The Bible The Bible is a constant theme of intellectual reflection on liberation theology. The exodus of Jews from Egypt to Israel is interpreted by the Argentine philosopher Enrique Dussel as a "direct action" against the domination of a graceless System: "Reformist moral theories

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Bible in Church Slavonic - transliteration in the modern Russian alphabet
(1751)

Elizabethan Bible

Translation of the Holy Scriptures into Slavonic

On November 14, 1712, Peter I issued a decree on the publication of a translation of the Bible into Slavonic, the text of which would have been previously specified according to the available editions in other languages. The following persons were appointed to the editorial commission: Hieromonk Sophrony Likhudius, a teacher of Greek schools, and Feofilakt Lopatinsky, Archimandrite of the Spassky Monastery, were appointed editors; typesetters, printers Feodor Polikarpov and Nikolai Semyonov; proofreaders monks Theologian and Joseph; the editor-in-chief is the Metropolitan of Ryazan and Murom, His Eminence Stefan (Yavorsky).

The commission carried out a verification of the existing Slavic text of the Ostroh Bible with the Greek "translation of the Seventy", based on Brian Walton's "London Polyglot", and also using the Aldinsky Bible (1518), the Sistine edition of the Greek translation of the Tanakh (1587) and its translation into English as sources. Latin language(1588). The commission did not verify the Psalter, and the deuterocanonical books of Tobit, Judith, and the 3rd book of Ezra were corrected according to the Vulgate, as was done when the Ostrog Bible was published.

The work of checking and correcting the texts took seven years. In June 1720, the corrected text in eight volumes was provided to Metropolitan Stefan, and then, on his instructions, was rechecked again. In 1723, the Holy Synod approved the list of corrections submitted. On February 3, 1724, the emperor issued an oral decree to the Synod on the printing of corrected texts simultaneously in two editions: both new and old, "so that there is no reproach from restless people to the people's unrest". Peter also requested to provide him with samples of headsets. The commission printed samples of the text in various fonts and handed them over to the Synod. The Psalter was left in the old translation, and the proposed changes were marked in the margins. With the death of Peter I in January 1725, work on the publication was suspended.

Peter's successor, Empress Catherine I issued a decree in November 1725 on the continuation of the publication of the Bible, but requested another check, “so that henceforth no disagreement and in the translation of any error ... not be found”. It is believed that this was only a formal reason for delaying work on the publication of the Bible. The ideological opponent of Stefan (Yavorsky), Archbishop Feofan (Prokopovich), slowed down the case. He presented a report on the work done to the Synod only in 1735, and again he achieved a decision to recheck the already corrected text more than once. The work was transferred to St. Petersburg and in 1736 entrusted to the translator of the Synod, Vasily Kozlovsky, with assistants under general guidance Archimandrite of the Alexander Nevsky Monastery Stefan (Kalinovsky). It was decided to print the existing translation, and with notes in the lower margin to give the corrections made, it was instructed to check with the Septuagint and leave only readings that coincide with it, and in doubtful cases with the Masoretic text.

New difficulties at every step, the work dragged on, the Synod made many more decisions and attracted new people to work. In September 1742, a white-copied corrected translation was presented to the Synod by Archimandrite Thaddeus (Kokuylovich) and the Prefect of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy, Hieromonk Kirill (Florinskiy). They checked the new translation of the Bible with the Greek texts, guided mainly by the Codex Alexandrinus (from the edition of the London Polyglot), believing that the ancient Slavic translation was made from it. Also, on rare occasions, they used the Sistine edition of the Septuagint and the Vatican Codex. The books of Tobit and Judith, which existed only in translations from Latin, they translated from Greek; with the Latin text of the Vulgate, only the Third Book of Ezra was verified, since its text in Greek was not found by them. But this option was also sent for revision.

On February 14, 1744, Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, by her decree, indicated to the Synod that “the work of correcting the Bible, ... long ago begun, cannot be delayed” and demanded that the work be completed as soon as possible. The synod was allowed to involve not only its members, but also other people of the clergy. The synod came to the conclusion that it was impossible to correct the Slavic translation of the Bible based only on the Greek text and asked the Empress for permission "to supplement the Greek - to use the Syrian and Hebrew and other Bibles." Another commission was created under the leadership of Archbishop Joseph of Moscow and Archimandrite of the Resurrection Istra Monastery Hilarion (Grigorovich). Their work was unproductive and the commission soon fell apart.

