Totalitarian regimes: comparative characteristics. The main differences between totalitarian regimes What were the differences between totalitarian regimes
Politarism is a political way of organizing all social life. It is characterized by everything explanatory control by the authorities over society and the individual, subordinated to the entire mandatory system of collective goals and official ideology.
Authoritarianism is a political way of organizing all public life, characterized by the limited power of one person or group of people who do not allow political opposition, but preserve the autonomy of the individual and society in non-political spheres.
Democracy is one of the main forms of government of the political and socialist organization of society, state, power, a developing and progressive political regime, usually associated with a republican form of government, the historical and ideological prerequisites for the emergence of this typology are as follows.
Primitive society needed a leader who would put things in order in society, manage it, and control them in everything, because. such a person was not yet able to manage himself, control himself, therefore a totalitarian regime was established. But gradually a person began to develop in the field of thinking, division of property began to occur, people themselves began to decide how they should live, what to do, but only within the framework of their own interests. Politics and the processes associated with it remained under the control of the authorities, because. people were not yet very well versed in this, an authoritarian regime set in. But the development of a person does not stop there, he already begins to think independently not only in the field of his personal life, but also in politics, therefore he needs to take part in the implementation of politics, power, therefore a democratic regime appears that allows a person to realize his capabilities in all directions. The advantages of this typology are that a person developed gradually, his thinking developed in stages, there was no confusion, chaos, upheavals, etc. The disadvantage of this typology is that a person was suppressed as a person, he becomes a cog in a large mechanism (as in a totalitarian authoritarian regime). Therefore, a person is not ready to independently resolve any issues, because. everything was decided and done for him, combined into one type of national socialist regime in Germany and the Stalinist regime in the USSR is scientifically correct, as the social system it arose in Germany. It has almost all the common features of totalitarianism. National socialism is related to fascism, although it borrows a lot from Soviet communism, primarily revolutionary and socialist components, forms of organization of the totalitarian party and state, and even the appeal "comrades." But at the same time, the place of class here is protected by the nation, the place of class hatred is national and racial hatred. If in communist political systems aggressiveness is directed, first of all, inward, against its own citizens, but in national socialist systems it is directed outward, against other peoples.
Do you think that any political regime can exist without a utopian project?
In my opinion, a political regime cannot exist without a utopian project. After all, every political regime that “improved” life describes all aspects of the life of an ideal social order, leaves no room for disharmony, contradictions, etc. But all this is doomed to failure, because. No one has managed to build an “ideal” society, and all regimes fail.
Can it be argued in this connection that the differences between totalitarian and authoritarian regimes are quantitative rather than qualitative?
It seems to me, in connection with this statement, that, unlike a totalitarian, authoritarian political regime leaves some social space for the free self-realization of the individual, for example, it does not interfere in the economy, controls the spiritual sphere to a limited extent, does not interfere in family life etc. The difference between totalitarian and authoritarian regimes is quantitative, not qualitative. After all, a person's life has not changed, as the existing total control, so he remained, only a small part or quantity got out of control, a person received only a part of freedom, and everything else is controlled.
Doesn't this mean that deliberately advantageous types of regimes are chosen for comparison, and the proposed typology is extremely tendentious?
This does not mean that favorable types of regimes are chosen for comparison and the proposed typology is extremely tendentious. After all, in one way or another, lyrical regimes are somewhat similar to totalitarian, authoritarian or democratic political regimes.
Most people know very well, or democracy. These terms are constantly used by TV presenters in the news. Even the inhabitants of remote villages with a secondary education will be able to explain the difference between them. But most people don't know how it differs from authoritarian. Moreover, some even believe that these terms mean the same thing. Actually, it is not. Let's try to find out how it differs from authoritarian.
