Objective causes of the death of the Galician-Volyn principality. Brief history of the Galicia-Volyn principality and the policy of its rulers. The value of the Galicia-Volyn state for the Ukrainian people
Taking advantage of internal strife and the principality, the Hungarian king Andrei proclaimed the Galician land his property. For several years, clashes, chaos and devastation continued, until, finally, Vladimir regained the Galician throne. Unfortunately, such cases, which gave foreigners a reason to interfere in the internal affairs of the country, have occurred repeatedly in the history of Ukrainian statehood.
Unlike the Galicians, the boyars of the Volyn principality were mostly from the princely squads. They received land allotments in the service of the prince and were entirely dependent on his generosity. Therefore, the Volyn nobility showed devotion and support to the princely power. For this reason, it was the Volyn ruler Roman Mstislavich who was able to unite both principalities. Soon he annexed Kyiv and Pereyaslavl to the newly created state. Then, almost all Ukrainian lands fell under the authority of a single prince. Thus, a huge state was created, headed by an energetic, active and talented ruler. No wonder his contemporaries called him "Great" and "Lord of All Russia." In domestic policy, Roman focused on strengthening princely power. His favorite expression was: "If you don't kill the bees, you won't eat honey." Many boyars were executed or sent into exile.
To protect the Ukrainian lands from nomad attacks, the prince carried out several successful campaigns against the Polovtsians. But, seeking to expand the limits of his already vast possessions, he went far to the north into the Polish and Lithuanian lands. During the last campaign, the prince was ambushed and killed.
After the death of Roman in the Galicia-Volyn principality, irreconcilable strife continued between the princes and boyars for forty years. Power passed from hand to hand, while Poland and Hungary constantly interfered in the affairs of the principality.
Meanwhile, the sons of Roman grew up - Daniil (Danilo) and Vasily (Vasilko). The constant appeals of the boyars for help to foreigners served as a cause of popular indignation. Urban artisans, communal peasants, for whom strong princely power was a guarantee of stability, supported the struggle of the princes for the parental throne.
Thanks to this, in 1238 Daniel Romanovich finally entrenched himself in Galicia, and his brother Vasily - in Volhynia. At the same time, the Galicia-Volyn principality remained a single state. Daniel chose the city of Holm (now Polish Helm) as his capital.
Here he built a well-fortified fortress, churches, laid a large park. Inheriting the military traditions of his father, Daniel created an excellent cavalry squad and a foot army. He fortified existing cities and founded new ones, including Lvov A256), named after his son Leo.
The prince populated the new cities with artisans and merchants from Germany, Poland and other countries. To protect the peasantry and the middle class from boyar arbitrariness, he appointed conscripts, formed military detachments from the peasants. But the greatest merit of Daniil Romanovich is the defense of the borders of the Galicia-Volyn principality from the Mongol-Tatar conquerors. The system of fortifications built by the prince shortly before their attack reduced the number of devastating invasions and the consequences of destruction. However, she was unable to ensure complete independence from the Mongol-Tatars. After a long resistance, Daniel was forced to recognize the authority of the Golden Horde. With a heavy heart, he went in 1246 to Batu Khan for a "label" for reigning.
Despite the fact that the khan received him well and, more importantly, let him go home alive, Daniel never forgot this humiliating fact and did not stop fighting against Mongol domination until the end of his life. The Galician prince constantly pondered plans for the formation of a strong alliance with other rulers of Russia and countries Western Europe to fight against the Mongols. He turned to Pope Innocent IV with a proposal to declare crusade against the Golden Horde. But military assistance never came.
At the same time, recognizing Daniil of Galicia as one of the greatest statesmen and wanting to encourage him to move into the bosom of the Roman Church, the Pope of Rome sent the prince a royal crown. In 1253 Daniel of Galicia was crowned in Dorogochin (now Drogichin, Belarus). He became the firstUkrainian king. The royal title after Daniil Galitsky was inherited by his son Leo and grandson Yuri, so the latter, like his grandfather once, signed: "King of Rus, Grand Duke of Kyiv, Vladimir-Volynsky, Galitsky, Lutsky Dorogochinsky." No longer relying on the help of his neighbors, Daniel, during the years 1254-1255, single-handedly opposed the enemy. He managed to win several victories over the Horde troops and even push them beyond the borders of Ukraine. However, the prince soon paid dearly for this. In 1259, a large Mongol-Tatar army unexpectedly invaded the territory of Galicia and Volhynia. Under the threat of immediate destruction, Daniel was forced to fulfill the Khan's demand - to dismantle the walls of all fortified cities. With a heavy heart, he watched as the walls he had so carefully erected were destroyed, and the cities were left completely defenseless. The most offensive was that after this the Mongols repeatedly attracted the troops of the Galicia-Volyn principality to fight against the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and Poland. In other words, Daniel was forced to show support to the conquerors. But in this way he minimized the pressure of the Mongol-Tatars on Ukraine. Daniel of Galicia died in 1264.
It should be noted that the basis of his policy was rather skillful maneuvering, the search for compromises between the Catholic West and the Mongols. His political model of communication with neighboring states eventually became typical of Ukrainian self-consciousness. During the reign of the descendants of Daniel of Galicia, the state never got rid of its dependence on the Golden Horde.
The son of Daniel Leo (1264-1301) fought with the Poles to take the Krakow royal throne, but unsuccessfully. Then he fought the Hungarians, defeated them and ruled Hungary for some time. The reign of Lev Daniilovich's son Prince Yuri (1301 - 1308) was more successful.