In 1747 a new commission was set up to complete the task of correcting the translation. It included the prefect of the Kyiv Theological Academy, Hieromonk Varlaam (Lyashevsky) and the teacher of philosophy at the Kyiv Academy, Hieromonk Gideon (Slonimsky). They checked the translation of the Bible, previously prepared by Sophrony Likhud and Theophylact (Lopatinsky), with Greek, Latin and Hebrew texts, using their various versions. They submitted all their corrections to the Synod. On September 10, 1750, the Synod reported to the Empress that the translation was ready for printing.

On December 18, 1751, the Elizabethan Bible went out of print. All the changes made during the correction of the translation were agreed upon, the notes to the text made up a separate volume, almost equal in volume to the text of the Bible itself. The first print run quickly sold out, and in 1756 a second edition appeared with additional marginal notes and engravings, as well as corrections of errors and typographical errors in the first edition. In the future, this version, called the Elizabethan or Peter-Elizabeth Bible, was published many times. It entered the liturgical practice of the Russian Orthodox Church and has been used during worship services to this day with minor revisions.

The first book of Moses Genesis(chapters in the book: 50)

Second Book of Moses Exodus(chapters in the book: 40)

The third book of Moses Leviticus(chapters in the book: 27)

Fourth Book of Mosaic Numbers(chapters in the book: 36)

Fifth Book of Moses Deuteronomy(chapters in the book: 34)

Book of Joshua(chapters in the book: 24)

Judges(chapters in the book: 21)

Book of Ruth(chapters in the book: 4)

First Kings(chapters in the book: 31)

Second Book of Kings(chapters in the book: 24)

1st Book of Kings(chapters in the book: 22)

Fourth Book of Kings(chapters in the book: 25)

First Book of Chronicles(chapters in the book: 29)

Second Book of Chronicles(chapters in the book: 36)

The first book of Ezra(chapters in the book: 10)

Book of Nehemiah(chapters in the book: 13)

The second book of Ezra(chapters in the book: 9)

Book of Tobit(chapters in the book: 14)

Book of Judith(chapters in the book: 16)

Book of Esther(chapters in the book: 11)

Book of Job(chapters in the book: 42)

Psalter(chapters in the book: 151)

parables(chapters in the book: 31)

Ecclesiastes(chapters in the book: 12)

Song of Songs(chapters in the book: 8)

Wisdom(chapters in the book: 19)

Book of Sirach(chapters in the book: 52)

Book of Isaiah(chapters in the book: 66)

Book of the Prophet Jeremiah(chapters in the book: 52)

Book of Lamentations of Jeremiah(chapters in the book: 5)

Jeremiah's message(chapters in the book: 1)

Book of the Prophet Baruch(chapters in the book: 5)

Book of the Prophet Ezekiel(chapters in the book: 48)

Book of Daniel(chapters in the book: 14)

Book of Hosea(chapters in the book: 14)

Book of the Prophet Joel(chapters in the book: 3)

Book of the Prophet Amos(chapters in the book: 9)

The book of the prophet Obadiah(chapters in the book: 1)

The Book of the Prophet Jonah(chapters in the book: 4)

The book of the prophet Micah(chapters in the book: 7)

The Book of the Prophet Nahum(chapters in the book: 3)

The Book of the Prophet Habakkuk(chapters in the book: 3)

Book of Zephaniah(chapters in the book: 3)

The Book of the Prophet Haggai(chapters in the book: 2)

Book of Zechariah(chapters in the book: 14)

Book of the Prophet Malachi(chapters in the book: 4)

First Book of Maccabees(chapters in the book: 16)

The Old Testament is the ancient Jewish Holy Scripture (Jewish Bible). The books of the Old Testament were written between the 13th and 1st centuries. BC. It is a common sacred text of Judaism and Christianity, part of the Christian Bible.

Christians believe that the Bible has always consisted of the New and Old Testaments. In this they are helped by theologians, who prove that the Old Testament is an integral part of the Holy Scriptures, and both books harmoniously complement each other almost from the time of the Apostles. But it's not.

Also in early XIX centuries, the Old Testament was not considered a sacred book in Russia.

