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First daylight savings time. Winter and summer time. when winter and summer time was first introduced

Go to summer time allows you to more rationally use the daylight hours and save electricity. Usually the clock hands are moved forward an hour on the last Sunday in March (and on the last Sunday in October they are moved back an hour). But this is not the case everywhere. A number of countries, including Russia, have refused to switch to daylight saving time, and the rest do not necessarily do it synchronously. The Village figured out the intricacies of daylight saving time.

Text: Anastasia Kotlyakova

In the northern hemisphere

(summer time is used almost universally)

Europe: Since 1996, European countries have adopted a system for moving the clock hand forward one hour on the last Sunday in March and one hour back on the last Sunday in October. The exceptions are Russia, Iceland and Belarus (these countries do not switch to daylight saving time).

In 2018, the transition is made on the night of March 24-25. The hands of the clock are translated at two in the morning - from 02:00 to 03:00. After that, the time difference with Moscow will be one hour.

USA, Canada (except Saskatchewan), Mexico:

USA: Transfer to the second Sunday of March at 02:00, back - at 02:00 on the first Sunday of November. Only Hawaii, Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands do not cross.

Arizona does not change clocks (but upstate Americans do).

Other countries: The transition is also carried out in Cuba, Morocco, Iran, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon, Israel, Palestine.

In the southern hemisphere

Australia: In the states of South Australia, New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania and the Australian Capital Territory, clocks are changed twice a year: to daylight saving time (October 1 at 02:00) and back (April 1 at 03:00) .

Western Australia, Queensland, and the Northern Territory do not have Daylight Savings Time.

Chile: The data is different! But RIA Novosti writes that there has been no transition since 2015.

Brazil: Almost nowhere there is a transition, except for the states of Campo Grande, Cuiaba, São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro (there summer time starts on November 4 at midnight, ends at midnight on February 18).

Who gave up daylight saving time

Japan, China, India, Singapore, Turkey, Abkhazia, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Belarus, Georgia, Donetsk People's Republic, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Lugansk People's Republic, Russia (since 2011), Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, South Ossetia.

Incomprehensible countries

In the equatorial countries, the transition to summer and winter time was not introduced at all. Many agrarian countries have abandoned the transition to summer time, where the working day already determines daylight hours.

Illustrations: Anahit Ohanyan

During almost the entire existence Russian Federation, namely, from October 23, 1991, the resolution of the Council of the Republic of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR dated “On streamlining the calculation of time on the territory of the RSFSR” was in force on the territory of our country. This legal act established the annual introduction of summer time, the procedure and date of transition to it were to be determined in accordance with the requirements of the European Economic UN.

Cancellation of the annual switchover

In 2011, the then President of the Russian Federation Dmitry Medvedev signed, which abolished the practice of moving the hands on the clock. However, this regulatory legal act was signed in June, that is, after the inhabitants of the country switched their clocks to summer time on March 27, 2011.

Thus, Federal Law No. 107-FZ of June 3, 2011 “On the Calculation of Time” actually fixed permanent summer time in Russia. The negative impact of the change of time on the human body, expressed in an increase in morbidity and the population of the country, was called as the main factor that caused the refusal of the double annual change of the clock hands.

Discussion about temporary regime in Russia

At the same time, the decision taken a few years ago cannot be called unequivocally popular: it found quite a few opponents. The main argument that is usually put forward to challenge the legitimacy of fixing summer time on the territory of the country is the continuing operation of the so-called daylight savings time.

The fact is that back in 1930, by a special decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, a temporary regime was introduced on the territory of all republics, one hour ahead of standard time. And although in 1991 the effect of this decree was canceled, about a year later this temporary regime was restored on the territory of Russia.

The introduction of daylight saving time actually represents an increase of one more hour to the standard time: thus, the inhabitants of the Russian Federation are two hours ahead of standard time. In this regard, in last years periodically there are proposals to return to winter time.

At the moment, the draft law, fixing the country's transition to constant winter time, has been adopted by the State Duma of the Russian Federation in the third reading. If it comes into effect, the actual time in Russia will be close to standard time.

On July 14 (July 1, according to the old style), 1917, the transition from "winter" to "summer" time was carried out for the first time in Russia.

The expression summer time (summer time or Daylight Saving Time) means an hour ahead of the time adopted in the given time zone. It is introduced for the summer period in order to save electricity by the governments of a number of countries approximately north of 30 ° north latitude and south of 30 ° south latitude.

Switching clock hands to "summer" time is not advisable everywhere. In tropical latitudes (less than 23.5°), daylight hours vary little throughout the year. In polar latitudes (more than 66.33°) there is a polar day and a polar night. The effect of shifting clock hands to "summer" and "winter" time can take place in the latitude range from 30 to 55 °.

