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The operation of the Red Army dates back to 1945. Offensive of the Red Army (1944–1945). The USSR suffered huge losses during the war

In January 1944, with the active participation of partisans, Soviet troops defeated the German group near Leningrad and Novgorod, finally eliminating the blockade of Leningrad.

The Red Army began fighting for the liberation of the Right-Bank Ukraine. The enemy was defeated in the area of Zhitomir and Berdichev.

The troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front (commander R. Ya. Malinovsky), together with the Black Sea Fleet, liberated Nikolaev (March 28) and Odessa (April 10). In April - May, the troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front (commander F.I. Tolbukhin) and the Separate Primorsky Army (commander A.I. Eremenko) cleared the Crimea from the enemy. On June 10, 1944, the Finns were expelled from Vyborg and Petrozavodsk; Finland left the war. In June-August, the forces of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd Belorussian Fronts (commanders K.K. Rokossovsky, G.F. Zakharov, I.D. Chernyakhovsky) and the 1st Baltic Front (commander I.Kh. Bagramyan) carried out Operation Bagration - the defeat of the largest enemy grouping in Belarus. During it, 30 German divisions were completely destroyed, 67 divisions lost up to 70% of their personnel. Minsk, Vilnius were liberated, the Red Army reached the Vistula.

In July, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front (commander I.S. Konev) took Lviv, surrounding 8 enemy divisions.

In August, the troops of the 2nd and 3rd Ukrainian fronts (commanders R. Ya. Malinovsky and F. I. Tolbukhin) carried out the Yassy-Kishinev operation, surrounding and destroying 22 divisions of Germans and Romanians. Romania went over to the side of the allies, the Soviet troops occupied Bulgaria. In September - October, Estonia and most of Latvia were cleared of the Nazis. In October, together with the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia, created by the communists, Belgrade was liberated. In the autumn of 1944, a 200,000-strong enemy group was surrounded in the Budapest area. At the same time, a blow was struck against the Germans in the Arctic and the northern part of Norway was liberated.

The operations of the Soviet troops in 1944 went down in history under the name Stalin's ten strikes.

Norman operation.

The USSR insisted on opening a second front in France since 1942. However, the allies, under the pretext of a lack of forces and enormous difficulties, delayed the landing of troops until the summer of 1944, when the outcome of the war was already a foregone conclusion. On June 6, 1944, the Normandy landing operation began (this day is considered the opening of the second front). Almost 3 million Allied soldiers, 10 thousand aircraft, 1 thousand ships took part in it.

After a massive air strike, the landing of air and sea assault forces began. The Allies completely dominated the air, so they established an uninterrupted transfer of troops and their supply. On June 12, a common large bridgehead of the allied armies was created. The German troops were significantly inferior to them in numbers, they felt a lack of everything necessary, but still they offered fierce resistance. By July 24, sufficient territory was occupied for the accumulation of forces with the aim of a decisive offensive by the Anglo-American troops in France.

Korsun-Shevchenkovskaya. Troops of the 1st and 2nd Ukrainian Fronts under the command of Generals N.F. Vatutin and I.S. Konev 01/28/1944 closed ten enemy divisions in a ring, completed the rout of the group. In April 1944, Kherson, Vinnitsa, Nikolaev were liberated, and in early April - Odessa. The Red Army began to eliminate the enemy group in the Crimea.

Belarusian operation ("Bagration") began on June 23, 1944. Within six days, Soviet troops destroyed large enemy groupings near Vitebsk and Bobruisk. Minsk was liberated. The offensive of the Soviet troops turned into a general strategic offensive from the Baltic to the Carpathians. Overcoming enemy resistance, on August 17, Soviet troops reached the German border.

As a result Iasi-Kishinev operation On August 20–24, 1944, Moldavia was liberated.

In October - November 1944, the offensive of the troops of the Karelian Front on the northern wing was completed, the strategically important Murmansk region and the northeastern regions of Norway were liberated from the enemy.

