Politics and power. State. Politic system
Task number 26 (former C6)
on the ability to reveal theoretical positions on examples
The task combines verification
- theoretical knowledge;
- the ability to give examples or explanations based on the graduate's personal social experience (everyday, reading, etc.) or facts public life.
Practical Tips
2. Should distinguish between examples and explanations
- Example
is a specific fact (event) from history, literature or modern social life that illustrates a theoretical position. As examples, both real reliable facts of modern social life or history, personal social experience of a graduate, as well as examples from literary works, models of social situations can be given. It is very important that in this task, unlike the essay, examples with an abstract citizen N or an abstract country N are allowed if they contain a specific description of other circumstances. An example with a citizen N or country N can be conditionally called a model one, since it is specific enough to be read out, but allows the graduate not to bother remembering the exact names, states, situations. The paper can provide examples of varying degrees of specification in accordance with the requirements of the task (they can be presented in various forms: the actions of a particular citizen (for example, N. took a loan from a bank and bought an apartment) / general facts / types / processes (expectation of price increases for potatoes led to a rush demand for it, etc.).
- Explanation
is a theoretical explanation of the above provision, reveals its essence, but does not contain specific facts.
The maximum for such a task is 3 primary points. If only theoretical provisions are given, as a rule, 0 points are given.
3. An example is always formulated in detail, and not in simply called 1-3 words. It should be noted that brief abstracts cannot serve as an illustration where it is required to give examples in expanded form. Each example must be formulated in detail (assumes that the graduate cannot confine himself to simply naming some fact, example). Individual words and phrases do not count as examples.
4. You should play it safe and give not 3 theoretical positions and explanations or examples to them, but just in case 4 or 5. In this case, if the graduate made a mistake in the first three, but gave the correct fourth or fifth, the expert has the right to put all 3 primary scores.
5. Theoretical positions and examples illustrating them must be clearly separated from each other, but at the same time they must be clearly correlated with each other, i.e. in each case, the checking expert should see 2 elements of the answer in conjunction with each other. Disclosing three non-price factors that influence the formation of demand, one should not first name three such factors, and then give three examples; it is necessary to cite the factor and the example in conjunction with each other so that the expert understands which example refers to which non-price demand factor. AT recent times clarification began to appear in the wording of the task: "First, be sure to indicate the trait that you are illustrating, and then give an example." Therefore d In order not to forget to write examples or explanations, it is recommended to format the answer to such a task in the form of a table
THEORETICAL PROVISIONS | EXAMPLES / EXPLANATIONS |
Typical mistakes when performing this type of task
1) The graduate gives theoretical statements, but forgets to give examples.
2) The graduate gives theoretical statements and then gives explanations instead of examples (or vice versa).
3) The graduate intersperses theoretical positions and examples, without establishing the correspondence of each example to a certain theoretical position.
4) The graduate gives nominal examples, which are not enough to set off.
The maximum score for the task is 3. At the same time, general reasoning that is not specified based on the graduate's personal social experience (everyday, reading, etc.) or facts of social life is rated 0 points.
Examples of graduates' answers to tasks of this type
Example 1
Graduate response:
1) fine
2) dismissal
3) imprisonment
_
Example 2 Name three formal negative sanctions and illustrate each with an example.
Graduate response:
1) fine (someone was fined)
2) dismissal (someone was fired due to some violation)
3) imprisonment (someone was put in jail for some crime).
How many points will this answer be worth? Why?
Example 3 Name three functions of a political system and illustrate each with an example.
Graduate response:
1) managerial (determining the goals of the development of society at a certain stage and the means to achieve them)
2) communicative (providing links between political subjects)
3) integrating (unites, unites the subjects of politics)
How many points will this answer be worth? Why?
Examples of correct answers to tasks of this type
Below are some correct answers to a number of tasks of this type. Before you open them and look, try to independently think and write down your answers for each of the topics, and then review the reference answer and rate yourself from 0 to 3 primary points.
Exercise 1. Name the two parties in civil proceedings and illustrate with an example the possible procedural actions of each of them in the trial.
Task 2. Give two examples each, revealing the impact of the state on the individual and the individual on the state in the political sphere in a democratic society.
Some completely wrong and curious answers to this task can be found in the section "School Humor Corner".
Many tasks of this type can be found on the site
The communicative component of the political system includes
1) ideological principles
2) forms of interaction between parties
3) political norms
4) political organizations
Explanation.
Answer: 2
Forms of interaction, communication, communication within the political system characterize its
1) normative component
2) communicative component
3) cultural component
4) organizational component
Explanation.
