Topographic map designation on the terrain. "Plan of the area. Conditional signs. Map Creation Criteria
"Plan of the area. Conventional signs»
6th grade
Today we start learning new topic"Plan of the area. Conditional signs. Knowledge of this topic will be useful to you in the future. Terrain images are of several types: drawing, photograph, aerial photograph, satellite image, map, terrain plan (topographic plan).
To create topographic plans, modern technology is used (helicopters, airplanes, satellites) (Fig. 1).
Fig.1. Aircraft M-101T "Sokol" - designed for shooting terrain
(http://www.gisa.ru)
Photographs obtained as a result of aerial photography of the earth's surface are called aerial photographs.
Consider an aerial photograph (Fig. 2) and a topographic plan (Fig. 3) of the same area (the channel of the Moskva River in the Vorobyovy Gory area). Which image gives us more complete information about geographical objects? What type of image is more convenient to use to take a walk around Moscow?
The comparison will allow us to conclude that it is from the terrain plan that we can find out detailed information about geographical objects (for example, the name of a river, the names of streets, metro stations, parks).
  Rice. 2. Aerial photo shot (http://maps.google.ru) |
 Rice. 3. Plan of the area (http://maps.google.ru) Scale 1:50 000 At
River word designations |
Imagine that you are going on a hike far from the city. You need to prepare for the conditions of an unknown area in which you have never been, you need to think about what equipment, what clothes to take, perhaps - prepare for crossing a river, a ravine, etc. You can get information about the hiking area by reading the map correctly.
Before you are two different images of the earth's surface: a satellite image (Fig. 1) and a topographic map (land plan) (Fig. 4-5).
Let's find out comparing satellite image And terrain plan. Find similarities and differences.
Using figures 4 and 5, we will fill in the table "Features of the image of the area."
|
Image features |
Terrain plan |
aerial view |
|
1. Top view |
+ |
+ |
|
2. You can find out the name of the settlement, river, lake, etc. |
+ |
_ |
|
3. You can determine the type of vegetation, the names of tree species |
+ |
_ |
|
4. All visible objects are shown from above |
_ |
+ |
|
5. Only important objects are shown |
+ |
_ |
|
6. You can recognize the sides of the horizon |
+ |
_ |
|
7. Objects are depicted by conventional signs |
+ |
_ |
To summarize - what is a topographic map or terrain plan?
Let's write down the definition of the concept of "land plan" in a notebook.
Terrain plan or topographic plan (from Latin "planum" - plane) - an image on a plane small area the earth's surface in a reduced form with the help of conventional signs.
In order to work with a topographic plan, you need to be able to read it. The "alphabet" of the topographic plan are conventional signs. The symbols used to build terrain plans are the same for all countries of the world, which makes them easier to use even if you don't know the language.
Conventional signs- designations used on maps or plans for the image various objects and their quantitative and qualitative characteristics. In other words, conventional signs designate objects on the plan and are similar to these objects.
What can be learned using this terrain plan (Fig. 6)?
Rice. 6. Plan of the area (T. P. Gerasimova, N. P. Neklyukova, 2009)
And much more!
Topographic symbols are usually divided into: large-scale (or areal ), off-scale , linear And explanatory .
W 
Draw the following diagram in your notebook:
large-scale
, or areal
conventional signs serve to depict such topographic objects that occupy a significant area and whose dimensions in terms of plan can be expressed in
scale given map or plan. An areal symbol consists of a boundary symbol of an object and symbols that fill it or a symbolic coloring. The outline of an object is shown as a dotted line (outline of a forest, meadow, swamp), a solid line (outline of a reservoir, settlement) or a symbol of the corresponding boundary (ditch, fence). Filling characters are located inside the contour in a certain order (arbitrarily, in a checkerboard pattern, in horizontal and vertical rows). Areal symbols allow not only to find the location of an object, but also to evaluate its linear dimensions, area and shape ( http://www.spbtgik.ru).