ROC version

982 year. The Bible was translated by Cyril and Methodius;
- 1499. The Gennadiev Bible appeared (the first dual Bible containing the Old and New Testaments);
- 1581. Bible of the printing pioneer Ivan Fedorov (Ostroh Bible);
- 1663. Moscow edition of the Russian Bible (it is a slightly revised text of the Ostroh Bible);
- 1751. Elizabethan Bible;
- 1876. Synodal translation, which is distributed today by the Russian Orthodox Church.

The Russian "Orthodox" Church adheres to this scheme in order to show the logical sequence of the appearance of the Bible in modern Russian. It seems like it turns out that the “Orthodox” Russian people had a natural need for a complete Bible, and there was no external influence, external forces that sought to introduce the Old Testament books into the Russian “Orthodox” society as sacred.

Old Testament in Rus'

Since the translation of Cyril and Methodius has not been preserved, and for some reason traces of it are not traced in ancient Russian literature, the historians of the Church assign the main role in the preparation of the complete Bible to Archbishop Gennady, using his authority so that ordinary people do not have doubts; allegedly under his leadership, for the first time in Rus', the Jewish Bible (Old Testament) and the New Testament were united under one cover.

Archbishop Gennady became famous for fighting the "Heresy of the Judaizers", and the church attributes to him the unification of the Old and New Testaments. Those. the fighter himself promotes in Rus' the ideological basis of the heresy with which he is fighting. Paradox? - but it is accepted by the ROC as a reliable historical fact.
* In the Old Testament there is the book of Deuteronomy Isaiah, in which all the provisions propagated by the "Heresy of the Living" are spelled out.

In Rus' at that time was New Testament, Psalter and Apostle.

There is a version that the Gennadievskaya Bible appeared later. For example, in 1551 (that is, 52 years after the appearance of the Gennadiev Bible), the Stoglavy Council took place, at which the question of translating holy books was considered.
Three books were recognized as sacred: the Gospel, the Psalter and the Apostle. The Old Testament and the Gennadiev Bible are not mentioned, which contradicts the version of the Russian Orthodox Church. If these books already existed, then the participants in the council should have expressed their opinion on the legitimacy of using them.

In the 16th century, the translation of the Old Testament failed.

Ostrog Bible

The Ostroh Bible is a complete copy of the Gennadievskaya. According to church historians, Ivan Fedorov decided to print the Ostroh Bible. But there is very little information about his personality. There is no information on how Ivan Fedorov became a deacon? Who dedicated, how was the title awarded? How did he study printing, and why exactly was he entrusted with founding the first printing house? The question arises - was Ivan Fedorov really the first printer and author of the Ostroh Bible.

It is known that Ivan Fedorov was engaged in the casting of cannons and invented a multi-barreled mortar. famous person, who poured cannons and is the inventor of the multi-barreled mortar, was credited with publishing the Old Testament in printed form, linking his biography with Prince Ostrozhsky, hence the name of the Bible - Ostrozhskaya. But this does not give authority to Ivan Fedorov. Prince Ostrozhsky took part in the preparation of the Unia ...
He was married to a Catholic, and the eldest son, Prince Janusz, was baptized according to the Catholic rite.

In addition, Ostrozhsky was associated with another publisher of the Old Testament - Francis Skorina (he lived and worked during the life of Archbishop Gennady), but unlike Gennady, Francis' activity was more of a "heretical" character. At least, it was far from Orthodox traditionalism. There is also evidence of F. Skorina's contacts with the Jews. It is possible that they could stimulate his interest in the Old Testament texts.

It can be stated that in Ukraine in the mid-70s of the 15th century, in fact, when work on the Ostroh Bible began, almost all Old Testament books had already been translated into Russian or Old Church Slavonic. It is significant that these lists were in the possession of the Ostrogsky princes. Obviously, they should be considered the forerunners of the Ostroh Bible.

Thus, in the south-west of Russia, a big job on the preparation of the Russian-language text of the Old Testament for distribution in Rus', to which the Russian first printer Ivan Fedorov allegedly had a hand.

Moscow Bible

Further, in Rus' there was a split in the church (1650-1660s) under Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich (father of Peter the Great). The result of the reforms was the split of Christians into two groups: those who believed the Tsar and Patriarch Nikon and followed them, and those who continued to adhere to the old dogma.

