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Methodical development of the lesson "early modern times". Lesson on new history topic: “time for change New and old light time for change lesson

MOBU Novobureyskaya secondary school №1

OPEN LESSON ON NEW HISTORY
TOPIC: "TIME FOR CHANGE"

(lesson held in 7th grade)

Developed and conducted: Kostyreva O.A.,

history teacher Novobureyskaya secondary school No. 1

Novobureisky settlement

Lesson Objectives:

Educational:

- to consider the most important events in the history of the 18th century that took place in England, France and the USA, to conclude that they radically changed public relations in these states, led to the destruction of traditional society and the emergence of a new - industrial.

Developing:

- work on the development of students' speech, their ability to draw conclusions, analyze, look for cause-and-effect relationships.

Educational:

- introducing students to the culture of Western states, educating respect for universal history.

Lesson equipment:

Paintings: "Signing the Declaration of Independence", "Three Estates in France", "Life of Peasants in the French Village", "Sale of Slaves in North America" and others.
Multimedia installation and educational disk "General History" - Grade 7.

^ introduction teachers:
Dear Guys! We finish our study of New History in the 7th grade. And today we will conduct a repetitive-generalizing lesson, in which we will consider the most important events of the 18th century that took place in three states - England, the USA and France. These events dealt a blow to the old feudal order, changing the economic, political, cultural life of Western society.

^ The purpose of our lesson:

- consider the features of the industrial revolution in England, explain the basic concepts and terms;

Recall the struggle for the independence of the English colonies in North America, find out its causes and results, tell about the most prominent figures in the struggle for independence;

- find out the causes of the Great French Revolution.
Open your notebooks and write down the topic of today's lesson: "Time of Change".
Our lesson will be held in the form of the game "Clever and clever", as a result of which the guys who show good knowledge will be awarded "orders".
From each row, a representative of the team is called, who becomes the “smart guy” who answers at the board. There are “agonists” in the class who can answer questions that the “wise men” have not answered. In addition, the facilitator (teacher) asks questions directly to the guys sitting in the class. At the end of the lesson, the result will be summed up on which row there are the most "wise guys", and those guys who have the most correct answers will be awarded.

^ The game starts.

A representative is called from each team.

Teacher:

At our open lesson there are teachers of the school. They are invited to become members of the jury, the "Supreme Areopagus".

The facilitator will be assisted by a class student who will issue "medals" for correct answers.
In the last lesson, I asked team representatives to think about the question “What do you think the new story is?” and express your thoughts for one minute.

- The statement of "wise men" about the new history.
Teacher:

While the "smarts" are working at the blackboard, our "agonists" in the classroom are given an advanced task that they must complete during the game. We will refer to their assignments as we review the relevant topics.

Teacher:

The first agon is the Industrial Revolution in England.

(On the board are the paintings “Craft, manufactory, factory”, “Sale of slaves in the New World”)
^ Questions for the smart guys:

Question 1: What is the agricultural revolution?

Question 2: What is the industrial revolution?

Question 3: Tell us about the conditions of the industrial revolution.
^ Question for agonists:

Explain the difference between a manufactory and a factory (the guys refer to the picture).

Explain the concept of the Golden Triangle, what did it bring to entrepreneurs? (You can refer to the painting "The Sale of Slaves in the New World").

Who are Luddists?

Why did they destroy cars?

Name the most important inventions that led to the industrial revolution in England (Jenny's spinning wheel by James Hargreaves, steam engine by James Watt).

^ The second agon is the "War for the Independence of the British Colonies in North America".

Question for the smart guys:

Question 1: Causes of the War of Independence.

Question 2: What is the "Stamp Duty Law"?

Question 3: What event is known as the Boston Tea Party?
^ Question for agonists:

Each of the team representatives had an advanced task. From the description of the biography of the person they receive, they must conclude: “Who is this great figure?”

^ The children read the tasks and give their answers:

American educator, statesman, scientist. Born into the family of a poor craftsman. Giving all his free time to self-education, he became one of the most educated people of his time. They said about him “He took the scepter from tyrants, lightning from God” (meaning that he proved the electrical nature of lightning and showed how it can be obtained in the laboratory). He organized the first public library in Philadelphia, published his own newspaper. His last political act was the signing of a petition to abolish slavery.

(Benjamin Franklin)

Born into the family of a wealthy Virginia slave planter. He was rich, successful in business, independent in decision-making and opposed the British colonial policy. Among the Puritans, such personality traits were highly valued. He was entrusted with the creation of a regular US army, since he already had experience in conducting military operations against the Indians and the French.

(George Washington) He became the first President of the United States.

An outstanding thinker and humanist of his time, an Enlightenment figure, a Virginian planter and lawyer, one of the most prominent figures in the revolutionary war for independence. For him, the break with England was not just an achievement of independence, but a means of creating a state on the principles of popular rule and the natural equality of people. Author of the Declaration of Independence.

