Muammar Gaddafi biography. Muammar Gaddafi. Was there a chance to survive Gaddafi's autobiography

About the personality, aspirations, achievements and mistakes of Muammar Gaddafi - the great Libyan leader, politician and reformer, who dreamed of freedom and happiness for African continent and its peoples.

THE PATH OF THE REFORMER

“I am a lonely Bedouin who does not even have a birth certificate. I grew up in a world where everything was pure. Everything around me was untouched by the infections of modern life. The young in our society respected the old. And we knew how to distinguish good from evil.”(M. Gaddafi).

A long time ago a man was born in the Libyan desert, in a tent, in a Bedouin family. Whether in 1940, or in 1942, or in 1944 - it is not known for sure. And who was interested in another child in a large Bedouin family? It is known that this happened nearby, or rather thirty kilometers from the city of Sirte.

He was a long-awaited child, heir - after three failures ending in the birth of daughters, the boy's father was happy that his family would finally be continued. And he named his son Muammar, which means long-lived.

His full name- Muammar bin Mohammed Abu Menyar Abdel Salam bin Hamid al-Gaddafi.

How did they live in those days?

You, who grew up in the blessed USSR, did not know what it was like to live under a king, and taking into account the harsh natural conditions, total poverty and savagery. Plus the country was a colony of Italy. And they didn't stand on ceremony with the locals. And what to tell, you can only experience it yourself.

But be that as it may, the boy was lucky, his father wanted to educate his son, and at the age of ten he was sent to a madrasah - a Muslim educational and religious institution in Sirte. Later, Muammar entered a secondary school in the city of Sebha, where he was captured by revolutionary ideas, and the Egyptian revolutionary Gamal Abdel Nasser became Gaddafi's inspiration.

For such outrageous views, the young revolutionary was expelled from school, but he managed to continue his studies in another city of Misurat. The boy dreamed of becoming a military man, he became more secretive and cautious. And soon he realized his dream by enrolling in a military college in Benghazi in 1963, where he studied in the daytime, in the evenings he attended history courses at the university. After training in 1965, having received the rank of lieutenant, he went to Great Britain, which liberated the former Italian colony from oppression. Here he graduated from the courses of communications.

Returning home, he created his first underground organization, which was called the Free Union Officers. Four years later, his irrepressible energy and many previously hidden talents led to the fact that the Benghazi radio announced in the voice of Gaddafi: “ Citizens of Libya! In response to the innermost aspirations and dreams that overwhelmed your hearts, in response to your unceasing demands for change and spiritual rebirth, your long struggle in the name of these ideals, heeding your call for rebellion, the army forces loyal to you took on this task and overthrew the reactionary and a corrupt regime whose stench made us sick and shocked us all…”

27-year-old Muammar Gaddafi in September 1969, just after the coup that overthrew King Idris.

The main result of this day on September 1, 1969 was the announcement of the overthrow of King Idris and the peaceful, bloodless transfer of power to the Revolutionary Command Council, which awarded Muammar the rank of colonel and appointed supreme commander. On January 16, 1970, Colonel Gaddafi became Prime Minister of Libya. He was a romantic and dreamed of uniting many African countries into a single African Union. Or at least Syria, Tunisia, Lebanon, Morocco, Egypt and Libya. Moreover, several times in various combinations these countries could unite, enter into alliances, but then something or, more precisely, someone interfered with the unification. Having become the head of the country, Gaddafi was engaged in the implementation of a long-standing idea that had absorbed him - the complete unity of the Arabs.

First of all, he liquidated foreign military bases in the country.

Colonel Muammar Gaddafi, head of the Libyan Revolutionary Command Council, addresses the crowd at the Benghazi stadium. The speech is devoted to the withdrawal of American troops from the territory of Libya. June 25, 1970 (AP)

Within three years, foreign banks and oil companies were nationalized in Libya, and 51% of domestic ones became owned by the state.

On April 15, 1973, Gaddafi proclaimed the Cultural Revolution. He called on the people to take power into their own hands, repealed all existing laws.

"Ensuring social justice, a high level of production, the elimination of all forms of exploitation and a fair distribution of national wealth""That's our goal," he said!

Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi addresses the crowd during a massive rally in Tripoli's Martyrs' Square in 1977. The picture was taken February 9, 1977. In 1977, Gaddafi invented a system called "Jamahiriya" or "state of the masses", in which power is in the hands of thousands of "people's committees".

A system of legislation based on the principles of Sharia was introduced in the country!

Islam was declared the official state religion.

One of the main goals of the revolution was proclaimed to be the building of socialism based on "religion, morality and patriotism".

But what is especially interesting, Muammar, managed to give his own interpretation of some of the provisions of the Koran, and so true that at the national debate he baffled the oppositionists from religion, who could not boast of such a complete and accurate knowledge of the Koran, and answer Gaddafi's questions on live television. Theologians were compromised in the eyes of the believing population. This gave Gaddafi reason to subsequently deprive some of them of the right to conduct religious services.

However, Gaddafi said, “If we limited ourselves only to supporting Muslims, we would show an example of fanaticism and selfishness: True Islam is the one that advocates for the weak, even if they are not Muslims”.

Regarding women:

“A woman, who, by virtue of her nature, has functions that are different from those of a man, must be placed in other conditions than a man in order to be able to carry out these natural functions.

All societies that exist today see in a woman only a commodity. The East considers her as an object of sale, while the West refuses to recognize her as a woman!

Encouraging a woman to do men's work means encroaching on femininity, released to her by nature for the sake of the need to continue life..

Functioning political system"Jamahiriya" in the field and especially in production was difficult both because of the sabotage of the bourgeois strata, and because of the lack of preparedness of the measures taken, the inability of the new administrative apparatus to manage the economy. All this caused discontent and ferment among part of the population. In order to avoid tribal conflicts, Muammar granted access to the power system to people from the elite of all influential Libyan tribes, including Cyrenaica, to which King Idris belonged.

Colonel Gaddafi managed to create a very successful structure political power.

It consisted in a system of directly elected people's congresses and people's committees. Gaddafi created a system of proportional distribution of income from the nationalized oil industry; invested funds both at home and abroad, which eventually brought noticeable profits.

In 1975, he wrote the main work of his life, namely the Green Book, as he himself called it - the Quran of the 20th century.

Her main ideas:

First. The exercise of power by the masses through popular assemblies, where everyone participates in decision-making and the exercise of power.

Second. The possession by the people of public wealth, which is regarded as the property of all members of society.

Third. Transfer of weapons to the people and training in their use in order to end the monopoly on weapons by the army.

Hence the slogan: "Power, wealth and weapons are in the hands of the people!"

“Man's freedom is incomplete if his needs are controlled by others. The desire to satisfy needs can lead to the enslavement of man by man; exploitation is also generated by needs. Satisfaction of needs is a real problem, and if the person himself does not manage his needs, there is a struggle..

Only under Muammar did the blacks of southern Libya gain human rights.

During the forty years of his reign, the population of Libya tripled. Child mortality has decreased by 9 times. Life expectancy in the country increased from 51.5 to 74.5 years.

Gaddafi decided to withdraw Libya from the dollar banking system, and 12 other Arab countries wanted to follow his example.

In May 1978, a law was passed, according to which the rental of residential premises was prohibited, and former tenants became the owners of rented apartments and houses. Former owners received compensation. The private property of the big and middle bourgeoisie was liquidated.

“The goal of the new socialist system is to create a happy society, happy by virtue of its freedom, which is feasible only if the material and spiritual needs of a person are satisfied, provided that no one interferes with the satisfaction of these needs and controls them”- wrote Gaddafi.

Before the overthrow of the monarchy, in 1968, 73% of the country's population was illiterate. During the first decade of revolutionary changes in Libya, 220 libraries and reading rooms, 25 knowledge dissemination centers, about 20 national cultural centers and 40 sports clubs were opened. By 1977, the literacy rate had risen to a total of 51%. From 1970 to 1980, more than 180 thousand apartments were built in the country, which made it possible to provide modern housing for about 80% of the needy, who had previously lived in basements, huts or tents. As a result of Gaddafi's rule, Libya has become the country with the highest Human Development Index in Africa: free health care and education, rising life expectancy, financial assistance programs for housing, as well as in the event of a wedding. Gasoline has become cheaper than a glass of water.

And the problem with water was solved by investing more than $ 25 billion in public funds for a system for extracting water from a giant underground freshwater lens under the Sahara.

It was discovered back in 1953 about 35 thousand cubic kilometers of artesian water. The corresponding volume can, for example, completely flood the territory of Germany, its area is 357,021 square kilometers, and the depth of such a reservoir will be about 100 meters. Libya is the richest reserves of clean fresh water!

Oil revenues were spent on its transportation to consumption areas through underground pipelines with a total length of about four thousand kilometers with pipes up to 4 meters in diameter. And for the production of pipes, a plant was built, which created new jobs. Gadaffi decided to create a paradise on earth and turn Africa into a blooming garden!

The salary in Libya in 2010 averaged, according to various sources, 1050-6000 dollars a month, more than half of the oil revenues went to social needs.

Unemployment dropped sharply in the country, most citizens had their own apartments, televisions, and video recorders. Universities and hospitals were built to world standards.

Gaddafi ordered to buy expensive cars in South Korea and sell them to the Libyans for a quarter of the price. He announced his decision to re-distribute the country's oil revenues, which are about $10 billion a year. Half of this amount goes to the needs of the state, the other is distributed among the Libyans. (I remind you that the total population of Libya was about 6.5 million people)

As a result, about 600 thousand needy families received from 7 to 10 thousand dollars. According to Gaddafi, this is the implementation in practice of the slogan put forward by him "Wealth is in the hands of the people!", and help equalize the incomes of poor and wealthy citizens. True, Gaddafi warned that the families who received the money could not dispose of them at their discretion: they could spend them only on the most necessary needs, and not on the purchase of expensive imported consumer goods.