Formulation of authoritarianism
Authoritarianism, or an authoritarian regime, is a phenomenon in which power is concentrated in the hands of one person or within one group of like-minded people. At the same time, opposition forces in power are allowed, but only if they are politically weak. For the most part, the opposition under authoritarianism has a decorative function, and only in public does it oppose official power. However, in areas that are not related to politics (culture, economics, private life), a manifestation of the personality and character of a person is possible. However, it is still important that freedom does not harm the current government and does not expose it in a negative light.
It is worth noting that almost any authoritarian regime will sooner or later come to the format of a one-man dictatorship, and even if it started with the power of a certain group, it will still transform into a dictatorship regime. States based on an authoritarian regime have always existed. Today, such a country can be called Morocco or Saudi Arabia.
Totalitarianism
The totalitarian regime is figuratively called the "son of authoritarianism", because it is almost always a continuation of the authoritarian development of the state. In such a state, power is concentrated in the hands of one person, whose rights are unlimited. There are many such cases in history, although the leader has always been called differently: tsar, dictator, general secretary, leader, Fuhrer, etc. And although there may be a semblance of collective control in a country, power is always concentrated in one hand. Our recent past is a great example. In the USSR, there was a leading party body of the Central Committee of the CPSU, although real power was concentrated in the hands of only one person - the general secretary of the party.
If we compare the authoritarian and totalitarian regimes, then first of all we can single out the sphere of social life. Under authoritarianism, the manifestation of character and personality is allowed, under totalitarianism - no. The latter regime seeks to control all spheres of society, including even thoughts. Any opinion that goes against the government is considered a crime and punished with cruelty. The most striking examples are easy to find: Adolf Hitler, Joseph Stalin. And this list can be continued for a long time.
Let us give a simple example in order to more accurately understand how a totalitarian regime differs from an authoritarian one.
Authoritarianism in Germany
Germany was defeated in World War I. In the middle of the 20th century, the National Socialist Party came to power in a broken country and established authoritarian rule. Basically, the actions were aimed at strengthening the economy and military power of the country, but very quickly the power passed into the hands of one person - Adolf Hitler, who was the leader of the party. From that moment on, the regime in the country began to transform from authoritarian to totalitarian. It is worth noting that the very system of authoritarian rule in Germany was vague. Even historians mention it only in passing, most often they talk about totalitarianism, which played a key role in the history of this country.
The formation of a totalitarian regime
After the final formation of totalitarianism, the forced imposition of Nazi ideology began. At the same time, a powerful ideological-police apparatus was created - a tool for effective control of the country's citizens. Moreover, the tool made it possible to control citizens not only within the borders of the country, but also beyond its borders. In general, everything that could be controlled was controlled in the state: sports, medicine, the press, culture, etc. All areas of activity of citizens came under strict supervision. As a result, Germany turned into a very cruel, but well-oiled machine, where every screw had its place. The consequences of such a transformation are well known to all. Fortunately, the Hitler regime did not last long, but even in a short period of time it brought a lot of misfortune to the whole world.
In principle, Germany is a demonstration of how a totalitarian regime differs from an authoritarian one, because here one method of government was abruptly replaced by another. The results are in.
Ideology
It is secondary in an authoritarian regime of power. Here the main task is to get people to perform tasks that are acceptable to them. And this is the difference between an authoritarian regime and a totalitarian one. The latter needs a very powerful and clear ideology, which is promoted by all possible media. It is also an excuse for crimes that can be committed by the authorities (leader) even against their own people. It is absolutely impossible to build totalitarianism without ideology - it will be doomed to failure.
Opposition
People who think differently don't like any power. But authoritarianism allows the opposition to be used for its own purposes. Usually, in this mode of management, they create the appearance of opposition to the authorities, but in fact they do not take any action. Such "pocket opposition" can cast a vote at the command of the ruling party and hold peaceful protests that do not interfere with anyone.
A totalitarian regime differs from an authoritarian one in that it generally does not allow opposition to power. Even the very idea that someone can give the appearance of fighting against the authorities is strictly prohibited. Any troublemaker will be punished with extreme cruelty. Consequently, even a completely controlled opposition under totalitarianism is excluded - there is not even a foundation for it.