(Thomas Jefferson)

(According to the multimedia installation, the teacher shows portraits of these great figures)

Teacher: Guys, in front of you is the picture "Proclamation of the Declaration of Independence of the United States." Now we will find out what this most important document in US history contains. One of the "agonists" had a task: "Insert the missing letters in the text of the Declaration."

^ The student reads the text of the declaration with the words inserted by him.

Task: fill in the missing letters.
The Declaration of Independence proclaimed the principle... popular……… sovereignty and the right of the people to overthrow……….. power that violates his rights. The declaration proclaimed... equality………. people and such inalienable human rights as the right to life, freedom and desire for... fortunately.

Teacher: to find out the correct answer, let's turn to the document on page 214 of our textbook and read the text of the Declaration.

^ Questions for "agonists":

Before you is a picture - "The battle of the army of colonists with the British." Where do you think the British are drawn, and where are the colonists, by what signs can you prove this?

When was the US Constitution adopted and what did it contain?

(In 1787. Proclamation presidential republic. Legislature - Congress).

What does the American flag mean?

^ Third agon. Causes and origins of the French Revolution.
Questions for the smart guys:

Question 1: Describe the life of the three estates in France before the revolution. (According to the picture).

Question 2: What was the position of the peasants in France before the revolution? (According to the picture).

Question 3: What are the causes of the French Revolution?
^ Questions for agonists:

France in the 18th century was an agricultural country. What does this mean?

What event is considered the beginning of the French Revolution? (fall of the Bastille)
^ Guys, we have the opportunity to see how this event happened.

An educational disk with a fragment of "The Fall of the Bastille" is shown for 5 minutes.

Teacher: Our "agonists" had assignments on the history of the Great French Revolution. Let's find out how they coped with these tasks.
Exercise: What is the name of this great figure of France.

While still in college, the young marquis became acquainted with the works of Rousseau and Montesquieu, dreamed of a society where natural human rights would be realized. When the English colonies in North America began the struggle for independence, a sense of justice determined his sympathy for the rebels. He left for the New World, where he equipped and armed the division entrusted to him with his own money. His exploits became known in France, and Voltaire called him "the hero of the New World." In France, he became chief of the National Guard.

(Marquis Gilbert de Lafayette)

^ Exercise: Paste missing letters.
May 5, 1789 in the Palace of Versailles, the king opened a meeting of ……… General…………… states. 270 deputies from the nobility, 291 deputies from the clergy and 600 deputies from third…………. estates took their places. Louis 16 ordered the approval of new taxes. The king's speech was... disturbance……. Third estate. On June 17, the deputies of the third estate declared themselves representatives of the entire nation - ... National………….. assembly.
Teacher: Guys, you can ask your questions to each other on the topic of our lesson.
So, let's summarize our lesson and write the conclusions in a notebook:
Today in the lesson we examined the most important events of the 18th century, which led to the gradual destruction of traditional society and the emergence of the features of the future - industrial. In many ways, these events were prepared by the new ideology of the Enlightenment.
Notebook entry:

The events that took place in North America and France in the 18th century are called bourgeois revolutions, as they radically transformed society by establishing a republican system in these states.
The result of our game will be summed up by the "High Areopagus".

The results of the game are summed up, the guys who gave the correct answers are awarded with good marks, and those who gave the most correct answers are also awarded with “orders”.
Teacher: Guys, thank you for the lesson.
Literature:
1.Yudovskaya A.Ya., Baranov P.A. New story. 1500-1800.- M., Enlightenment, 2000

MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL

INSTITUTION SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL №13

LESSON SUMMARY ON WORLD HISTORY

7TH GRADE

Subject:

"Europeans in the New World"

History and social studies teacher

MBOU secondary school №13 Stavropol

Parshina Marina Viktorovna

Stavropol,

2015-2016

Subject "Europeans in the New World"

Lesson type: a lesson in learning new knowledge

Form: problematic lesson

Class: 7

Level of study: base

The purpose of the lesson : continue to study the topic Great geographical discoveries and consolidate the knowledge gained.

Tasks:

Educational:

To form students' ideas about the occupation of the colonists in America or the New World;

To introduce students to the first colonies of England in America;

Explain the concept of "conquistador";

To form an idea of the civilizations of the Maya, Aztecs and Incas.

Explain concepts such as "creoles", "mestizos", "mulattoes", "private";

To acquaint students with the discoveries of the British, French, etc.

Developing:

Continue to develop skills in working with a map, with a textbook.

Develop cause-and-effect relationships between the events of the beginning of the WGO and the end of the WGO.

Development of speech culture skills;

To develop such cognitive processes of students as speech, memory, thinking, attention based on the visual material of this topic.

Continue to develop the ability to use terms;

Develop skill express your opinion and prove your point of view.

Educational:

Cultivate a geographical culture;

To cultivate a sense of respect for the events of this period;

To cultivate the ability to listen to other people's opinions when discussing the policy of the colonists in America.