Communicative - a hint, this is precisely the interaction and connection of something.
The correct answer is number 2.
Answer: 2
Subject area: Politics. Politic system
The state, political parties, socio-political movements form
Explanation.
All terms are components of the political system, institutions.
The correct answer is number 4.
Answer: 4
Subject area: Politics. Politic system
Valentin Ivanovich Kirichenko
Elements of the political system:
1. organizational (state, political parties, social and political movements, pressure groups)
2. normative (norms, values, customs, traditions)
3. cultural (political culture - knowledge, value orientations, political psychology, methods of practical political activity + ideology)
4. communicative (communications within the political system)
Political consciousness, political ideology form
1) the normative component of the political system
2) the communicative component of the political system
3) the cultural component of the political system
4) organizational component of the political system
Explanation.
All this forms the political CULTURE of the citizen.
Answer: 3
Subject area: Politics. Politic system
What is an element of the cultural subsystem of the political system?
1) legal and political norms
2) the established interactions of social groups
3) state, political parties
4) political ideologies
Explanation.
Political culture is a set of views, ideas, ideas about the political system.
The correct answer is number 4.
Answer: 4
Subject area: Politics. Politic system
Political ideology refers to
1) political institutions
2) political norms
3) political culture
4) political connections
Explanation.
Political ideology - 1) a system of ideas and views that expresses the fundamental interests, worldview, ideals of any subject of politics (class, nation, entire society, social movement, party); 2) expressed mainly in a theoretical, more or less ordered form, a system of ideas and views that protect collective values and interests, formulate the goals of group activity and justify the ways and means of their implementation with 5) the help of political power or influence on it; 3) theoretical substantiation of the system of values of certain subjects of politics.
The correct answer is number 3.
Answer: 3
Subject area: Politics. Politic system
The communicative component of the political system includes
1) political parties and movements
2) relations between civil institutions and state bodies
3) political ideas and doctrines
4) ways of political participation of citizens
Explanation.
Political communication is the process of transferring political information, thanks to which it circulates from one part of the political system to another and between the political system and the social system. L. Pai also includes in political communication "the whole range of informal communication processes in society that have the most diverse impact on politics" .
The correct answer is number 2.
Answer: 2
Subject area: Politics. Politic system
The political system includes several subsystems. The communicative subsystem includes(s):
1) values and emotions that determine the political behavior of citizens
3) political parties and state bodies
Explanation.
The political system is a multifunctional mechanism that includes state and non-state social institutions that carry out political functions.
−institutional;
− normative;
− functional;
−communicative;
− cultural and ideological.
The communicative subsystem is a set of connections and interactions between the subsystems of the political system, between the political system and other subsystems. In this case, it is the interaction of civil organizations with state bodies.
Values and emotions that determine the political behavior of citizens - a cultural and ideological subsystem
Legislation on the election of senior officials is normative.
Political parties and state bodies - institutional.
The correct answer is numbered: 4.
Answer: 4
Subject area: Politics. Politic system
The political system includes several subsystems. The cultural subsystem includes (are):
1) behavioral standards specific to political activity
2) legislation on the election of senior officials
3) TV channels and other mass media
4) interaction of civil organizations with state bodies
Explanation.
The political system - a multifunctional mechanism that includes state and non-state social institutions that carry out political functions.
Components (subsystems of the political system)
−institutional
−normative
− functional
−communicative
−cultural
Cultural covers political psychology, political ideology, political culture. Here, these are behavioral standards characteristic of political activity.
Consider the main definitions of politics that are used by social scientists:
- participation in state affairs;
- historians understand by politics the types, intentions, goals and mode of action of the rulers, their associates, it is rather the art of ruling;
- politics is the science of public administration (V.I. Dal). A politician, according to Dahl, is a smart and dexterous, not always honest statesman who knows how to tilt things in his favor, by the way to say and keep silent in time;
- politics is an art, a doctrine of public administration, and also the activity of those who manage or want to manage the affairs of society (Larousse French Encyclopedic Dictionary);
- politics - the art of government, a certain direction of action of the state, parties, institutions.
In the political science dictionary, politics is understood as a special kind of activity associated with the participation of social groups, political parties, movements, individuals in the affairs of society and the state.
The core of political activity is the activity associated with the implementation, retention, opposition to power. Political activity covers several areas: public administration, the impact of political parties and movements on the course of social processes, political decision-making, political participation. The political sphere is closely connected with other public spheres. Any phenomenon: economic, social, and cultural - can be politically tinged, associated with an impact on power.