He again managed to unite all the Galician and Volyn lands. During his reign, Ukrainian culture flourished. There appeared their own craftsmen and artists who not only copied Byzantine masters, but also created their own original works of art. Particularly interesting from an artistic point of view are miniature drawings of that time, and the Ukrainian school of jewelry making was considered the best in Europe. At the princely court for relations with Europe, the "Latin office" was founded.
Scientists wrote books not only in ancient Ukrainian, but also in Latin, which contributed to the spread of Ukrainian culture around the world. However, the enmity between the boyars and the princes, which had temporarily subsided, flared up again in the first quarter of the 14th century. The consequence of this was the weakening of the principality, which in 1349 again divided: Volhynia was ruled by the Lithuanian prince Lubart, and Galicia was captured by Poland.
The unification of the Galician and Volyn principalities took place in 1199. It was accomplished by the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich the Great. So the Galicia-Volyn principality was created, which immediately took a leading place in political life Russia. He was able to overcome the boyar opposition, strengthen the western borders of the Grand Duchy, and carry out successful campaigns against the Polovtsians. Such measures contributed to strengthening the authority of Roman. He became the most powerful of the southern Russian princes, because he extended his power over a vast territory - Volhynia, Galicia, Podillia, Bukovina and Lower - almost half of modern Ukraine. In 1203 Kyiv opened its gates to him. The fame of Prince Roman spread not only throughout Ukraine, but also reached neighboring states. He was called the head of all Russian lands, "Grand Duke", "Tsar", "Autocrat of All Russia".
Under the rule of Roman Mstislavich were all, with the exception of Chernigov, Ukrainian principalities. The new strong state, having received the Kiev heritage, relied on a solid economic foundation - a significant part of the Baltic-Black Sea trade on the Bug-Dniester route, which replaced the fallen Dnieper artery. He went on internal politics Yaroslav Osmomysl, directed against the hostile part of the Galician boyars, which contributed to the growth of his popularity.
The capital of the state of Roman Mstislavich is not Kyiv, traditionally associated with Byzantium, and not Vladimir-Volynsky, but Galich, which has always maintained close relations with the countries of the West, therefore the direction of the political life of Southwestern Russia is significantly shifting to the west. So, Roman participated in a sharp struggle between the German dynasties of the Genstaufeniv and the Welfs on the side of the former. During one of the military campaigns on the territory of Poland (1205 p.), Associated, according to historians, with obligations under the Göhenstaufeniv, Roman died in the battle of Zawihvost.
The creation of the Galicia-Volyn principality headed by the "autocrat of all Russia" Roman Mstyslavych became an important stage in the history of Ukrainian statehood, because, unlike the multi-ethnic Kyiv state Galicia-Volyn was based on a single Ukrainian basis. This gave grounds for Ukrainian historians to call Roman "the creator of the first national Ukrainian state", which, as a separate political organism, existed until the end of the 14th century.
Historians associate the day of the highest rise of the Galicia-Volyn principality with the name of King Daniel of Galicia.
Daniel of Galicia began to reign in Volhynia (20th pp. XIII century), A 1238 p. established himself in Galicia, overcoming the internecine strife that broke out after the death of Roman on the initiative of the Galician boyars. During his reign, he had to simultaneously overcome the resistance of several rivals: the Mongols threatened from the east, Lithuania, Poland and Hungary claimed Ukrainian lands from the west. Thus, in 1238 Daniel put an end to the advance of the Teutonic Order, defeating the crusader troops in the battle near Dorohichyn. At the same time, they had to fight with the recalcitrant boyars, who leaned towards Rostislav Mikhailovich from the Chernigov dynasty and his allies. In 1245, the army of Daniel of Galicia won a brilliant victory in the battle with the army of the Hungarian king led by Rostislav and his allies near the city of Yaroslav on the river. Xiang. As a result of the Battle of Yaroslavl, Daniel broke the resistance of the boyar opposition, finally established himself in Galich and stopped the expansion of the Hungarian kingdom north of the Carpathians for a long time. At the same time, the prince carried out successful campaigns against the Lithuanians and Yotvingians, in 1243 he took Lublin and the Lublin land. Helping his son Roman, married to the sister of the Austrian Duke Friedrich II Babenberg Gertrude, to get the Austrian crown, Daniel of Galicia went to the Czech Republic and Silesia. None of the Russian princes went so far to the west. However, the activity of Daniel's foreign policy was manifested not only by armed campaigns. The dynastic marriages of his children were also evidence of it. So, Lev Danilovich was married to the daughter of the Hungarian king Bela IV. The younger son, Shvarno, married the daughter of the Lithuanian prince Mindovg. Daniil's daughter Pereyaslava was given in marriage to the Duke of Mazovia Zemovit.
An important direction in the foreign policy of Daniil Galitsky was relations with the Mongol rulers. The prince intended to unite the efforts of the Western states in the fight against the Horde. However, the first attempt at a joint anti-Mongolian action was not successful. Therefore, Daniel was forced to go to negotiate with Batu Khan. Khan received the prince with honors, but contemporaries understood that this trip meant recognition of dependence on the Horde. However, Daniel did not abandon the search for allies to fight the Horde. He made a new attempt to organize an anti-Mongolian alliance in 1254-1255 pp. Then the troops of Daniel, his brother Vasilko and son Leo received the cities that were subjected to the Mongols - Bolokhov cities in the region of the Sluch and Teterev rivers. However, after the arrival in 1258 of the huge army of Burundai, Daniil and Vasilko were forced to dismantle the fortifications of the largest cities (Lviv, Lutsk, Kremenets, etc.). Only the capital Hill did not submit and retained its fortifications.