Lesson Form: traditional.

Equipment : board, chalk, textbook, world map, visual material (printed images of conquistadors, Mayans, Aztecs, architectural monuments of their civilizations, pirates)

During the classes

The teacher greets the students and checks the presence of students, asking the class attendant to report the absence.

The students greet the teacher by getting up from their seats. The class attendant informs the teacher about those who are absent from the class.

2.Check homework.

Front poll:

Chronology of Modern History?

What are the causes of VGO?

Define "reconquest" and "conquista". What are the similarities and differences?

List the WGOs and discoverers by showing routes on the map.

The teacher comments on the answers of the students, puts marks

5. Tell us about the first section of the world.

1. The first period is the early modern time (from the end of the 15th to the middle of the 17th century) and the second period is the New History (from the middle of the 17th to the 19th centuries)

2. Trade development; shortage of gold and silver; increase in the treasury; technical innovations - new ships, compass, maps.

3.Reconquista- This is the displacement by Christians of Muslim rulers from the Iberian Peninsula. Conquista - conquest of Africa. Similarities: this is the conquest of new territories, the development of trade and cities in these territories. Differences: the events of the reconquista took place in the Iberian Peninsula, and the conquest took place in Africa.

4. Enrique "navigator" - explored the coast of Africa - about. Cape Verde, modern Guinea and Sierra Leone.

1488 Bartolomeo Dias - Cape of Good Hope

1492 Columbus discovers America.

1513 was opened Pacific Ocean-Vasco Nunez Balboa

1519-1522 - Journey of Magellan.

5.1494 Treaty of Tordsillas between Spain and Portugal. A conditional meridian was drawn along the Atlantic Ocean: all newly discovered lands and seas lying to the west of it were declared the dominions of Spain, to the east - Portugal.

3.Study new topic.

Setting the topic

Who discovered America or the New World?

A new world has opened up in America. To Europeans, their way of life seemed to embody the mythical "golden age". The Indians mistook the aliens for unearthly creatures. The Spanish nobles wanted to personally enrich themselves, they were only interested in gold. Many remained to live in a new place, were engaged in agriculture. The Spaniards turned the Indians into slaves and drove them to the mines or exported them to Europe as slaves. They were treated with cruelty. The monks who came to the New World couldn't stop the cruelty because they thought the Indians had no soul. Then came forced Christianization. Thus, having penetrated into America, the Spaniards pursue a cruel policy there. Let's move on to point 2. In search of gold, the Spaniards began a conquest.

Remember what a conquista is?

The people who participated in the conquest were called conquistadors

Despite their small number, they had great advantage in armament. In search of gold, they met with highly developed civilizations Mayan, the Aztecs and the Incas. Now we will learn about these civilizations together.

Working with text in groups

In 1519, a detachment of conquistadors went to conquer the Aztecs. Hernan Cortes led the campaign. But the conquistadors could not capture the Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan, and then they enlisted the support of hostile tribes and captured the capital. On behalf of the ruler, the invaders ruled the empire, and when the local population rose to revolt, the conquistadors cut off the water supply and the Aztecs surrendered. The conquest of Mexico continued until the 17th century. A large number of the local population died in the mines, extracting gold.

Working with the text of the textbook and the supporting abstract

Columbus and Amerigo Vespucci

Conquista - the conquest of Africa.

Conquistadors are people who participate in a conquest.

Working with text in groups

Mayan appeared there in the 10th century BC and in just 500 years on the site of an impenetrable rainforest, a civilization was created where astronomy, mathematics, architecture, sculpture, painting were developed. state system. The Maya created an accurate solar calendar, the most complex hieroglyphic writing, used the concept of zero before the Arabs and Hindus, predicted solar and lunar eclipses, calculated the movements of Venus with an error of only 14 seconds per year, achieved amazing perfection in architecture, sculpture, painting and ceramics. They worshiped their gods and at the same time obeyed the kings and priests, built temples and palaces under their leadership, performed ritual rites, sacrificed themselves, fought with their neighbors.
The Maya created cities that were extraordinary in themselves, built only on muscular strength.

Aztecs they came to the Mexico Valley from the north - most likely from the lands now owned by the United States. At that time, the entire territory of the valley was divided between local tribes and, naturally, none of them wanted to share the land with the newcomers. After consulting, the local leaders decided to give the aliens desert island on Lake Texcoco. There were many snakes on the island, so the locals expected that the newcomers on the island would have a hard time. Arriving on the island, the Aztecs saw that many snakes lived on it, and they were very happy about this, since the snakes were their food. The Aztecs had extensive knowledge in the field of astronomy, which they inherited from more ancient cultures. The Aztec civilization also inherited the architecture of the pyramids, sculpture and painting. Aztecs
mined and processed gold, silver, coal. They built many roads and bridges. The Aztecs developed the art of dance and many sports; theater and poetry. They had a ball game very similar to today's basketball. The Aztecs were very well educated, taught such disciplines as: religion, astronomy, history of laws, medicine, music and the art of war.