Liberty
Authoritarianism gives the citizens of their country the opportunity to express themselves, it guarantees privacy and in those areas that are not related to politics at all. This applies to economics, medicine, sports, etc. However, culture is necessarily checked for the presence of a political component, the same applies to the spiritual sphere. If criticism of the existing government is found, then negative consequences for the authors of this criticism are possible.
The totalitarian regime keeps all spheres under tight control. Citizens should not go beyond the dictated rules in any area, everything must comply with the regulations and be strictly scheduled.
The common features of the totalitarian and authoritarian regimes are manifested here in the censorship of culture and the spiritual sphere. Both systems are concerned about criticism in these areas, only totalitarianism also interferes in other areas of citizens' lives, authoritarianism stands aside.
The role of the leader
Under both regimes there is a leader, only under authoritarianism his role is not so great. The main thing for authoritarianism - political device countries. Given the fact that the "king" under this method of government does not particularly interfere in the lives of citizens, then his influence on them is weak. This leads to the fact that citizens are critical of their leader. There are quite common cases when citizens openly laugh at the leader of their country and express dissatisfaction. In the open spaces former USSR this phenomenon is a classic.
Under totalitarianism, the role of the leader is extremely great. All sorts of propaganda equates the leader of the state practically with a deity that all citizens are obliged to worship. At the same time, the leader must have strong charisma, and the people must love him, believe in him. Moreover, people sincerely love him, and only a small part of the population may be dissatisfied with him, only they do not show this even in kindred circles.
Finally
Finally, we note that both systems are inefficient and regressive, because in the end they lead to revolutions, war, and even the death of the state. There are many such examples in history. Now you know how a totalitarian political regime differs from an authoritarian one. Answer to similar question cannot be concise, since there are always several important differences.
In the Schools section, to the question What is the difference between a totalitarian regime and an authoritarian one? The most serious moment is connected with the understanding of the goal, the "historical mission" this mode, be it the doctrine of "racial superiority", specific national-imperial ideas, or some other.2. Many authoritarian regimes sought to preserve the old socio-economic structure. Latin American juntas, for example, approached the matter quite pragmatically.6. Another difference between totalitarianism and authoritarianism lies in the power structure itself. Another difference between authoritarianism and totalitarianism is the role repression plays in both regimes.9.
Under totalitarianism, at first, the fact of sympathy that the people feel for the authorities is extremely important. Under authoritarianism, the activities of the opposition are not prohibited, although repressions are often carried out against them. A totalitarian regime is always legitimate in the face of the world community, which is associated with the formal legality of coming to power through elections or other political levers of influence. The leader in an authoritarian regime is always a charismatic person and a good speaker, capable of leading the masses. The totalitarian regime is not so much dependent on the leader.
In history, we can find only weak prototypes of totalitarianism, similar to it formally, structurally, but not in essence. It cannot be presented as a consequence of a cause under the name "authoritarianism of the 1920s". The punitive organs in this system are the materialization of widespread fear, a kind of arbitrator in a dispute, a clash of individual authorities. But their existence is largely due to the need to eradicate dissidents - those who did not accept the conditions of totalitarianism, the rules of its game, and their name is millions. A big step forward in understanding the essence of the society that has developed in our country was the very fact of recognizing totalitarianism. We will try to characterize the totalitarian political system on the example of our country in the following areas: ideology, politics, economics. Getting rid of the totalitarian hoax in another - in understanding the insignificance of the real significance of power in comparison with the processes of self-organization of society.
The answer to such a question cannot be concise, since there are always several important differences.
