions with their pilot production facilities, utility and storage facilities, external transport facilities, extra-urban and suburban communication routes.

Since the production area is a set of production facilities, according to SNiP 2.07.01-89*. “Construction norms and rules of urban planning. Planning and development of urban and rural settlements "industrial facilities can include:

• 1. Directly industrial facilities.
• 2. Complexes of scientific institutions connected by industrial facilities with their pilot productions.

Also, depending on the type of activity, utility and storage facilities and external transport facilities can be included in the composition of industrial facilities.

Industrial facilities in the course of planning procedures in urban planning are planned, designed and located in the industrial zones of the city. Thus, the industrial zone of the city may consist of industrial enterprises and industrial hubs.

According to the requirements of urban planning normative documents, industrial facilities from among industrial enterprises and nodes that make up the industrial zone of the city should be located on the territory provided for by the scheme or project of the district planning, the general plan of the city or other settlement, the planning project of the industrial area, which is regulated by the provisions of SNiP II-89-80 - Construction norms and rules master plans for industrial enterprises. Industrial enterprises, as a rule, should be located on the territory of industrial zones (districts) as part of groups of enterprises (industrial hubs) with common auxiliary industries or infrastructure facilities, and in rural settlements as part of industrial zones.

At the same time, when planning the location of industrial zones, it is necessary to ensure their rational transport interconnection with residential areas with minimal time spent on labor movements. On the other hand, the territories of industrial centers should not, as a rule, be divided into separate sections by iron or highways common network.

The size and degree of intensity of use of the territory of industrial zones should be taken depending on the conditions for their placement in the structure of the city and the urban development value of various sections of its territory, providing for multi-storey construction and the use of underground space.

The functional and planning organization of industrial zones should, as a rule, be provided in the form of panels and blocks of main and auxiliary industries, taking into account the industry characteristics of enterprises, sanitary and hygienic and fire safety requirements for their location, freight turnover and modes of transport, as well as the sequence of construction. In the course of design work on the industrial zone, it is necessary to form an interconnected system of servicing employees at enterprises and the population of residential areas adjacent to the industrial zone.

An industrial facility is an enterprise, site, workshop, unit and other production units that are used to carry out industrial activities. An industrial facility is the basis of any industrial infrastructure, therefore, when designing it, it is necessary to take into account all technological features. At all stages of design, attention must be paid to all the elements required to ensure optimal conditions for future technological processes. The developed project documentation must strictly correspond to the purpose of production.

Features of industrial design

Design of industrial facilities may be carried out in one or two stages. One-stage design is carried out for technically simple objects, the construction of which is planned to be carried out according to standard or reusable economical projects. Design in two stages involves the development of a technical project with a consolidated estimate and financial calculation, after its approval, working drawings are developed.

Industrial design is carried out by a team of different specialists. When designing industrial buildings and structures, existing norms and standards are used:

• SNiP (building norms and rules);
• TP (technical rules);
• CH ( sanitary norms);
• GOSTs.

An integral part of the design of industrial facilities is a thorough analysis of the future impact of an industrial facility on the environment.

Design stages

The main stages in the design of industrial buildings are:

1. Goal Planning. At this stage, a feasibility study or feasibility studies are developed, which should establish the economic and technical feasibility and economic necessity of building or reconstructing an enterprise. At this stage, the following is also carried out: selection of a construction site, allotment land plot, drawing up and approval of the design task.
2. Design and survey works s. This is the stage of development of design estimates based on the decisions made in the design assignment.
3. Sketch design. At this stage, the ideal design is carried out, then the configuration of the real solution by bringing the ideal sketch to the real conditions environment based on the peculiarities of logistics, etc.
4. Detailed design involves the addition and detailing of preliminary sketches to be implemented and the preparation of the project for implementation.
5. Executive project development- this is a design taking into account all the necessary measures for the successful implementation of the project.
6. The implementation of the project includes architectural supervision and control over the course of the project and the commissioning of the facility.

"Project Group YUG" - architectural design of industrial facilities

Industrial design is a very time-consuming and responsible process, the successful completion of which depends on the professionalism of the specialists working on the project and perfect coordination with the customer. An unprofessional design of an industrial facility cannot ensure the safe and reliable operation of future production. Our specialists have extensive experience in industrial design, so we can carry out a full range of design work at a high professional level taking into account all technical standards, the intended purpose of the object and the wishes of the customer.