Political activity- This is an activity in the sphere of political, power relations. Political relations, in turn, is the relationship between the subjects of the political system on the issues of gaining, exercising, and retaining power. In theory and practice, political activity is often associated with coercion and violence. The legitimacy of the use of violence is often determined by the extreme nature and rigidity of the course of the political process. As a result of political activity, the interaction of the institutions of the political system, the implementation of political decisions and attitudes, the political process is formed and develops.
Political activity can be active and passive, spontaneous and purposeful, an important part of political activity is political leadership, including the following links:
- development and justification of the goals and objectives of society, social group;
- determination of methods, forms, means, resources of political activity;
- selection and placement of personnel.
Directions of state activity to satisfy the overall public interests can be called policy directions. There is an internal policy, which is focused on resolving domestic tasks - maintaining order, ensuring the development of the country, the well-being of its citizens. There is a foreign policy, it includes the resolution of interstate contradictions, its task is to defend the interests of the state on the world stage. Allocate in the modern world and international politics. This is not just a state activity, but rather a supranational one. The United Nations Organization, the Council of Europe and other similar organizations participate in it.
We can also talk about different types of policies in relation to areas of public life that need to be regulated by the state in the person of its bodies. For example, those actions that are aimed at resolving economic issues can be called economic policy . It occupies an extremely important place in the entire system of state affairs. How fast will the industry develop? Agriculture, transport, services, how much we can buy with our wages, whether we can sell and buy land, what taxes to pay - all these are questions of economic policy. Turn on the TV when the program “Vremya” or “Today” is on, and you will hear that the State Duma discussed and adopted (or did not accept) in the first reading the new Tax Code of the country, amended the draft budget submitted by the government for the next year, discussed articles of the Land Code of the Russian Federation, introduced a bill on the subsistence minimum, and so on.
The object of economic policy is each of us, no matter who we are. If we study or work at school, then we cannot but be concerned about the problems of state financing of public education. If we are students, we are concerned about the timely payment of scholarships, guaranteed employment in our chosen profession after graduation. If we are women, we are interested in ensuring that there is no discrimination in hiring, determining wages, and promotion. After all, it's no secret that it is women who prefer to be fired in the first place. Elderly people are concerned about the timeliness of payment of pensions and their size. To solve all these problems and is called upon economic policy states.
Issues of the content of school courses, new teaching aids, programs include a special educational policy. It depends on it which faculties, institutes, departments to open, which subjects to study in the first place. An urgent problem for Russia is school reform. Various variants of it are being developed, there are disputes about the fate of public and private educational institutions about teaching various subjects. As you can see, here we also encounter a clash of interests, and the task of the state is to find agreement between them for the benefit of the young generation of Russians.
National movements represent a serious problem in the modern world. Many peoples who previously lived within the borders of united states - empires, are now awakening to an independent state life, trying to build their own "national apartments". This process can take extremely painful forms, up to war, terrorism, violence. An example of this is the collapse of Yugoslavia, the problem of Transnistria, Nagorno-Karabakh, Chechnya. Every day we learn about the facts of hostage-taking on the border with Chechnya, about the alarming situation throughout the North Caucasus. Issues related to the solution of these problems, with the coexistence and cohabitation on the same land of several different peoples, designed to solve national policy.
The state should also take care of the normal increase in the number of its citizens. It must know how many of them it can provide a decent life, feed, shoe, warm. If a country is experiencing a decline in the birth rate and an increase in mortality, the bar of average life expectancy is falling lower and lower, these are symptoms of a crisis. The state should develop a special system of measures to support motherhood and childhood, redistribute funds to support young families. The gene pool of the nation is the key to the prosperity and power of the state, its future. It is intended to address these issues population policy. It can be aimed not only at stimulating the birth rate, population growth, improving the quality of life of the elderly. There are countries in which the main problem, on the contrary, is too high a birth rate - these are Kenya, Somalia, Venezuela, the demographic situation in China is traditionally acute. In this case, the state is forced to adopt special laws that limit the number of children in families.
It is possible to select in an independent area and environmental policy- activities of the state to protect environment from the destructive influence of people. This includes the maintenance of environmentally friendly industries, and tough sanctions against those who pollute water bodies, the air, barbarously manage the land, and cut down forests. But it is necessary not only to protect, it is necessary to carry out expensive research, to create new, resource-saving technologies. All these are tasks of the state.
There are many other areas of state activity.