The victories of the Red Army created the conditions for the liberation of the countries of Europe occupied by the Nazis and assistance to their peoples:

2) 9th of September an uprising broke out in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. Created Fatherland Front The government broke off relations with Germany and declared war on her. The Soviet army entered Sofia;

3) October 20, 1944 troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front and units of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia liberated Belgrade;

4) in Hungary, Soviet troops met fierce resistance from the enemy. Budapest was liberated from the Nazis on February 13, 1945;

5) Vistula-Oder operation (12.01.-3.02.). Soviet soldiers liberated Warsaw. By the end of March, they reached the coast of the Baltic Sea.

Berlin operation. The troops of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts and the 1st Ukrainian Front, led by G.K. Zhukov, K.K. Rokossovsky, I.S. Konev. The offensive began at 5 am on April 16, 1945. The enemy fiercely defended himself. On April 21, shock units of the Red Army broke into the outskirts of Berlin. The troops of the 1st Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts, advancing from the north and south, united west of Berlin. On the Elbe River, near the city of Torgau, they had a significant meeting with the American army. On May 8, an act of unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany was signed in the suburbs of Berlin. From the Soviet side, the signature was put by Marshal G.K. Zhukov. fighting in Europe ended on May 9 in Prague after Germany signed the act of unconditional surrender.

The historical significance of the victory in the Great Patriotic War:

1) it was an important component of the Second World War;

2) the entry of the USSR into the war imposed by fascist Germany radically changed its political character;

3) the heroism of the Soviet soldiers, the efforts of the Soviet rear were the main sources of victory for the anti-Hitler coalition as a whole;

4) victory in the Great Patriotic War increased the prestige and moral and political authority of the Soviet Union;

5) the victory contributed to the growth of the country's international influence, the strengthening of international relations.

6) as a result of successful military operations and the victory of the USSR, there was a significant strengthening of the security of the country's borders, namely: the Pechenga and Klaipeda regions, part of the former East Prussia in the west, became part of the USSR; South Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands in the east;

7) as a result of the Crimean (February 1945) and Potsdam (July - August 1945) peace conferences, the participants of which were: the USSR, the USA and Great Britain, Germany was divided into occupation zones. Fascism was outlawed by the world community.

The USSR suffered huge losses during the war:

1) killed, died of wounds, died in captivity, tortured at least 27 million people; 2) approximately 1710 cities, more than 70 thousand villages, about 32 thousand enterprises were destroyed.

The war revealed many vices totalitarian regime in Soviet Union. But the victory allowed Stalin to switch the attention and energy of the people to the restoration of the destroyed economy, to declare that the fact of victory is proof of the advantages of socialism.

USSR in the second half of the 40s-80s. 20th century

Socio-economic development and socio-political life of the country in the post-war period (1945-1953)

After the end of the Great Patriotic War the Soviet people got the opportunity to start peaceful labor. The main problems of the post-war period:

1) restoration of the national economy devastated by the war (approximately 1710 cities, more than 70 thousand villages, about 32 thousand enterprises were destroyed).

2) demobilization of the army: out of 11.5 million military personnel in 1945–1946. about 8.5 million people were transferred to the reserve, who needed to be provided with housing, which in a devastated country was an impossible task. A large number of population in the post-war years lived in barracks;

3) an urgent conversion was needed (transferring the economy to a peaceful track), which could not but lead to a decline industrial production.

The transition of the country to a peaceful track was carried out with the help of the following measures.

1. In September 1945, the GKO was abolished. All functions of governing the country were concentrated in the hands of the Council of People's Commissars (in March 1946 it was transformed into the Council of Ministers of the USSR).

2. Already in August 1943, the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR adopted a resolution "On urgent measures to restore the economy in areas liberated from German occupation." A significant part of the restoration work was done by the end of the war.

3. In March 1946, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR approved a plan for the restoration and further development of the economy for 1946–1950.

The main source of the restoration of the country, as well as victory in the war, was the selfless enthusiasm of the Soviet people:

1) during the years of the first post-war five-year plan (1946–1950), 6,200 industrial enterprises were restored and built again;

2) in 1948 the pre-war level of industrial production was reached;

3) in 1950 the level of pre-war production was surpassed by 73%;

4) the Stakhanovite movement developed again;

5) the country's economy did not lose its militaristic orientation even after the war: the Soviet government was constantly preparing for a war for survival in a capitalist environment even at a new stage;

6) the leadership of the country and personally I.V. Stalin showed great attention to the development of the military industry and related scientific research;

7) the first test of the Soviet atomic bomb took place in 1949 at the test site in Semipalatinsk; 8) in 1947, the first Soviet ballistic missile was tested, which was developed under the leadership of S.P. Queen.