There are many classifications of real estate objects. They can be divided according to their purpose and consumer functions, according to the peculiarities of using the object, according to the legal relations that arise with the object.

Conventionally, all real estate can be divided into two classes - residential real estate and non-residential real estate. The latter include commercial real estate, recreational and institutional real estate. Each of which can be divided into several subspecies.

In this article, we will talk about the classification of commercial real estate.

Commercial real estate includes commercial and industrial properties.

Industrial or in other words industrial real estate are buildings and structures that are designed to carry out various kinds of processes in order to obtain a certain kind of product.

Industrial facilities include:

• industrial buildings and structures,
• Utility rooms for production,
• Energy facilities,
• Warehouses and transport facilities,
• Auxiliary buildings.

Classification according to the functional purpose of objects

By purpose, industrial real estate objects can be divided into the following categories:

• Production facilities, which are premises for the placement of workshops that directly produce finished products. For example, a foundry, woodworking, spinning or weaving workshops.
• Ancillary facilities for production, which are used to implement functions related to the main production, supporting the optimization of the production itself, repairing production equipment, engineering and technical communications. For example, workshops for the repair of equipment, design department, experimental workshop, laboratory and so on.
• Energy facilities that are designed to provide the enterprise with the necessary energy for various purposes (light, power, steam, and so on). For example, thermal power plants, compressor stations, gas generating facilities, transformer boxes, and so on.
• Structures for warehouses and transport facilities, which are engaged in the maintenance and storage of vehicles used in production. For example, garages, charging depots for electrical machinery and equipment, repair shops, warehouses designed to store raw materials and finished products and semi-finished products, components and auxiliary materials, fuels and lubricants.
• Sanitary facilities that ensure the functioning of water and sewer lines. These include pumping stations, cooling towers, water towers, and treatment facilities.
• Auxiliary facilities, which include buildings of a domestic and administrative nature, such as dressing rooms and shower rooms, laundries, medical stations, libraries, canteens, checkpoints.

The listed groups of objects are not obligatory for each industrial complex; they can be combined in various combinations depending on the specifics of production.

There are certain requirements for industrial real estate objects:

• The design and layout of the facility should provide optimal working conditions for workers who participate in the production process,
• All equipment used at the facility must be in good working order, in addition, the safety of the facility must be ensured by the management of the enterprise in accordance with fire safety standards,
• The appearance of the production facility should correspond to the location, the same applies to the interior appearance and furnishings of the premises, in addition, the interior should contribute to improving the working capacity of workers,
• Structural construction decisions regarding the construction and operation of the building must be economically justified.

Hazard classification

In the course of manufacturing industrial products, one way or another, hazardous chemicals are used. Their misuse or untimely disposal lead to man-made disasters and accidents, the consequences of which can seriously affect the life and health of people, as well as the ecological state of the environment.

To reduce the risk of serious industrial accidents, a mandatory assessment of an industrial facility and its activities has been introduced by law; on the basis of this assessment, safety rules for the operation of the facility and behavior during work on it are formulated. This issue is regulated by Federal Law No. 116 of July 21, 1997 "On Industrial Safety of Production Facilities".

The assessment of the degree of danger and the assignment of the corresponding status occurs at the time of registration in the state register of hazardous production facilities. Hazard categories of an object are determined depending on the amount of hazardous substances present at the object at the same time. The classification is described in more detail in Appendix 2 to the above-mentioned Federal Law No. 116.