We can talk about politics in the field of culture, science, the fight against organized crime. There are many politicians, and at the same time it is one and represents in its entirety an activity aimed at exercising power, at achieving society's goals and objectives, at ensuring a higher standard of living, social harmony and stable development than before.
Politic system- a set of various political institutions, socio-political communities, forms of interaction and relationships between them.
Functions of the political system:
- determination of goals, objectives and ways of development of society;
- organization of the company's activities;
- distribution of spiritual and material resources;
- reconciliation of different political interests;
- promotion of various norms of behavior;
- getting people involved in political life;
- control over the implementation of decisions and compliance with regulations.
The main elements of the political system:
- Institutional subsystem- political organizations: parties and socio-political movements (trade unions, religious and cooperative organizations, interest clubs), the state is allocated in a special structure.
- Communication subsystem- a set of relations and forms of interaction between classes, social groups, nations and individuals.
- Regulatory subsystem- norms and traditions that define and regulate political life societies: legal norms (constitutions and laws, refer to written norms), ethical and moral norms (unwritten ideas about good and evil, truth and justice).
- Cultural and ideological subsystem- a set of political ideas, views, ideas and feelings that are different in their content; 2 levels - theoretical (political ideology: views, slogans, ideas, concepts, theories) and practical (political psychology: feelings, emotions, moods, prejudices, traditions).
- Functional subsystem covers the forms and directions of political activity, methods of exercising power.
Classification of political systems:
- depending on the source of power and dominance in power-society-individual relations: democratic and non-democratic (authoritarian and totalitarian);
- open (competitiveness) - closed (appointment);
- military - civil - theocratic;
- dictatorial (reliance on violence) - liberal (freedom of the individual and society);
Democratic systems are built on the principles of individualism, humanity (human is the main value), responsibility, equality, competitiveness, social justice, initiative, sovereignty of the people, plurality of opinions, tolerance, freedom, presumption of innocence, criticality, gradual transformations; and undemocratic - collectivism, caste, political passivity, the system of subordination, the indoctrination of citizens (indoctrination), state guardianship (protectionism), the use of any means to achieve the goals, utopianism (blind faith in certain ideals), radicalism, violence.
In addition, depending on the source of power, one can speak of open and closed political systems. open systems characterized by free competition, the availability of opportunities for everyone to realize their desire to participate in political life. Moreover, this openness should extend to all spheres of life - when filling any position, a competition is announced and the most qualified specialist is selected according to previously known criteria. On the contrary, in closed systems everything is decided on the basis of acquaintances, family ties, bribes, personal preferences. Professionalism in this case fades into the background, and if competitions are held for filling positions, then this is done formally with pre-known results. Thus, we can speak of two types of governments. In the first case, the government can be disposed of without bloodshed, primarily through elections. In this case, the transfer of power from one group to another is not accompanied by a complete destruction of political institutions and social traditions. The second type assumes that the government can leave only in the event of a coup, a successful uprising, a conspiracy, civil war etc.
Very close to the considered classifications and the rest. Thus, some divide all political systems into military, civil, and theocratic. In this case, the main criterion is the dominant position in the state of one of the three groups with significant authority and power. In the modern world, most countries have civil power, but there are still states dominated by the military (primarily in Africa and South America) or religious figures (Asian and some African countries). There is also a division into dictatorial (reliance on violence) and liberal (protection of personal freedom) systems.
The most important task of political science as a science is to study the functioning of the political system and its constituent institutions. Political science uses various research methods:
- institutional: the study of political institutions: the state, its bodies, parties, the media;
- system: involving consideration of the political life of society in the form of a complex system of institutions, norms, relationships, traditions, ideas, a system of self-organizing and self-regulating; also, a systematic approach allows taking into account the relationship and interaction with other areas of public life;
- comparative: aimed at comparative analysis different political systems among themselves, which gives grounds for making various forecasts;
- historical: involves the consideration of political phenomena in development from the past to the present, the identification of phenomena and processes that repeat in history;
- sociological: with its help, the relationship between politics and the development of society as a whole is revealed;
- normative value: involving the identification of the significance for society of certain political phenomena, their role in improving social welfare, in bringing society closer to a certain ideal.
The political system of society- a complex, ramified set of various political institutions (organizations), norms, ideologies, values and communications.
