Machining of metal parts: turning, milling works - Kronverk plant. Types of mechanical processing of metals

Mechanical restoration- this is the impact on the metal using a cutter, cutter, drill or other cutting tools. Process of processing is carried out by means of special machines by a method of deformation of a surface of products from steel and alloys. At the initial stage of the process, the processed material is a workpiece; as the workpiece is processed, it turns into a finished product that has the required shapes and sizes.

Types of machining

The impact is direct contact with the product using a tool. Works are carried out at metalworking enterprises in special workshops. Processing is carried out in the prescribed manner, in strict accordance with the technological process.

The most common method of influencing metal is cutting. This process has many varieties, which are independent technological operations. Mechanical processing methods also include the impact of plastic deformation and electrophysical processing by welding.

The main types of deformation effects on metal blanks:

• Milling;
• drilling;
• turning;
• Grinding;
• Stretching. Let's consider these methods in more detail.

Milling

A common technological process of impact on metal. The cutting tool (in this case, a milling cutter) rotates, and the workpiece itself performs translational motion. The milling procedure takes place on a milling machine and is accompanied by chip removal.

According to the purpose of the operation, the workpiece is placed horizontally, vertically or at an angle. The cutter itself is a tool with one or more cutting blades. The main purpose of such processing is the production of metal parts with various depressions on the surface.

drilling

One of the types of cutting. During the drilling process, holes of various sizes are made using a rotary drill. The purpose of this operation is to create threaded holes for placing bolts and other fasteners.

Industrial drilling is carried out on special machines. There are also hand tools for drilling. Depending on the hardness and other properties of the material being processed, Various types drills - carbon steel, diamond.

Turning

Surface treatment of metal blanks by means of cutters on lathes. The cutting tool in the process of turning slowly moves in the longitudinal or transverse direction, and the workpiece itself rotates. The purpose of turning is threading, facing, grooving. This is one of the most ancient methods of influencing metal.

grinding

Mechanical or manual processing by removing a thin top layer. The procedure involves grinding wheels coated with abrasive grains. The main stage of the technological process is the rotational movement of the grinding wheel. Grinding allows you to achieve the exact correspondence of the product to the specified dimensions.

Stretching

A type of cutting is carried out with a special multi-toothed tool called "broaches". This is one of the main technological processes in serial and mass production. With the help of broaching, the outer and inner surfaces of metal products are processed, high accuracy of dimensions and shapes is ensured. Broaches are one of the most expensive tools in the metalworking industry.

Metal structures and other metal parts and products are in demand everywhere, in various industries and in construction using modern technologies, so this service, like metal blanks, is in great demand. When choosing a contractor to place an order for a particular type of metalworking, one should give preference to solid and reliable enterprises with an impeccable reputation and a modern production base. A worthy example of such an enterprise is the Kronverk plant, which has been providing services for such types of metalworking for many years as.

• Milling - giving the part or workpiece the required shape by removing the metal layer with a cutter until the specified parameter is reached. Milling work are performed on special machines that provide reciprocating movements of the workpiece or cutter in one plane. Machining of metal parts milling method allows to achieve high productivity and maximum manufacturing accuracy.

• Steel cutting . This processing method is one of the most popular. Machining of metals through cutting, it makes it possible to obtain a part or an element of a metal structure of the shape and size specified by the drawing. The essence of such processing is to remove the extra layer of steel from the workpiece or part with a cutter. Castings or forgings, as well as high-quality steel products, can be used as blanks. performed using modern metal-cutting equipment, providing labor movement workpiece and a cutter that removes excess from its surface.

• Grinding - giving perfect smoothness to the surface of parts and workpieces by processing it with special abrasive nozzles - grinding wheels, which differ in diameter and degree of graininess and hardness of the abrasive coating. Machining parts from steel by grinding allows you to achieve a high degree of surface cleanliness of metal products. Modern grinding equipment provides for flat or round grinding. Cylindrical grinding work performed with external or internal processing of parts. Most often, orders are received for flat grinding of the guides and mating surfaces of the beds, as well as sledge runners, carriage guides and slider edges, for round external and internal grinding of spindles, shafts, etc.

• Welding - a process in which two or more parts are connected into one integral structure. The principle of joining with a welded seam is the melting of the joining edges under the influence of an open or gas burner or an electric arc and joining them in this state. If an additional material is used to connect the surfaces - solder, then this type of welding is called soldering.

• Turning . Machining of metals by turning has been used by mankind for more than one century, but even today it, performed on modern equipment, is still relevant and actively in demand. When turning, the impact of cutters of various configurations and purposes on the workpiece is carried out in the process of rotation of the latter around its axis. The cutters remove excess steel, providing the specified parameters of the part. In terms of frequency of use, turning along with milling is the most widespread and popular machining of parts of steel.

• drilling - an actively demanded steel processing technology, the purpose of which is to obtain through or blind holes in the body of a part or workpiece. Runs on different types drilling machines. A fast rotating high-strength drill acts as a cutting tool.

• Stretching - a rather complicated and expensive method of metalworking. Available only to reputable manufacturing companies that fulfill orders in industrial volumes. The essence of broaching lies in the deformation of the external or inner surface blanks in order to give them the desired shape. This method of metalworking surpasses both planing and even milling in terms of productivity.