For what purpose was it necessary to compare Slavic books with Greek ones, especially since Nikon himself did not know the Greek language. It is clear that Nikon did not make such a decision on his own. He had such an associate Arseniy the Greek, who did a lot to destroy Slavic books and advocated new translations.

A split was provoked, and while Christians were destroying each other for this or that ritual, in 1663 the Moscow Bible was published, which repeated the Ostrozhskaya, with clarification from Jewish and Greek texts.
The Old Testament (the Hebrew Bible) was added to the New Testament, while the New Testament was modified so that it was perceived as a "continuation" or "superstructure" of the Old Testament.

Library of Congress Director John Billington:

“The Old Believers accused Nikon of allowing the Jews to translate the sacred books, and the Nikonians accused the Old Believers of allowing the Jews to worship… Both sides considered the cathedral of 1666-1667. "Jewish assembly", and in the official resolution, the council accused its opponents of being victims of "false Jewish words" ... There were rumors everywhere that state power had been given to "cursed Jewish rulers", and the Tsar entered into a pernicious "Western" marriage, intoxicated by the love potions of Jewish doctors.

Taking advantage of the confusion, they dragged through the “two-in-one” Bible.
However, it was not possible to solve all the issues once and for all. Although the Moscow Bible appeared, it was not accepted by society. The people doubted the correctness of the new books (more precisely, they despised and blasphemed) and perceived their introduction as an attempt to enslave the country (this is the level of understanding of global politics by our ancestors!). The churches continued to use the Slavic versions of the New Testament, the Apostle and the Psalter.

Elizabethan Bible

The Elizabethan Bible is a copy of the Moscow one, with corrections according to the Vulgate (Latin translation of the Bible). After the invasion of Napoleon, in 1812, the Bible Society was created, which began to distribute the Elizabethan Bible.
However, the Bible Society was soon banned.

The distribution of the Bible with the Old Testament was opposed by Nicholas I.
It is known that in 1825 the edition of the Old Testament translated and printed by the Bible Society was burned at the brick factories of the Nevsky Lavra. There were no more attempts to translate, let alone publish the Old Testament, during the thirty-year reign of Emperor Nicholas I.

Synodal translation

Translation of the books of the Old Testament was resumed in 1856 during the reign of Alexander II. But it took another 20 years of struggle for the publication of the complete Bible in Russian in 1876 in one volume, on the title page of which stood: "With the blessing of the Holy Synod." This text was called "Synodal translation", " Synodal Bible” and is still being reprinted with the blessing of the Patriarch of Moscow and All Rus'.

The Holy Synod, which gave its blessing for distribution in Russia synodal translation The Bible, containing two artificially interconnected books under one cover, actually signed the verdict on his state, which is confirmed by all subsequent events, including the current state of Russia.

One of the main roles in the translation of the Old Testament was played by Daniil Abramovich Khvolson and Vasily Andreevich Levison, a rabbi from Germany who converted to Orthodoxy in 1839. In 1882 a translation into Russian language Hebrew Bible commissioned by the British Bible Society by V. Levison and D. Khwolson.

One can imagine what forces were interested in giving the Old Testament the status of a "Holy Book", because they managed to process the members of the Holy Synod and convince them of the need to add the Hebrew Bible (Old Testament) to the New Testament. Someone strove so strongly for this goal that they even sacrificed two rabbis who converted from Judaism to "Orthodoxy", but only formally, but in reality they continued their Jewish activities. By the way, the Jewish electronic encyclopedia speaks of them positively, and not as traitors.

* “The Old Testament is a book that is completely alien to us, and must become more and more alien to us if we do not want to change our identity forever” - Eugene Dühring.

The book - According to your faith, let it be for you ... (The Holy Book and the global crisis): VP of the USSR

The video provided is not entertaining at all. It is cognitive. Although many will find it boring. So don't turn it on.

Elizabethan Bible

Elizabethan Bible- the name of the translation of the Bible in Church Slavonic, published in 1751 during the reign of Empress Elizabeth Petrovna (the translation got its name from her name). The Elizabethan Bible, with minor revisions, is still used as an authorized text for worship in the Russian Orthodox Church.