The Italian regime was distinguished by its desire to preserve the traditional structures, as evidenced, for example, by the Lutheran agreements (1929) concluded between B. Mussolini and the Vatican. In the traditional typology, fascism and Bolshevism are located at the two extreme poles of the ideological and political spectrum. It is no coincidence that they fought not for life, but for death due to the initial incompatibility of ideologies. Peter I and Louis XIV could demand external submission and receive confirmation of their power, but they could not control all aspects of society.
How is a totalitarian regime different from an authoritarian one?
The main thing for authoritarianism is the political structure of the country. Under totalitarianism, the role of the leader is extremely great. All sorts of propaganda equates the leader of the state practically with a deity that all citizens are obliged to worship.
How is a totalitarian regime different from an authoritarian one?
Totalitarianism in this respect is much more consistent, stable and reliable for those in power. Totalitarianism, as experience shows, is by no means immortal and, over time, loses the support of its stability, degenerating into a regime whose institutions are decrepit and which begins to more and more resemble authoritarianism. However, it is precisely these institutions that are persecuted by authoritarianism for fear of undermining its already not very reliable foundations. The most characteristic example of post-totalitarianism is the political regime that emerged in the USSR after the death of Stalin. Authoritarian institutions are thus, as the case may be, an astonishing and not very functional mix of traditional, democratic, and totalitarian institutions.
At the same time, opposition forces in power are allowed, but only if they are politically weak. For the most part, the opposition under authoritarianism has a decorative function, and only in public does it oppose official power. States based on an authoritarian regime have always existed.
One of differences connected with the understanding of the purpose, the historical purpose of the regime . Totalitarianism is associated with a utopian idea. Authoritarian regimes, on the other hand, do not set the task of a radical, revolutionary reorganization of society. Their goal is to fulfill a specific task, namely, to lead the country out of the historical impasse.
If in a totalitarian society universal control and violence are established, then authoritarianism implies the existence of areas of public life that are inaccessible to state control. The principle of a totalitarian society is "what is ordered by the authorities is allowed," and of an authoritarian society - "what is not related to politics is allowed."
In a totalitarian society, there is systematic terror against opponents, and in an authoritarian society, tactics of selective terror are carried out, aimed at preventing the emergence of opposition.
IN In a totalitarian society, omnipotence is required from the authorities, and obedience and modesty from the people (“keep your head down”). Under authoritarianism, competence is required from the authorities, and obedience and professionalism from the people.
General
The desire to exclude political opposition (if any) from the process of articulating political positions and making decisions;
The desire to use force in resolving conflict situations and the lack of democratic mechanisms for monitoring the exercise of power;
The desire to take control of all potentially oppositional public institutions - the family, traditions, interest groups, the media and communications, etc.;
The relatively weak rootedness of power in society and the resulting desire and, at the same time, the inability of the regime to subordinate society to comprehensive control;
Permanent, but most often not very effective search by the regime for new sources of power (traditions and charisma of the leader) and a new ideology capable of uniting the elite and society;
The relative closeness of the ruling elite, which is combined with the presence of disagreements within it and groups fighting for power.
34. Totalitarian political regime: conditions for the formation and character traits.
Totalitarian regime- this is a political regime that seeks to establish absolute (total) control over various aspects of the life of each person and society as a whole.
Signs of a totalitarian regime:
› the state strives for global dominance over all spheres of public life, for all-encompassing power;
› society is almost completely alienated from political power but it doesn't realize it; in the political consciousness, the idea of "unity", "fusion" of power and people is formed; monopoly state control over the economy, the media, culture, religion, up to personal life, to the motives of people's actions;
› absolute "legal", or rather anti-legal, regulation of social relations, which is based on the principle "only what is expressly permitted by law is allowed";
› state power is formed in a bureaucratic way, through channels closed to society, surrounded by an impenetrable wall and inaccessible to control by the people;
› violence, coercion, terror becomes the dominant method of management;
› the dominance of one party, the actual merging of its professional apparatus with the state, the prohibition of opposition-minded forces;
› the rights and freedoms of man and citizen are of a declarative, formal nature, there are no strong guarantees for their implementation;
› the economic basis is large property: state, monopoly, communal;
› the presence of one official ideology, pluralism is actually eliminated; centralization of state power in the hands of the dictator and his entourage;
› the impossibility of control by society over the activities of repressive state bodies;
› state power is exercised at its own discretion, arbitrariness, without taking into account the opinion of the majority, in contradiction with democratic mechanisms, norms and institutions.