The Incas- an Indian tribe that lived on the territory of Peru and created, shortly before the Spanish conquest, a vast empire centered in Cuzco, in the Peruvian Andes. The Inca Empire, one of two empires that existed in the New World at the time of Columbus, stretched north to south from Colombia to Central Chile and included what is now Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, northern Chile, and northwestern Argentina. The Indians called the Inca only the emperor, and the conquistadors used this word to refer to the entire tribe, which in the pre-Columbian era, apparently, used the self-name "capac-kuna" ("great", "illustrious"). were engaged agriculture, grew corn, potatoes. Breeding llamas. Religion was practical and permeated the life of the Incas. Agriculture was revered as a sacred occupation, and everything connected with it became huaca. The Incas believed in the immortality of the soul. Inca art gravitated towards rigor and beauty. The main art of the Incas was casting from precious metals.

1498 Giovanni Cabota discovered Fr. Newfoundler.

1534 - Jacques Cartier discovered Canada.

Roanoke, Virginia - First colonies.

Consolidation and reflection

Historical five-minute (application)

Self-check and mutual check

Homework.

Not slow to take advantage of the discovery of Columbus, the Spaniards and the Portuguese created huge empires in Central and South America. Much later, the development of North America, which at first glance was not so rich, began.

Until the end of his days, Columbus did not admit that he could not get to India. But other Spaniards soon decided that by chance they stumbled upon vast uncharted lands that can be robbed, conquered and converted with impunity. In this adventure, they had no rivals except the Portuguese, who accidentally discovered Brazil in 1500. Since this country lay to the east of the line drawn in 1494 for dividing the newly discovered lands into zones of Spanish and Portuguese influence, it became a Portuguese colony. Spain was given all the rest of Central and South America from New Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, as well as - theoretically - less fertile lands further north, in which the Spaniards showed little interest.

The Spaniards initially occupied the largest islands in the Caribbean. Many settlers took up agriculture in the new lands, and as early as 1501 they began to import slaves from Africa. But easy loot - gold, silver and precious stones - turned out to be much less than expected. Therefore, ambitious nobles and petty nobles, who did not have time to make their own fortune, easily recruited mercenaries for new dangerous expeditions deep into the American continent.

It was these people - the leaders and their henchmen - who gained the dubious fame of conquistadors ("conquerors"). For the good of Spain and the Catholic faith, these fearless and merciless adventurers defeated the great empires of the Aztecs and Incas. Any territory captured by them was declared the property of the Spanish crown, although all expeditions were undertaken solely at their own peril and risk. Quite often they received royal patents, which guaranteed positions and wealth if they were successful.

Rumors of a new empire

Since 1509, the first mainland settlements began to appear on the northern coast of South America. In 1513, Vasco Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. He immediately declared it the property of the Spanish king and confirmed the growing conviction that a huge expanse of water separates the New World from India, so desired by Columbus. And as soon as the legends of local tribes about the existence of a great and fabulously rich empire on the mainland reached the Spaniards, the New World ceased to be an inconvenient barrier and itself turned into a tasty morsel. The adventurer Hernando Cortes, who participated in the development of Cuba, took these rumors as a guide to action and became the first of the great conquistadors.

Cortes burns the ships

In 1519, Cortes decided to openly disobey the governor of Cuba and sailed to the coast of Mexico at the head of a detachment consisting of 600 soldiers, 17 horses and 10 cannons. Having landed on the shore, he made two symbolic gestures: he founded the city of Veracruz and burned the ships, making it clear to his comrades-in-arms that there was no turning back.

Having learned about the campaign of Cortes deep into the mainland, Emperor Montezuma sent messengers to him with a friendly message and at the same time ordered an ambush. When the stratagem failed, Montezuma, despite his vast superiority in strength, made no further serious attempt to stop the Spanish advance. The Spanish soldiers must have instilled awe in the Aztecs as gods descended to the earth, for they rode on unseen creatures, wore armor and weapons from an unknown metal (steel) and hit the enemy at a distance with their "thundering pipes".

However, the Spaniards themselves were no less shocked when in November 1519 they first saw the great capital of the Aztecs - the lake city of Tenochtitlan, which was not inferior to the largest cities in Europe. Cortes, to whom Montezuma gave the most cordial reception, at the first opportunity captured the emperor. Resignedly submitting to fate, Montezuma did everything that was required of him. And since the subjects revered their emperor as a deity, his removal from power plunged the state into complete chaos. However, it was at this moment that Cortes had to hastily return to the coast in order to prevent the attempts of the governor of Cuba to replace him with his protege. Returning to the capital, Cortes discovered that the governor left in the city had provoked the Aztecs to revolt with his cruelties. Moctezuma, wounded while trying to pacify his subjects, either died of his wounds or was killed by the Spanish. By force of arms, Cortes and a handful of his associates broke out of the encirclement, sent for reinforcements and managed to win over a number of Indian tribes to their side. Having significantly strengthened his forces, Cortes surrounded and besieged Tenochtitlan, and on August 13, 1521. the city fell after a desperate seven weeks of resistance. The dominion of the Aztecs was broken forever. Tenochtitlan was razed to the ground, and in its place grew the city of Mexico City, which became the capital of the "New Spain". The Indians - both enemies and allies - were enslaved. The bloody sacrificial religion of the Aztecs was ruthlessly eradicated, and the Indian tribes were forcibly converted to Christianity.