Work on translation under Peter I

Work on a new Slavic translation of the Bible was started by the nominal decree of Emperor Peter I of November 14, 1712:

The commission set to work and carried out a verification of the existing Slavic text of the Ostrog Bible with the Greek, based on the London Polyglot by Brian Walton, and also using the Aldin Bible (1518), the Sistine edition of the Greek translation of the Tanakh (1587) and its translation into Latin as sources. language (1588). The commission did not verify the Psalter, and the deuterocanonical books of Tobit, Judith, and the 3rd book of Ezra were corrected according to the Vulgate, as was done during the publication of the Ostrog Bible.

Verification of texts and work on the correction lasted seven years. In June 1720, the corrected text in eight volumes was provided to Metropolitan Stefan (Yavorsky), and then, on his instructions, the text was rechecked again. In 1723, the Synod approved the list of corrections to the biblical text submitted to it. However, the printing of the publication was not started. On February 3, 1724, the emperor issued an oral decree to the Holy Synod on the procedure for publishing the Bible - when printing " without omission, designate former speeches that have been redirected ... so that there will be no reproaches from restless people to people's unrest, and with what letters will this Bible be printed in order to declare those letters to His Majesty". This work was carried out under the direction of Theophylact (Lopatinsky), Bishop of Tver. At the same time, the Psalter was left in the old translation, and the proposed changes to its text were indicated in the margins. The commission printed samples of the text in various fonts and handed them over to the Synod. With the death of Peter I in January 1725, work on the publication was suspended.

Subsequent editorial commissions

Peter's successor, Empress Catherine I, in November 1725 issued a decree on the continuation of the publication of the Bible, but it was previously ordered: " however, first ... to consider it in the Holy Synod in common with those who corrected it, and to agree with the ancient Greek Bibles of our Church, so that henceforth no disagreement and in the translation of any error ... was found". The Synod instructed Bishop Theophylact to do this again. It is believed that this was only a formal reason for delaying work on the publication of the Bible due to the struggle between the two church parties, during which Feofan (Prokopovich) slowed down the work of his ideological opponent Stefan (Yavorsky).

The work of commissions under Elizabeth Petrovna

The Synod entrusted this work to Archimandrite Thaddeus (Kokuylovich) and Hieromonk Kirill (Florinsky), prefect of the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. In September 1742, they submitted to the Synod a white copy of the corrected translation and a report on their work. It follows from this that they checked the new translation of the Bible with the Greek codes, guided mainly by the Codex Alexandrinus (from the edition of the London Polyglot), believing that the ancient Slavic translation was made from it. Also on rare occasions they used the Sistine edition of the Septuagint and the Vatican Codex. The books of Tobit and Judith, which existed only in translations from Latin, they translated from Greek; only the Third Book of Ezra was verified with the Latin text of the Vulgate, since its text in Greek was not found by them.

The Synod decided to check the text again before printing the Bible, and this work was extremely slow. About the nature of the discussions in the Synod, the statement of its member, Metropolitan Arseniy (Matseevich) is noteworthy:

If we judge in subtlety, then the Bible with us (Church Slavonic) is not particularly needed. A scientist, if he knows Greek, Greek will read; and if in Latin, then Latin, from which, for himself and for the instruction of the people, the Russian (meaning in the Church Slavonic language), whatever the Bible, will be corrected. For the common people, there is enough in church books from the Bible.

Elizaveta Petrovna, by her decree of February 14, 1744, indicated to the Synod that “ the work of correcting the Bible ..., long ago begun, cannot be delayed and demanded that the work be completed as soon as possible. The synod was allowed to involve not only its members, but also other people of the clergy. soon the Synod came to the conclusion that it was impossible to correct the Slavic translation of the Bible based only on the Greek text and asked the Empress for permission " to supplement the Greek - to use the Syrian and Hebrew and other Bibles, which have close power to the old Slavic" because " this Greek (Bible) against the former, printed in Slovene, is dissatisfied". A new commission was created under the leadership of Archbishop Joseph of Moscow and Archimandrite of the Resurrection Istra Monastery Hilarion (Grigorovich). Their work was unproductive and the commission soon fell apart.

In the future, the Russian Church continued to use the Elizabethan Bible in liturgical practice, making only a few minor changes to it.