IN as conditions for the formation of totalitarianism, the following are distinguished: a sharp breakdown of established structures, the marginalization of various social groups; destruction or absence of spheres of activity of civil society; the emergence of modern media; deformation of political consciousness; the absence of democratic traditions, the predisposition of the mass public consciousness to violent methods of resolving issues; accumulation of state experience in solving social problems through the mobilization of the multi-million masses of the population; availability of opportunities for creating an extensive apparatus of repression and violence.
Authoritarian (from Latin "autoritas" - power) regime- the state-political structure of society, in which political power is exercised by a specific person (class, party, elite group) with minimal participation of the people. Main characteristic of this regime is authoritarianism as a method of ruling and management, as well as a kind of social relations.
Character traits.
♦ concentration of power in the hands of a political leader or certain individuals;
♦ the state has only key levers of influence on public life;
♦ restriction and strict regulation of political rights and political behavior of both individual citizens and socio-political organizations;
♦ the absence of a huge repressive apparatus;
♦ allowing citizens everything that is not prohibited by the state;
♦ the presence of certain elements of democracy (elections, parliamentary struggle).
Authoritarian regime occurs in countries where there is a change in the social system, accompanied by a sharp polarization of political forces; in countries where there are long economic and political crises, overcoming which by democratic means becomes impossible. In the second half of the 20th century, authoritarian regimes arose in a number of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America that had liberated themselves from colonialism.
36. Democratic political regime: characteristic features, conditions of functioning.
Democratic regime- this is a way of functioning of the political system of society, based on the recognition of the people as the main source of power, on their right to participate in solving public and state affairs and endowing citizens with a wide range of rights and freedoms.
Character traits.
election of representative bodies of state power and local self-government through universal, equal and direct elections by secret ballot;
the existence of the exclusive right of Parliament to issue national laws;
separation of powers into legislative, executive and judicial branches with a mechanism of checks and balances in relations between them;
multi-party system, the presence in the party system of political parties, both standing on the basis of the existing system, and denying it, but operating within the framework of the constitution;
making political decisions by the majority while respecting the interests and rights of the minority;
the absence of direct public-power relations among political parties.
Conditions for the functioning of a democratic regime.
› the presence of a system of control by civil society over the activities of state bodies and the state apparatus;
› lack of a system of privileges associated with the possession of power;
› availability of opportunities and conditions for timely and complete political information of citizens;
› availability of a simplified procedure for recalling deputies and changing officials;
› guarantees of equality of citizens, recognition of the right of every person to criticize the authorities and any of its representatives.
The Democratic Regime Works Effectively only in case that if citizens have the right and conditions to independently make decisions on political issues and oppose the actions of the authorities if these actions do not satisfy their interests.
37. State: essence, common features, structure and functions. Customs Code of the Russian Federation on customs authorities as a state institution.
State- This is a political community that has a certain structure, organization of political power and management of social processes in a certain territory. The state is the most important institution of the political system. Significance the state is defined by the maximum concentration in its hands of power and resources, allowing it to effectively and decisively influence social change.
signs states:
1. the presence of public power, isolated from society and not coinciding with the population of the country, materialized in specific coercive institutions and extending to the entire territory of the country and to all persons located there (the state necessarily has an apparatus of control and coercion, for public power is officials, the army , police, prisons);
2. a system of taxes, taxes, loans (necessary for the material support of state policy: economic, social, defense, for the maintenance of the state apparatus, people who do not produce material values and are engaged only in managerial activities);
3. territorial division population (the state unites by its power and protection all the people inhabiting its territory, regardless of belonging to any clan or tribe, religion);
4. sovereignty (supremacy inherent in the state on its territory and independence in international relations);
5. law (the state cannot exist without law, since the latter legally formalizes state power and thereby makes it legitimate, determines the legal framework and forms for exercising the functions of the state);
6. monopoly on the legal use of force, physical coercion (the ability to deprive citizens higher values, which are life and freedom, determines the special effectiveness of state power).