In order to attract the Western European states to the anti-Mongol struggle, Daniel accepted the royal crown. The coronation of the Ukrainian prince took place in 1253 in Dorohychyn in Podlachia. True, the pope could not and did not want to provide real assistance in the fight against the Horde of the Galician-Volyn princes. Therefore, Daniel's ties with Rome soon broke off. Therefore, the efforts of Daniel, together with the European owners, to get rid of the Horde yoke were in vain.
The inability to fully implement the foreign policy program did not at all indicate the political defeat of Daniel. After all, he was able to raise the authority of his state - and then in the most unfavorable times, when all of Eastern Europe suffered from Mongolian yoke. Daniel's coronation had an enduring significance in this connection. She showed the recognition of the Ukrainian state by European countries, it was the Galicia-Volyn kingdom that was considered the state of the Russian people, Rus, the heiress Kievan Rus. Daniil united under his rule almost all of the modern Right Bank of Ukraine, including Kyiv. When it was developed the city of Lviv, the capital of the Hill.
After the death of Prince Daniel in 1264, the Galicia-Volyn kingdom broke up into several parts. Western Volyn was kept in his hands by Daniil's brother Vasilko Romanovich, bequeathing these lands to his only son Vladimir. The Galician, Przemysl and Belz principalities were retained by the eldest son of Daniil Romanovich - Lev. Eastern Volhynia with Lutsk was given to Mstislav Danilovich. Kholmsk principality went to the younger Danilovich - Shvarn.
Leo undertook to unite the lands of his father under one hand. He annexed the Lublin land, part of Transcarpathia with m. Mukachevo, to his possessions. After Shvarn's death, he occupied the Kholm principality, and in 1272 moved his capital to Lvov. Unsuccessfully claimed the Lithuanian throne. In foreign policy Lev Danilovich sought the closest relations with Poland. He also maintained extensive diplomatic relations with the Czech Republic and the Teutonic Order. As for relations with the Horde, Leo somewhat changed his father's tactics: he did not resist the Mongols, but reckoned with their will. In particular, he had, even against his own interests, to go to war with Poland and Lithuania. However, despite such loyalty, Leo still failed to ensure peace in the state, because the Mongol-Tatars used the Galician-Volyn lands as a springboard for their attacks on neighboring countries. Frank harassment of Leo Vladimirova's heritage was not successful either. They eventually led to the transfer of the entire Volhynia to Mstislav Danilovich. The latter died without heirs, and the lands of the kingdom of Daniil Romanovich were still united - by Daniil's grandson King Yuri I Lvovich, whose reign (1302-1308) was a time of prosperity, tranquility and economic well-being of the kingdom. Yuri I chose Vladimir-Volynsky as his capital.
Under his rule in 1303 in the Galicia-Volyn state, with the consent of the Patriarch of Constantinople, a separate Ukrainian Orthodox metropolis was formed - Galicia. This event showed the continuity of the church tradition of Ukraine-Rus, the independence of the Ukrainian Church and helped to defend the independence of the united principality. Yury I had good relations with neighboring countries, in particular Kuyavskaya line of Polish princes, and with the Teutonic Order, he even made an alliance.
The legacy of Yuri I went to his sons - Andrei and Leo II, who ruled together. They called themselves "princes of all Russia", thus expressing their claims to the continuity of the state traditions of Kievan Rus. The leading direction of the foreign policy activities of Andrei and Leo was the orientation towards an alliance with the Teutonic Order and Poland. Thus, the princes tried to weaken their dependence on the Horde. There is an assumption that the brothers Andrei and Leo II were actively fighting the Tatars and, perhaps, they died in this struggle. Since none of the brothers had children, with their death in 1323 the Danilovich dynasty was interrupted.
For almost two years, the Galician-Volyn throne remained vacant, although there were enough applicants. 1325 Galician-Volyn boyars elected Prince Boleslav, son of Mary, sister of the last rulers Andrei and Leo II, as head of state, adopted Orthodoxy and the name of Yuri II Boleslav (1325-1340). In foreign policy, Yuri II Boleslav kept an alliance with the Teutonic Order, thus finding a counterbalance to Poland, with which relations were hostile. In 1337, together with the Tatars, he even tried to return Lublin, but failed. Yuri established friendly relations with Lithuania, strengthening them by marriage with the daughter of Prince Gediminas. This prince had to pay with his life from the conspirators: 1340 was poisoned. The death of Yuri II Boleslav had negative consequences for the Galicia-Volyn state. Since his death, Western neighbors have taken advantage, who sought to increase their own territories at the expense of Ukrainian lands. The states that took advantage of the weakening of the Russian lands were Lithuania, Poland and Hungary. As a result of a long war (1340-1349), which was unleashed against the Galician state (Volhynia was peacefully incorporated by Lithuania) Poland and Hungary, the last independent state of Rus-Ukraine ceased to exist in 1349 p., And its lands were divided among the winners. Later, Galicia is assigned to Poland.
And no matter how adverse the consequences of the decline of the Galicia-Volyn principality were, they by no means diminish its significance in Ukrainian history. As noted by the prominent Ukrainian historian Mikhail Grushevsky, the Galician and Volyn principalities were the direct heirs of the political and cultural tradition of princely Kyiv. The Principality of Galicia-Volhynia was the first proper Ukrainian state, since in the XIII century, in the era of its power, it covered 90% of the population, lived within the current borders of Ukraine.
In the south-west of Kievan Rus in 1199, as a result of the unification of the Volyn and Galician lands, a new principality was formed: Galicia-Volyn. Roman Mstislavich, one of the representatives of the Rurik dynasty, became the prince of the united territory.