Alas, the Libyans ignored their leader's warning. Contentment and comfort, rapidly growing consumption ... Libyans began to relax in public, go out with their families for a picnic, to the sea or to the forest. Before, they couldn't afford it.

Libya entered the Guinness Book of Records as the country with the lowest annual inflation rate (3.1% in 2001-2005). According to INAPRO data for 2008, Libya ranked first among the Arab countries of North Africa in terms of GDP growth.

In August 2008, at a meeting of more than 200 African kings, sultans, emirs, sheikhs and tribal leaders, Muammar Gaddafi was declared "King of African Kings".

But no freedom! And especially democracy! Can you imagine what a terrible cannibal and tyrant this Gaddafi is, he banned the study of English and French! Violent censorship all around! You can not talk with foreigners on political topics! Dissidents and the creation of political parties are prohibited!

What can be blamed? Poor quality of services, occasional spikes in unemployment, shortages of state-subsidized goods and medicines. Often the reason for this was the smuggling of medicines out of the country for resale, an entire criminal industry that was in no way inferior to the mafia was based on this. True, they did not stand on ceremony with the found criminals, they chopped off the hand, and the second time the leg. What else? According to the National Salvation Front of Libya (FNSL), between 1969 and 1994, 343 Libyans who opposed the Gaddafi regime died, of which 312 people died in Libya (84 people died in prisons, 50 people were publicly shot by the verdict of the revolutionary tribunals , 148 people died in plane crashes, car accidents and poisoning, 20 people died in armed clashes with regime supporters, four were shot dead by security agents and six people died because they were denied emergency medical care).

How much how much??? For 25 years?!

At times, Muammar Gaddafi showed great leniency towards dissidents. On March 3, 1988, he ordered the release of 400 political prisoners from Abu Sadim prison. In the presence of a crowd of thousands Gaddafi, driving a bulldozer, broke the prison door and shouted to the prisoners: “You are free”, after which the crowd of prisoners rushed into the breach, she chanted: “Muammar, who was born in the desert, made the prisons empty!” The Libyan leader proclaimed this day the Day of victory, freedom and the triumph of democracy. A few days later, he tore up the "black lists" of persons suspected of dissident activity.

GADDAFI'S ENEMIES ARE LIBYA'S ENEMIES

The impudent Libyan tirelessly undermined the authority of the monarchies of the Persian Gulf. Saudi Arabia, Qatar, Jordan, Bahrain - this is a far from complete list of enemies. Let me remind you, for those who are not in the know, these modest medieval barbarian radical monarchies have colossal monetary and material resources, their tentacles are spread all over the world. And, sometimes, the question arises, who really rules the world? The United States and vassal Europe or are they just servants on errands for the Arab monarchies?

But it was the sheikhs, emirs, kings and sultans who were horrified by the socialist ideas of the Libyan leader.

It is Qatar that is the first Middle Eastern country that openly opposed Muammar Gaddafi on the side of the West. The Qatari authorities have declared their readiness to be intermediaries in the sale of Libyan oil in order to help terrorists receive humanitarian assistance.

There were problems among the neighbors, it would seem, allies. As mentioned above, during his reign, Gaddafi developed numerous projects for the unification of Libya with Egypt, Syria, Sudan and Tunisia. But all of them turned out to be failures, the recent allies were desperately at enmity, reaching the point of open armed confrontation. In 1976, Libya and even a recent unification partner in Egypt even entered into a short-term war: Cairo accused Gaddafi of preparing a military coup in neighboring Egypt, Tunisia and Sudan.

Egyptian President Anwar Sadat (left), Libyan President Colonel Muammar Gaddafi (center) and Syrian General Hafez al-Assad during a reception in Damascus in 1971. Photo taken August 18, 1971 (AP)

From January to August 2011, foreign military experts managed to form relatively combat-ready units from militarily insolvent Libyan rebels that resisted the regular army. In addition, the Libyan leader had enemies overseas.

In 1973, Libya decided to suspend the export of oil and all types of petroleum products to the United States in protest against support for aggression against neighboring Arab countries. By this Gaddafi forced White House launch a whole anti-Libyan campaign. The United States demanded military intervention in order to subdue the government, which "threatens the world economy."

By 1980, the US government was already accusing Libya of supporting global terrorism. The situation worsened after the US authorities came to the conclusion that the leadership of the republic was not only politically and economically, but also ideologically moving closer to the USSR and Eastern Europe.

How to resolve issues with those who are objectionable?

In 1986, the head of Libya was once again personally attacked, which was carried out on the orders of the administration of US President Ronald Reagan.

Five targets were planned for the strike by American aircraft, of which three were in the Tripoli area (Bab al-Azizia barracks, the Sidi Bilala training base for combat swimmers and the military sector of the Tripoli airport) and 2 in the Benghazi area (Al-Jamahariya-Barras barracks and the airfield "Benin"). On the night of April 15, US aircraft attacked the intended targets. Dozens of people were killed during the bombing.

A dedicated 15 F-11 bombers bombed his residence. They killed more than 50 people, including a 15-month-old girl - Gaddafi's adopted daughter.

“I deeply regret that Reagan died without being brought to justice for his horrific crime he committed in 1986 against Libyan children.” - M. Gaddafi on the death of Ronald Reagan.

After that, the United States once again accused the Libyan leader of supporting "international terrorism" and subversive "pro-Sovietism." However, neither the CIA nor the State Department were able to prove their accusations against Gaddafi.

In the early 1980s, the United States accused the Libyan regime of interfering in the internal affairs of at least 45 countries.

(He did support numerous national liberation and revolutionary organizations around the world. On June 11, 1972, Gaddafi called on Muslims to fight the US and Britain, and also announced his support for black revolutionaries in the US, revolutionaries in Ireland and Arabs who want to join the fight for the liberation of Palestine.

And during the August coup in Moscow, Muammar Gaddafi expressed support for the actions of the State Emergency Committee).

Palestine Liberation Organization Chairman Yasser Arafat (right) with Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi (center) and PLO leader George Habash greet delegates at the Arab Summit on December 4, 1977. ()

On December 21, 1988, in the sky over the Scottish town of Lockerbie, a passenger Boeing 747 of the American airline Pan Am, flying No. 103 from London to New York, was blown up, killing 270 people (all passengers of the aircraft and crew members, as well as those disaster people). At first, the terrorists from the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, as well as the Iranian authorities, were suspected of organizing the attack, but soon the Attorney General of Scotland, Lord Fraser, formally charged two members of the Libyan state intelligence services, Abdelbaset al-Mohammed al-Megrahi and al-Amin, with organizing the explosion. Khalifa Fhimahu...

And here is another version:

“In December 1988, furious military intelligence agents made a formal protest, exposing the complicity of the CIA in the heroin trade in the Middle East. When teams from both departments were called back to Washington to participate in the internal proceedings, they boarded Pan Am Flight 103. A Hezbollah militant wing led by Ahmed Jibril, his nephew Abu Elias, Abu Talba and Abu Nidal eliminated both teams to protect their lucrative cartel.

Secret military intelligence documents show that Jibril and Talb were considering blowing up an American plane over the Christmas period of 1988 anyway. They planned to blow up an American plane as revenge for the USS Vincennes shooting down an Iranian commercial plane. filled with pilgrims returning from Mecca in July 1988. However, the threat of military intelligence to reveal their heroin network set their bomb plan in motion. Islamic Jihad's ability to uncover realizable intelligence regarding flight schedules would definitely confirm that someone in the CIA was running a double agent, helping Islamic Jihad stay one step ahead of the hostage rescue operation.

This is the dirty truth about Lockerbie. And it doesn't look like the one you were told at all."(from Susan Lindauer's book "Ultimate Partiality: The Chilling History of the U.S. Anti-Terrorism Act and Cover-up of the Truth About the 9/11 Attacks and Iraq").

Remember the story of the death of a DC-10 passenger plane flying from Brazzaville (Niger) to Paris? In any case, the French claim that the trail leads to Libya. Maybe...or maybe not...

Let's give the floor to Gaddafi: “I supported the struggle for national liberation, not terrorist movements. I supported Nelson Mandela and Sam Nujoma, who became president of Namibia. I also supported the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO). Today, these people are received with honor in the White House. And I'm still considered a terrorist. I was not wrong when I supported Mandela and the liberation movements. If colonialism returns to these countries, I will again support the movements for their liberation..

Fidel Castro and Muammar Gaddafi in Tripoli, 1977

Then, according to the classical scheme, they were accused of accumulating chemical weapons.

They regularly violated Libyan airspace, conducted military maneuvers near its shores 18 times, shot down a couple of Libyan fighter patrols in Libyan airspace.

The UN Security Council, urgently convened by Libya, after several days of the meeting, could not adopt a resolution condemning the terrorist actions of the White House. This decision was vetoed by three countries - the United States, England and France.

LIBYA'S NEW DEAL. APPROACH WITH THE WEST

On August 13, 2003, Libya admitted that its officials were responsible for the bombing of a plane in the skies over Lockerbie. Immediately after that, the question arose of lifting all sanctions from Libya and excluding it from the black list of "states sponsoring international terrorism." However, France threatened to use its veto power in the UN Security Council on a resolution to lift sanctions if Libya does not increase the amount of compensation to the relatives of the terrorist attack on Niger.

On September 1, Colonel Gaddafi announced his decision to pay the victims of the tragedy, emphasizing that he does not consider his country responsible for the attack: “Our dignity is important to us. We don't care about money. The Lockerbie case is already over, and the UTA case is now closed. We are opening a new page in our relations with the West".