• I. Enterprises extremely high degree of danger of the facility. The occurrence of accidents at such facilities can lead to an environmental disaster at the federal or interregional level and threaten lives. a large number of people. Such facilities include buildings for the storage and production of chemical weapons, special chemicals, facilities used for the destruction of chemical weapons, coal mines. In addition, this hazard category includes facilities where substances such as ammonia, ammonium nitrate, chlorine, sulfur dioxide, ethylene oxide, phosgene, and so on can be present in the maximum amount at the same time ( full list in Appendix 2 to Federal Law No. 116)
• II. Enterprises of high danger, accidents at which can lead to an emergency situation of a regional scale. Such facilities include enterprises that emit more than 6% of hydrogen sulfide into the air as part of total emissions, facilities involved in the transportation of liquefied gas at a pressure of 1.2 megapascals, enterprises involved in melting on melting equipment simultaneously more than 10 tons of material, mines and open pits of combustible shale.
• III. Production of average degree of danger. Emergencies at such facilities can lead to disasters on a municipal scale. Such enterprises include enterprises that can emit 1-6% hydrogen sulfide into the air, gas pipelines transporting natural or liquefied gas under pressure up to 1.2 megapascals, facilities designed to supply heat to the population, cable cars, elevators, mining enterprises with volumes development of more than 100,000 cubic meters per year.
• IV Production facilities that pose a low risk. In the event of accidents at such enterprises, a local emergency may occur. Such facilities include open pit mining enterprises with a volume of up to 100,000 cubic meters annually, oil producing enterprises with hydrogen sulfide emissions of up to 1%, escalators in the subway, funiculars, and so on.

Classification by construction capital

It is customary to divide production facilities by capital into 4 main classes, the first class includes buildings with the highest requirements for the strength and durability of the building (service life of at least 100 years), and the fourth class has minimal requirements (there is no established norm for the service life).

For each strength class of capital construction, certain operating qualities, a degree of durability and fire resistance for the main load-bearing structures. The operational qualities are determined by the established dimensions of the spans and steps of the columns, as well as the installation and ease of installation of the necessary technological equipment, the quality of finishes, the ergonomics of the environment for workers and the quality of ongoing technological processes.

In order to ensure the durability and fire resistance of the main structures, special materials and structures are used during construction, which are protected from damage during operation. The capital class of the building is set taking into account the following factors: the purpose of the building, the size and capacity of the industrial facility, which includes a specific building, the uniqueness of the manufacturability of the equipment installed in the building, the degree of moral depreciation of the building and urban planning purposes.

As part of one complex of industrial enterprises there may be buildings with different capital classes.

According to the level of fire resistance, structures are divided into 5 main degrees. The degree of fire resistance refers to the flammability group and the resistance limit of building structures to fire.

The fire resistance of structures and building materials distinguish the following types:

• Fireproof, such as brick or concrete,
• Slowly combustible, for example, asphalt concrete or fiberboard, such materials under the action of high temperatures rather difficult to ignite, while they can smolder and char,
• Combustible, for example, wood, roofing material, roofing felt, such materials quickly ignite, burn and smolder.

Fire resistance is measured as the duration of a material's resistance to fire without showing signs of destruction, usually counting in hours.

Classification of buildings on a geometric basis

• Volumetric structures (most buildings, regardless of their functional purpose),
• Site structures (structures such as a sports field or filter field),
• Linear structures (roads or lines various types- power transmission, ground pipelines),
• Regarding the planning mark of the territory, above-ground structures (for example, towers), above-ground structures (roads and pipelines) and underground structures (basements, storages, wells and wells) are distinguished. different categories structures can be combined with each other, for example, pipelines can be both ground and underground and aboveground actually simultaneously at one facility.

Production facilities represent an extensive group of enterprises that are united by the function of manufacturing products or providing services. Usually, such objects include factories and plants that produce material values ​​- items, things, raw materials, etc. But trade enterprises can also be included in this category. At the same time, production facilities can have many differences that relate to the management system, the technological organization of activities, the form of economic support, etc.

The concept of a production facility

The objects of production activity can be considered from different points of view - from economic, from functional, from administrative and technological. Therefore, it is customary to define them as a complex system, which is a complex of structures for various purposes. The primary purpose is to manufacture products at the facilities formed by the technical base. These are working areas in which equipment, conveyor lines and auxiliary equipment are provided. It is also common to define industrial facilities as infrastructure complexes, including their own systems of energy, hydro, gas supply, etc. The specific content of engineering and transport communications at production enterprises depends on the nature of their activities and requirements for ensuring work operations. That is, the functional content of the object in this case fades into the background, and the definition affects the nuances of technological equipment.