The satisfaction of people's material needs, as in the pre-war years, was relegated to the background by the country's leadership. But already in 1947 the rationing system for food products was abolished. Its abolition, hastened by the government for propaganda purposes, made things a little easier: the average wage of workers was low, and high prices flourished in shops. To overcome financial difficulties, a monetary reform was carried out.

The countryside, as in the pre-war period, remained a source for pumping out funds that the state received at the expense of the practically unpaid labor of collective farmers. In 1946–1947 due to drought, a poor grain harvest was observed. The village was engulfed in hunger.

Foreign policy of the USSR in the postwar years. "Cold War"

The results of the Second World War radically changed the balance of power in the world:

1) the USSR became one of the leading world powers, without which not a single issue of international life was now resolved;

2) at the same time, the dominance and power of the United States increased during the war years, which allowed the American administration already in the 40s. start moving away from the agreements of the war period.

All this led to the fact that a period of sharp cooling set in in Soviet-American relations, the beginning of the "cold war" was laid.

Soviet Union was concerned about the US nuclear monopoly, their attempt to dictate in relations with other countries. At the same time, the United States was alarmed by the great growth of the prestige of the USSR in Europe and throughout the world.

The US administration in 1947 adopted the "Marshall Plan", the essence of which was to revive the Western European economy through the provision of financial assistance and the latest technology from across the ocean. Such assistance was not provided to those regimes where the communist parties had influence. The desire of Western European countries and the United States to ensure political stability and military security resulted in the formation of the NATO bloc in 1949.

At the same time, the following activities were carried out in the countries of Eastern Europe:

1) in the countries occupied by the Soviet troops, a socio-political system developed, similar to the Stalinist model of state socialism;

2) the formation of friendly political regimes in Eastern Europe was the main goal foreign policy the Soviet leadership in the first post-war years;

3) in 1945–1948. The USSR concluded bilateral agreements with Czechoslovakia, Poland, Hungary, Bulgaria, Romania, Albania and Yugoslavia;

4) a military bloc of socialist states was created - the Warsaw Pact Organization (OVD);

5) an economic association was created - the Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CMEA).

After World War II began collapse of the world colonial system. The USSR took advantage of it to establish its influence in a number of countries that had freed themselves from colonial dependence on almost all continents - in Asia, Africa, and later in Latin America. This was successfully facilitated by the international image of the Soviet Union and its opposition to the former colonial powers.

A bipolar world emerged, in which the camp of the capitalist countries led by the USA and the socialist camp led by the USSR were in a state of confrontation. The rivalry of countries, called the "cold war", manifested itself not only in the military-technical field, but also in the spheres of economy and culture.

Relations between the USA and the USSR became especially aggravated during the war in Korea (1950-1953). During the war, the USSR and China supported the pro-communist forces, and the United States - their opponents. As a result of the war, the country was divided into two states: North and South Korea.

Socio-economic development and socio-political development of the USSR in the mid-1950s-early 1960s. Contradictions of the period of the "Khrushchev thaw"

1) debunking the cult of Stalin (the 20th and especially the 22nd party congresses);

2) partial democratization public life, in which several directions can be distinguished:

a) the cessation of terror and the rehabilitation of its victims;

b) partial expansion of the rights of the Soviets, trade unions and local bodies of the party;

c) "thaw" in culture, softening of censorship;

d) the weakening of the "Iron Curtain", the "first sign" of which was the 1st Moscow International Festival of Youth and Students in 1957;

3) the expansion of the rights of the national republics, the replacement of Russian leaders with representatives of indigenous nationalities and the rehabilitation of repressed peoples with the return of autonomy and their former place of residence (with the exception of the Crimean Tatars and the Volga Germans, who were rehabilitated only in the late 80s);

4) the resumption of the Leninist policy of persecution of the church (albeit in a less severe form);

5) reduction of the army.

Socio-economic reforms This period can be divided according to the content and consequences into two groups.