Daylight Saving Time in different countries decrease from north to south, amounting to 20-30 weeks in April-May, summer months and September-October (in the northern hemisphere) and about 20 weeks in November-March (in the southern hemisphere). With a significant decrease in the duration of daylight hours, the time is transferred back an hour. The mode of life according to the usual zone time in everyday life is called "winter" time.

For the first time, the idea of \u200b\u200btransferring clocks arose in the 18th century with the American public figure Benjamin Franklin (Benjamin Franklin) in order to save candles for lighting, but was blocked by candle manufacturers.

In 1895, New Zealand entomologist George Vernon Hudson submitted an article to the Wellington Philosophical Society in which he proposed a two-hour shift to preserve daylight.

The idea of introducing "summer" time found support in most economically developed countries at the beginning of the 20th century, during the period of mass electrification of industry and everyday life. A more rational use of daylight was supposed to reduce the cost of electricity for lighting the premises.

In Great Britain, in 1909, a bill was drawn up on the introduction of "summer" time, which was repeatedly considered in Parliament, but was not adopted until the First World War.

Many states immediately after the end of the war abandoned "summer" time, others repeatedly introduced this time, then abandoned it, and some countries maintained such a time shift throughout the year.

Transfer to "summer" time was introduced in case of crisis situations, for example, during the Second World War (USA, Great Britain), during the oil crisis of 1973-1974 (USA, Germany and other countries).

In Russia, for the first time, this transition was carried out on July 1 (July 14, according to the new style), 1917, when, in accordance with the decree of the Provisional Government, the hands of all clocks in the country were moved one hour ahead.

They were transferred back on December 27, 1917 (January 9, 1918, according to the new style), already in accordance with the decree of the Council of People's Commissars of December 22, 1917 (January 4, 1918, according to the new style).

The practice of switching from "summer" to "winter" time continued until 1924.

Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR of June 16, 1930 introduced maternity time on the territory of the USSR. Then the clock hands were moved one hour ahead of standard time and after that they were not moved back, and the country all year round began to live and work, one hour ahead of the natural daily cycle. The transfer of clock hands to "summer" time was resumed from April 1, 1981, but already relative to the daylight savings time. Thus, in the country "summer" time was two hours ahead of standard time.

In the USSR, and since 1991 in Russia, the introduction of "summer" time was carried out on the night of the last Saturday on the last Sunday of March, and "winter" - on the night of the last Saturday on the last Sunday of September.

In 1996, the period of "summer" time in Russia was "in order to observe a single time regime with other countries. The transition to" winter "time began to be carried out on the last Sunday of October, as in all of Europe.

At the same time, the majority of the Russian population opposed summer time.

July 21, 2014 Russian President Vladimir Putin on Russia's transition from October 26, 2014 to "winter" time. In most constituent entities of the Russian Federation, the clocks were set back an hour, and in the future, the seasonal translation of the hands was not carried out. Five regions of Russia (Udmurtia, Samara Region, Kemerovo Region, Kamchatka Territory and Chukotka Autonomous Okrug) did not switch to "winter" time.

After that, complaints began to come from a number of regions about the lack of sunlight in the evenings. In 2016, the Russian authorities approved laws that made it possible to move the clock forward: in the Republic of Altai, Altai and Trans-Baikal Territories, Sakhalin, Astrakhan, Magadan, Tomsk, Ulyanovsk, Novosibirsk and.

Currently, there is no consensus among experts and the international community on the significant savings in energy resources during the transition to daylight saving time.

In 2017, more than 70 countries and territories implemented the transition to "summer" / "winter" time. From the former Soviet republics"summer" time was introduced only by Moldova, Ukraine and the three Baltic republics - Latvia, Lithuania and Estonia.

The material was prepared on the basis of information from RIA Novosti and open sources

When traveling around the world, people inevitably find themselves at different times of the day - this is due to the movement of the planet around its axis. Russia is a very large country occupying an impressive territory. For greater convenience, its area was divided into a certain number of zones corresponding to the number of time zones in Russia.

What determines time on Earth

Our planet, as you know, has a spherical shape. In 24 hours, it manages to make a complete revolution around its axis, that is, 360 °. Accordingly, in one hour the Earth rotates around its axis by 15 °.

In different parts of the world, people meet sunrise or sunset at different times. In places located on different meridians, at the same moment, the hands of the clock will show different times of the day. For example, in Yakutsk it will be 21 hours, while in Yekaterinburg - only 17.

But at the same time, on the same meridian, throughout its entire length from the North to the South Pole, the time of day will be the same. Such time is called local or solar.

However, use local time extremely inconvenient: it makes the development of relations between countries very difficult. To eliminate this discomfort, astronomers have proposed to introduce a standard time system around the world.

Time zones of Russia

The length of Russia from west to east is very large, and covers 11 time zones. The capital of the Russian Federation - Moscow - is in the second time zone, and, say, the Chukotka Autonomous Okrug - in the twelfth.

Moscow time serves as a reference point for determining local time anywhere in Russia. The difference is calculated by the number of full hours: minutes and seconds are the same in all time zones.