On-site production system

If we consider the concept of a production facility from an administrative and economic point of view, then the organizational system of the enterprise will be the main element of the definition. In accordance with the production and organizational system, functional, logistical and economic models activities. Based on the prepared models, schemes for the supply of raw materials, product control at the outlet, a work shift plan, a maintenance schedule, etc. are organized. In a broader sense, production facilities from the point of view of the organizational system can be presented as means of creating products with certain parameters - according to qualitative, functional criteria. The production system itself is characterized by such properties as flexibility, redundancy and sufficiency, structural integrity, etc.

Characteristics of the production facility

Production facilities can be characterized by power indicators, functionality, output volumes, etc. As for power, it is determined by the level and quality of technical support. In particular, one of the criteria may be the power potential of the equipment. In the field of mechanical engineering, industrial facilities, for example, are provided with machine tools for the manufacture of metal parts - the speed of production, accuracy and complexity of processing will depend on the capacity of this equipment.

Functionality can characterize objects in terms of their ability to work with different operations. Here we can mention full and partial cycle enterprises. In the first case, the production process can provide, for example, the manufacture of parts from the stage of primary processing of raw materials to the release of a product ready for use. The characteristics of industrial and social facilities may differ in terms of approach to assessing functionality. Service-oriented social welfare depends to a large extent on the level of infrastructure. If directly the production of products is characterized by the same output, then, for example, in the field of medical care, such properties as the number of beds, the number of doctors of various specializations, the range of diagnostic operations and procedures provided will play a role.

Difference between production and non-production facilities

It is possible to draw boundaries between industrial and non-industrial objects according to several parameters. For example, directly production assets are based on technical means, thanks to which the conditions for the manufacture of certain products are created. Moreover, production facilities in most cases are focused on making a profit.

As for non-production assets, they are intended for servicing. These can be services provided in the same area of ​​health care, utilities, education and culture. And unlike firms that manufacture material products, they most often do not make a profit or operate at a zero-loss level. But there are also aspects of activity that unite civil and industrial facilities in different areas. Similar features include the use of equipment, technical tools and equipment. For example, employees of organizations that are engaged in the maintenance of tasks and structures can use the same inventory as workers in manufacturing enterprises.

Design of production facilities

The development of a design solution is carried out on the basis of the initial data. These data are obtained as a result of the analysis of economic and technical and structural models of the functioning of the enterprise. At the first stage, a list is compiled indicating the technological processes that, in principle, the facility will have to perform. These can be processing operations (mechanical, thermal, laser), compression, deformation, assembly, and others. Next, the requirements for the equipment that will implement these operations are drawn up, after which a map of their location is formed. At the same stage, documents with technical parameters and layout of buildings and structures should be prepared. In accordance with the regulations, a capital construction facility for industrial purposes must meet not only the requirements for the placement of equipment, but also optimal conditions labor. Of great importance in this respect is engineering support object. The project describes the requirements and recommendations for the characteristics ventilation systems, lighting, sewage, dust extraction and other devices that will create conditions for efficient, comfortable and safe work activities.

Construction of production facilities

Construction activities are carried out in several stages. Work begins with the construction of the foundation. Again, the production complex may include several buildings and structures, for each of which a different type of foundation "cushion" is chosen - columnar, tape or monolithic. Then the insulation works are carried out. Already at this stage, the specifics of technological operations should be taken into account. If industrial buildings will be used for thermal treatment operations, work with harsh chemicals, or experience increased physical stress, then special requirements may apply to insulation. At a minimum, it should protect the structure from moisture and cold.

The next step is to build the frame. It can be formed by conventional flooring and masonry formation. Modern possibilities for the construction of industrial facilities make it possible to build modular prefabricated structures in the shortest possible time. But they are more often used for supporting processes and operations - for example, for storing and preparing materials for use on a conveyor. After the construction of the main structure, work is carried out on the installation of the facade and roof structure. At the final stage, the planning of the internal premises and the installation of equipment with engineering systems are carried out.

Classification by service life

There are temporary and permanent production facilities. As for temporary facilities, they include seasonal or mobile complexes that operate at certain intervals. Such structures are characterized by mobility, functionality and low power potential. Temporary facilities also include stationary capital buildings in which the production model is changing. That is, at the facilities of the same enterprise in different periods a new nomenclature is established. Sometimes, to change the production system, the technical equipment is completely updated. Permanent production facilities, the classification of which implies the allocation of enterprises of a full and incomplete cycle, are characterized by the presence of a capital construction base. These are reliable structures focused on a long service life with a certain range. And while temporary facilities tend to be part-cycle, permanent buildings can also be full-cycle thanks to their higher capacity potential.