In contact with
background
On the basis of topographic names and surviving chronicles, historians have established that strong tribal associations and unions existed in the territories of the future Galicia-Volyn principality. Documents from the beginning of the seventh century there are mentions of dulebs. Later, East Slavic tribes are mentioned: Buzhans (Volynians), Tivertsy, Ulichi, White Croats. Thus, the population of the Galicia-Volyn principality was mainly eastern Slavs.
Their lands included up to three hundred settlements. The centers of these political and tribal associations were fortified cities. It is known that in the campaigns of the early Russian princes against Byzantium translators were representatives of white Croats. There are references to small settlements of Poles, Prussians, Lithuanians, Yotvingians, and Hungarians.
Volyn
At the end of the tenth century, the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Svyatoslavovich (baptist of Russia) subjugated western Volhynia, or Cherven land, to his power. He appointed his son Vsevolod to reign. This is how the Volyn principality, or Vladimir-Volyn, was formed. It became the western Russian lot.
But there are a number of historians who admit that the Galician and Volyn lands were annexed to Russia in 960 Svyatoslav Igorevich. And in 972, after his tragic death on the island of Khortytsya, these lands were taken over by the Kingdom of Poland. And Vladimir Svyatoslavovich returned them to Russia in 992.
Since that time, the Volyn principality was separated from Kyiv, then again joined.
The state included the following cities:
During the entire existence of Volhynia, as a result of internecine wars, it moved away from Kyiv, then returned again. Alone drove others from the prince's table and vice versa. Only the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vladimir Monomakh twice pacified the rebellious city of Vladimir-Volynsky.
In 1124, the Przemysl and Terebovsk lands seceded from the Volyn principality, forming the Galician principality. The elder descendants of Yaroslav the Wise established themselves there.
It became calmer in Volhynia when Roman Mstislavich Volynsky took the princely throne in the early eighties of the eleventh century.
Volyn finally separated from Kyiv in 1154 by the efforts of the elder descendants of Vladimir Monomakh. And in the year around 1170, in Volhynia, appanage principalities:
Volyn land was covered with dense forests and hilly. A section of the trade route from the Baltic Sea through the Pripyat River to the Dnieper River ran through it. Also, a land route passed through the principality. segment of the trade route from Kyiv to Regensburg and Krakow. This gave the economy of Volhynia and its merchants great advantage. So to speak, they lived "on the pipe" and received good profits from this. This feature of the territory attracted many rulers of other territories of the Carpathian region.
Galich
Initially, the Principality of Galicia united four specific principalities:
- Actually Galich itself (Galician).
- Zvenigorodskoe (Zvenigorod).
- Przemyslskoye (Przemysl).
- Terebovlskoye (Terebovl).
The first Galician prince was the son of Vasilko Terebovlsky Ivan.
After the death of Ivan Vasilkovich in 1141, Prince Vladimir Volodarevich of Przemysl captured Galich. By 1144, he liquidated the rest of the specific principalities. And then between him and the Prince of Volyn Svyatoslav Vsevolodovich, the son of the Grand Duke of Kyiv Vsevolod Olgovich, there was a border conflict.
Naturally, the conflict played into Kyiv's hands. There was a reason to once again clean up the Galician lands. Vsevolod organized a campaign against Galich. Chernigov, Turov, Pereyaslav, Smolensk princes and Polovtsy took part in it. Some support was also provided by the Polish king Boleslav.
The peculiarities of the natural conditions of Galicia contributed to the fact that one of the main trade roads of Europe passed through its territory. During the entire existence of the Galician principality fight these lands carried on constantly. Poles, Hungarians, and even Emperor Frederick Barbarossa participated in this ongoing struggle. In 1189 Kyiv prince Vsevolod the Big Nest managed to establish his nephew Vladimir Yaroslavovich in Galich.
In 1199, with the death of the Galician prince Vladimir Yaroslavovich, the Galician principality also ceased to exist. Prince Roman of Volhynia united both principalities into one. The sons of Vladimir fled to Hungary. This year is considered the year of the final formation of the Galicia-Volyn principality.
Architecture of the Galicia-Volyn principality
The architecture of the principality basically followed the traditions of Kievan Rus. But Western Europe also had a huge impact. The peculiarities of this building culture is that in Galicia the first in Russia began to build white-stone buildings. They used technologies that have become widespread in Poland, the Czech Republic and Hungary.
Roman Mstislavich
Roman was brought up in Poland at the court of Prince Casimir the Just. Historian O. Golovko writes that he lived in Poland about twelve years old. In 1155, his father, Prince Mstislav Izyaslavich, was forced to flee with his family to his wife's relatives in Poland. In 1167, young Roman returned to Russia with the Polish army. The inhabitants of Novgorod the Great were persuaded to invite him to reign. Roman Mstislavich reigned in Novgorod from 1168 to 1170.
In 1170, his father died in Volhynia. Roman had to return to Volhynia and replace his father on the princely throne. First of all he strengthened the defense of Vladimir-Volynsky. In interstate politics, he strove for independence, but this was not allowed by his overlords. In addition, he was forced to satisfy the demands of his population, which wanted tranquility and peace.
Prince Roman Volynsky made the first attempt to seize the principality of Galicia in 1188 after the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl. The attempt was unsuccessful. And in 1199, with the help of friends from Poland, Galich subjugated himself. He brutally crushed the resistance of the local boyars and began the centralization of government in both principalities.
This did not please the eternal opponents of the Polish kingdom. Chernihiv-Seversky and Smolensk princes in 1201 they were going to go to the Galicia-Volyn principality by war, but the unexpected happened. Roman was called to Kyiv to reign. Lived in Kyiv for a short time. Having received the title of Grand Duke of Kyiv, leaving Ingvar Yaroslavich as governor in Kyiv, he returned to Galich.