Positives:

1. A 3-fold reduction in exorbitant taxes on peasants.

2. More active use of the scientific and technological revolution, the great triumph of which was space conquest. In October 1957 The Soviet Union launched the world's first artificial satellite Earth, and in April 1961 the world's first manned flight into space took place, which was the Soviet pilot-cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin(the designer of the first spaceships was Academician S.P. Korolev). Winning priority in space, in which the USSR overtook the Americans, was a huge achievement and a subject of legitimate national pride for Russia, but it was also explained by the priority military goals; meanwhile, launched the space project was still during the life of Stalin.

3. Mass housing construction, the resettlement of millions of citizens from communal apartments to separate ones (the so-called "Khrushchevs").

Contradictions and obvious negatives:

1. Replacement branch management of the economy in the face of ministries borrowed again from the time of Lenin parochial(sovnarkhozy).

2. Continuation of the extensive path of economic development, one of the indicators of which was the plowing virgin lands in Kazakhstan, which gave a short-term effect and turned into their exhaustion.

3. Liquidation subsidiary farms peasants, which meant bringing collectivization to the point of absurdity and depriving the collective farmers of the last incentive to work.

4. Mass exodus from the devastated village of youth, Consequently issuance of passports to collective farmers (banned under Stalin).

5. Voluntarist "jumps" in the economy, vivid examples of which were Khrushchev's anecdotal corn epic, as an attempt to solve the food problem with one means.

6. The division of party bodies on an economic basis into industrial and agricultural, which finally reduced them to the level of understudies of economic management structures.

In summary results Khrushchev's reforms in the economy can be summarized as follows:

at first- short-term increase in rates economic development, the enthusiasm of people and the standard of living (especially housing).

Further -

a) slowdown

b) a drop in labor productivity, Consequently the disappearance of fear with absence other effective incentives (which the state economy is unable to provide);

c) depopulation of the village and final decline Agriculture;

d) food crisis.

Major military operations 1944–1945

As a result Iasi-Kishinev operation On August 20–24, 1944, Moldavia was liberated.

The victories of the Red Army created the conditions for the liberation of the countries of Europe occupied by the Nazis and assistance to their peoples:

2) 9th of September an uprising broke out in Sofia, the capital of Bulgaria. The government created by the Fatherland Front severed relations with Germany and declared war on it. The Soviet army entered Sofia;

3) October 20, 1944 troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front and units of the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia liberated Belgrade;

4) in Hungary, Soviet troops met fierce resistance from the enemy. As a result of bloody battles, the encirclement of the Budapest group was completed only by the end of December. Budapest was liberated from the Nazis only on February 13, 1945;

5) Vistula-Oder operation (12.01.-3.02.);

6) On January 17, Soviet soldiers liberated Warsaw. By the end of March, they reached the coast of the Baltic Sea.

Berlin operation. The question of who will be the first to enter the German capital has become an acute political problem. Soviet troops were 60 km from Berlin, and parts of the Anglo-American troops by April 1945 were 100 km away. However, the Red Army overcame fierce opposition, and the Anglo-American troops faced weak resistance. The troops of the 1st and 2nd Belorussian Fronts and the 1st Ukrainian Front, led by G.K. Zhukov, K.K. Rokossovsky, I.S. Konev. The offensive began at 5 am on April 16, 1945. Artillery and bombers dealt crushing blows to the enemy. 140 searchlights blinded the enemy when Soviet tanks and infantry went on the attack. The enemy defended fiercely. On April 21, shock units of the Red Army broke into the outskirts of Berlin. The troops of the 1st Belorussian and 1st Ukrainian fronts, advancing from the north and south, united west of Berlin. On the Elbe River, near the city of Torgau, they had a significant meeting with the American army. On May 8, an act of unconditional surrender of Nazi Germany was signed in the suburbs of Berlin. From the Soviet side, the signature was put by Marshal G.K. Zhukov. The war in Europe is over.

Restoration of the border of the USSR.

In January 1944, Soviet troops launched a new offensive, during which the blockade of Leningrad was finally lifted on January 27 (Leningrad (commander - L.A. Govorov) and Volkhov (commander - K.A. Meretskov) fronts). In February-March, the armies of the 1st Ukrainian (commander - N.F. Vatutin) and the 2nd Ukrainian (commander - I.S. Konev) fronts defeated the enemy's Korsun-Shevchenko grouping. Continuing the offensive, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian Front in early February liberated the regional centers of Ukraine Lutsk and Rivne, and the troops of the 3rd Ukrainian Front (commander - R. Ya . Malinovsky) of the front on February 22 captured Krivoy Rog.