The conqueror of another great Indian empire was a man who was not inferior to Cortes either in courage, or in audacity, and even more so in recklessness. Francisco Pizarro was an illiterate adventurer who from the first steps took part in the colonization of the continent. In the 1520s Pizarro, fascinated by legends about the existence of a mysterious "golden empire" somewhere in the south, explored the coast of Peru and reached the city of Tumbes on the very border of Inca possessions. Convinced that there really was a lot of gold here, Pizarro persuaded the king of Spain to appoint him governor of the empire that had not yet been conquered. In 1531, having conquered vast coastal territories, he moved into the interior of the mainland at the head of an even smaller detachment than Cortes. The Inca emperor Atahualpa could at any moment destroy a miserable handful of mercenaries, but instead sent messengers with greetings and organized a decent meeting for the newcomers. In token of good will the emperor went out to meet Pisarrovo at the head of a huge unarmed retinue. At the same moment, the Spaniards mercilessly killed the defenseless Incas, and Atahualpa himself was captured. And here the Indians who were left without a leader could not do anything. Atahualpa negotiated a ransom for his person - a myriad of gold and silver, the delivery of which took several months. But after paying the ransom, the Spaniards brought Atahualpa to "trial" and sentenced to death. And since by that time he had been converted to Christianity, they did not burn him at the stake as a sign of special mercy, but strangled him.

Meanwhile, other conquistadors established Spanish rule throughout Central and South America, and full-scale development of new lands began. The newly appeared gentlemen took up agriculture, taking the position of feudal lords.

Slave labor in the mines

The labor of the Indians was exploited with unheard-of cruelty on plantations and mines. Rich deposits of silver were discovered in Mexico and Potosi (present-day Bolivia), and in the 16th-17th centuries. the precious metal mined there was sent across the Atlantic to finance Spain's ambitious aspirations for European dominance. And as the Spanish crown spared no expense to achieve its ambitious goals, silver flowed generously into the European economic system.

Europe, in turn, also had a far-reaching influence on the destinies of both Americas. A so-called "Latin America" appeared, Catholic in religion, Spanish and Portuguese in language and culture. Diseases introduced by Europeans caused enormous devastation among the local population, giving impetus to the importation of black slaves from Africa. As a result of the mixing of the European, African and Indian races, an extremely diverse population was formed, practically free from racial prejudices. At the same time, the master class in Latin American society was dominated by Spaniards by birth or origin, and pure-blooded Indians usually constituted the poorest group of the population.

northward advance

Against the backdrop of the untold riches of Central and South America, the lands further north seemed less attractive to the Spaniards. The rest of the Europeans were also in no hurry to cross the ocean, and the successful development of these lands began only in the 17th century.

In the 1580s Queen Elizabeth's favorite, Walter Raleigh, twice tried to establish an English colony on Roanoke Island off the coast of Virginia, but failed both times. Jamestown (Virginia), founded in 1607, was the first colony to take root. Six years later, the Dutch, then at the height of their power, purchased the island of Manhattan from the Indians for $24 with the intention of founding New Holland, and in Canada, the French, under the leadership of Samuel de Champlain, established themselves on the banks of the St. Lawrence River and founded the city of Quebec.

New immigrants

The landing of the "Pilgrims" at Cape Cod went down in history, becoming a symbol of a number of distinctive features of the English colonial conquests. Unlike the Anglican settlers of Jamestown, the "pilgrims" were religious dissidents - Puritans (later they were called Congregationalists who did not agree with the teachings of the Anglican Church and went overseas to practice their faith freely. Since then, the American colonies have become a haven for all those who were persecuted in their homeland (for example, Maryland - for Catholics, and Pennsylvania - for Quakers).

Puritan community

Fleeing religious persecution, the Puritans themselves showed the same intolerance, trying to impose their faith on others. The colony of Massachusetts, which grew out of a settlement at Cape Cod, acquired a particularly sad reputation for its harsh puritanical customs. But with the influx of new immigrants, it became increasingly difficult to maintain religious supremacy. The colonies were settled by people of different faiths, who gradually learned to live peacefully with each other. The efforts of the pilgrims laid the foundation for the traditions of colonial self-government.

In 1664, the British captured New Amsterdam and the Dutch colony in Manhattan, renaming it New York. Little by little, other colonies were formed, the last - the 13th - of which was Georgia in 1733. Thus was laid the foundation of the future state - the United States of America.