In order to avoid confusion on the territory of Russia, all work of river, sea, air and rail transport, as well as various kinds of communications, are carried out only in Moscow time.

Rice. 2. Time zones of Russia on the map.

For greater convenience in Russia, the second and eleventh time zones were combined into one. For this reason, within the Russian Federation, they meet not eleven, but ten times.

It is not difficult to independently calculate the zone time of each individual settlement. It is enough to know the boundaries of its location and the number of the time zone in which it is located. For example, if in Moscow, located in the second zone, it is 8 am, then in Yekaterinburg, located in the fourth zone, it will be 10 am, since the difference with Moscow will be 2 hours.

Table by city (time difference)

Daylight Savings Time

In 1930, by decree of the Council of People's Commissars throughout Russia, the clock hands were moved one hour ahead of the relative standard time. The country lived in this regime for more than 50 years according to the so-called "maternity leave" time. It was believed that the change to a new time was installed in order to save electricity. The return to seasonal time only happened in 1981.

In the same year, summer time was introduced on the territory of the USSR. In the period from April 1 to October 1, clocks throughout the country were set one hour ahead. The official reason for this transition is the rational use of daylight hours and energy savings.

Rice. 3. Physiologists are against the transition to a new time.

However, physiologists are sure that such jumps in time have a very negative effect on people's well-being. For any organism, the transition to a new time is stressful, and it takes some time for the life cycles to adjust to the new conditions.

The transition to daylight saving time in the Russian Federation was canceled in 2011.

What have we learned?

When studying one of the topics in the 8th grade geography program, we learned how many time zones there are in Russia. We found that their number of time zones corresponds to the number of meridians, and the difference in time in each neighboring zone is exactly one hour. Moscow time is considered the main time in Russia, according to which all types of transport operate, communications are established throughout the country.

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1. Local time.

Time measured on a given geographic meridian is called local time this meridian. For all places on the same meridian, the hour angle of the vernal equinox (or the Sun, or the mean sun) at any given moment is the same. Therefore, on the entire geographic meridian, local time (stellar or solar) is the same at the same moment.

If the difference between the geographical longitudes of two places is D l, then in a more eastern place the hour angle of any star will be on D l greater than the hour angle of the same luminary in a more westerly location. Therefore, the difference of any local times on two meridians at the same physical moment is always equal to the difference in the longitudes of these meridians, expressed in hours (in units of time):

those. the local mean time of any point on earth is always equal to universal time at that moment plus the longitude of that point, expressed in hours and considered positive east of Greenwich.

In astronomical calendars, the moments of most phenomena are indicated by universal time. T 0 . The moments of these events in local time T t. are easily determined by formula (1.28).

3. standard time. IN Everyday life using both local mean solar time and universal time is inconvenient. The first because there are, in principle, as many local time counting systems as there are geographic meridians, i.e. countless. Therefore, in order to establish the sequence of events or phenomena noted in local time, it is absolutely necessary to know, in addition to the moments, also the difference in longitudes of the meridians on which these events or phenomena took place.

The sequence of events marked according to universal time is easily established, but the large difference between universal time and the local time of meridians, which are far from Greenwich Mean Time, creates inconvenience when using universal time in everyday life.

In 1884, it was proposed belt counting system of average time, the essence of which is as follows. Time is only kept on 24 major geographic meridians located from each other in longitude exactly 15 ° (or 1 h), approximately in the middle of each time zone. Time zones called the areas of the earth's surface into which it is conditionally divided by lines running from its north pole to the south and spaced approximately 7 °.5 from the main meridians. These lines, or boundaries of time zones, follow exactly the geographical meridians only in the open seas and oceans and in uninhabited places on land. For the rest of their length, they go along state, administrative, economic or geographical boundaries, retreating from the corresponding meridian in one direction or another. Time zones are numbered from 0 to 23. Greenwich is taken as the main meridian of the zero zone. The main meridian of the first time zone is located exactly 15 ° east of Greenwich, the second - 30 °, the third - 45 °, etc. until the 23 time zone, the main meridian of which has an east longitude from Greenwich 345 ° (or west longitude 15°).

Standard timeT p is called the local mean solar time, measured on the main meridian of a given time zone. It keeps track of time throughout the territory lying in a given time zone.

Standard time of this zone P is related to universal time by the obvious relation

T n = T 0 +n h .

(1.29)

It is also quite obvious that the difference between the standard times of two points is an integer number of hours equal to the difference in the numbers of their time zones.

4. Summer time. In order to more rationally distribute electricity used to illuminate enterprises and residential premises, and to make the most of daylight in the summer months of the year, in many countries (including our republic) the hour hands of clocks running in standard time are moved forward by 1 hour or half an hour. The so-called summer time. In the fall, the clock is again set to standard time.

DST connection T l any point with its standard time T p and with universal time T 0 is given by the following relations:

(1.30)