On March 15, the spring offensive began in the South-Western direction in the sector from Lutsk to the mouth of the Dnieper. Ternopil, Vinnitsa, Chernivtsi were liberated.

On March 26, the troops of the 2nd Ukrainian Front, having crossed the Dniester, crossed the state border along the Prut River and entered the territory of Romania.

At the same time, the troops of the 4th Ukrainian Front (commander - F.I. Tolbukhin) began the liberation of the Crimea. The main blow was dealt from the Sivash bridgehead. On April 15, Soviet troops reached the outer contour of the fortifications of Sevastopol. After two days of artillery preparation, the assault on Sevastopol began on May 7, and on May 9 the city was liberated. The fighting in the Crimea ended on May 12 with the encirclement of a significant enemy grouping at Cape Khersones.

As a result of a four-month military campaign, 329 thousand square kilometers of Soviet territory were liberated, more than 170 enemy divisions numbering up to 1 million people were defeated.

After the end of hostilities in the Crimea, the Soviet command begins to regroup troops, replenish personnel, weapons, ammunition and fuel, preparing for the summer military campaign.

The summer offensive of the Soviet troops began on June 10 on the Karelian Isthmus. As a result of the Vyborg-Petrozavodsk operation, the troops of the Leningrad (commander - L.A. Govorov) and Karelian (commander - K.A. Meretskov) fronts broke through the Mannerheim Line, and on June 20 Vyborg was liberated. Finland ceased hostilities on the side of Germany, and in September 1944 signed an armistice agreement with the USSR.

On June 23, 1944, an offensive began in Belarus (Operation Bagration). As a result of the offensive of the 1st (commander - K.K. Rokossovsky), 2nd (commander - G.F. Zakharov), 3rd (commander - I.D. Chernyakhovsky) Belarusian and 1st Baltic (commander - I.Kh. Bagramyan) of the fronts, the "Center" grouping was defeated. During this military operation, German groups were surrounded near Vitebsk, Bobruisk, Orsha and Mogilev. Developing the offensive, the tank corps of the 1st and 3rd Belorussian fronts liberated Minsk on July 3. On July 13, Vilnius was liberated. Troops of the 1st Belorussian Front on July 20 crossed the river. Western Bug and set foot on the territory of Poland. The troops of the 1st Baltic Front, having liberated Siauliai on July 27, reached the Gulf of Riga on July 31.

On July 13, the 1st Ukrainian Front went on the offensive and defeated the Northern Ukraine grouping (Lvov-Sandomierz operation), on July 27 Lvov was liberated, in early August, Soviet troops reached the river. Vistula, forcing it in a number of sections.

On August 20-29, an offensive was launched in Moldova. The 2nd (commander - R.Ya. Malinovsky) and 3rd (commander - F.I. Tolbukhin) Ukrainian fronts liberated Chisinau (Iasi-Kishinev operation). On August 31, Soviet troops entered the capital of Romania - Bucharest 1.

In September-November, the troops of the three Baltic and Leningrad fronts liberated almost the entire territory of the Baltic states from the Nazis, defeating 26 and destroying 3 German divisions, as well as blocking 38 enemy divisions in Courland.

From October 7 to 29, the troops of the Karelian Front (commander - K.A. Meretskov) in cooperation with the forces of the Northern Fleet liberated the Arctic and the northern regions of Norway from the invaders (Petsamo-Kirkhenes operation).

By mid-autumn 1944, the border of the USSR was restored.

During the summer and autumn of 1944, on the Soviet-German front, the enemy lost 1.6 million people, 29 divisions and 22 brigades were defeated.

Military operations of the armed forces of the USSR

in Eastern and Central Europe.

Military operations are transferred to the territories of Germany's allies and the countries occupied by it. During the summer - autumn of 1944, Romania was liberated (2nd and 3rd Ukrainian Front; Bucharest was liberated on August 31), Bulgaria (3rd Ukrainian Front; Soviet troops entered Sofia on September 15), Yugoslavia (3rd Ukrainian front and the People's Liberation Army of Yugoslavia; Belgrade operation began on September 28, Belgrade was liberated on October 20), Hungary (October 15, 1944, the Hungarian government asked the Allies to conclude a truce; February 18, 1945, Budapest was liberated), Albania (29 November).