Not slow to take advantage of the discovery of Columbus, the Spaniards and the Portuguese created huge empires in Central and South America. Much later, the development of not so rich, at first glance, North America began.

Until the end of his days, Columbus did not admit that he could not get to India. But other Spaniards soon realized that by chance they stumbled upon vast uncharted lands that can be robbed, conquered and converted with impunity. In this adventure, they had no rivals except the Portuguese, who accidentally discovered Brazil in 1500. Since this country lay to the east of the dividing line of the newly discovered lands into zones of Spanish and Portuguese influence, drawn in 1494, it became a Portuguese colony. Spain was given all the rest of Central and South America from New Mexico to Tierra del Fuego, as well as - theoretically - less fertile lands further north, in which the Spaniards did not show much interest (Fig. 4).

Sallying out of a fort on the island of Hispaniola (now divided between Haiti and the Dominican Republic), the Spaniards initially occupied the largest and most accessible islands in the Caribbean. Many settlers took up agriculture in the new lands and as early as 1501 they began to import slaves from Africa. But easy loot - gold, silver and precious stones - turned out to be much less than expected. Therefore, ambitious nobles and petty nobles, who did not have time to make their own fortune, easily recruited mercenaries for new dangerous expeditions deep into the American continent.

Since 1509, the first mainland settlements began to appear on the northern coast of South America. In 1513, Vasco Nune de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and was the first European to see the Pacific Ocean. He immediately declared it the property of the Spanish king and confirmed the growing assertion that a huge expanse of water separates the New World from India, so desired by Columbus. And as soon as the legends of local tribes about the existence of a great and fabulously rich empire on the mainland reached the Spaniards, the New World ceased to be an inconvenient barrier and itself turned into a tasty morsel. The adventurer Hernando Cortes, who participated in the development of Cuba, took these rumors as a guide to action and became the first of the great conquistadors.

Meanwhile, other conquistadors established Spanish rule throughout Central and South America, and full-scale development of new lands began. The new masters took up agriculture, taking the position of feudal lords in a system that made them nominal defenders of Indian villages in exchange for the slave labor of the local population.

Rice.

The labor of the Indians was exploited with unheard-of cruelty on plantations and in the states. Rich deposits of silver were discovered in Mexico and Potosi (present-day Bolivia), and in the 16th - 17th centuries. the precious metal mined there was sent across the Atlantic to finance Spain's ambitious aspirations for European dominance. And as the Spanish crown spared no expense to achieve its ambitious goals, silver flowed generously into the European economic system.

Against the backdrop of the untold wealth of Central and South America, the lands further north seemed less attractive to the Spaniards. The rest of the Europeans were also in no hurry to cross the ocean, and the successful development of these lands began only in the 17th century. In these territories, colonies were created, populated by people of different faiths, who gradually learned to get along peacefully with each other. The efforts of the pilgrims laid the foundation for the traditions of colonial self-government.

In 1664, the British captured New Amsterdam and the Dutch colony in Manhattan, renaming it New York. Little by little, other colonies were formed, the last - 13 - of which was Georgia in 1733. Thus was laid the foundation of the future state - the United States of America.

Western European colonization of "new" lands in the XVI-XVII centuries. is a very important process of development of the American continent. Europeans moved to uncharted lands in search of a better life. At the same time, the colonialists faced resistance and conflicts with the local residents - the Indians. IN this lesson you will learn how the conquest of Mexico and Central America took place, how the civilizations of the Aztecs, Mayans and Incas were destroyed, and what are the results of this colonization.

Western European colonization of new lands

background

The discovery of new lands was associated with the Europeans' search for new sea routes to the East. The usual trade communications were cut by the Turks. Europeans needed precious metals and spices. The progress of shipbuilding and navigation allowed them to make long sea voyages. Technological superiority over the inhabitants of other continents (including the possession of firearms) allowed Europeans to make rapid territorial seizures. They soon discovered that the colonies could be a source of great profits and get rich quick.

Events

1494 - Treaty of Tordesillas on the division of colonial possessions between Spain and Portugal. The dividing line ran across the Atlantic Ocean from north to south.

1519 - about five hundred conquistadors, led by Cortes, landed in Mexico.

In 1521, the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan was captured. A new colony, Mexico, was founded on the conquered territory. ( about the Aztecs and their ruler Montezuma II).

1532-1535 - Conquistadors led by Pizarro conquer the Inca Empire.

1528 - the beginning of the conquest of the Mayan civilization. In 1697, the last Mayan city was captured (resistance lasted 169 years).

The penetration of Europeans into America led to massive epidemics and the death of a huge number of people. The Indians were not immune to the diseases of the Old World.

1600 - The English East India Company was created, which equipped and sent ships to the "Spice Islands".

1602 - Dutch East India Company established. From the government, the company received the right to seize land and manage the local population.

By 1641, most of the fortresses of Indonesia were in the hands of the Dutch.