W Let's draw examples of conventional signs and complete our scheme!
|
Village |
Orchard
Bush
Meadow
vyr
ubka
L
eu deciduous
R
hodwheel
ABOUT
zero
Garden
arable land
Swamp
Windmill
Well
School
Forester's house
Monument
Power station
wooden bridge
metal bridge
standalone tree
Spring
Factory
Building
Railroad station
|
Village |
|
Linear conventional signs are designed to depict extended objects on the ground, such as railways and roads, clearings, power lines, streams, borders, and others. They occupy an intermediate position between large-scale and off-scale conventional signs. The length of such features is expressed at the scale of the map, while the width on the map is not to scale. Usually it turns out to be greater than the width of the depicted terrain object, and its position corresponds to the longitudinal axis of the symbol. Linear topographic symbols also depict horizontal lines.
Let's draw examples of conventional signs and complete our scheme!
|
Village
|
Windmill Well School Forester's house Monument Power station wooden bridge metal bridge standalone tree Spring Factory Building
|
Highway clearing Trail Line power transmission
River
Ravine
|
Explanatory
conventional signs are used to additionally characterize the local objects shown on the map. For example, the length, width and carrying capacity of the bridge, the width and nature of the road surface, the average thickness and height of trees in the forest, the depth and nature of the ford soil, etc. Various inscriptions and proper names of objects on the maps are also explanatory; each of them is performed in a set font and letters of a certain size.
Let's draw examples of conventional signs and complete our scheme!
|
Village
|
Windmill Well School Forester's house Monument Power station wooden bridge metal bridge standalone tree Spring Factory Building
|
Highway clearing Trail Line power transmission
River
Ravine
|
|
Let's take a closer look at this type of conventional signs.
If you want to get acquainted with other conventional signs, you can download the following document (Word file)
http://irsl.narod.ru/books/UZTKweb/UZTK.html
Now let's put the theoretical knowledge into practice.
You must complete the following five tasks.
Exercise 1.
The site plan is used for:
A) the study of a vast territory, for example, Russia;
B) construction, agricultural work in a small area;
C) traveling around the world;
D) for planning a route if you want to go hiking.
Task 2.
The "ABC of the plan" are conventional signs. But what do they correspond to on the ground? Choose the number under which the conventional sign is shown, corresponding to the letter denoting its meaning (Fig. 7).
For example: 1-A; 2- V.
A) a break B) swamp; B) a path D) shrub; D) meadow
Rice. 7. Conventional signs of the terrain plan
(Baranchikov, Kozarenko, 2007)
Task 3.
Roads are marked on the plan:
A) black solid or dashed lines;
B) brown lines;
B) blue lines
D) green lines.
Task 4.
Scale or areal symbols on the plans of the area indicate the following objects:
A) swamp Orchard, forest, arable land;
B) a well, a school, a spring, a separate tree;
C) path, clearing, river, ravine;
D) railway, vegetable garden, factory, lake.
Task 5.
Carefully study the photograph (Fig. 8) and the plan adjacent to it (Fig. 9).
Answer the questions.
Question 1. Schoolchildren-tourists ford the river near the place where the stream flows into it?
A) YES; B) NO.
Question 2. Is it possible to determine from the plan in which direction the Sona River flows?
A) YES; B) NO.
Question 3. Is it possible to determine from a photograph what is the probable immediate goal of schoolchildren-tourists?
A) YES; B) NO.
Question 4. Is it possible to determine from the plan of the area that tourists are heading towards the village of Sonino, where they can rest and replenish their food supplies?
A) YES; B) NO.
Question 5. What lands occupy most of the territory depicted on the plan.
A) swamps
B) mixed forest;
B) shrub
List of literature used by the teacher when developing the lesson
Geography of the Earth: 6th grade: assignments and exercises: a guide for students / E.V. Baranchikov, A. E. Kozarenko, O. A. Petrusyuk, M. S. Smirnova. - M .: Education, 2007. - S. 7-11.