The blackmail succeeded in the West, but Gaddafi made a mistake...

Over the 42 years of Muammar's reign, more than a dozen assassination attempts were made on him, as you can see, he was not as hated as Fidel Castro, but still, nevertheless ...

In June 1975, during a military parade, an unsuccessful attempt was made to fire at the podium, which was Muammar Gaddafi.

In 1981, conspirators from the Libyan Air Force made an unsuccessful attempt to shoot down a plane on which Gaddafi was returning to Tripoli from the USSR.

In December 1981, Colonel Khalifa Kadir fired at Muammar Gaddafi, slightly wounding him in the shoulder.

In November 1985, a relative of Gaddafi, Colonel Hassan Ishkal, who intended to kill the Libyan leader in Sirte, was executed. In 1989, during a visit by Syrian President Hafez al-Assad to Libya, Gaddafi was attacked by a fanatic armed with a sword. The attacker was shot dead by the guards.

In 1996, during the passage of Gaddafi's motorcade along the street of the city of Sirte, a car was blown up. The Libyan leader was not injured, but six people were killed in the assassination attempt. British MI5 agent David Shayler would later say that the British secret service MI6 was behind the assassination attempt.

In 1998, near the Libyan-Egyptian border, unknown people fired on the Libyan leader, but Aisha's main bodyguard covered Muammar Gaddafi with herself and died; seven more guards were injured. Gaddafi himself was slightly wounded in the elbow. (40 female bodyguards guarded Gaddafi).

In the 2000s, unrest among the formed Libyan elite, the loss of all allies and Gaddafi's unwillingness to go into open confrontation with the Western world led to some liberalization of the country's economic and then political life. Foreign companies were allowed into Libya, contracts were signed on the construction of a gas pipeline to Italy (relations between the former colony and the mother country had previously been extremely strained).

In general, Libya, albeit with a long delay, followed the path of Egyptian leader Hosni Mubarak. Changes in the economic and political course, accompanied by competent propaganda, allowed Gaddafi to stay in power and avoid the fate of Anwar Sadat or Saddam Hussein. In June 2003, at a nationwide congress, Muammar Gaddafi announced the country's new course towards "people's capitalism"; at the same time, the privatization of the oil and related industries was announced. On December 19, Libya announced the renunciation of all types of weapons of mass destruction and began to reduce military spending ... After all, the West gave sworn assurances: disarm and we will accept you into our friendly family and will be your guarantor of security.

By 2009, the vast majority of Libya's contracts were concluded not with Russian or Chinese, but with Western companies. If we take the six largest markets for Libyan hydrocarbons, almost 80% of exports were to Western Europe and the United States. Moreover, the money earned in the West from oil, like an unchangeable ruble, was returned there - by shares bought by order of the colonel in large Western companies. Such, for example, as the Italian bank UniCredit, the Austrian construction corporation Weinberger, the British media holding Pearson and the Italian energy giant Eni…

QADDAFI: WHAT HE WAS?

« I forbade hanging my portraits on the streets. But people still keep posting them. And I want to push the people to exercise their own power » (M.Gaddafi).

How did Gaddafi live? Probably in luxury luxuriated from day to day, wasting time on sexual pleasures and gluttony?

The working day of the Libyan leader lasted 16-18 hours. After a couple of hours of sleep and a few physical exercises - he was again alert and fresh. Moreover, during the day, Gaddafi was engaged not only in the “Jamahirization” of Libya, but also in self-education. Evil tongues claimed that his reference book was Uncle Tom's Cabin. And he, meanwhile, knew world history well, liked to quote world classics of literature, including Russian ones - L. Tolstoy and F. Dostoevsky. At his direction, at the end of the 70s they were transferred to Arabic language works of famous Russian anarchist theorists M. Bakunin and P. Kropotkin. Moreover, with a pencil in hand, he worked through the collected works of V.I. Lenin and used many ideas when writing the Green Book.

In addition to the "Green Book", Gaddafi wrote a work called "Long Live the State of the Oppressed!", Published in 1997, and a collection of parables.

In everyday life, Gaddafi was unpretentious, led the life of an ascetic. At one time I was even fond of vegetarianism. He did not drink coffee, tea or alcoholic beverages, did not smoke, and ate very little, mostly simple food.

He did not hoard, his family did not own real estate. Even his father (at the insistence of his son) lived in a Bedouin tent for the rest of his life. However, Gaddafi himself often lived for months in a Bedouin tent.

By the way, he believed that a man should have only one wife! During Gaddafi's rule, a Libyan woman who gave birth to a child received an allowance of between $5,000 and $8,000 for herself and the baby.

Gaddafi and his wife Safiya Farkash on December 2, 1997. Safiya- Gaddafi's wife and mother of his seven children. The couple also adopted a boy, Milad, and a girl, Hannah, who died in 1986 at the age of four when the United States bombed the Libyan capital of Tripoli. (Dimitri Messinis / AP)

Still, Gaddafi, like any person, had his weaknesses. He liked to dress beautifully and often changed outfits. Basically these were national clothes. But his biggest passion is uniforms. He appeared in public either in the tunic of a naval officer, or in the uniform of an Air Force colonel, or in the form of ground forces. At the same time, the outfit was always complemented by dark, completely hiding the eyes, glasses.

Gaddafi was very pious, regularly performed all Muslim rituals, followed all the commandments of the Koran, which he had memorized as a child.

Gaddafi at a worship service after a speech in the city of Benghazi on February 25, 2010. (Abdel Meguid Al-Fergany / AP)

He made a pilgrimage to Saudi Arabia and kissed the sacred Black Stone in Mecca. True, he was very peculiar in the interpretation of Islam, but knowing the Koran by heart, he could authoritatively argue with any connoisseur of religion.

Is all this known to ordinary Libyans? Of course! Of Gaddafi's hobbies, his passion for horses and hunting, interest in various types of weapons and means of special communications are known.

In this October 10, 1976 photograph, President Muammar Gaddafi greets the crowd as he rides his horse during a ceremony in Ajdabiya, Libya. The celebration in 1976 marks the 6th anniversary of the expulsion of the Italians from Libya. (AP)

His one and a half hour speech in 2009 at the UN is widely known ...

At the end of his speech, Gaddafi said: “You are already tired. You are all asleep” and left the podium with the words: “You gave birth to Hitler, not us. You persecuted the Jews. And you staged a holocaust!

Muammar always spoke very frankly and sincerely. His speech at a meeting of the League of Arab States, held in 2008 in Damascus, is indicative. “Saddam Hussein is executed... and we are just watching! Tomorrow it will be the turn of each of us."- alas, these prophetic words were met with laughter from the audience.

LIBYA IS BURNING…

“You are bombing the wall that stopped the flow of African migration to Europe, the wall that stopped al-Qaeda terrorists. That wall was Libya. You are destroying it. You are idiots. For thousands of migrants from Africa, for supporting Al-Qaeda, you will burn in hell. And so it will be” (M. Gaddafi)

In the winter of 2010-2011, a wave of demonstrations and protests began in the countries of the Arab world, caused by various reasons, diligently fueled, pushed and directed through social networks against the ruling authorities.

On the evening of February 15, relatives of prisoners allegedly killed under unclear circumstances in the Abu Slim prison in Tripoli in 1996 gathered in Benghazi and demanded the release of lawyer and human rights activist Fethi Tarbel. Despite Tarbel's release, the "demonstrators" clashed with the security forces.

In the following days, anti-government protests were actively suppressed by forces loyal to the Libyan leader, there are allegations that with the support of foreign mercenaries. Although fighters from Chad have always been in special. parts of Gaddafi. They tried to restore order and stop the atrocities of the rebels. On February 18, demonstrators and militants took full control of the city of Al Bayda, with the local police defecting to the side of the protesters. By February 20, Benghazi passed under the control of opponents of the Libyan leadership, after which the unrest spread to the capital.

For several days of unrest, the eastern part of the country was under the control of the protesters (and foreign intelligence officers), while in the western part Gaddafi retained power. The main demand of the opposition was the resignation of Colonel Gaddafi.

On February 26, the UN Security Council imposed sanctions prohibiting the supply of weapons and any military materials to Libya, as well as a ban on Gaddafi's international travel and freezing of his overseas assets.

The next day in Benghazi, at a joint emergency meeting of members of local people's councils, the terrorists formed the Transitional National Council as the authority of the "revolution", which was headed by the country's former Minister of Justice, Mustafa Muhammad Abd al-Jalil.

On the same day, in the west of Libya, the city of Az-Zawiya, an important center of the oil refining industry, passed under the control of opponents of Gaddafi. Meanwhile, in the east of Libya, armed terrorist groups sponsored by neighboring monarchies and the West launched an offensive against Tripoli, capturing Libyan cities along the way. On March 2, one of the centers of the oil industry in the country of Marsa Brega came under their control, and two days later the port of Ras Lanuf.

On March 5, the terrorists entered Bin Javad, the last city on the way to Sirte, but the very next day they were forced to retreat from the city. By mid-March, government troops recovered from the shock and went on the offensive against the positions of the rebels and interventionists, within a few days they returned the cities of Ras Lanuf and Marsa el Braga under their control. On March 10, in the west of Libya, Ez-Zawiya was recaptured by government forces.

On the night of March 17-18, the UN Security Council adopted Resolution 1973, which provides for a ban on flights by Libyan aviation, as well as the adoption of any measures to protect the Libyan population, with the exception of a ground operation. On the evening of March 19, the armed forces of France and the United States launched Operation Dawn of the Odyssey to hit military targets in Libya on the basis of a UN Security Council resolution "in order to protect civilians." A number of European and Arab countries officially joined the operation. They set about bombing Libya into the Stone Age. On May 1, 2011, Gaddafi's three young grandsons and his son were killed in a NATO airstrike. The time has come for the US to create a wave of chaos in the Arab world and "fish in troubled waters". The Arab monarchies decided it was time to put an end to their troublesome neighbor. And the French president did not need a living creditor.