Structure states
On the division of power:
the system of legislative (representative) institutions; executive and administrative bodies; judicial authorities.
By function.
Bodies implementing domestic features:
Law enforcement, security (police, court, prosecutor's office);
Socio-economic regulation (financial and tax apparatus, communications, utilities, transport;
Spiritual production (institutions of education, culture, information agencies).
Bodies implementing external features:- armed forces; - intelligence service;
Bodies of interstate relations.
State functions- these are the main directions of the state's activity in solving the tasks facing it. The state performs a number of functions that distinguish it from other political institutions. They are divided into internal and external.
Internal functions : economic; social; organizational; legal; political; educational; cultural and educational.
economic function the state is expressed in the organization, coordination, regulation of economic processes with the help of tax and credit policies, creating incentives economic growth or the implementation of sanctions.
social function consists in meeting the needs of people in work, housing, maintaining health; in providing social guarantees to the elderly, disabled, unemployed, youth; in life, property and health insurance.
legal function includes the provision of law and order, the establishment of legal norms that regulate social relations and the behavior of citizens, the protection of the social system from the destructive actions of extremists.
Cultural and educational function is aimed at creating conditions for "satisfying the cultural needs of the population, familiarizing them with the achievements of the world artistic culture, the possibility of self-realization in creativity.
political function of the state consists in providing political stability, exercising power, devising a policy that meets the needs and aspirations of the general population, or maintaining the political dominance of the possessing class.
ecological function. With the help of legislation, the state establishes a legal regime for rational use of natural resources, assumes obligations to its citizens to ensure a healthy, more normal living environment.
External functions - functions of mutually beneficial cooperation in the economic, social, technological, cultural, trade fields with other states, the function of protection against external threats - the defense of the country.
[Customs Code of the Russian Federation] [Chapter 39] [Article 401]
1. Customs authorities constitute a single federal centralized system.
2. Public authorities of subjects Russian Federation, local self-government bodies, public associations may not interfere in the activities of customs authorities in the exercise of their functions.
Similar information.
Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation
federal state budgetary educational institution Higher professional education
"MOSCOW STATE OPEN UNIVERSITY
named after B.C. Chernomyrdin"
Gubkin Institute (branch)
Moscow State Open University named after B.C. Chernomyrdin"
Department of Information Technology
in the discipline "Political Science"
on the topic: "General and special in totalitarian regimes"
Completed:
2nd year student
Groups E-10
Specialist. 080502
Bondarev S. A.
Supervisor:
doctor ist. Sciences
Bogdanov S.V.
Gubkin,
Introduction
The concept of totalitarianism
2. Similarities of Nazism in Germany, Italian fascism and communism in the USSR
1Ideology
2 Controls. Social issue. Formation of a new type of person
3Economy
Distinctive features of the modes
1Ideological differences
2 Political differences
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
Usually totalitarian regimes are studied in terms of their organization, failures and crimes. However, such regimes in history often found support among the general population - due to the properties of social psychology ("herd" instincts, illiteracy) and the use of sophisticated techniques for processing mass consciousness. The danger of totalitarianism is that both the broad masses of the population and the intelligentsia, capable of becoming a conductor of ideology to the masses, are subject to its influence. The relevance of this work lies in the fact that it is intended to show the general pernicious direction of totalitarian regimes, as well as their features in order to avoid contamination of Russian minds by this ideology, seeking to adopt Western trends in any field or “patriotically” repeat the experience of the 20th century.