1607 - City of Jamestown founded, first English settlement in the New World.

1608 - The French establish the colony of Quebec in Canada.

17th century - The French colonized the Mississippi River valley and founded the Louisiana colony there.

1626 - The Dutch found New Amsterdam on Manhattan Island (future New York).

1619 - English colonists bring the first group of slaves into North America.

1620 - English Puritans found the colony of New Plymouth (north of Jamestown). They are considered the founders of America - the Pilgrim Fathers.

End of the 17th century - in America there are already 13 English colonies, each of which considered itself a small state (state).

Members

Conquistadors - Spanish conquerors who participated in the conquest of the New World.

Hernan Cortes- Spanish nobleman, conquistador. Led the conquest of the Aztec state.

Francisco Pizarro- conquistador, led the conquest of the state of the Incas.

Conclusion

In the 16th century, two major colonial empires emerged - the Spanish and the Portuguese. The dominance of Spain and Portugal in South America was established.

The colony was headed by a viceroy appointed by the king.

In Mexico and Peru, the Spaniards organized the mining of gold and silver. Trade in colonial goods brought great profits. Merchants sold goods in Europe 1000 times more expensive than the price at which they were bought in the colonies. Europeans got acquainted with corn, potatoes, tobacco, tomatoes, molasses, cotton.

Gradually, a single world market took shape. Over time, a slave-owning plantation economy developed in the colonies. The Indians were forced to work on the plantations, and from the beginning of the 17th century. - slaves from Africa.

The colonies became a source of enrichment for the Europeans. This led to the rivalry of European countries for the possession of colonies.

In the XVII century, France and Holland pushed the Spaniards and Portuguese in the colonies.

In the XVI-XVIII centuries. England won the battle for the seas. It became the strongest maritime and colonial power in the world.

The lesson will focus on the Western European colonization of "new" lands in the 16th-17th centuries.

The great geographical discoveries radically changed the vector of development of the American continent. XVI-XVII centuries in the history of the New World is called conquista, or colonization (which means "conquest").

The natives of the American continent were numerous Indian tribes, and in the north - the Aleuts and Eskimos. Many of them are well known today. So, in North America, the Apache tribes lived (Fig. 1), popularized later in cowboy films. Central America is represented by the Maya civilization (Fig. 2), and the Aztec state was located on the territory of the modern state of Mexico. Their capital was located on the territory of the modern capital of Mexico - Mexico City - and was then called Tenochtitlan (Fig. 3). In South America, the Inca civilization was the largest Indian state.

Rice. 1. Apache tribes

Rice. 2. Maya civilization

Rice. 3. The capital of the Aztec civilization - Tenochtitlan

Participants in the colonization of America (conquests) were called conquistadors, and their leaders were called adelantados. The conquistadors were impoverished Spanish knights. The main reason that prompted them to seek happiness in America was the ruin, the end of the reconquista, as well as the economic and political aspirations of the Spanish crown. The most famous adelantodo were the conqueror of Mexico, who destroyed the Aztec civilization, Hernando Cortes, Francisco Pizarro, who conquered the Inca civilization, and Hernando de Sota, the first European to discover the Mississippi River. The conquistadors were robbers and invaders. Their main goal was military glory and personal enrichment.

Hernando Cortes is the most famous conquistador, the conqueror of Mexico, who destroyed the Aztec empire (Fig. 4). In July 1519, Hernando Cortes landed with an army on the coast of the Gulf of Mexico. Leaving the garrison, he went deep into the continent. The conquest of Mexico was accompanied by the physical extermination of the local population, the looting and burning of Indian cities. Cortes had allies from the Indians. Despite the fact that the Europeans surpassed the Indians in the quality of weapons, their numbers were thousands of times smaller. Cortes concluded an agreement with one of the Indian tribes, which made up the bulk of his troops. According to the treaty, after the conquest of Mexico, this tribe was to gain independence. However, this agreement was not respected. In November 1519, Cortes, together with his allies, captured the Aztec capital of Tenochtitlan. For more than six months, the Spaniards held power in the city. Only on the night of July 1, 1520, the Aztecs managed to expel the invaders from the city. The Spaniards lost all artillery, human losses were great. Soon, having received reinforcements from Cuba, Cortes again captured the Aztec capital. In 1521, the Aztec kingdom fell. Until 1524, Hernando Cortés was the sole ruler of Mexico.

Rice. 4. Hernando Cortes

The Maya civilization lived south of the Aztecs, in Central America, on the Yucatan Peninsula. In 1528, the Spaniards began to conquer the Mayan territories. However, the Maya resisted for more than 169 years, and only in 1697 the Spaniards were able to capture the last city inhabited by the Maya tribe. Today, about 6 million descendants of the Maya Indians live in Central America.