(“Sarkozy is mentally retarded. It was only thanks to me that he became president. We provided him with the funds that helped him win.”- from an interview with M. Gaddafi on France 24 on March 16, 2011).

With the support of the aviation of the countries of the international coalition, the terrorists managed to seize control of Ajdabiya, Marsa el Brega and Ras Lanuf within a few days, advancing towards Sirte. However, government troops not only stopped the advance of the terrorists near Sirte, but also launched a massive offensive, pushing the rebels 160 kilometers to the east of the country by March 30.

On June 24, Amnesty International conducted a series of investigations into the activities of supporters of Muammar Gadaffi. According to them, they found evidence that the "rebels" falsified many data on the crimes of forces loyal to Gaddafi. However, on June 27, the International Criminal Court in The Hague (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for Gaddafi for organizing the killings, detentions and imprisonments committed in the first 12 days of the Libyan uprising. What can be said about this "court", he carries out the orders of his masters.

The French military dropped weapons by parachute for the Amazigh tribe, which supported the "rebels", southwest of Tripoli, in the area of ​​\u200b\u200bEz-Zintan and Er-Ragub. But Gaddafi's counterintelligence found out the time of the next launch of weapons and the means of communication between French pilots and the Amazighs. Aircraft controllers were caught, who were supposed to take French planes to the drop site. After that, counterintelligence entered into a radio game with the French command and ensured that in July 2011 the French dropped weapons, among other things, anti-personnel mines, directly into the location of a government military unit, where it was filmed by Libyan television operators.

But no matter what, when it became impossible to lie, even after that, the official representative of the French Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Bernard Valero, with a smart look, calmly stated that "given the mortal threat to which the civilian population of the mountainous regions was exposed," to save him were "means of self-defense" are needed, which the French supplied "in accordance with the resolutions of the UN Security Council." At the same time, any supply of weapons is expressly prohibited by UN Security Council Resolution No. 1970.

On August 23, Muhammad Gaddafi, in a telephone conversation with Kirsan Ilyumzhinov, said that the forces loyal to them in Tripoli were opposed not by rebels, but by NATO units and mercenaries. Since August 23, British newspapers have been writing about the participation in the civil war of the British in Libya, namely the Special Air Service (SAS). The Guardian (coordinating rebel attacks), Daily Telegraph (hunting for Gaddafi).

October 26 Chief of the General Staff armed forces Qatar Hamad bin Ali al-Atiyah in Doha, where a meeting of the chiefs of staff of the armed forces of the states that participated in hostilities in Libya, officially recognized the participation of hundreds of Qatari military personnel in hostilities on the side of the paramilitaries of the Transitional National Council (PNC) of Libya, which is contrary to the UN mandate issued to the coalition in March 2011.

After several months of fighting, on August 20, detachments of "rebels" attacked the capital. Fierce fighting between the opposing sides unfolded around the Bab al-Aziziya government complex, which was regularly subjected to NATO airstrikes. By August 23, they managed to break through the gate in the outer perimeter of the complex and take control of it, but Gaddafi himself was not there.

PIR HYEN

“I will never leave the land of Libya, I will fight to the last drop of blood and die here with my forefathers as a martyr. Gaddafi is not an easy president to leave, he is the leader of the revolution and a Bedouin warrior who brought glory to the Libyans. We Libyans have fought against the US and UK in the past and will not surrender now.”(M. Gaddafi).

Vladimir Putin, then Prime Minister of the Russian Federation, publicly condemned UN Resolution No. 1973 on Syria (during the vote for which Russia abstained from veto in the UN Security Council). He stated: "This resolution of the Security Council is, of course, defective and flawed ... It allows everyone to take everything, any action against a sovereign state ... In general, this reminds me of a medieval call for a crusade." Putin called the US policy of intervening in other people's conflicts a stable trend in which there is "neither conscience nor logic."

After this statement by Putin, Muammar Gaddafi personally addressed Putin personally with a request to somehow prevent the barbaric NATO bombing, the destruction of homes, hospitals, and the killing of civilians from the air:

“Those who called themselves my friends - the leaders of China, Russia, Nigeria, South Africa, Portugal - I ask you: what was the UN Resolution 1973 about? Is it allowed to establish a no-fly zone there, or is it given the "go-ahead" to destroy the Libyans? Libya is being tormented non-stop. Our access to oil has been cut off, ports are blown up, houses are bombed, food supplies to the population are closed, halls where negotiations with representatives of other countries are being held are bombed. And it's all called the "no-fly zone". I used to think that the "no-fly zone" is when the planes of both sides do not fly, but it turns out that this is when only Libyan planes do not fly, but yours fly, bomb what they want and where they want.

… I am not one of those who like to ask, they usually ask me, and I do not refuse. But now I'm asking the whole world: please, we need to sit down and talk, publicly and frankly, so that the world can hear our voice as well.

I ask, I ask you personally, Vladimir Putin, to become a mediator. You can, I believe in it. We are happy that you said that the bombing must be stopped, but everyone knows: “ Al Qaeda “ despises international laws. I urge you: look who is firing when I declare a truce. Peace is impossible when only one side ceases fire. Libyans have never fought among themselves. What is happening now is a war against Libya, not a civil war. I ask the world community: come, come, do everything to stop the bombing of civilian targets.

Nobody wants a war here. The Libyans are my children, the Libyans are not at war with me, and I am not at war with them. Look: we are helping people who have lost everything they earned by hard work. I ask the leaders of the African Union to visit Ajdabiya and see who is fighting against us there. Why do aliens from Afghanistan, Tunisia, Egypt and other countries impersonate the people of Ajdabiya? Save this city from those who captured it!”

But Russian President Dmitry Medvedev, with the outbreak of the conflict in Libya, took a tough stance against Gaddafi. Moreover, words about Western crusade he called unacceptable: "Everything that happens in Libya is due to the ugly behavior that was carried out by the leadership of Libya." “Gaddafi has lost his legitimacy... Because for most Western countries, the current leader of the Libyan revolution, who believes that he does not have a single public post, is already a “handshake” person with whom no one will have contacts,” concluded Dmitry Anatolyevich.

Medvedev not only publicly condemned the Gaddafi regime for using force against the rebels, but also, agreeing to UN sanctions against Libya, banned the Libyan ruler from entering Russia and flying over its territory.

Following the lead of the West, he even broke or froze the contracts concluded with Libya, and this caused damage to the Russian industry for more than 300 billion dollars, in addition, he put several Russian military factories on the verge of bankruptcy.

And the damage to Russia's reputation and the loss of confidence in it in the world cannot be calculated in terms of money.

Defenders of Sirte:

On the morning of October 20, 2011, the National Transitional Council detachments launched another assault on Sirte, as a result of which they managed to take the city.

When trying to escape from the besieged city, Muammar Gaddafi was captured by terrorist mercenaries. NATO issued a report that, at about 08:30, its aircraft attacked eleven military vehicles of Gaddafi's army, which were part of a large convoy of about 75 vehicles, which was moving rapidly along the road in the suburbs of Sirte. First, the convoy that was trying to take the colonel out of Sirte was spotted by French aircraft (there is evidence that they were helicopters) and struck at the cars. Killed at least 50 people who accompanied Gaddafi. He himself survived, and the guards hid him in the water supply.

Later video recordings of the last minutes of Gaddafi's life refuted the original official version of the National Transitional Council of Libya. It became clear that he was brutally murdered as a result of lynching by the rebels who captured him.

In the last moments of his life, Muammar Gaddafi called on the rebels to change their minds: “Haram alaikum… Haram alaikum… Shame on you! Do you know no sin?!"

The son of General Abu Bakr Jaber Younis, an ally of Muammar Gaddafi since the September 1 revolution, said that at first Gaddafi was simply beaten and humiliated, but then many began to shout "Don't kill him quickly, let's torture him!" Then one of the rebels took out a bayonet and began to poke Gaddafi from behind, while the rest held the Libyan leader by the hands shot through the shoulders. Having pierced Gaddafi's anus, the sadist gave way to teenagers, who also began to cruelly mock Gaddafi. Other rebels beat the prisoner in the face, poured sand into the wounds and did absolutely monstrous things, which we will keep silent about. The torture lasted from 9 am to 12 noon, and the line of executioners exceeded a hundred people.

When Gaddafi died, he was dragged by his feet through the streets of Sirte, his hometown, where he fought until his last days. Several people claim that Muammar was shot dead by one of his men, who thus saved him from further torment. “One of the guards shot him in the chest,” said, for example, Omran Juma Shauan, who was involved in the capture. After that, all the guards of Gaddafi were shot. Thus, no one can confirm this version with documents. At the same time, the rebels massacred men and women who were found in Sirte. The bodies of the dead were dumped into hastily dug graves on the outskirts of the city. According to eyewitnesses, the townspeople were also tortured and raped before they died. The details of the massacre of Gaddafi disgusted even those Libyans who welcomed his death.

Meanwhile, relatives of Muammar Gaddafi decided to file a lawsuit with the International Criminal Court in The Hague, considering the killing of the colonel a war crime.

They know the circumstances of the death. French NATO helicopters opened fire on the motorcade in which he was traveling. This cortege did not pose any threat to the civilian population. It was a NATO-planned liquidation operation, said Marcel Secaldi, a lawyer for the Gaddafi family.

US President Barack Obama, meanwhile, spoke about the situation in Libya. In an interview with NBC, he actually approved of extrajudicial killings in Libya, committed with the support of NATO.