In January 1945, Soviet troops, breaking through the German defenses, go on the last offensive.

On January 23, the troops of the 1st Ukrainian (commander - I.S. Konev) Front, advancing from the Sandomierz bridgehead, reached the river. Oder and in some places forced it.

The troops of the 1st Belorussian Front (since November the commander is G.K. Zhukov) entered Germany on January 29, and on February 3 crossed the river. Oder and captured the Kyustrinsky bridgehead.

The 2nd Belorussian Front (commander - K.K. Rokossovsky) reached the Baltic coast in early February, occupied Silesia.

The 3rd Belorussian Front (commander - I.D. Chernyakhovsky, from February 20 - A.M. Vasilevsky) on January 30 surrounded the German grouping in the area of Koenigsberg.

Berlin operation. Capitulation of Germany.

Under the cover of the armies of Rokossovsky in the north and Konev in the south, on April 16, Zhukov transferred a two-million-strong group to storm the Berlin fortified area. At 3 o'clock in the afternoon, the troops of the 1st Belorussian Front begin the assault on Berlin. Heavy fighting unfolded on the Seelow Heights - the main strategic foothold on the outskirts of Berlin. On April 17, the Seelow Heights were taken, and on April 20, Soviet troops reached the eastern outskirts of Berlin. On April 16, the 1st Ukrainian Front launched an attack on Berlin, whose troops entered Berlin from the south on April 21, and on April 24 the ring around Berlin closed.

On April 30, two Soviet soldiers hoisted a red banner over the Reichstag (it is believed that they were soldiers of the 150th Infantry Division M.A. Egorov and M.V. Kantaria).

On May 2, 1945, General Chuikov accepted the surrender of the German garrison, and on May 9 in Berlin, in the presence of Soviet, British, American and French representatives, Field Marshal Keitel signed the act of unconditional surrender of Germany.

Soviet-Japanese war.

In accordance with the agreement reached at the Yalta Conference, on April 5, 1945, the USSR denounced the neutrality pact with Japan, and on August 8 declared war on her. It was planned to strike from the territory of Mongolia, from the Soviet Primorye, from Blagoveshchensk and Khabarovsk.

The troops of the Trans-Baikal (commander - R.Ya. Malinovsky), the 1st Far Eastern (commander - K.A. Meretskov), the 2nd Far Eastern (commander - M.A. Purkaev) districts took part in the hostilities from the USSR. The fronts had: 1.5 million people, 27 thousand guns and mortars, 5.2 thousand tanks and 3.7 thousand aircraft.

Already on August 19, the command of the Kwantung Army declared its readiness to lay down its arms, and on September 2, Japan completely capitulated.

The southern part of Sakhalin and the Kuril Islands went to the USSR. His sphere of influence extended to North Korea and China. However, the peace treaty with Japan was not signed, the reason for this was the islands of Urup, Kunashir, Habomai and Iturup.

On November 6, 1944, in the report “The 27th Anniversary of the Great October Socialist Revolution”, at a solemn meeting of the Moscow Council of Working People’s Deputies, I.V. Stalin listed ten offensive operations of the Soviet troops, which from that day became known as “Stalin’s ten strikes”.

FIRST STALIN IMPACT. Leningrad-Novgorod operation (January 14 - March 1, 1944). The result of the operation was the lifting of the blockade of Leningrad and the liberation Leningrad region and Novgorod. Favorable conditions were created for the liberation of the Soviet Baltic states and the defeat of the enemy in Karelia.

SECOND STALIN IMPACT. It included 9 offensive operations of the Red Army, the main of which was the Korsun - Shevchenko operation (January 24 - February 17, 1944). The result of the operations was the defeat of the German army groups "South" and "A" on the Southern Bug River. The entire Right-Bank Ukraine was liberated. The Red Army reached the line of Kovel, Ternopil, Chernivtsi, Balti, entered the territory of Moldova, entered the border with Romania. This created the conditions for a subsequent strike in Belarus and the defeat of the German-Romanian troops near Odessa and in the Crimea.