Components (subsystems) of the political system of society
| Name | Characteristic |
| Institutional (organizational) | a set of organizations and citizens interacting in the process of realizing their interests: the state, local governments, socio-political organizations |
| Normative | political norms - rules of conduct, expectations and standards that regulate the political behavior of subjects: political and legal norms, traditions and customs, moral norms, corporate norms (charters of parties, associations) |
| Cultural | political ideology - a form of political consciousness that affects the content of power relations; political culture - a way of activity in politics, reflecting the level of political activity and maturity of subjects |
| Communicative | a system of vertical and horizontal relations in politics between subsystems of the political system, spheres of public life, political systems different countries, media involvement |
| Functional | The main activities of political institutions in the implementation of their goals, objectives, the exercise of state power |
Liberalism- individualism, individual freedom, inalienability of rights and freedoms, private property, the state - "night watchman".
Conservatism- traditionalism, stability, the priority of society and the state over the individual, the main values are family, church, morality.
Fascism- justification of the aggressive actions of the authorities in the name of the good of the nation, the purity of the race, the unlimited will of the state, militarism, ultra-reactionary inhumane ideology.
The main ideologies of modernity
social democracy- achieving a socially just society through reforms, a democratic state pursues an active social policy, the idea of social partnership.Communism- communist society is built on the basis of public property; class struggle is the driving force of society, the principle of one-party system, universal labor service.
Political regime- a set of means, methods and techniques for exercising power and achieving political goals.
| Democratic political regime | Authoritarian political regime | Totalitarian political regime |
| 1) recognition of the people as the only source of sovereignty; | 1) the concentration of real power in the hands of a political leader or political group, the possibility of penetration into which is strictly limited; | 1) a one-party system, the dominance of a single mass party, the leader of which is also the leader of the state; |
| 2) guarantees of civil, political, socio-economic rights of the individual, recognition of their natural and inalienable; 3) the formation of government bodies through free elections on the principles of universal, equal and secret suffrage; 4) creation of conditions for the activities of parties, respect by the majority for the opinion and interests of the minority; 5) implementation of the principle of separation of powers; 6) diversity and equality of forms of ownership, market economy; 7) a developed system of local governments; 8) the right of the minority to oppose while submitting to the decisions of the majority |
2) the exercise of political power by administrative-command methods with the use of coercion or the threat of force; 3) the resolution of a certain ideological and political diversity, the boundaries of which are strictly defined, a real political struggle for power is not allowed; 4) restriction and regulation of political and personal rights of citizens; 5) restriction of media freedom; 6) relatively independent of the state are: the economy, production, everyday life, public organizations |
2) the only permitted mandatory ideology; 3) the monopoly of the party and the state on the mass media; 4) branched system political police, total control over all spheres of public life; 5) the centralized nature of economic management |
Social studies USE, lesson 18
Lesson 18. Politics and power. State. Politic system
Politics and power
Power and influence
Influence the ability to influence the behavior of others.
Power - the right and opportunity to dispose of someone or something, to subordinate to one's will (regardless of whether the other side is ready for cooperation and subordination)
Political power
Politics (from Gr. politik - the art of government) - is defined as a field of activity related to the distribution and exercise of power within the state and between states in order to achieve the security of society.
The role of politics in society :
clarification of the meaning of the existence of this community and the system of its priorities;
coordination and balance of interests of all its members, determination of common collective aspirations and goals;
development of rules of behavior and life activity acceptable to all;
the distribution of functions and roles between all subjects of a given community, or at least the development of the rules by which this distribution occurs;
Political and state power:
“political power” and “state power” are identical concepts, since political power comes from the state and is exercised with its direct or indirect participation;
“Political power” and “state power” are not identical concepts, but any state power is political.
All state power is political in nature, but not all political power is state power. An example would be the dual power in Russia in 1917 - the power of the Provisional Government and the power of the Soviets. Possessing political power, the Soviets at that time did not have independent state power.
There are two points of view on this issue:
Political power - this is the right, ability and opportunity to defend and implement certain political views, attitudes and goals.
Government - a form of political power that manages society on behalf of the people throughout the state through the state apparatus, publishing and bringing to the implementation of generally binding legal norms;
the ability of the state, its structures, with the help of legitimate means, to subordinate the behavior of individuals, groups of people or the whole society to the general (state) will.
Signs of political power:
extends to the whole society;
acts on the basis of law on behalf of the whole society;
relies on coercive force to manage society (has the legal right to use it);
there is a single national center for political decision-making
uses a variety of means (economic, social, coercive, etc.).
State
State - a way of organizing political power (management of society), which has a special apparatus (mechanism) for managing society to ensure its normal activity.
State signs
Territorial integrity is a clearly defined territory of the state, on which its authorities function and its laws are in force.