You never want to see a death like his (Gaddafi's) but I think this (video) sends an obvious message to dictators around the world that people want to live in freedom - Obama said...

The bodies of Muammar Gaddafi, his son, and Abu Bakr Younis Jaber (a longtime associate of Muammar, Libya's defense minister) were on display in an industrial vegetable refrigerator in mall in Misurata. At dawn on October 25, all three were secretly buried in the Libyan desert.

Gaddafi was lynched by militants paid for by Qatar and Saudi Arabia. American ships and French aircraft in Libya are mercenaries in the wings of the Arabs. What is the independent policy of the US and the European Union? In relations with the Arab worlds, it has been replaced today by actions that are paid for and organized from the Arab capitals. The main customers and payers are Doha and Riyadh. And the entire "Arab spring", including Obama's support for it, the games around Gaddafi in Libya, the Syrian civil war, is from there.

Look around, for quite a long time we have been paying attention to countries that we consider equal to ourselves - America, France, England, Germany, and everything in the world has changed a long time ago. Most recently, this madam smiled sweetly at Gaddafi's son.

Whose interests does Mrs. Killary (Hillary Clinton) represent?

Think about it. Muammar Gaddafi was killed by American and NATO terrorists and mercenaries by radical Islamists on October 20, 2011. Frames of the torn body of Colonel Gaddafi circled the planet, and all the media in the world reported on the torture and atrocities against the living and even dead Libyan leader.

The fate of the children

Saif al-Arab is killed along with his grandchildren in an American air raid.

Khamis died during the war during the assault on Tarhun. Muttazim martyred along with Gaddafi. Saif al-Islam, "the right hand of the father" in prison with a large gangster group, was sentenced to death. Saadi, a football player who has never been involved in politics, is in prison by one of the Libyan governments, regularly subjected to torture, videos of torture are posted on the Internet. Hannibal is a brawler who disappeared after being kidnapped in Lebanon. Muhammad is hiding in Oman. Perhaps Aisha lives in Oman or Eritrea - the charismatic daughter of Gaddafi, calling for a fight against the country's invaders and traitors.

LIBYA WITHOUT QADDAFI

A few different facts about the country after the martyrdom of Gaddafi.

The civil war that broke out in Libya, which resulted in tribal strife, has not actually stopped for the sixth year now. All attempts to create government bodies are unsuccessful, the economy collapsed. The crisis has been replaced by chaos that poses a danger to the entire region, and this was the result of an attempt by Western powers to forcibly change the political structure of the North African country. Gaddafi was outlawed - the International Criminal Court issued a warrant for the arrest of the "dictator" on charges of murder, illegal arrests and detentions.

The death of Gaddafi was not an execution by a court verdict - it was a murder, a criminal offense that is unlikely to ever be investigated and disclosed, believes Oleg Peresypkin, head of the Center for Eurasian Studies at the Institute of Actual International Problems of the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Foreign Ministry, a diplomat who in the second half of 80 -x served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the USSR to Libya.

Actually, the Jamahiriya that Gaddafi created is a compromise between the tribes and the centralized state. Everything was based on this compromise. And - more than successfully, from the head of the country, which was in the "backwoods of geography", having managed to reach the international level and, most importantly, lead the people. At the same time - to build tough relations with the West and offer the African states an idea, by implementing which they could break out of the shackles of poverty and change the fate of the post-colonial appendages of the West prepared for them in Washington and major European capitals. One day it all ended. The colonel was too bright and independent figure to survive in a country that the West or (those who paid for everything that happened) decided to subdue. Water, oil, gas, independence, prosperity, the United States of Africa, the Golden Dinar - this is just a small list of reasons for which it was necessary to kill Gaddafi and destroy Libya.

The rules of the game have changed, and armed mercenary jackals and air strikes by the international coalition were used as trump cards against Muammar Gaddafi.

He became an era for his country and part of the world era that was buried under the rubble of the Twin Towers in New York in 2001.

“According to various sources, about $ 180 billion Gaddafi was invested in securities in Western Europe and USA. Naturally, now all this money has been confiscated - as well as numerous properties.

It is still not known exactly how many people died - according to "official" Libyan statistics, during the eight months of the war in 2011, the number of victims was at least 5,500 people. The next three years claimed another 4,000 lives. And in two recent years, after the country split again into opposing camps, another 3,400.

“According to the information voiced by the Plenipotentiary Ambassador of the Islamic Republic of Iran to Russia, Mahmoud Reza Sajjadi, 40,000 people died under NATO bombing alone.”

According to the British newspaper The Daily Telegraph, as of June 26, 2011, 20,000 people were killed or killed on both sides, including civilians. The Transitional Government's estimate for October 20, 2011: over 50,000 people have been killed…State institutions have collapsed. The economy was destroyed, oil production fell four times, the water supply system - the "Eighth Wonder of the World" - was purposefully destroyed from the air. The country is teeming with detachments of radical Islamists ISIS and now American aircraft are again bombing Libyan territory. All the efforts of the UN to restore the unity of Libya only worsen the situation. The country has two military-political blocs and three governments. In fact, Libya no longer exists as a single country, no one obeys anyone, everyone is at war with everyone. But earlier Gaddafi united and ruled 143 tribes!

The increase in the intensity of air strikes by the US Air Force on Libya against militants occurred immediately after the announcement of one of the Libyan governments about the upcoming opening of oil terminals of the Oil Crescent of Libya, which stopped working in December 2014. And this can hardly be called a coincidence.

Now there are rumors that there will be a Russian military base in Libya.

And in December 2016, a rather large group of American military personnel left Libya. After that, Sirte, where the militants had been sitting for a long time and which the Libyans unsuccessfully stormed with the support of the Americans, was liberated.

With whom did the “Libyan” army fight in Sirte? Yes, even with the support of 4,000 American special forces.

Wherever American troops go, chaos and death immediately settle there. As soon as they leave, life is getting better, the enemy is defeated. The main enemy of the free world, about which the descendants of European colonizers-criminals shout, is the United States itself? And will something change now, after the arrival of Trump?

I TRIED TO PROTECT PEOPLE FROM COLONIAL POWER. THE WILL OF MUAMMAR GADDAFI

In the name of Allah, Merciful Allah

For 40 years or more, I don't remember, I did everything I could to give people houses, hospitals, schools; when they were hungry, I fed them, even turned Benghazi from a desert into a fertile land. I resisted the attacks of this cowboy Reagan - trying to kill me, he killed my innocent adopted daughter, a child who had neither father nor mother.

I helped my brothers and sisters from Africa with funds for the African Union, did everything in my power to help people understand the idea of ​​real democracy, where, as in our country, people's committees rule. But that was not enough, I was told, because even those people who had 10-room houses, new clothes and furniture, were not happy. In their selfishness, they wanted to get even more and, communicating with the Americans and our other guests, they said that they needed “democracy” and “freedom”, absolutely not understanding that this was the law of the jungle, where everything goes to the biggest and strongest. And yet they were fascinated by those words. They did not understand that in America there is no free medicine, no free hospitals, no free housing, no free education and food, except when people have to beg or stand in a long line for a bowl of soup.

No, no matter what I did, it wasn't enough for some people. Others knew that I was the son of Gamal Abdel Nasser, who was the only true Arab and Muslim leader, when he ruled that the Suez Canal belongs to the people, he was like Salah al-Din. I tried to follow his path when I ruled that Libya belongs to my people. I tried to protect people from colonial dominance - from those thieves that robbed us.

And here I stand under the blows of the most powerful army in all military history, and my youngest African son Obama is trying to kill me, take away our free housing, medicine, education, food and replace it all with theft in the American style called "capitalism". All of us in third world countries know what that means. It means that corporations run countries, that people suffer, and therefore I have no other way.

I must hold my ground, and if Allah wills, I will give my life for this path - a path that has enriched our country with fertile land, brought health and food to the people, and even allowed us to help our African and Arab brothers and sisters work with us here, in the Libyan Jamahiriya.

I do not want to die, but if it is necessary for the sake of saving this country, my people, thousands of my children, then so be it.

Let this testament be my message to the world, evidence that I resisted the attacks of the NATO crusaders, resisted cruelty, betrayal, withstood the onslaught of the West and its colonial ambitions; I was next to my African brothers, my true brothers - Arabs and Muslims, was a beacon, while others turned into burning fortresses.

I lived in a modest house, in a Bedouin tent, and never forgot my youth spent in Sirte; I did not spend our National treasure unreasonable, and, like our great Muslim leader Salah ad-Din, who liberated Jerusalem for the sake of Islam, was content with little.

In the West they call me "crazy", "insane", but they know the truth - and yet they continue to lie. They know that our country is independent and free, that it is not in the grip of colonialism; that my vision, my path was and remains clear to my people and that I will fight to the last breath for our freedom, may the Almighty help us to remain true and free.

Allah Almighty will help us to remain honest and free.

“Even if we do not win immediately, we will give a lesson to future generations that defending your country is an honor, and selling it is the greatest betrayal that history will remember forever, no matter how some try to convince you otherwise” (M. Gaddafi) .

The exact date of birth of Muammar Gaddafi is still unknown. Most likely, they were born in 1940 or 1942 in a Bedouin tent near the city of Sirte.

Gaddafi's parents are representatives of the Berber tribe of al-Gaddafa. It is from the name of the tribe that his surname comes.

Muammar Gaddafi, despite the nomadic lifestyle of his parents, received an education. At the age of 9 he went to school. True, in 1959 he was expelled from there - for creating an underground group against the colonial regime.

At the same time, he actively participated in organizing youth demonstrations in support of the revolution in Algeria.

revolutionary activity

In 1965, Gaddafi received his first diploma - he graduated from a military college in Benghazi with the rank of lieutenant, began serving in the Ghar Younes military camp, then was sent to the UK for retraining and promoted to captain.