THIRD STALIN IMPACT. Odessa and Crimean operations (March 26 - May 14, 1944). As a result, Odessa, Crimea, Sevastopol were liberated.

FOURTH STALIN IMPACT. Vyborg - Petrozavodsk operation (June 10 - August 9, 1944). It was carried out taking into account the landing on June 6, 1944 of the Anglo-American landing across the English Channel in Northern France and the opening of the Second Front. As a result of the fourth blow, the Red Army broke through the Mannerheim Line, defeated the Finnish army, liberated the cities of Vyborg, Petrozavodsk and most of the Karelian-Finnish SSR.

FIFTH STALIN IMPACT. Belarusian operation - "Bagration" (June 23 - August 29, 1944). Soviet troops defeated the central group of the Nazi army and destroyed 30 enemy divisions east of Minsk. As a result of the fifth blow, the Red Army was liberated Byelorussian SSR, most of the Lithuanian SSR and a significant part of Poland. Soviet troops crossed the Neman River, and went to the Vistula River and directly to the borders of Germany - East Prussia.

SIXTH STALIN IMPACT. Lvov - Sandomierz operation (July 13 - August 29, 1944). The Red Army defeated the Nazi troops near Lvov and drove them back across the San and Vistula rivers. As a result of the sixth blow, she was released Western Ukraine, Soviet troops crossed the Vistula and formed a powerful bridgehead west of the city of Sandomierz.

SEVENTH STALIN IMPACT. Iasi-Chisinau (August 20 - 29, 1944) and Bucharest - Arad offensive operations (also known as the Romanian operation, August 30 - October 3, 1944). The basis of the strike was the Iasi-Kishinev offensive operation, as a result of which 22 Nazi divisions were defeated, and the Moldavian SSR was liberated. As part of the Romanian offensive operation, support was provided to the anti-fascist uprising in Romania, Romania was withdrawn from the war, and then Bulgaria, and the path was opened for Soviet troops to Hungary and the Balkans.

EIGHTH STALIN'S IMPACT. Baltic operation (September 14–November 24, 1944). More than 30 enemy divisions were defeated. The result of the operation was the liberation of the Estonian SSR, the Lithuanian SSR, and most of the Latvian SSR. Finland was forced to break off relations with Germany and declare war on her. The Germans were isolated in East Prussia and the Courland Pocket (Latvia).

NINTH STALIN IMPACT. Includes offensive operations of the Red Army from September 8 to December 1944, including the East Carpathian operation from September 8 to October 28, 1944. As a result of the operations, Transcarpathian Ukraine was liberated, assistance was provided to the Slovak national uprising on August 20 and part of Eastern Slovakia was liberated, most of Hungary was cleared, Serbia was liberated, and Belgrade was taken on October 20. Our troops entered the territory of Czechoslovakia, and conditions were created for delivering strikes in the Budapest direction, against Austria and southern Germany.

TENTH STALIN IMPACT. Petsamo-Kirkenes operation (October 7 - 29, 1944). As a result of the operation, the Soviet Arctic was liberated, the threat to the port of Murmansk was eliminated, enemy troops in Northern Finland were defeated, the Pechenga region was liberated, and the city of Petsamo (Pechenga) was taken. The Red Army entered Northern Norway.

During the fighting in 1944, the Red Army destroyed and captured 138 divisions; 58 German divisions, which suffered losses of up to 50% or more, were disbanded and reduced to battle groups. Only in the battles for Belarus, 540 thousand German soldiers and officers were taken prisoner by the troops of the Red Army. On July 17, 1944, up to 60,000 of this staff, led by 19 generals, were marched through the streets of Moscow. Romania, Finland and Bulgaria went over to the side of the anti-Hitler coalition. The successes of 1944 predetermined the final defeat of Nazi Germany in 1945.

The results of the offensive operations of 1944 were summed up in Order No. 220 of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief I.V. Stalin dated November 7, 1944:

“The three-year fascist yoke has been overthrown on the lands of our fraternal union republics temporarily occupied by the Germans. The Red Army returned freedom to tens of millions Soviet people. The Soviet state border, treacherously violated by the Nazi hordes on June 22, 1941, has been restored along its entire length from the Black Sea to the Barents Sea. Thus, the past year was the year of the complete liberation of the Soviet land from the Nazi invaders.