The population is the subjects of the state, on which its power extends and under the protection of which they are. Mandatory membership in the state (citizenship).
State sovereignty is the supremacy and independence of state power from any other power throughout the country. This also includes independence in relations with other countries.
Monopoly on the publication of laws - the exclusive right to publish laws binding on all citizens, to administer justice.
The exclusive right to levy taxes, issue money.
The presence of public authority - a group of people (officials) separated from society and endowed with certain powers to manage the affairs of the state.
The presence of enforcement agencies (army, police, law enforcement agencies) endowed with appropriate powers.
Claims to represent society as a whole and protect the common interest and common good.
Symbols of the state - coat of arms, flag, anthem, motto.
Language as a means of communication in the territory of a state.
Unified defense and foreign policy.
Unified transport, information, energy systems, common market, etc.
The main features of the state
Additional signs of the state
State functions
political - management of society through various institutions of power;
organizational and legal;
economic - regulation of economic relations and carrying out the necessary reforms;
social - development of education, healthcare, social security of the population;
ideological (cultural and educational) - education of members of society, the formation of civil and patriotic values through the system of public education and the official media;
environmental – environmental protection, ensuring conservation, restoration and improvement natural conditions human life.
ensuring national security;
development of mutually beneficial cooperation with other countries;
defending state interests in international relations;
protection of citizens outside the state;
participation in decision global problems humanity.
Internal:
External:
State forms
State shape - device political organization society, designed to ensure its stability and normal functioning;
this is the structure of the internal structure of the state, including its territorial organization, principles, methods of formation and interaction of state authorities, as well as methods of exercising power that ensure the implementation of a certain state policy.
Form of government – organization of higher authorities (mechanism of formation).
Who governs and how?
Form of state-territorial structure - relations between central and local authorities, the distribution of power throughout the country.
Political regime - a set of methods, means and techniques for exercising political power, reflecting the level of political freedom.
Democracy: Everything is allowed that is not prohibited by law.
Totalitarianism: Everything that is not allowed by the state is prohibited.
The political system of society
Politic system is a set of state, party and public bodies and organizations participating in the political life of the country.
Political organizations: state, parties, socio-political movements.
Political norms: embodied in constitutions, other laws, party charters, as well as in traditions and customs.
Political relations and connections.
Forms and methods of activity, methods of exercising power.
Political culture: ideas, ideals, psychology, etc.
Subsystems of the political system
organizational (institutional): state, parties, pressure groups, media…;
normative: political, legal, moral norms, customs, traditions…;
functional: means and ways of exercising power (violence, coercion, consent ...);
communicative: forms of interaction between power and society (individual);
cultural and ideological: value system, mentality, political ideas, ideals…
Functions of the political system:
determination of goals, objectives, ways of development of society;
organization of the company's activities to fulfill the adopted goals and programs.
distribution of material and spiritual values;
the formation of political consciousness, the involvement of members of society in political participation and activity;
coordination of various interests of the state and social communities;
ensuring internal and external security and stability of the political system;
development of rules and laws of behavior of people and groups in society;
control over compliance with the implementation of laws and regulations, suppression of actions that violate political norms.
Problem solving
Choose the correct judgments about power and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Power is the ability of one side (individual or group) to influence the behavior of the other side, regardless of whether this latter is ready to cooperate or not.
2) Any power presupposes a certain inequality in the relationship between those who rule and those who are subject.
3) According to the degree of institutionalization, power can be democratic, authoritarian, etc.
4) According to the regime of government, government, city, school, etc.
5) The purpose of political power is the consolidation of society to solve important social problems.
Of the concepts below, all but two refer to policy functions.
1) Stabilization; 2) consolidation of forces; 3) search for truth; 4) management; 5) maintaining order;
6) transfer of cultural experience.
Find and indicate the concepts that "drop out" of the general series.
Revealing the role of the state in the life of society, political scientists characterize it as the central institution of the political system. Which of the following evidence supports this assertion?
1) arose before other social institutions
2) has the highest concentration of power
3) performs certain social functions
4) establishes generally binding norms
5) regulates the activities of citizens and organizations in a certain territory
6) its activity is regulated by certain norms
Choose the correct judgments about the state and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) The state has a special apparatus for the implementation of managerial, protective functions.
2) The features of the state include publicity, sovereignty, a monopoly on the issuance of laws and the collection of taxes.
3) Any state as the main political institution is called upon to fully control the life of society in order to ensure law and order and security.