At the same time, Gaddafi continued to engage in a coup d'état. In 1964, he convened the first convention of the Free Unionist-Socialist Officers organization. The program of the movement formed the basis for the actions of Gaddafi's supporters in 1969.

In the early morning of September 1, the organization's detachments simultaneously began to protest in Benghazi, Tripoli and other cities of the country, quickly seized the main military and civilian facilities. The King of Libya, Idris the First, was undergoing treatment in Turkey at that time, he never returned back.

On September 1, Gaddafi announced in his radio message about the creation of the highest body of state power - the Revolutionary Command Council. On September 8, Gaddafi was promoted to the rank of colonel - with him he ruled the country for more than 40 years.

The new principles of the state were as follows: the elimination of all foreign military bases on the territory of Libya, positive neutrality in international matters, national unity, Arab unity, and a ban on the activities of all political parties.

A year later, Muammar Gaddafi became Prime Minister and Defense Minister of Libya. Immediately after he came to power, more than 20 thousand Italians were expelled from Libya.

Foreign banks, lands, oil companies were nationalized. Three years later, Gaddafi engaged in a "cultural revolution": the introduction of new norms based on Sharia.

It was then that he announced the concept, called the "Third World Theory", and announced the creation of the Jamahiriya - the state of the masses.

Creation of the Jamahiriya

The Jamahiriya project involved the dissolution of the revolutionary command and government councils and the creation of people's committees. The General People's Congress became the supreme legislative body of power, and the Supreme People's Committee became the executive body. Ministries were replaced by people's secretariats headed by bureaus. Soon, the colonel began to purge the ranks of the VNK from opponents who were forced to flee abroad, but, despite this, died as a result of assassination attempts.

The proceeds from oil companies were directed to social projects - by the mid-70s, large-scale projects in housing, education and healthcare were implemented. At the same time, in the 80s, despite the global crisis, this policy was not changed.

Foreign policy

During the reign of Gaddafi, Libya fought several times - with Chad and Egypt. In addition, Gaddafi periodically sent Libyan troops to participate in internal African conflicts, in particular in Uganda and Somalia. The colonel has always adhered to an anti-American and anti-Israeli position, harshly criticizing the American and European courses.

Attacks in the West

In April 1986, three people were killed in an explosion in a Berlin nightclub. US President Ronald Reagan accused Tripoli of complicity in international terrorism and soon ordered the bombing of Libya.

According to the documents of the special services of the GDR, the colonel was personally behind the terrorist attack in Berlin, and in 2001 a German court laid the blame for the terrorist attack on the official Tripoli.

This is followed by two explosions at once: in December 1988, a passenger Boeing 747 was blown up in the skies over Scotland (as a result, 270 people died), and in September 1989, a DC-10 plane exploded in Niger, flying from Brazzaville to Paris, 9170 victims). In the West, it was believed that these attacks were also ordered by Gaddafi. In 1992, the UN Security Council authorized the imposition of sanctions against Tripoli.

The West banned the sale of many types of equipment for transporting and refining oil, and Libyan holdings abroad were also frozen.

Tripoli soon acknowledged responsibility for the attack and paid the relatives of the victims compensation in the amount of $200 million, after which relations with the West sharply stabilized. In 2003, sanctions against Libya were lifted.

In the 2000s, there were rumors that Gaddafi sponsored the election campaign of Nicolas Sarkozy, who for the time being lobbied for the interests of Tripoli in the international arena. In addition, until recently, the press was full of reports that Gaddafi personally selected girls for the escort service of Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi.

Last war

At the beginning of 2011, revolutions took place in a number of countries in the Middle East, which were called the "Arab Spring". After Tunisia and Egypt, the wave of protests reached Libya.

The rebels were operating from Benghazi. Mass demonstrations took place there, which spread throughout the country. The rebels were supported by NATO and the UN Security Council. In August they managed to take Tripoli.

On October 20, 2011, they announced the capture of Gaddafi's hometown, Sirte, and the death of the colonel himself.

The country has been in a state of ongoing civil war for the eighth year now, having broken up into several territories controlled by various opposing factions. The Libyan Jamahiriya, the country of Muammar Gaddafi, no longer exists. Some blame cruelty, corruption and the previous government mired in luxury, others blame it on the military intervention of the international coalition forces under the sanction of the UN Security Council.

early years

Muammar bin Mohammed Abu Menyar Abdel Salam bin Hamid al-Gaddafi was born, according to some of his biographers, in 1942 in Tripolitania, which was then called Libya, the former. Other experts write that the year of birth is 1940. Muammar Gaddafi himself wrote in his biography that he appeared in a Bedouin tent in the spring of 1942, when his family wandered near Wadi Jaraf, 30 km south of the Libyan city of Sirte. Specialists also name different dates - either June 7 or June 19, sometimes they simply write in autumn or spring.

The family belonged to the Berber, however, strongly Arabized tribe of al-Gaddafa. Later, he always proudly emphasized his origin - "we Bedouins enjoyed freedom in the midst of nature." His father grazed camels and goats, wandering from place to place, his mother was engaged in housework, in which three older sisters helped her. Grandfather was killed by Italian colonists in 1911. Muammar Gaddafi was the last, sixth child in the family, and the only son.

At the age of 9, he was sent to elementary school. In search of good pastures, the family constantly wandered, he had to change three schools - in Sirte, Sebha and Misurata. In a poor Bedouin family, there was no money to even find a corner or attach it to friends. In the family, he became the only one who received an education. The boy spent the night in the mosque, on weekends he walked 30 km to visit his relatives. He also spent holidays in the desert near the tent. Muammar Gaddafi himself recalled that they always roamed about 20 km from the coast, and he never saw the sea as a child.

Education and first revolutionary experience

After graduating from elementary school, he continued his education at a secondary school in the city of Sebha, where he created an underground youth organization whose goal was to overthrow the ruling monarchical regime. After gaining independence in 1949, King Idris 1 ruled the country. Muammar Gaddafi, in his youth, was an ardent admirer of the Egyptian leader and President Gamal Abdel Nasser, an adherent of socialist and pan-Arabist views.

He participated in protests in 1956 against Israel's actions during the Suez Crisis. In 1961, a school underground cell held a protest against Syria's secession from the United Arab Republic, which ended with Gaddafi's fiery speech near the walls of the ancient city. For organizing anti-government demonstrations, he was expelled from school, expelled from the city, and he continued his education at a school in the city of Misurata.

Information about further education is extremely contradictory, according to some sources, he studied at the Faculty of Law of the Libyan University, from which he graduated in 1964 and then entered the military academy. After serving in active army and was sent to study armor in the UK.

According to other sources, after graduating from high school, he studied at a military school in Libya, then continued his education at a military school in Bowington Heath (England). It is sometimes written that while studying at the university, he simultaneously attended a course of lectures at the military academy in Benghazi.

During his university years, Muammar Gaddafi founded the secret organization "Free Officers of the Unionist Socialists", copying the name from the organization of his political idol Nasser "Free Officers" and also declaring the armed seizure of power as his goal.

Preparation of an armed coup

The first meeting of the organization took place in 1964, on the sea coast, not far from the village of Tolmeita, under the slogans of the Egyptian revolution "Freedom, socialism, unity". Cadets in the deep underground began to prepare an armed coup. Later, Muammar Gaddafi wrote that the formation of the political consciousness of his entourage took place under the influence national wrestling deployed in the Arab world. And the Arab unity of Syria and Egypt, realized for the first time, was of particular importance (for about 3.5 years they existed within the framework of one state).

The revolutionary work was carefully concealed. As one of the active participants in the coup, Rifi Ali Sherif, recalled, he knew only personally Gaddafi and the platoon commander. Despite the fact that the cadets had to report on where they were going, with whom they met, they found an opportunity to do illegal work. Gaddafi was very popular among the cadets due to his sociability, thoughtfulness and ability to behave impeccably. At the same time, he was in good standing with his superiors, who also considered him an "incorrigible dreamer." Many members of the organization did not even suspect that the exemplary cadet was leading the revolutionary movement. He was distinguished by outstanding organizational skills, the ability to accurately determine the capabilities of each new member of the underground. The organization had at least two officers in each military camp, who collected information about the units, reported on the mood of the personnel.

After receiving a military education in 1965, he was sent to serve as a lieutenant in the signal troops at the Gar Younes military base. A year later, after undergoing retraining in the UK, he was promoted to captain. During the internship, he became close friends with his future closest associate Abu Bakr Younis Jaber. Unlike other listeners, they strictly followed Muslim customs, did not participate in pleasure trips and did not drink alcohol.

At the head of the coup d'état

The general plan of the military coup, codenamed "El-Quds" ("Jerusalem"), was prepared by the officers already in January 1969, but the start date of the operation, which was set three times, was postponed for various reasons. At this time, Gaddafi served as adjutant of the Signal Corps (communications troops). In the early morning of September 1, 1969 (at that time the king was undergoing treatment in Turkey), the conspirators' fighting detachments simultaneously began to seize government and military facilities in the country's largest cities, including Benghazi and Tripoli. All entrances to foreign military bases were blocked in advance.

In the biography of Muammar Gaddafi, this was one of the most crucial moments, he, at the head of a group of rebels, had to seize the radio station and broadcast a message to the people. Also, his task was to prepare for a possible foreign intervention or fierce resistance within the country. Having advanced at 2:30 am, the capture group led by Captain Gaddafi in several vehicles occupied the radio station of the city of Benghazi by 4 o'clock in the morning. As Muammar later recalled, from the hill where the station was located, he saw columns of trucks with soldiers moving from the port towards the city, and then he realized that they had won.