The peculiarity of the Galicia-Volyn principality was such that it occupied a vast territory. Roman Mstislavich competed on equal terms with Poland, then with Hungary. He could become the first king of Galicia-Volyn. crown him proposed by the pope Innocent III. There was one condition: Roman had to convert to Catholicism. But then tragedy struck. In one of the campaigns in 1205, the prince was killed by the Poles.
Forty years of struggle for power
The death of Grand Duke Roman Mstislavich served as a pretext for the struggle of all interested parties for the grand ducal power in the Galicia-Volyn lands. The noble and ordinary boyars, both Volyn and Galician, were involved in the war. Representatives numerous branches of the Rurik family. Polish and Hungarian rulers. Rulers of the Kyiv Grand Duchy. At times, the Polovtsian khans also intervened in this war. This long struggle for power in no way affected the economy of the Galicia-Volyn principality. None of the conflicting parties wanted to block trade routes.
Immediately after the death of Roman, the Hungarian king Andras II supported the widow of the Grand Duke and his children, placing the Hungarian garrison in the city of Galicia. The administration of the state was also carried out by the Hungarians. But next year, in 1206, the noble Galich boyars returned from exile to Galich. Using their influence, they invited the sons of Novgorod-Seversky Prince Igor Svyatoslavovich to reign. They, in alliance with the Turov-Pinsk and Chernigov principalities, expelled the sons of Roman Mstislavich from the principality.
In 1208, the prince from Poland, Leszek Beliy Krakovsky, returned the city of Vladimir-Volynsky to the children of Roman Mstislavich. His eldest son Daniel made prince of Volhynia. And in 1211, young Daniil Romanovich, with the help of the Hungarians and Poles, expelled the Igoreviches from Galich. He managed to capture two of his brothers, whom he immediately hanged.
Daniel did not sit on the grand princely throne of the Galicia-Volyn principality for very long. Galician noble boyars, led by the boyar Vladislav Kormilichich, expelled him from the city and headed for rapprochement with the Kyiv principality.
The Poles and Hungarians did not want the Principality to get closer to Kyiv. By joint efforts in 1214 they occupied the principality and elevated Galich Koloman to the princes, Hungarian prince. And Daniel was left to reign in Volhynia. But soon the union of Hungarians and Poles was upset. The Hungarians pushed the Poles out of Galicia.
Mstislav Udatny
Mstislav Udatny is the first and, perhaps, the only prince in the history of Galicia who opposed the expansion of the Roman Church into Russia. He was one of the luckiest and bravest princes. All his life he fought with the enemies of Russia. But he often used his skills in internecine strife. A direct descendant of Vladimir Monomakh, the son of the Novgorod prince Mstislav the Brave. His mother was the daughter of Yaroslav Osmomysl, who reigned in Galich.
While still being the Prince of Novgorod, Mstislav Mstislavich claimed to reign in Galich. In 1218, with the support of the princes of Smolensk, he expelled the Hungarians from the principality of Galicia. Both domestic and foreign policy was very active. Constantly repulsed the invasions of the Hungarians and the Poles on his lands. In order to prevent the Volyn prince Daniil Romanovich from going over to the Poles or Hungarians, he forced him to marry his daughter. By 1221, he finally established himself on the Galich throne.
In 1223, while Mstislav Udatny, along with other Russian princes, fought on the Kalka with the tumens of the Mongolian Subudei-Bator and Jochi-Noyon, Daniil Romanovich Volynsky betrayed him. And Udatny had to defend Russian territory not only from the Poles and Hungarians, but also from his son-in-law Daniil Romanovich. The famous prince died in 1228 and was buried in Kyiv.
"King of Russia"
With the death of Mstislav Udatny, Daniil Romanovich began a full-scale struggle for the separation of the Galicia-Volyn principality from the influence of Kievan Rus. He entered into profitable alliances with the Russian princes, competing with Kyiv. But he immediately betrayed them as soon as a better offer arrived.
The rulers of Poland and Hungary tried several times to eliminate their unreliable partner. But Daniel somehow managed to rally around Russian princes and organize trips to the lands of their patrons. But his main goal was Kyiv. And he succeeded. In 1240, he put his thousandth there. But not for long.
At the end of 1240, the Mongol Khan Batu, the ruler of the Dzhuchiev ulus, took Kyiv. In 1241, Batu Khan invaded Hungary through Galicia and Volhynia. This took full advantage Daniil Romanovich, who managed to swear allegiance to Batu Khan. With the support of the Mongols, he destroyed his opponents in southeastern Poland. And by 1245 he concentrated all power in the Galicia-Volyn lands in his hands.
Most serious and independent historians note one feature in the character of Daniil Galitsky - a tendency to betrayal. So, for example, in the same year 1245 Daniel came to Khan Batu in order to once again receive a golden pie for the grand princely rule in the Galicia-Volyn lands. There he entered into an agreement with Plano Carpini, the ambassador of the Pope. Getting the right to power, he immediately betrays his overlord.
Fulfilling the instructions of Pope Innocent IV, Daniel converts to the Catholic faith. In 1247 he marries his son Leo to the Hungarian princess Constance, and in 1252 he married youngest son of Roman with the heir to the Austrian throne, Gertrude Babenberg. From that moment on, the Galicia-Volyn principality became a springboard for the spread of Catholicism in Russia. For his zeal, Innocent IV in 1254 gave him the title of "King of Russia" with an eye to the fact that he would bring all Russia under the arm of Rome.