Classification by field of activity

In each branch of human economic activity, certain industries are represented. The main list of production facilities in accordance with this classification can be represented as follows:

• Metallurgical enterprises.
• Woodworking and furniture factories.
• Pulp and paper production.
• Glass and porcelain factories.
• Objects of textile production.
• Machine and machine tool factories.
• Production of building materials.

Agricultural areas of production can be considered separately. In this area, livestock breeding, crop farming, beekeeping, mushroom growing, etc. are distinguished. In each area, special production facilities are used, the classification of which will involve division according to technical and structural solutions and the nature of operation. Farms, storage facilities, silos, greenhouses, reservoirs, pastures, forests, etc. can be used as elements of the infrastructure for agricultural production.

Hazardous production facilities

These facilities include enterprises whose work provides for high risks of accidents. This group also includes industries whose activities are related to the processing of chemically hazardous substances, oxidizing solutions and mixtures, explosive and flammable materials. That is, these are objects, the consequences of accidents at which can cause great harm to material property and human health. In extreme cases, we can talk about risks ecological disaster. Minimizing such threats allows the systemic appointment of those responsible for a hazardous production facility and certain areas of its operation. Usually, the main responsibility lies with the chief engineer, who, in particular, is responsible for the safety of the operation of the enterprise, the management of communications, the maintenance of raw materials, etc. An electrician is responsible for electrical support, including fire alarms, and technical condition equipment is checked by the chief mechanic. In combination, such coverage of various components of the infrastructure support of the enterprise allows minimizing the risks of serious accidents, as well as increasing the main production indicators.

Conclusion

The manufacturing sector is quite extensive and varied. A huge range of products presented on the market in different segments, in a large proportion, is produced by enterprises with an individual scheme for organizing activities. Of course, there are also typical approaches to the development of projects, although in each case there will be specific factors that correct the technical solution. In part, in this regard, one can note the similarity of industrial and non-industrial facilities, the device and operation of which can be influenced by the same external and internal factors. Among them, there may be climatic conditions, the quality of the technical content of the equipment and apparatus used, sanitary and hygienic factors, etc. But, again, the final product in production differs from the services provided by non-production organizations - it also largely determines the differences in technical and operational aspects of the activities of enterprises of two types.

Used by the subject of industrial activity for its implementation ... "

Source:

LAW of the city of Moscow dated June 16, 1999 N 21

"ABOUT INDUSTRIAL ACTIVITIES IN THE CITY OF MOSCOW"

"... An industrial facility - a workshop, a site, and other production units used to carry out industrial activities ..."

Source:

"REQUIREMENTS FOR ASSESSING THE SAFETY OF THE OPERATION OF INDUSTRIAL BUILDINGS AND CONSTRUCTIONS OF SUBSUPERVISED INDUSTRIAL FACILITIES AND FACILITIES (SURVEYS OF BUILDING STRUCTURES BY SPECIALIZED ORGANIZATIONS). RD 22-01-97"

(approved by CJSC "CNIIPROEKTSTALKONSTRUKTSIYA" 11.12.1997)

Official terminology. Akademik.ru. 2012 .

See what "Industrial facility" is in other dictionaries:

An object classified as hazardous production facilities and registered in the state register of hazardous production facilities. Edwart. Glossary of terms of the Ministry of Emergency Situations, 2010 ... Emergencies Dictionary

Industrial facility subject to safety declaration- a business entity (organization) that includes one or more especially hazardous industries located on a single site. Source …

2.6. industrial facility Russian Federation subject to declaration of safety, a business entity (organization) that includes one or more high-risk production facilities located on a single ... ... Official terminology

military industrial facility- A group object of protection, the functional activity of which is related to the development, manufacture, testing and operation of weapons and military equipment, as well as other defense issues, information about which is required ... ... Technical Translator's Handbook

Hazardous industrial facility- 2.4. Hazardous industrial facility is an object, production, where fire, explosion and (or) hazardous chemicals are used, produced, processed, stored or transported, creating a real threat of an accident. Source … Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

industrial- 3.38 industrial production environment or in an industrial plant, such as a chemical plant or a mine.