4) A democratic state is guided in its activities by human rights and the interests of the majority of citizens.
5) According to the form of the state (territorial) structure, republican, federal and confederal states are distinguished.
Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, belong to the features of any state.
1) monopoly right to lawmaking; 2) sovereignty; 3) public authority;
4) republican form of government; 5) territory; 6) federal structure.
Find two terms that "fall out" of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
Establish a correspondence between the forms of the state and the classification criteria by which they are distinguished: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
The constitution declares state Z to be a democratic unitary monarchical state. Which of the following characterizes the political regime of state Z? Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) the hereditary nature of power
2) guarantee of the rights and freedoms of citizens
3) legislative activity of the parliament
4) the lifelong nature of the power of the head of state
5) rule of law
6) political pluralism, multi-party system
In state Z, the legislature is exercised by the parliament, and the popularly elected head of state forms the government and heads the executive branch. Citizens have full rights and freedoms, civil society institutions are developed. State Z includes the territories of subjects that have the right to adopt their own constitution. Parliament has a bicameral structure. Find the characteristics of the form of state Z in the list below and write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) constitutional monarchy
2) presidential republic
3) federal state
4) democratic state
5) absolute monarchy
6) unitary state
Find in the list below the elements of the normative subsystem of the political system of society. Write down the numbers under which they are indicated.
1) Constitution
2) state
3) political ideology
4) international legal documents
6) political parties
15. 371925
Read the text below, in which a number of words (phrases) are missing. Choose from the proposed list of words (phrases) that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
“If __________ (A) characterizes the state in terms of the formation of the highest authorities, then __________ (B) reflects territorial division states. A simple unified state that does not have other state formations, is called __________(B). In such a state, there is one constitution, a single system of state __________ (D) functions. Another form is __________ (D), which is a union state, the subjects of which have relative political independence, up to the adoption of their own __________ (E)”.
Words (phrases) in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used once.
Choose sequentially one word (phrase) after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words (phrases) in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
1) unitary; 2) federation; 3) form of government; 4) democratic; 5) constitution;
6) political parties; 7) the form of the state-territorial structure;
8) republic; 9) authorities.
In the table, under each letter, write down the corresponding number.
Practice solving tasks of the second part of the exam
Tasks 21–24
According to the form of manifestation of power, influence, coercive control, and domination are usually singled out.
Influence is a form of power implemented by following specific models or patterns of behavior, ideals and worldviews, tactical or strategic programs. Coercive control is implemented through commands backed by positive or negative sanctions. Domination is a form of power in which the orders of its subjects are effective precisely because those who are commanded consider these commands to be reasonable and legitimate, i.e. legitimate.
Domination is not directly related to reward or punishment, although in practice domination and coercive control most often complement each other. Its effectiveness largely depends on taking into account the peculiarities of other mechanisms of power. So, for example, domination can be strengthened by the action of the mechanism of exchange between the subject of domination and his subordinate. The dominator and the person acting as its object may also have a common interest in achieving the goal. Both can also be connected by solidarity, due to their common religious faith, ethnic or clan affiliation, etc.
The following types of legitimate ... domination are distinguished: traditional, rational-legal, charismatic ... Ill-considered and unsystematic use of violence can call into question the legitimacy of domination and give rise to fierce resistance to it.
In order for power to be recognized as legitimate, it must comply with existing moral and legal norms. Often power is perceived as coercive control when it is unfair, i.e. contradicts the established distribution of roles, personal expectations, higher moral values, etc.
Public opinion may also perceive government as illegitimate when it is ineffective, for example, when it is unable to fight embezzlement, corruption and organized crime. Consequently, the majority of citizens should be confident in the actual implementation of the declared legal norms, the existence of an effective mechanism for their implementation.
(according to V.Yu. Doroshenko)
22. What characterization of influence as a form of power does the author give? Using social science knowledge, explain the meaning of the author's words that coercive control is implemented through commands, backed up by positive or negative sanctions.
23. What are the three types of legitimate domination mentioned in the text? Based on social science knowledge and the facts of social life, name one sign of each of these types.
24. During a social studies lesson, a student defended the point of view that the legitimacy of political power does not depend on the type political regime. Based on the text and social science knowledge, give three arguments supporting this opinion.
When they talk about territorial or territorial-administrative division, they mean the principles and mechanisms of the relationship between central and local public authorities. AT real life these principles and mechanisms are expressed in unitarism, federalism and confederalism...