At exactly 7:00 am, Gaddafi issued an address now known as "Communique No. 1", in which he announced that the army forces, fulfilling the dreams and aspirations of the people of Libya, overthrew the reactionary and corrupt regime, which shocked everyone and caused negative emotions.

At the pinnacle of power

The monarchy was abolished, and a temporary supreme body of state power, the Revolutionary Command Council, was created to govern the country, which included 11 officers. The name of the state was changed from the United Kingdom of Libya to the Libyan Arab Republic. A week after the coup, the 27-year-old captain was appointed by the country's armed forces with the rank of colonel, which he carried until his death. Until 1979, he was the only colonel in Libya.

In October 1969, at a mass rally, Gaddafi announced the principles of the policy on which the state would be built: the complete elimination of foreign military bases in Libya, positive neutrality, Arab and national unity, and a ban on the activities of all political parties.

In 1970 he became prime minister and minister of defense. The first thing that Muammar Gaddafi and the new government headed by him did was to eliminate the American and British military bases. On the "day of revenge" for the colonial war, 20 thousand Italians were evicted from the country, and their property was confiscated, the graves of Italian soldiers were destroyed. All lands of the exiled colonists have been nationalized. In 1969-1971, all foreign banks and oil companies were also nationalized, and 51% of the assets in local companies were transferred to the state.

In 1973, Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi announced the beginning of the Cultural Revolution. As he himself explained, unlike the Chinese, they did not try to introduce something new, but, on the contrary, offered to return to the old Arab and Islamic heritage. All laws of the country had to be consistent with the norms of Islamic law, an administrative reform was planned aimed at eradicating bureaucratization and corruption in the state apparatus.

Third World Theory

Being in power, he begins to develop a concept in which he formulated his political and socio-economic views and which he opposed to the two ideologies that dominated at that time - capitalist and socialist. Therefore, it was called the "Third World Theory" and set out in the "Green Book" by Muammar Gaddafi. His views were a combination of the ideas of Islam and the theoretical views on the direct rule of the people of the Russian anarchists Bakunin and Kropotkin.

Soon, an administrative reform was launched, in accordance with the new concept, all bodies began to be called people's bodies, for example, ministries - people's commissariats, embassies - people's bureaus. Since the people became the dominant force, the post of head of state was abolished. Gaddafi was officially called the Leader of the Libyan Revolution.

In the face of internal resistance, several military coups and assassination attempts were prevented, Colonel Gaddafi took tough measures to eliminate dissent. Prisons were filled with dissidents and many opponents of the regime were killed, some of them in other countries where they had fled.

At the beginning of his reign and even up to the 90s, Muammar Gaddafi did a lot to improve the living standards of the country's population. Large-scale projects were implemented to develop the system for the development of health care and education, irrigation and the construction of public housing. In 1968, 73% of Libyans were illiterate; in the first decade, dozens of knowledge centers, national cultural centers, hundreds of libraries and reading rooms were opened. By 1977, the literacy rate had risen to 51%, and by 2009 it was already 86.8%. From 1970 to 1980, 80% of the needy, who had previously lived in huts and tents, were provided with modern housing, 180 thousand apartments were built for this.

In foreign policy he advocated the creation of a single pan-Arab state, seeking to unite all North African Arab states, and later promoted the idea of ​​creating a United States of Africa. Despite the declared positive neutrality, Libya fought with Chad and Egypt, several times Libyan troops participated in intra-African military conflicts. Gaddafi supported many revolutionary movements and groups and for a long time held strong anti-American and anti-Israeli views.

Chief terrorist

In 1986, at the La Belle disco in West Berlin, very popular among the US military, an explosion occurred - three people were killed and 200 were injured. Based on the intercepted messages, where Gaddafi called for maximum damage to the Americans, and one of them revealed the details of the terrorist act, Libya was accused of promoting world terrorism. The US President gave the order to bomb Tripoli.

As a result of terrorist acts:

• in December 1988, a Boeing flying from London to New York exploded in the sky over the town of Lockerbie in southern Scotland, killing 270 people;
• In September 1989, a DC-10 aircraft flying from Brazzaville to Paris with 170 passengers on board was blown up in the skies over the African Niger.

In both cases, Western intelligence agencies found traces of the Libyan secret services. The collected evidence was enough for the UN Security Council to impose tough sanctions against the Jamaheriya in 1992. Many types of sales have been banned. technological equipment, frozen Libyan assets in Western countries.

As a result, in 2003, Libya recognized the responsibility of persons in the public service for the attack on Lockerbie and paid compensation to the relatives of the victims. In the same year, sanctions were lifted, relations with Western countries improved so much that Gaddafi was suspected of financing the election campaigns of French President Nicolas Sarkozy and Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi. Photos of Muammar Gaddafi with these and other world politicians adorned the magazines of the leading countries of the world.

Civil War

In February 2011, the Arab Spring reached Libya, protests began in Benghazi, which escalated into clashes with the police. The unrest spread to other cities in the east of the country. Government forces, backed by mercenaries, violently suppressed the protests. However, soon the entire east of Libya was under the control of the rebels, the country was divided into two parts, controlled by different tribes.

On the night of March 17-18, the UN Security Council allowed to take any measures to protect the Libyan population, with the exception of ground operations, flights of Libyan aircraft were also banned. The very next day, US and French aviation began to carry out missile and bomb strikes to protect the civilian population. Gaddafi repeatedly appeared on television, either threatening or offering a truce. On August 23, the rebels captured the country's capital, a Transitional National Council was formed, which was recognized as the legitimate government by several dozen countries, including Russia. Due to the threat of life, Muammar Gaddafi, about 12 days before the fall of Tripoli, managed to move to the city of Sirte.

The last day of the Libyan leader

On the morning of October 20, 2011, the rebels stormed Sirte, Gaddafi, with the remnants of his guard, tried to break through to the south, to Niger, where he was promised shelter. However, a convoy of about 75 vehicles was bombed by NATO aircraft. When a small personal motorcade of the former Libyan leader separated from her, he too came under fire.

The rebels captured the wounded Gaddafi, the crowd began to mock him, poke him with a machine gun, stuck a knife in his buttock. Bloody, they put him on the hood of a car and continued torturing him until he died. Footage of these last minutes of the Libyan leader has been included in many documentaries about Muammar Gaddafi. Together with him, several of his associates and son Murtasim died. Their bodies were put on display in the Misurata industrial refrigerator, then taken to the desert and buried in a secret place.

Fairy tale with a bad ending

The life of Muammar Gaddafi proceeded in unthinkable sophisticated oriental luxury, surrounded by gold, protection from virgins, even the plane was inlaid with silver. He was very fond of gold, he made a sofa, a Kalashnikov assault rifle, a golf cart and even a fly swatter from this metal. The Libyan media estimated the fortune of their leader at $200 billion. In addition to numerous villas, houses and entire towns, he owned shares in large European banks, companies and even the Juventus football club. During foreign trips, Gaddafi always took with him a Bedouin tent, in which he held official meetings. Together with him, live camels were always taken, so that you could drink a glass of fresh milk for breakfast.

The Libyan leader was always surrounded by a dozen beautiful bodyguards who were required to wear stilettos and have perfect makeup. The protection of Muammar Gaddafi was recruited from girls who did not have sexual experience. At first, everyone believed that such a guard had more intuition. However, later in the Western press they began to write that the girls also serve for love pleasures. Perhaps this is true, but the guards worked in good faith. In 1998, when unknown people fired on Gaddafi, the main bodyguard Aisha covered him with herself and died. Photos of Muammar Gaddafi with his guards were very popular in Western tabloids.

The leader of the Jamaheriya himself has always said that he is opposed to polygamy. The first wife of Muammar Gaddafi - Fathia Nouri Khaled, was a school teacher. In this marriage, a son, Muhammad, was born. After the divorce, he married Safiya Farkas, with whom they had seven children of their own and two adopted children. Four children died as a result of airstrikes by the Western coalition and at the hands of the rebels. A potential successor, 44-year-old Saif, tried to cross from Libya to Niger, but was captured and imprisoned in the city of Zintan. Later he was released, and now he is trying to negotiate with tribal leaders and public figures on the formation of a common program. The wife and other children of Muammar Gaddafi managed to move to Algeria.

Well, about what the Libyan leader Colonel Muammar Gaddafi killed, everyone knows. Many have seen a disgusting video, so to speak, illustrating this terrible act. Captured and brutally killed. He was called the Father of the Jamahiriya, he was a tyrant and dictator, but his merits are great. Many former partners immediately turned their backs on him. The two rulers of our neighboring power said that “how is it possible to show such atrocities on TV”, that is, they were outraged by the fact of the show, but not by the fact of the deed. Hypocrites. And bad guys. In a word, everything is not very good in the world when this happens. Who interfered with Gaddafi? Americans? Yes. He was objectionable and was "removed". Some countries condemned NATO interference in the sovereign affairs of Libya, but did not help Libya either, adopting the position of an “observer”. But, for starters, I think it's worth dwelling on the person: who is he - Muammar Gaddafi?

Gaddafi came to power in 1969 after the overthrow of King Idris I. He developed the concept Jamahiriya (power of the masses), which he tried to build in Libya - a socialist society based on Islam, morality and patriotism. In 1980-1990, Gaddafi maintained an intransigent stance towards the West. He is considered responsible for the 1986 La Belle disco bombing in West Berlin and the 1988 Pan Am Boeing 747 bombing over Scotland. Although Gaddafi denied personal involvement in the attacks, Libya lived for 10 years under severe international sanctions. They began to soften in 2003 when Gaddafi agreed that Libyan officials were behind the bombings. After that, the country was able to sell oil to the West, the standard of living rose. In February of this year, the first protests against Gaddafi began in eastern Libya. A month later, the West supported the rebels with bombardments. And at the end of August, the revolutionaries took Tripoli. Gaddafi continued until recently the resistance in his hometown of Sirte, where he was killed.