Elementary course in geography: textbook for grade 6. educational institutions / T. P. Gerasimova, N. P. Neklyukova. - M .: Bustard, 2010. - 174 p.
Working programs in geography. Grades 6-9 / N. V. Bolotnikova. - 2nd ed., Rev., add. - M .: Publishing house "Globus", 2009. - S. 5-13.
This material was prepared for you by the geography teacher of the Central Organ No. 109
Daria Nikolaevna Chekushkina.
E-mail address:chekushkina.
daria@
gmail.
com
Definition 1
Cartographic symbols- symbolic graphic symbols, which is used to depict various objects and their characteristics on cartographic images (maps and topographic maps).
Sometimes symbols are called map legend.
Types of conventional signs by scale
Depending on the scale, $3$ groups of conventional signs are distinguished:
- scale (areal and linear);
- off-scale (point);
- explanatory.
With the help of areal scale signs, extended objects are displayed on a map scale. Scale signs on the map allow you to determine not only the location of the object, but also its size and shape.
Example 1
Scale marks are the territory of the state on a $1:10,000,000 scale map or a reservoir on a $1:10,000 scale map.
Linear conventional signs are used to display objects that are significantly extended in one dimension, for example, roads. Consistent with the scale on such signs, only one dimension (in which the object is the most extended), while the other is off-scale. The position of an object is determined by a conditional or explicit center line.
Out-of-scale point symbols are used on maps to represent objects whose dimensions are not expressed on the map. The largest cities on the world map are displayed as off-scale signs - dots. The actual placement of the object is determined by the main point of the point symbol.
The main point is placed at off-scale signs as follows:
- in the center of the figure near symmetrical signs;
- in the middle of the base for signs with a wide base;
- at the top of the right angle, which is the base, if the sign has such an angle;
- in the center of the lower figure, if the sign is a combination of several figures.
Explanatory signs are intended to characterize local objects and their varieties. Explanatory signs may indicate the number of railroad tracks, the direction of the river.
Remark 1
On large-scale maps, the signs of individual objects are indicated separately, on smaller-scale maps, objects of the same type are grouped and applied with one sign.
Conventional signs by content
- signs and signatures of settlements;
- signs of individual local objects;
- signs of individual relief elements;
- transport infrastructure signs;
- signs of hydrographic network objects;
- signs of soil and vegetation cover;
Signs and signatures of settlements
On maps at a scale of $1:100,000 and larger, all settlements are indicated along with the signature of their names. Moreover, the names of cities are applied in direct capital letters, rural settlements - in lowercase letters, urban and suburban settlements - in lowercase oblique letters.
Large-scale maps display the exterior outline and layout, highlighting major highways, businesses, prominent knowledge and landmarks.
Example 2
On the $1:25 \ 000$ and $1:50 \ 000$ scale maps, the type (fireproof or non-fireproof) of the development is displayed in color.
The figure below shows signs of settlements used on maps of various eras.
Signs of individual local objects
Separate local objects, which are landmarks, are drawn on the map mainly with off-scale signs. It can be towers, mines, adits, churches, radio masts, remnant rocks.
Signs of individual relief elements
Relief elements are marked on the map with appropriate signs.
Remark 2
An object of natural origin is represented by lines and signs in brown.
Transport infrastructure signs
The objects of transport infrastructure displayed on topographic maps include the road and railway network, structures and bridges.
When plotted on a map, paved roads (motorways, improved highways, improved dirt roads) and unpaved roads are distinguished. All paved roads are plotted on the map, indicating the width and material of the pavement.
The color of the road on the map indicates its type. Highways and highways are applied in orange, improved dirt roads in yellow (occasionally orange), unpaved country roads, field, forest and seasonal roads without color.
Signs of objects of the hydrographic network
The following elements of the hydrographic network are depicted on the map - the coastal part of the seas, rivers, lakes, canals, streams, wells, ponds and other bodies of water.
Reservoirs are plotted on the map if their area on the image is more than $1 mm^2$. In another case, a body of water is applied only because of high importance, for example in dry areas. Objects are labeled with their name.