• Planing - processing of steel parts or blanks with a single-edged tool that provides reciprocating motion. Performed mechanical processing of metals planing on universal or special machines. This type of processing is ordered when planing of surfaces of large-sized elements of metal-cutting equipment is required. Planers used for processing flat or shaped surfaces or cutting straight grooves in a metal product. Planing is carried out only under the conditions of the working stroke of the machine, the reverse is idle, and its speed is several times higher than the speed of the worker. The removal of metal is carried out with special cutters.

• chiselling . This type of processing is performed using slotting machines. The peculiarity of the technology lies in the fact that excess steel is removed from the part with a cutter located perpendicular to the workpiece and performing jerky translational movements.

In addition to the above types of metalworking, we also perform heat treatment of steel. We guarantee high quality services, because we have everything necessary to provide it - a modern material and technical base with the latest generation equipment and highly qualified specialists who perform the most complex milling, grinding, turning works and all other types of metalworking. We do not risk our reputation and accurately fulfill all the conditions of the contract concluded with the client, including the timing of the order. The plant accepts orders for the processing of medium and large batches of parts and blanks. We are always open for mutually beneficial cooperation both on a one-time and permanent basis.

Machining of metals involves the impact on the workpiece by controlled pressure, which is transmitted by the matrix (plate) of the press (hammer) or the cutting edge of the processing tool.

In this article, we will look at modern technologies mechanical processing, as well as the results of their application. Guided by this information, you will be able to order the metal machining services you are interested in from the “right” performers who have the appropriate machine park.

Metal machining methods

Machining involves only two methods of influencing the workpiece, namely:

• Controlled flat pressure. Operations such as bending, punching, upsetting, and so on are based on this technique. The processing force, in this case, is generated by the top plate of the press or guillotine.
• Cutting (separation of the "extra" volume with a special tool) of a rotating or stationary workpiece. This technique formed the basis of such operations as turning and milling, planing, drilling, and so on. The processing force, in this case, generates a cutting tool pressed into the body of the workpiece.

Moreover, the first technique - pressure treatment - is used in the processes of shaping semi-finished products or in the production of blanks from high-quality rolled metal.

The second technique - cutting - allows you to get from a workpiece or semi-finished product finished products, processed in accordance with certain quality qualifications (with controlled tolerances, allowances and allowances).

Types of mechanical processing of metals by pressure

With the help of controlled pressure, the following technological operations can be implemented:

• Changing the shape of a sheet or beam blank, up to the formation of a new relief or a new cross section.
• Separation from rolled metal, during which a semi-finished product with the required dimensions will be "cut" from a sheet or beam blank.

Technological operations of the first type are implemented on presses, mechanized blacksmith hammers, bending machines, rolling mills (rotary presses). With the help of these units, you can bend, unbend, stretch or compact any metal part. At the same time, the quality of the treated surface leaves much to be desired, and fatigue stresses accumulate in the surface layers of the metal.

Technological operations of the second type are practiced in the process of forming semi-finished products of various shapes, which are obtained by stamping, guillotine cutting, and punching. All the above operations can be done on standard or specialized presses.

Moreover, such technologies are practiced only in mass production, when a huge number of blanks of the same type are formed from sheet and beam products.

Machining

Metal cutting makes it possible to implement the following technological operations:

Turning , involving a change in the shape and size of blanks, formed by bodies rotation (cylinders, cones, spheres). This type of processing is implemented on special turning and screw-cutting lathes(the latter are used to form threaded surfaces), in the spindle of which the workpiece is fixed. Machining tools - cutters - are mounted in a caliper. Moreover, the spindle performs a rotational movement (together with the workpiece) and the caliper performs a reciprocating movement (together with the cutting tool).

drilling , involving the formation of blind or through holes using a rotating bar tool - a drill. The workpiece is attached to the table and remains motionless. The cutting tool spindle not only rotates the drill but also moves it up and down.

Milling - processing of shaped or flat surfaces, the formation of grooves, grooves. Milling machine equipped with a tool spindle and a movable table to which the workpiece is attached. The spindle rotates the cutter (cutting tool), and the table provides longitudinal and transverse feed of the workpiece. As a result, parts of any shape are processed on such units, and not just bodies of revolution.

, involving the use of a special cutting tool - an abrasive wheel, with which you can implement both surface grinding, and deep cutting, and finishing to the desired accuracy class. The scheme of the machine for abrasive processing is similar to the design of the milling unit. That is, the tool spindle ensures the rotation of the abrasive wheel, and the drive of the desktop, on which the part is mounted, is responsible for the feed.

It should be noted that any metalworking mechanically involves the generation of a processing force at the point of contact between the tool and the workpiece, due to the transition of torque into cutting force. Moreover, both the tool (drill, cutter) and the workpiece (in a lathe) can generate torque.

As a result, the quality of processing depends on the synchronization of the torque of the tool or workpiece with the translational movements of the caliper or worktable.

Machining on CNC machines

The level of quality that any technology of mechanical processing of metals provides, first of all, depends on the skill of the operator of a particular machine or unit.

Therefore, in order to improve the quality of the machined surface and the accuracy of the dimensions of the parts obtained, they try to carry out the processing of metals by cutting or pressure without the participation of a person (operator), delegating execution and quality control to a special device - a numerical control unit.

Such machines are not cheap. In addition, each machining process begins with the creation of a "program" that controls the operation of the drive and caliper. But later this program can be “launched” already in automatic mode, obtaining a guaranteed high-quality result (provided that the dimensions of the cutting edges of the machining tools are stable).

Therefore, it makes sense to use CNC machines only in mass production or for the manufacture of highly precise parts.