- He admitted that the attacks were the work of the Libyan elite, yes. But, unlike other terrorists, senseless, “for an idea” or just like that, killing thousands of people, he was a real charismatic leader of his country, which under his leadership achieved a high standard of living. Now this level will start to drop...

Gaddafi is a very controversial person, some consider him a terrorist, others consider him a victim. I think the truth, as always, is somewhere in the middle - neither one nor the other. How can you characterize it? And what characterizes the leader of the country? That's right - the economic, social and cultural situation in the country. Let's see what happened in Libya under Muammar Gaddafi:

1. Having come to power, he expelled international corporations from the country.
2. Closed NATO military bases
3. GDP per capita - $14,192.
4. For each family member, the state pays $1,000 in subsidies per year.
5. Unemployment benefit - $730.
6. Nurse's salary - $1,000.
7. $7,000 is paid for each newborn.
8. Newlyweds are given $64,000 to buy an apartment.
9. One-time financial assistance for opening a personal business - $ 20,000.
10. Large taxes and fees are prohibited.
11. Education and medicine are free.
12. Education and training abroad - at the expense of the state.
13. A network of stores for large families with symbolic prices for basic foodstuffs.
14. For the sale of products with an expired shelf life - large fines and detention by special police units.
15. Part of pharmacies - with free dispensing of medicines.
16. For counterfeit medicines - the death penalty. (!)
17. Rent - none.
18. There is no payment for electricity for the population.
19. The sale and consumption of alcohol is prohibited - "dry law".
20. Loans for the purchase of a car and an apartment - interest-free.
21. Real estate services are prohibited.
22. The purchase of a car up to 50% is paid by the state, fighters of the people's militia - 65%.
23. Gasoline is cheaper than water. 1 liter of gasoline - $0.14
24. Only under Muammar did the blacks of southern Libya acquire human rights.
25. During the forty years of his reign, the population of Libya has tripled.
26. Child mortality has decreased by 9 times.
27. Life expectancy in the country has increased from 51.5 to 74.5 years.
28. Gaddafi decided to withdraw Libya from the global banking system and 12 more Arab countries wanted to follow his example.

Lockerbie materials and MH-17 lies

Government espionage for government lies - what the Lockerbie materials reveal about the MH17 lies

This month marks 30 years since the bombing of Pan American Flight PA 103 (pictured above left) en route from London to New York. The false story of the British and American governments, concocted to blame Libya and justify the overthrow of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi, required falsification of evidence and conviction in a rigged trial against the wrong person. It also required spying on the relatives of those who died in order to frustrate their efforts to get to the bottom of the truth.
The scale of this operation was revealed last week in the partial release of British government documents from the National Archives of the United Kingdom. Among the spying operations uncovered were phone tapping, computer hacking, and e-mail browsing.

The disclosed archival information also shows that the same methods have been used since 2014 to fabricate responsibility for the downing of Malaysia Airlines Flight MH17 (pictured above right) over Ukraine and to justify global sanctions against Russia, plus operations to overthrow President Vladimir Putin.
But thirty years of state secrets to justify state lies are not enough to bring to justice those responsible for these lies, or to make the truth stronger than them.
RA Flight 103 was destroyed over Lockerbie, Scotland on December 21, 1988. He took off from London and had been flying at cruising altitude for New York for an hour when a bomb exploded in the cargo compartment. All 259 passengers on board the aircraft were killed, as well as 11 people on the ground.

Front pages of Murdoch's newspapers: left - February 24, 2011; right - October 20, 2011
On the left, a large headline: "Gaddafi ordered the bombing of a plane over Lockerbie", on the right: "Gaddafi was killed by a bullet in the head. This is for Lockerbie. And for Yvonne Fletcher. And for the victims of the Irish Republican Army"
The 30-year ruling to withhold government documents in this case is now expiring at the National Archives. An advance report in Murdoch's paper last week claimed they "saw" the documents, but the paper does not publish them directly or in full. The report about the documents appeared in the Scottish section of Friday's edition of The Times. The same message is in the Scottish Sun.

The report said that officials from the government of then Prime Minister Margaret Thatcher agreed on special, covert measures to "closely monitor" the relatives of the dead passengers because of their attempts to investigate the facts of what happened. The newspaper report does not name the Foreign Office officials whose correspondence with the Scottish Lord Advocate (Scottish Attorney General) and Thatcher was reviewed. It also does not provide details of the surveillance and hacking operations, and does not reveal the role played by the mainstream media and their journalists in the official deception.

This newspaper report appears to confirm that much of the British government's documents in the Lockerbie case continue to be withheld; the most important of them may have been destroyed to prevent their being made public, according to representatives of the victims. Murdoch's media, which spearheaded the open fabrication, continues to persist.

(In the United States, the lead prosecutor in the Libyan liability case was Robert Mueller, who is now the special prosecutor to prosecute alleged Russian interference in American politics. Three years after the Lockerbie attack, Mueller served as interim Deputy Attorney General in charge of arraignment in November 1991 to Abdelbaset al-Megrahi, a Libyan later convicted of this attack.)

The British Foreign Office told reporters last week: "We will not comment on the contents of our archival documents."

Additional reports in Scotland and Channel Four in London quoted Aamer Anwar, al-Megrahi's lawyer, as saying: "No wonder the intelligence agencies have been ordered to watch those British relatives who still haven't given up on their search for the truth"... Anwar said , which is shocking that the British state refused to make the documents public, while simultaneously destroying some of them during the trial: “My clients consider this an attempt to obstruct the course of justice ... I wrote to the Lord Advocate asking for full disclosure of all relevant facts, discovered by the police."

In the case of MH17, the British courts refused to open government documents or allow lawyers for first-degree relatives to determine the cause of death of the ten British citizens who died on board this aircraft. The decision to ban hearings in the coroner's court in Britain was taken by the Home Secretary in July 2015 - current Prime Minister Theresa May. Read more about how it was done here. The Australian government has gone even further by withholding secret intelligence and intelligence memos exchanged between the Attorney General and the Prime Minister, which concluded that the position of Russian guilt was untenable.

Similar operations to plant fabricated evidence in Murdoch's publications and other mainstream media, withhold counter-evidence, as well as surveillance operations, computer hacking and discrediting alternative sources, continue by the Dutch and Australian intelligence agencies. But there is one difference. The organizations of relatives of the victims of the Lockerbie attack - mostly British and American - have proven to be better organized and more resilient over the years, and much more negative about the state's version of what happened.

The downing of flight MH17 resulted in the death of 298 passengers and crew. Not a single relative publicly challenged the story of Russia's responsibility.

Dutch sources say they believe the Dutch Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the security services have teamed up to keep the families of the MH17 victims under constant surveillance. The families were advised to instruct lawyers to push charges against Russian targets in local, European and US courts. They are being held back from talking to journalists who are known to be critical of the official story about what caused the plane to crash.

Australian and possibly US intelligence agents were seen during a hearing at the Coroner's Court in Melbourne, Australia in December 2015. This was the first of only two coroner's court proceedings to have taken place in the world; another trial took place in Sydney in May 2016. Australian law requires coroners to investigate the deaths of 28 Australian citizens or permanently resident foreigners on board flight MH17.

The front pages of Murdoch's newspapers: on the left, the London Sun, July 18, 2014; right - Melbourne "Herald Sun" dated October 14, 2015.
Headlines from left to right: "Flight MH17 shot down in the sky. Putin's rocket"; "Russian missile downed MH17. Putin's rebels did it"
At the hearing in Melbourne, I was in court and watched as a group of government agents, men and women, worked to shield the families of the victims from the appeals and questions of journalists. At the back of the courtroom, journalists sat in one row; families sat in the main rows in the procedural area. I was sitting directly behind one of the families. As soon as I started asking questions to a family member, a woman in her 30s tried to stop me by saying that I was speaking too loudly; however, the coroner was not present at the meeting and the trial itself did not take place at that moment. The agent then whispered something to the other family members and the conversation with me ended.

I reported at the time: "In addition to the coroner's staff, there was one government intelligence agent in court who hid his official identification mark under his jacket and refused to say whether he was an Australian or American citizen. This officer, who was in his thirties, was conspicuous during a break in the trial in the hallway of the court. He looked like an American."

Also: "The court heard that the surviving relatives of the crash victims were regularly outreached and mentored by Australian government officials. They were also instructed not to answer questions from the press, although one admitted that his family was allowed to meet with lawyers. These statements were made as evidence at the coroner's inquest by representatives of the victims.One representing Van Den Hende family members - Shaliza Duvall, her husband Hans Van Den Hende and their three children - Pierce, 15, Marnix, 12, and daughter Margo, 8, said, that press reports of the crash were dubious and unconvincing: "We're not sure who or what to believe."

This remark was never repeated again.

PS. And also on the subject of British intelligence operations. Hackers from "Anonymous" recently dumped the 4th package of documents on the AI ​​operation, which contains documents on discrediting Jeremy Corbyn, Russia Today, the Skripal case, operations in Nigeria, Hungary and Armenia. The Skripal case as part of Operation AI was called "Operation Iris". Data are given on payment for custom articles in the Skripal case and various activities that were carried out in the framework of this case to discredit the Russian Federation.

N.B. And these same pieces of g ... for later they call Russians "uncivilized", and offer to "step back and shut up" ... mdaaaa ...

Slave market. Tripoli. Modern Libya, without the nightmarish dictator Gaddafi. Do you feel the scope of European democracy? December 2018
That feeling when the bearers of democracy killed the "dictator", and civilization came to the country...