The characteristics of the objects of the hydrographic network are indicated next to the signature of the name of the object. In particular, they indicate in the form of a fraction the width (numerator), depth and nature of the soil (denominator), as well as the speed (in m / s) and direction of the current. Also indicated along with the characteristics of hydraulic structures - ferries, dams, locks. Rivers and canals are mapped in full. In this case, the type of display is determined by the width of the object and the scale of the map.
Remark 4
In particular, at a map scale of more than $1:50,000$, objects less than $5$ m wide, at a map scale of less than $1:100,000$ - less than $10$ m, are depicted by a $1$ line, and wider objects by two lines. Also, $2$ lines designate channels and ditches with a width of $3$ m or more, and with a smaller width - one line.
On large-scale maps, blue circles indicate wells, the letter “k” or “art.k” is placed next to it in the case of an artesian well. In dry areas, wells and water supply facilities are shown with enlarged signs. Water pipelines on the maps are shown by lines with blue dots: solid lines - ground, broken lines - underground.
Land cover signs
Often, when displaying land cover on a map, a combination of scale and off-scale symbols is used. Signs denoting forests, shrubs, gardens, swamps, meadows, nature are large-scale, and individual objects, for example, free-standing trees, are off-scale.
Example 3
The swampy meadow is displayed on the map as a combination of conventional symbols of a meadow, bushes and a swamp in a closed contour.
The contours of areas of terrain occupied by a forest, shrub or swamp are applied with a dotted line, except when the boundary is a fence, roads or other linear local object.
Forested areas are indicated in green with a symbol indicating the type of forest (coniferous, deciduous or mixed). Areas with forest growth or nurseries are plotted in pale green on the map.
Example 4
The image below shows a coniferous pine forest on the left with an average tree height of $25$ meters and a width of $0.3$ m, and a typical distance between tree trunks of $6$ m. The image on the right shows a deciduous maple forest with a tree height of $12$ m and a trunk width of $0.2$ m, the distance between which is $3$ meters on average.
Swamps are shown on the map with blue horizontal shading. At the same time, the type of hatching shows the degree of passability: intermittent hatching - passable, solid - difficult and impassable.
Remark 5
Swamps with a depth of less than $0.6$ m are considered passable.
Vertical shading in blue on the map indicates salt marshes. As well as for swamps, solid shading indicates impenetrable solonchaks, broken shading indicates passable ones.
Colors of symbols on topographic maps
The colors that depict objects on maps are universal for all scales. Black dashed marks - buildings, structures, local objects, strong points and boundaries, brown dashed marks - relief elements, blue - hydrographic network. Areal signs of light blue color - a mirror of waters of hydrographic network objects, green color - areas of tree and shrub vegetation, orange color - quarters with fire-resistant buildings and highways, yellow - quarters with non-fire-resistant buildings and improved dirt roads.
Remark 6
Special symbols are applied on military and special maps.
When depicting various objects on the terrain plans, a universal system of cartographic symbols is used. Often such designations are called "map legend". Their inscriptions resemble the objects they depict. For example, trees, bridges, oil rigs. In general, there are quite a lot of such signs, therefore special reference books are issued containing a list of accepted abbreviations and designations.
Initial information
Cartographic conventional signs are used for symbolic designation of objects and phenomena on maps, indicating qualitative and quantitative parameters. Each graphic symbol is associated with its own type of object or phenomenon. Depending on the scale of the image, the sizes of the characters may vary, but their pattern remains unchanged.
The drawing of the icon is done with clear lines. Explanatory labels are used to indicate additional characteristics. For example, with their help, the predominant type of trees in the forest, the material of the road surface are indicated. Proper reading of topography allows you to get detailed information about any part of the terrain.
The notation uses the concept of an isoline. This is a line connecting points located on the map with the same values of phenomena. So, a line with an equal on it atmospheric pressure is called an isobar, and with equal air temperature - an isotherm. In cases where the heights of the earth coincide, such a line is called the isohypse (horizontal). The plans also indicate lines, isotachs, connecting points with the same wind speed.