For incomplete submission to the khans of the ulus of Dzhuchiev (“Golden Horde”) in 1258, Burundai was sent to Galicia. And he tightly controlled and directed Daniel's actions against Catholic Poland. The servant of two masters died in 1264.
After the death of Daniil Romanovich, the Galicia-Volyn principality, in fact, was divided between his sons. The gradual decline of the principality began. Already in 1305, the king was called the "King of Little Russia" and became dependent on the Teutonic Order. King Yuri the second attempted make it the main religion Catholicism, but met with fierce resistance from the boyars, who, in the end, poisoned him. This can be considered an independent existence of the Galicia-Volyn principality ended. The lands of the principality passed from one hand to another, until in 1452 they were finally annexed to the Kingdom of Poland.
The territory of the Galicia-Volyn land stretched from the Carpathians to Polissya, capturing the course of the rivers Dniester, Prut, Western and Southern Bug, Pripyat. natural conditions principalities favored the development of agriculture in the river valleys, in the foothills of the Carpathians - salt mining and mining. An important place in the life of the region was played by trade with other countries, great importance in which they had the cities of Galich, Przemysl, Vladimir-Volynsky.
An active role in the life of the principality was played by a strong local boyars, in a constant struggle with which the princely government tried to establish control over the state of affairs in their lands. The policy of the neighboring states of Poland and Hungary had a constant impact on the processes taking place in the Galicia-Volyn land, where both princes and representatives of boyar groups applied for help or in order to find asylum.
The rise of the Galician principality began in the second half of the 12th century. under Prince Yaroslav Osmomysl (1152-1187). After the turmoil that began with his death, the Volyn prince Roman Mstislavich managed to establish himself on the Galich throne, who in 1199 united the Galich land and most of the Volyn land as part of one principality. Leading a fierce struggle with the local boyars, Roman Mstislavich tried to subdue other lands of Southern Russia.
After the death of Roman Mstislavich in 1205, his eldest son Daniel (1205-1264), who was then only four years old, became his heir. A long period of civil strife began, during which Poland and Hungary tried to divide Galicia and Volhynia among themselves. Only in 1238, shortly before the invasion of Batu, Daniil Romanovich managed to establish himself in Galich. After the conquest of Russia by the Mongol-Tatars, Daniil Romanovich became a vassal of the Golden Horde. However, the Galician prince, who possessed great diplomatic talents, skillfully used the contradictions between the Mongolian state and Western European countries.
The Golden Horde was interested in preserving the Principality of Galicia as a barrier from the West. In turn, the Vatican hoped, with the assistance of Daniel Romanovich, to subjugate the Russian Church and for this promised support in the fight against the Golden Horde and even the royal title. In 1253 (according to other sources in 1255) Daniil Romanovich was crowned, but he did not accept Catholicism and did not receive real support from Rome to fight the Tatars.
After the death of Daniel Romanovich, his successors could not resist the collapse of the Galicia-Volyn principality. By the middle of the XIV century. Volhynia was captured by Lithuania, and the Galician land - by Poland.
Novgorod land
Novgorod land from the very beginning of the history of Russia played a special role in it. The most important feature of this land was that the traditional Slavic occupation of agriculture, with the exception of growing flax and hemp, did not give much income here. The main source of enrichment of the largest landowners of Novgorod - the boyars - was the profit from the sale of craft products - beekeeping, hunting for fur and sea animals.
Along with the Slavs who lived here since ancient times, the population of the Novgorod land included representatives of the Finno-Ugric and Baltic tribes. In the XI-XII centuries. Novgorodians mastered the southern coast of the Gulf of Finland and held in their hands the exit to the Baltic Sea, from the beginning of the XIII century. Novgorod border in the West went along the line of Lake Peipus and Pskov. Of great importance for Novgorod was the annexation of the vast territory of Pomerania from the Kola Peninsula to the Urals. Novgorod sea and forest industries brought enormous wealth.
Novgorod's trade relations with its neighbors, especially with the countries of the Baltic basin, became stronger from the middle of the 12th century. Furs, walrus ivory, lard, flax, etc. were exported to the West from Novgorod. Cloth, weapons, metals, etc. were imported to Russia.
But despite the size of the territory of the Novgorod land, it was distinguished by a low level of population density, a relatively small number of cities compared to other Russian lands. All cities, except for the "younger brother" Pskov (separated from 1268), were noticeably inferior in terms of population and importance to the main city of the Russian medieval North - Lord Veliky Novgorod.
The economic growth of Novgorod prepared the necessary conditions for its political separation into an independent feudal boyar republic in 1136. The princes in Novgorod were left with exclusively official functions. The princes acted in Novgorod as military leaders, their actions were under the constant control of the Novgorod authorities. The right of the princes to court was limited, their purchase of land in Novgorod was prohibited, and the income they received from the possessions determined for the service was strictly fixed. From the middle of the XII century. the Novgorod prince was formally considered the Grand Duke of Vladimir, but until the middle of the 15th century. he did not have the opportunity to really influence the state of affairs in Novgorod.
The supreme governing body of Novgorod was veche, real power was concentrated in the hands of the Novgorod boyars. Three or four dozen Novgorod boyar families held in their hands more than half of the privately owned lands of the republic and, skillfully using the patriarchal-democratic traditions of the Novgorod antiquity to their advantage, did not let go of their control over the richest land of the Russian Middle Ages.
From the environment and under the control of the boyars, elections were carried out posadnik(heads of the city government) and thousandth(head of the militia). Under boyar influence, the post of head of the church was replaced - archbishop. The archbishop was in charge of the treasury of the republic, external relations of Novgorod, the right of court, etc. The city was divided into 3 (later 5) parts - "ends", whose trade and craft representatives, along with the boyars, took a significant part in the management of the Novgorod land.