A famous adelantado who conquered the Inca empire was Francisco Pizarro (Fig. 5). The first two expeditions of Pizarro 1524-1525 and 1526 were unsuccessful. Only in 1531 did he set off on his third expedition to conquer the Inca empire. In 1533, Pizarro captured the leader of the Incas - Atahualpa. He managed to get a large ransom for the leader, and then Pizarro killed him. In 1533, the Spaniards captured the capital of the Incas - the city of Cusco. In 1535, Pizarro founded the city of Lima. The Spaniards called the captured territory Chile, which means "cold." The consequences of this expedition were tragic for the Indians. For half a century in the conquered territories, the number of Indians has decreased by more than 5 times. This was due not only to the physical extermination of the local population, but also to the diseases that the Europeans brought to the continent.

Rice. 5. Francisco Pizarro

In 1531, Hernando de Soto (Fig. 6) took part in the campaign of Francis Pizarro against the Incas, and in 1539 he was appointed governor of Cuba and undertook an aggressive campaign in North America. In May 1539, Hernando de Sota landed on the coast of Florida and marched to the Alabama River. In May 1541, he came to the coast of the Mississippi River, crossed it and reached the valley of the Arkansas River. He then fell ill, was forced to turn back, and died in Louisiana in May 1542. His companions returned to Mexico in 1543. Although contemporaries considered de Soto's campaign a failure, its significance was nevertheless very great. The aggressive attitude of the conquerors towards the local population led to the outflow of Indian tribes from the territory of the Mississippi River. This facilitated the further colonization of these territories.

In the XVI-XVII centuries. Spain captured vast territories in the Americas. Spain held these lands for a long time, and the last Spanish colony was conquered only in 1898 by a new state - the United States of America.

Rice. 6. Hernando de Soto

Not only Spain colonized the lands of the American continent. At the end of the 16th century, England made two unsuccessful attempts to establish colonies in North America. Only in 1605 did two joint-stock companies receive a license from King James I to colonize Virginia. At that time, the term Virginia meant the entire territory of North America.

The First London Virginia Company was licensed to the southern part of North America, and the Plymouth Company was licensed to the northern part. Officially, both companies set as their goal the spread of Christianity on the continent, the license gave them the right to search and mine gold, silver and other precious metals on the continent by all means.

In 1607, the city of Jamestown was founded - the first settlement of the British in America (Fig. 7). In 1619 there were two major events. This year Governor George Yardley transferred some of his powers to a council of burghers, thus establishing the New World's first elected legislative assembly. In the same year, a group of English colonists acquired Africans of Angolan origin and, despite the fact that they were not yet officially slaves, the history of slavery in the United States of America begins from that moment (Fig. 8).

Rice. 7. Jamestown - the first English settlement in America

Rice. 8. Slavery in America

The population of the colony developed a difficult relationship with the Indian tribes. The colonists were repeatedly attacked by them. In December 1620, a ship carrying Puritan Calvinists, the so-called Pilgrim Fathers, arrived on the Atlantic coast of Massachusetts. This event is considered the beginning of the active colonization of the American continent by the British. By the end of the 17th century, England had 13 colonies on the American continent. Among them: Virginia (early Virginia), New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina and Georgia. Thus, by the end of the 17th century, the British had colonized the entire Atlantic coast of the modern United States.

At the end of the 16th century, France began to build its colonial empire, which stretched west from the Gulf of St. Lawrence to the so-called Rocky Mountains, and south to the Gulf of Mexico. France colonizes the Antilles, and in South America establishes the colony of Guiana, which is still French territory.

The second largest colonizer of Central and South America after Spain is Portugal. It took over the territory that today is the state of Brazil. Gradually, the Portuguese colonial empire in the second half of the 17th century declined and gave way to the Dutch in South America.

The Dutch West India Company, founded in 1621, acquires a monopoly on trade in South America and West Africa. Gradually, in the 17th century, the leading place among the colonial powers was occupied by England and Holland (Fig. 9). Between them there is a struggle for trade routes.

Rice. 9. Possessions of European countries on the American continent

Summing up the results of Western European colonization in the 16th-17th centuries, the following can be distinguished.

social change

The colonization of America led to the extermination of the local population, the remaining natives were driven into reservations, subjected to social discrimination. The conquistadors destroyed ancient cultures New World. Christianity spread along with the colonialists on the American continent.

Economic changes

Colonization led to the shift of the most important trade routes from the inland seas to the ocean. Thus, the Mediterranean Sea has lost its decisive importance for the economy of Europe. The influx of gold and silver led to a fall in the price of precious metals and a rise in the price of other commodities. The active development of trade on a global scale stimulated entrepreneurial activity.

household changes

The menu of Europeans included potatoes, tomatoes, cocoa beans, chocolate. Europeans brought tobacco from America, and from that moment such a habit as tobacco smoking has been spreading.

Homework

What do you think caused the development of new lands?
Tell us about the conquests of the Aztec, Maya and Inca tribes by the colonists.
Which European states were the leading colonial powers at that time?
Tell us about the social, economic and domestic changes that occurred as a result of Western European colonization.

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