There are several notation methods:
- sign - can be of any geometric shape, in the form of letters or pictures;
- linear signs - used to depict extended objects, for example, rivers, borders, communication lines;
- quality fund - used to identify areas with the same socio-economic, administrative features, the location of the titanic plates, the type of soil or vegetation;
- diagrams - indicate quantitative characteristics, for example, wind rose, precipitation;
- chart diagrams - widely used to indicate static and economic indicators, indicators of production volume, the structure of the land fund, stocks of matter;
- movement - this method marks sea currents, travel routes, bird migration routes on maps;
- area - used to design the borders of the map.
Most symbols can be combined with each other, but not all. For example, the point method cannot be combined with sign and cartogram images. The application of symbols also depends on the scale of the map or plan.
Notation classification
It is impossible to remember all the symbols on the map, so there are topographic reference books with detailed description accepted designations. The initial information can be obtained in the geography textbook for the sixth grade. But schoolchildren are given only general scant information, which, however, should be enough for tourism. More detailed information can be found in the handbooks. For example, "Handbook of military topography" by A. M. Govorukhin or "Fundamentals of topography" by Vostroknutov A. L.
Symbols are of three types:
- areal (contour);
- off-scale;
- explanatory.
By contour symbols it is possible to determine not only geographical coordinates, but also the sizes of objects and their outlines. The perimeter of objects is shown as solid lines, and their color matters. Black marks the boundaries of structures, fences, roads, blue - water resources, brown - relief, light pink - routes of movement in settlements.
The dotted line is used to mark the boundaries of agricultural land, embankments, tunnels, clearings. Linear signs are a kind of scale. They are used to depict power lines, roads.
If a map or plan is drawn to such a scale that, due to its smallness, the contour designation becomes cumbersome, an off-scale type is used. In this case, a point is placed, which is located at the location of the object. For signs of a symmetrical shape, it is drawn in the center, having a base in the form of an angle - at the top, consisting of a combination of various figures - in the center of the bottom.
Explanatory signs serve as a supplement to scale and off-scale symbols. With their help, the characteristics of objects and their features are indicated. For example, when depicting a forest consisting of coniferous trees, along with the sign next to it may be a description of the height and additional rocks present.
Using explanations, indicate the names of settlements, rivers, lakes and the like. In the city, the names of avenues, districts, schools, kindergartens, streets are indicated. To increase the visual image, a group of symbols related to the same type of signs is performed in the same color.
Image Features
Images and designations of conventional signs for various topographic scales were developed on the basis of the Central Research Institute of Geodesy, Aerial Photography and Cartography of the GUGK of the USSR. Complete reference was published in 1977 by the Main Directorate of Geodesy and Cartography under the Council of Ministers of the USSR by the Nedra publishing house. It replaced the 1968 edition. The last edition was released in 1989. In addition, the symbols of geographical maps are specified in GOST 21 .204-93, as well as SNiP 11-02-96.
When drawing signs on the map, the following requirements are taken into account:
- off-scale signs for depicting objects are located at a distance of at least 0.3 mm from each other perpendicular to the southern frame;
- if the center of the sign falls on the frame, then it is applied on the original sheet and on the adjacent one;
- dotted line is not used if it coincides with the boundaries of linear objects, as well as when passing the contour at a distance of less than one millimeter;
- the outlines of buildings must match the true form;
- the presence of towers or towers on buildings is indicated by special signs or highlighted contours with explanations;
- light buildings of a portable type are not indicated on the plans;
- images of residential facilities are signed with the letter "F", non-residential - "H", and the number of floors is indicated by a number;
- Metro entrances are marked with a capital letter "M";
- the cellars are indicated with an explanatory inscription and signed with the word "cellars";
- cemeteries in topological surveys are depicted with the transfer of buildings;
- when indicating quarries nearby, they show their depth;
- conventional signs of oil and gas rigs are depicted only when they are placed near wells;
- signs of supports with consoles more than two meters long are accompanied by strokes;
- before the sign of the vegetation cover put the names of a separate tree or forest;
- when the sign "forest" is indicated in the numerator, the height of the trees is recorded, and in the denominator the thickness, the number behind the fraction indicates the distance between the trees;
- ice cliffs and ice are painted in blue, inscriptions are also made with it;
- meadow vegetation is depicted in white;
- clayey areas in the desert, expressed on the scale of the map, are outlined, but if without a scale, then the boundaries of the site are not marked;
- on a map at a scale of 1:25,000, all sands are denoted by a single sign - “even sands”.