The socio-political history of Novgorod is characterized by private urban uprisings (1136, 1207, 1228-29, 1270). However, as a rule, these movements did not lead to fundamental changes in the structure of the republic. In most cases, social tension in Novgorod was skillfully
used in their struggle for power by representatives of rival boyar groups, who dealt with their political opponents with the hands of the people.
The historical isolation of Novgorod from other Russian lands had important political consequences. Novgorod was reluctant to participate in all-Russian affairs, in particular, the payment of tribute to the Mongols. The richest and largest land of the Russian Middle Ages, Novgorod, could not become a potential center for the unification of Russian lands. The boyar nobility ruling in the republic strove to protect the "old times", to prevent any changes in the existing correlation of political forces within the New City society.
Strengthening since the beginning of the XV century. tendencies in Novgorod oligarchy, those. the usurpation of power exclusively by the boyars played a fatal role in the fate of the republic. In the context of increased from the middle of the XV century. Moscow’s offensive against Novgorod independence, a significant part of Novgorod society, including the agricultural and trading elite not belonging to the boyars, either went over to the side of Moscow, or took a position of passive non-intervention.
History of the Galicia-Volyn principality- an integral part of the history of Russia during the period of feudal fragmentation, which was a natural stage in the development of the country.
The feudal mode of production with subsistence farming, the weakness of economic ties led to the disintegration of the territory of Russia into separate lands and principalities. Among them were Galicia and Volyn, which at the end of the 12th century united as part of the Galicia-Volyn principality. In the southwestern part of Russia, the Galicia-Volyn principality was the direct heir of Kievan Rus, the successor of its traditions. The period under study is characterized by a number of important socio-economic phenomena. This is primarily the growth of feudal property through the development Agriculture by enslaving the masses of the peasantry. There is also a process of separation of handicrafts from agriculture, the growth of cities as centers of the handicraft population and trade exchange, covering wide areas. Social relations are aggravated, the struggle of the oppressed working masses against the exploiters is unfolding.
A characteristic feature of this period is the struggle of the princes against the boyars for the strengthening of the monarchical power and for the stable unification of the Galicia-Volyn lands into one principality. Such a “unification of more significant areas into feudal kingdoms” counteracted the process of fragmentation of Russia and was undoubtedly a progressive phenomenon. The struggle for the unity of actions of the Russian principalities, for their unification to repel the aggression of foreign feudal lords, was also of great importance.
The territory of both Volhynia and Galicia was divided into separate lands, or principalities. Volyn until the middle of the XII century. formed one Vladimir principality. Later, as a result of princely strife and hereditary division of possessions, small volosts began to appear, which eventually turned into principalities.
The Galicia-Volyn principality arose as a result of the unification of the Galician principality with Volyn, which was carried out by Roman Mstislavich in 1199.
The origin and development of the Galicia-Volyn principality - the heir to Kievan Rus
Unification of Volyn and Galicia
Despite internecine wars between individual princes, Volhynia and Galicia have long maintained close economic and cultural relations. These relationships became a prerequisite for the unification of Volhynia and Galicia in one principality, which later played an extremely important role in the life of the Eastern Slavs for almost 150 years. Its further history should be considered in the context of the formation of three centers of consolidation, new state formations based on mono-ethnic soil - Ukrainian in the south, Belarusian in the northwest, and Russian in the northeast.
The emergence and rise of the Galicia-Volyn state was facilitated by:
1. Good geographical position.
2. The need for a (joint) struggle between the two principalities against aggression from Poland, Hungary, and later the Mongol-Tatar yoke.
3. The policy of princes Roman (1199-1205) and Daniel (1238-1264) united vigorously.
4. The existence of rich salt deposits on the territory of the principality, and this contributed to economic growth and trade intensification.
The state development of the Galicia-Volyn principality took place in several stages.
Shortly after the death of Yaroslav Osmomysl, Prince of Volyn Roman Mstislavich, at the invitation of the Galician boyars, occupied Galich, but could not establish himself there. Only in 1199, after the death of Vladimir Yaroslavich, the last representative of the Rostislavich dynasty, did Roman Mstislavich manage to combine Volyn and Galicia under his rule into one principality.
The formation of the united Galicia-Volyn state was an event of great historical importance. No wonder the chronicler called Roman the Grand Duke, "the king in Russia", "the autocrat of all Russia." Having mastered a significant part of the Kyiv heritage. The Galicia-Volyn principality at the turn of the 12th-13th centuries was not inferior to the Holy Roman Empire in terms of the size of its possessions. Its strengthening against the background of the progressive decline of the principalities of the Middle Dnieper testified to the fact that the center of political and economic life is gradually moving to the west.
Roman chose Kyiv as the center of his state, not oriented towards Byzantium, but Galich, close to the borders of the Western states.
Over time, Roman becomes a political figure on the European historical scene, as evidenced by the offer of the Pope in 1204 in exchange and acceptance by the prince of Catholicism to crown him. The Galicia-Volyn principality is drawn into a fierce struggle between the Hohenstaufen and the Welfs, which escalated in what was then Catholic Europe. However, not only with the sword did Roman gain fame. AT last years life, he proposed a model for supporting the "good order" in Russia. According to this project, it was planned to end the princely civil strife, the consolidation of forces for the appearance of an external enemy. However, the Galician-Volyn prince failed to unite Russia. In 1205, he tragically died near the town of Zawichost during a fight with the soldiers of the Krakow prince Leshka the White.