The purpose of this work is to consider the common features and characteristics of totalitarian regimes. The main tasks follow from the objectives of the study:
To achieve this goal, it is necessary to perform the following tasks:
Consider the essence of totalitarianism;
Explore the varieties of the totalitarian regime;
To reveal the general and distinguishing totalitarian regimes.
The subject of the study is the characteristic features of totalitarian regimes. The object of research is the totalitarian regimes in Germany, Italy and the USSR. The control work was completed in the amount of 11 pages of typewritten text, including an introduction, three sections with subparagraphs, a conclusion and a list of references.
1.The concept of totalitarianism
The term totalitarianism comes from the Latin word "totalitas", which translates as "fullness". It was first introduced into circulation at the beginning of the 20th century by the ideologist of Italian fascism G. Gentile, and in 1925 it was used in a speech by B. Mussolini, the leader of Italian fascism. The essence of totalitarianism lies in the state's desire for complete control of all spheres of society, the subordination of people to the dominant ideology.
The following signs of totalitarianism can be distinguished:
· the desire of the state for comprehensive power;
· the alienation of society from political power, which it is not aware of; formation of the idea of the unity of the people and power; state control over the economy, media, culture, down to the actions of people;
· absolute regulation of relations in society (only what is expressly permitted by law is allowed);
· the formation of state power, inaccessible to people's control in a closed bureaucratic way;
· the dominance of methods of violence, terror and coercion.
2. Similarities between Nazism in Germany, Italian fascism and communism in the USSR
Totalitarianism is subdivided into "left", which can be exemplified by Soviet communism, and "right", which includes Italian fascism and German National Socialism.
1 Ideology
totalitarianism regime political social
A common feature of all totalitarian regimes is the ideology and the way it functions. The main goal of this movement is to create a new society with new people. At the same time, the enemy was indicated, subject to merciless extermination in the struggle to achieve the goal. Despite all the hostility, the mention of liberalism was never forgotten. Aggression was presented as the last necessity in achieving a future new life. The place of moral values was to be taken by loyalty to the ideology, while only a select few could interpret the real interests of the movement. If in religious or traditional doctrines there were common goals, then in totalitarianism they depended on the will of the leader.
It is well known that both under communism, leading history from the ideas of K. Marx and F. Engels, proclaiming the superiority of the proletariat class over others, and under fascism, based on the philosophy of F. Nietzsche, who spoke of the election of the German nation, a pyramidal structure was adopted as an ideal authorities. The fate of the people did not matter, and the state in both cases was built as a terrorist dictatorship.
2.2 Controls. Social issue. Formation of a new type of person
A totalitarian regime is characterized by a monopoly ruling mass party, which destroys all parties upon coming to power. The consciousness of the population is processed according to ideology, and all media are under control. The ruling class becomes the party bureaucracy, united with the state apparatus. A closed gigantic system with pervasive corruption is being created, not updated and cut off from society. This state of affairs causes discontent, and at the same time, terror is inevitable as a hold on power.
For a normal existence, a dictatorship needs to have a balancing factor - an internal and external enemy. Bourgeois democracies and international imperialism were recognized as external enemies in the states under consideration. The goal is the conquest of the world, the means to achieve it - World War. Without repelling an external threat, regimes lose their meaning, since the essence of totalitarianism is aggression. Internal enemies in the USSR were called enemies of the people, and in Germany - enemies of the nation. These were primarily representatives of the intelligentsia and the clergy - the best people morally and physically, capable of resisting ideological terror. "God" and "mind" did not allow dictators to influence these people.
In order to manage the internal political situation in such conditions, a repressive apparatus was needed. Terror was legalized and was part of state policy. Nobody could trust anyone, because. everyone followed each other. The purge took place even within the party itself, creating an atmosphere of pervasive fear.