Common signs
Knowing the correct decoding of topographic signs allows you to confidently navigate the terrain on the map, understanding where and what is located. From a large number various symbols, the most common symbols are strongholds and settlements, iron and highways, signs of relief and land cover, indications of water areas.
Of the main geodetic signs, we can distinguish:
- Residential and non-residential buildings - depict a pattern and numbers indicating the size of the building.
- Destroyed and dilapidated objects - unlike whole ones, their outline is depicted by dots.
- Churches - mark on the map with a cross indicating the height.
- Chapels, mosques - respectively, a circle with a cross and a circle with a crescent.
- Quarters - the outline of a solid line with internal shading, the color of the stroke shows the material from which the buildings are made.
- Tunnels and flyovers - the first are two parallel lines with a dotted middle, and the second with a solid one.
- Plants, factories - a black rectangle is drawn with an image on top of the pipe, if it is not in the factory, the pipe is not shown, and the rectangle changes to the form of a channel.
- Mines - their sign is two crossed picks, in case the mines are not working, the sign is turned over.
- Oil and gas derricks - are indicated by a pipe pattern, on the right side of which they sign the type of resource, and on the left they indicate the height of the tower.
- Parks are distinguished if their area on the map scale is at least 1.5x2.0 mm.
- Ravines and gullies - for their designation indicate the mouth, alluvial cone, bottom and slopes. Their relief is drawn in brown. Narrow objects are depicted with one thickened line or two with a width of more than one and a half meters.
- Cemeteries - outline a contour in the middle of which they put crosses.
- Swamps - clean spaces are depicted as a solid contour, painted over in green and periodically applied risks, if there are bumps or bushes, then their images are evenly distributed throughout the space.
It is worth noting that depending on the workload of the sites, fonts can be changed. Numerical characteristics are drawn in italics, except for the signing of contour lines and the number of storeys of buildings.
water bodies
The watermark table occupies a separate place in cartography. The image of the coastal parts of the seas, lakes, rivers, canals, wells and various reservoirs is called hydrography. The larger the scale of the plan, the more detailed the water icons are.
Reservoirs of small sizes are indicated only for arid regions or deserts, as well as in case of impossibility of using other landmarks. Be sure to mark rivers, main ditches and streams on the maps. On large-scale maps, rivers up to five meters wide are drawn with one line, and wider ones with two. The arrow indicates the direction of the flow. The name of navigable rivers and canals is written in capital letters, and non-navigable - in lowercase.
For dams and artificial ramparts indicate heights in meters. A shot is placed near the fords. In the numerator, the numbers indicate the depth and length in meters, and in the denominator - the type of soil and the speed of the current. When designating bridges, indicate the material from which they are made. You need to read "K" - like stone, "ZhB" - reinforced concrete, "M" - metal, "D" - wooden. After they write the physical length of the bridge, the width of the roadway and the height above the water. All dimensions are in meters.
Piers and anchorages are not drawn to scale. The first sign abbreviated "adj." in lowercase letters with italics, and the latter are indicated by a pictogram depicting an anchor. IN Lately among tourists it has become fashionable to swim along the rivers and use GPS to try to independently sign the location of the rapids. But trust in such designations is not particularly worth it. They are indicated by a dash across the river with the signature "por".