The unitary type is one of the most common forms of territorial and political organization, both in the modern world and in previous periods of human history. In a unitary state, powers are delegated by the central authorities to territorial self-government bodies, and in a federal state, unitarism exists within the framework of subnational units: states, lands, provinces, regions. Unlike the federal state, in which there are three levels of government - federal, subjects of the federation and local, the unitary state is characterized by the dominance unified system bodies of power and justice, guided by uniform legal and constitutional norms. Here, all administrative formations are subordinate to the government from top to bottom. The leaders of local governments are elected, but their prerogatives are limited...
In many countries of the modern world, a federal type of state-territorial structure has been established. A federation is a union state of many or several state entities that have a certain degree of independence in certain areas of public life. The federal structure of the state is reflected in the structure of the supreme legislative body, which consists of two chambers.
A confederation is an internally contradictory form of political organization. Here, each entity that is part of the confederation almost completely retains its constitutional prerogatives and power. The central government receives funds for its activities from more or less voluntary contributions from lower governments ... As historical experience has shown, a confederation is one of the most unviable forms state structure.
(K.S. Gadzhiev)
21. Give the position of the text, which reflects the essence of the territorial or territorial-administrative division. Indicate in what three forms (types) this division manifests itself.
22. The author refers the confederal state to one of the most unviable forms of government. Do you agree with this assessment? Give two arguments to substantiate your position: one of a theoretical nature, the other based on the facts of the past and present.
23. What features inherent in a unitary state stand out in the text? Name any three traits.
24. Russia is a federal state. Based on the text and social science knowledge, show the manifestation of any three signs of a federation in the state-territorial structure of our country. Give an example of one of them.
Task 25
What is the meaning of social scientists invest in the concept of "political system of society"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the subsystems of the political system, and one sentence revealing the essence of any subsystem of the political system.
Task 26
Name any three functions of the political system of society and illustrate the implementation of each of these functions with an example.
Task 27
State Z before the adoption of the new constitution was presidential republic, and after its adoption it became a parliamentary republic. However, the presidency was retained. Who will lead the executive branch in Z? What powers will President Z retain? (Specify any one authority.) To whom will the government be accountable?
Task 28
You have been instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic “Form of the State”. Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
Task 29
Expand the meaning of the statement in the form of a mini-essay, indicating, if necessary, different aspects of the problem posed by the author (the topic covered). When presenting your thoughts on the problem raised (designated topic), when arguing your point of view, use the knowledge gained during the study of the social science course, the relevant concepts, as well as the facts of social life and your own life experience. (Give at least two examples from various sources as evidence.)
"If you don't get into politics, politics will get into you." (Ch. Montalembert)
The author of the article is a professional tutor Elena Viktorovna Kaluzhskaya
This article is about concepts encountered in questions USE in social studies: Politics, power, political system.
The term " politics" comes from the ancient Greek word polis - "city-state", first introduced into scientific circulation by the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle.
Politics - the relationship between large groups people within society, as well as between societies, which are aimed at establishing, maintaining and redistributing power.
Concept " power" expresses such a phenomenon of social life, with which all political processes are connected. However, power can exist in the form of the power of parents, the boss, the leader of an informal group, and so on. For the sphere of politics, the concept is applied "political power".
Let's give definitions:
Power- social relations, the distinguishing feature of which is the ability of one individual or group of individuals to influence other individuals or groups of individuals, changing their behavior in accordance with their goals.
Political power- the right, ability and opportunity to defend certain political views, attitudes and goals.
The sphere of politics has its own structure, expressed in the concept "politic system".
System- this is a set of elements interconnected in such a way that they represent together an object, a phenomenon that performs a function. Anything can be cited as an example: a pen, a notebook, a person, morality ... A notebook, for example, is a collection of sheets in a cage or in a ruler and a cover, fastened together. Notebook used for writing educational material. Morality is a set of norms that determine human behavior. What does it represent politic system?
The political system is a set of norms, public institutions and organizations that together represent the political self-organization of society.
In the political system, there are five structural components (elements), which are called subsystems:
1. Institutional subsystem: states, parties, socio-political movements and other political institutions.
2. Regulatory subsystem: political principles, legal norms governing political life, political traditions and moral norms.
3. Functional subsystem: forms and directions of political activity, methods of exercising power.
4. Communication subsystem: a set of connections and interactions, both between the subsystems of the political system, and between the political system and other subsystems of society, between the political systems of different countries.
5. Cultural and ideological subsystem: political psychology and ideology, political culture, including political teachings, values, ideals, patterns of behavior that affect the political activities of people.