The totalitarian regime is characterized by complete disregard for human destinies and lives. People are just "cogs" in his mechanism. Stalin said: "No man - no problem," Hitler thought the same way. A happy life was promised to people by robbing other peoples, or part of their own.
One of the main differences between totalitarianism and other forms of despotism (authoritarianism and absolutism) lies in its desire to remake human nature. He sees a threat in dissent and tries to eradicate it, unify people and suppress personal qualities in a person. The system of terror creates a state of absolute insecurity and abandonment in a person. The implementation of such a policy leads to the moral degradation of society, because, denying morality, the regime cannot call people to conscience.
3 Economy
The similarity of totalitarian regimes in the field of economy lies in the spread of the influence of state regulation in all sectors of the economy, as well as in the replacement of the principle of private property with the principle of leveling. Unemployment was eliminated through the organization of cheap jobs and forced labor, but economic incentives, especially in agriculture, were almost inactive, resulting in reduced productivity and quality in both countries. They tried to cope with the difficult economic situation by the methods of slave-owning states - the forced labor of millions of prisoners. In addition, the economy is undermined in this case by exorbitant militarization - an increase in the military sector in overall structure national economy of individual states to the detriment of other industries. Citizens are instilled that life in a state surrounded on all sides by enemies is natural.
In all three countries, there was a collective organization of labor on a national scale, i.e. the transformation of the economy into one big factory, in which everyone becomes the executors of the plan, leading to the curtailment of entrepreneurial activity, the spread of indifference to work and irresponsibility, and the development of dependent qualities.
3.Distinctive features of the modes
3.1Ideological differences
German Nazism and Italian fascism are usually referred to as the "right" branch of totalitarianism, but these regimes also have differences. The right branch was born in Italy and received the name fascism from "fascio", meaning "bundle", "association". Later this idea was intercepted by Hitler and developed into National Socialism. Both ideas are based on chauvinism (an extreme measure of nationalism), but in Italy it was aimed at the revival of the Roman Empire and the strengthening of the state, then in Germany it served as a theory of the superiority of races, brought to anti-Semitism.
The basis of the ideology of communism was the Marxist doctrine of the class struggle, leading to the establishment of the dictatorship of the proletariat as an intermediate stage on the path to building a classless society. Consequently, at the heart of communism lies the same idea of superiority, but a class one.
2 Political differences
The state is the main element of the political system, which means that the main differences in this area are related to the attitude towards it.
For fascists, the state is an absolute, the greatest value, in comparison with which individuals are relative and insignificant. The National Socialists, on the other hand, saw the state as a means of preserving the people, and in general it was presented as an intermediate stage in the construction of a racial society. This is similar to the ideas of Lenin and Marx.
K. Marx and F. Engels said about the state that it is the result of the division of society into opposing classes and an instrument of power of one class over another. During the transitional period from capitalism to socialism there will be a provisional state based on the dictatorship of the proletariat. With the disappearance of hostile classes, the state also disappears as unnecessary. In the transitional nature of the state, the Communists are in solidarity with the National Socialists.
Based on the foregoing, one can note the structural similarity of fascism, Nazism and Stalinism. However, the nature of the ideology, the social basis of these regimes differ significantly, so it is impossible to talk about fascism and Stalinism as synonyms.
Conclusion
Having studied the sides of totalitarian regimes, we can say that such a control system has a high ability to mobilize all resources to achieve goals, for example, for the sake of winning a war, defense construction. However, such regimes cannot and should not exist for a long time. They are destroying the country, destroying the best representatives, worsening the general gene pool; "pressure" on people, depersonalizing them; "feed" by inciting discord; form a power that is unattainable for the people and beyond their control, etc.
Despite the differences that exist in various totalitarian regimes, whether it be national socialism, fascism or communism, their common nature is destructive, short-term successes are illusory, and the “happy life” of the builders of such a structure is rather difficult to imagine. This system is doomed - such a closed society is not adapted to full-fledged renewal and taking into account the requirements presented by the continuously changing world.
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