Temporary collapse of a single state (1205-1238)
With the death of Roman, an almost 30-year period of struggle for the Galician table begins. characteristic features public life at this time were:
- the progressive self-will of the boyars, which reached an unprecedented violation of the norms of feudal law - the announcement of the prince of the boyar Vladislav Kormilchich (1213-1214);
- continuous interference in the internal affairs of the Western European lands of neighboring states - Hungary and Poland, the consequence and manifestation of which was the proclamation of the "King of Galicia" and Volodymyriya Kolman (Koloman), married to the two-year-old Polish princess Salome (after that, the military occupation lasted from 1214 to 1219 .);
- the growing Mongol threat, which first manifested itself in 1223 on the banks of the Kalka River (Galician and Volyn formations were part of the coalition of Russian princes);
- vigorous struggle for recovery state unity Daniel of Galicia, successfully ended in 1238.
Galicia-Volyn principality in the reign of Daniel of Galicia (1238 - 1264).
Having restored unity, the Galicia-Volyn principality is gaining strength and regaining lost positions. In the spring of 1238, Daniel defeated the Teutonic knights of the Dobzhinsky Order near Dorogochin.
Soon he again extends his influence to Kyiv, in which he leaves his governor Dmitry to manage.
Feeling the reality of a constant threat from the West and East, he brings together a number of castle towns (Danilov, Kremenets, Ugrovesk, etc.).
During the period of the Mongol invasion, Daniel of Galicia was not in the principality: he was in Hungary and Poland.
When the hordes of Batu moved to Hungary, Daniil returned to his native lands, where he was expected not only by significant demographic losses, but also by another clash with the arbitrariness of the Galician boyars, who invited the Chernigov prince Rostislav to the throne. But in 1245 Daniel defeated the troops of Rostislav.
In the same 1245, the prince was forced to go to the Golden Horde in order to receive a label to manage the lands. Formally recognizing dependence on the khan, Daniel thereby tried to buy time to gather forces and prepare a decisive blow.
Old cities were actively fortified and fortresses of a new type were built, located on hills with stone walls, and the army was reorganized: the infantry was formed, the cavalry was re-equipped.
Daniil Galitsky was not able to realize the plans before the creation of the anti-Horde coalition. Taking advantage of Daniel's predicament, Pope Innocent IV promised the Galician-Volyn prince real help in the fight against the Golden Horde and the royal crown, subject to the conclusion of a union of the Russian Orthodox Church with the Catholic Church under the auspices of the pope.
In 1253 Danil's coronation takes place in the city of Dorogochin.
But not feeling real help from the papal curia, Daniel terminates the agreement with the Vatican and enters into an open armed struggle with the Golden Horde. At the end of 1254, Daniil of Galicia went on the offensive against the troops of Kuremsa, who tried to occupy the Galician Lower. As a result of successful and decisive actions, the prince managed to win back the lands along the Southern Bug, Sluch and Teterev from the nomads.
In 1258, the Horde launched a new massive offensive led by Burundai. Having no strength to resist, Daniil of Galicia was forced to give the order to destroy the fortifications of Vladimir, Lutsk, Kremenets, Danilov and other cities. Only the fortifications of impregnable Hill survived, where Daniel died in 1264, after a serious illness.
Stability and rise (1264 - 1323)
After the death of Daniel of Galicia, the principality again loses its unity: its lands were divided among the three descendants of the prince - Lev, Mstislav and Shvarno.
Lev Danilovich (1264 - 1301) continued the state policy of his father most consistently. Although he was forced to recognize his dependence on Nogai, it was this prince who annexed Transcarpathia and Lublin land to his possessions. Thanks to him, the territory of the Galicia-Volyn state became the largest in its history.
At the turn of the XIII - XIV centuries. the unity of the Galicia-Volyn state was restored under the rule of Leo's successor, Prince Yuri I (1301 - 1315). This was the period when the Golden Horde, which was torn apart by internal strife and strife, gradually lost power over the conquered territories.
Yuri, like Daniel, took the royal title. During the period of his reign, social development stabilized, cities flourished, trade ascended, economic development grew.
Yuri I's successors were his sons - Andrei and Leo II (1315 - 1323). They divided the territory of the principality into spheres of influence, but ruled jointly, duumvirate, and therefore the collapse of a single state did not occur. The struggle with the Horde ended tragically for them: in 1323, in the battle with the troops of Khan Uzbek, the young princes died.
The value of the Galicia-Volyn state for the Ukrainian people.
In fact, the Galicia-Volyn state on Ukrainian land, built by Ukrainian hands, which managed to unite around itself most of the Ukrainian ethnographic theory of its time, in fact, in the middle of the 14th century. ceased to exist. But a century and a half of its existence did not pass without a trace for further fate Ukrainian people.
In the culture of the Galician-Volynian day, even more clearly than before, there is an original combination of the Slavic heritage and new features due to ties with Byzantium, Western and Central Europe, the countries of the East. The Principality has an honorable place in the formation of Ukrainian culture, in strengthening its ties with the cultures of others peoples. For centuries in hard times domination of foreign states, Ukrainian figures of literature, art, education turned to the heritage of past eras, including the times of the Galicia-Volyn principality. The memory of his former greatness supported the spirit of the Ukrainian liberation struggle.
The state traditions of the era of Kievan Rus and the Galicia-Volyn principality were of great importance for the preservation and strengthening of the historical identity of the Ukrainian people.
Consequently, the development of culture in the Galicia-Volyn principality contributed to the consolidation of the historical traditions of Kievan Rus. For many centuries, these traditions have been preserved in architecture, fine arts, literature, annals and historical works. The heritage of Kievan Rus was one of the essential factors in the unification of the cultures of the Eastern European peoples.