If it is necessary to designate a water tower, then this is done using a drawing depicting a drop and the inscription "water" standing next to it. The lighthouse is depicted with an asterisk, and the well is depicted with a circle indicating the depth. Lakes are indicated by a complete outline, shaded in Blue colour. A number indicating the height in meters is placed above it, and the type of water is abbreviated next to it in brackets. It can be fresh (pr.), salty (sol.), bitter-salty (g-sol.).
Thus, local objects on geographical or geodetic plans and maps are depicted by conditional topographic signs. Their designations are defined in GOST and GUGK and are of the same type. At the same time, even without knowing which sign means what, one can intuitively guess its purpose by its appearance.
Lecture plan:
1. The concept of a conventional sign and its purpose
2. Types of conventional signs
3. Tables of symbols
1. The concept of a conventional sign and its purpose
Cartographic conventional signs - these are graphic constructions of a certain size, shape and color, with the help of which various geographical objects and terrain objects are depicted on maps. All objects of the terrain are depicted on plans in an orthogonal projection (top view) in the form of lines, points or contours. Concerning the lines and points that correspond to the actual position of objects on the ground, conventional signs are built, and inside the contours they give explanatory conventional signs, as a rule, in shape and appearance resembling the depicted object. Such an approach to depicting related objects with uniform conventional signs contributes to their better memorization.
Symbols are designed in such a way that they can be easily built and drawn by hand or with the help of drawing tools, as well as taking into account the optimal proportions of its design, the possibility of reproducing them in print without loss of quality. Most conventional signs are a combination of points, lines, strokes and simple geometric shapes. In order to improve the readability of the map and distinguish the displayed objects of the area, the following colors have been introduced for conventional signs: blue - when depicting hydrography, brown - relief, black - settlements, road network, etc.
2. Types of conventional signs
A wide variety of terrain objects in shape and area led to the classification of conventional signs.
Large scale symbols. Scale conventions are used when the dimensions of terrain objects are expressed on the scale of the map. Objects projected on the map in the form of an area limited by the contour and filled inside with conventional signs or a signature are called areal . Inside the square, conventional signs are placed evenly in an arbitrary or in a strictly defined arrangement. Conventional signs that fill the entire area do not indicate either the location of the objects themselves within the contour, or their number. Sometimes background coloring is used instead of filling symbols. Sometimes the area is filled with a dashed symbol based on the background color. Often, on the original map, instead of a filling symbol inside the contour, an explanatory caption is given.
Linear symbols. Linear conventional signs include conventional signs that have a linear extent - roads, borders, fences, etc. Linear conventional signs preserve the length of an object on the map scale, and the width of an object can be exaggerated. On plans of scale 1: 2000, 1: 5000, etc. Roads are expressed on the scale of the map not only in length but also in width.
Off-scale symbols. This type includes conventional signs of individual terrain objects, the area of \u200b\u200bwhich is not expressed on the scale of the map. Such objects of the area include points of the state geodetic network, separate trees, road signs, mills, etc. The symbol is centered on a point in different ways, depending on its shape and pattern: if the symbol looks like geometric figure, then the actual position on the ground of such an object corresponds to its geometric center; if there is a right angle in the drawing of the conventional sign, then the top of the corner or the base of the sole of the sign is taken as the center of the sign; if a conventional sign is depicted as a figure with a wide base, then such a sign is centered on a point in the middle of the base; if the symbol is a combination of several figures, then such a sign is centered on a point by the center of the lower figure.
Explanatory symbols. A special group includes explanatory signatures and digital data that give an additional qualitative or quantitative characteristic on the map. They are usually used in combination with other symbols. Explanatory symbols include, for example, signs indicating the predominant species of forest or shrub, the average height of trees or shrubs.
Often the explanatory caption on the map is given in an abbreviated form. Usually it is located to the right of the symbol or in a free place where it is clearly visible. The signature is placed at such a distance from the symbol that there is no doubt to which symbol it refers, parallel to the northern and southern frames of the map.