Notes

Links

• bible. - 1st ed. - St. Petersburg. , 1751. - T. 1.
• bible. - 1st ed. - St. Petersburg. , 1751. - Vol. 2.
• bible. - 1st ed. - St. Petersburg. , 1751. - T. 3.
• bible. - 1st ed. - St. Petersburg. , 1751. - T. 4.
• bible. - 4th ed. - M., 1762.
• bible. - 8th ed. - M., 1784.

Literature

• Eleonsky FG On the occasion of the 150th anniversary of the Elizabethan Bible: On a new revision of the Slavic translation of the Bible. SPb., 1902.
• Evseev I. E. Essays on the history of the Slavic translation of the Bible. Pg., 1916.

The Elizabethan Bible originates from the time of Peter I. This is a man who, while ruling Orthodox Russia, was forced in some cases to put on the mask of an Orthodox sovereign and perform certain acts in this direction. This is the construction of the Kazan Cathedral in St. Petersburg, the transfer of the relics of the right-believing Prince Alexander Nevsky to St. Petersburg and, in particular, this is concern for the Bible, for the Holy Scriptures.

On February 14, 1712, Peter I issued a decree on the correction of the Ostrog Bible according to the Septuagint. The best linguists of their time were appointed, including Sofrony Likhud, the founder of our Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy. In 1724 the work was completed. Letters (font) were already typed, and everything was ready for the publication of the Bible. The direct command of the emperor was lacking. But in January 1725, the Emperor caught a cold during another flood in St. Petersburg and died.

In public relations, after Peter I, a whole chain follows palace coups. As far as the Bible is concerned, more and more commissions were created. These commissions were sometimes given completely opposite tasks. As a result, the business of publishing the Bible stood. This continued until 1743, until Elizabeth Petrovna, the daughter of Peter I, ascended the throne. Based on the corrections that had been made before her, a hasty review of the text was made, and in 1751 the corrected Bible was published.

Russian translation of the Bible (1876).

The idea of ​​a Russian translation of the Bible has been brewing among the people for a long time. For example, St. Alexis translated the New Testament into the spoken language of his time. In the 16th century in today's Belarus, Francysk Skorina translated the Bible, in the 18th century the Archbishop of St. Petersburg Ambrose (Zertis-Kamensky) translated individual books from the Hebrew text. But these were private attempts that were not widely adopted. In 1812, a Bible Society was founded in Russia, modeled on the British one, with the aim of translating the Bible into the languages ​​of foreigners living in the territory. Russian Empire. Soon, Emperor Alexander I himself proposed to translate the Bible into Russian. In 1818, the Four Gospels were published. In 1819 the book of the Acts of the Apostles, in 1822 the New Testament was published. Work began on the translation of the Old Testament. Translations of books were distributed among the Academies, then they exchanged translations, and the other Academy introduced its own corrections, corrections, comments, suggestions. Work began on the translation of the Old Testament. Here the question arose of which text to translate from. It was decided to translate from the Hebrew text, check with the Septuagint. Those words and phrases that are present in the Septuagint and not in the Hebrew text should be put in brackets, which is also in the modern text.

At this time, opponents of the Russian translation raised their heads, who believed that translating the Bible into Russian means to vulgarize it. In 1826 Prince Golitsyn was fired. The Bible Society was closed. The edition of the Pentateuch that had gone out of print was burned, and the work of the Russian translation of the Bible stopped for a long time.

At this time, private translations of the Bible into Russian were undertaken. For example, the Altai missionary, now canonized as a saint, Archimandrite Macarius (Glukharev) translated books from the Hebrew text. He was summoned to the Synod and told that he should be engaged in missionary work, and not in translating books. A more serious scandal flared up regarding the translations of books from the Hebrew text by the professor of the St. Petersburg Theological Academy in the department of the Jewish language, Archpriest Gerasim Pavsky. He translated in a purely rationalistic, non-messian spirit. This translation has been lithographed (i.e. printed). Father Gerasim was summoned to the Synod. He was assigned cell admonition and penance.

The business of Russian translation of the Bible resumed in 1858 after the accession of Alexander II. The text of the Bible was revisited. The text of the Old Testament was also distributed and gradually translated. The entire Bible was translated in 1875, and in 1876 the entire Russian Bible appeared for the first time in one volume.

Division of the Bible into sections.

As long as the Holy Scripture exists, so much does its division into separate parts exist. There are books that from the beginning were collections of songs, hymns. This is the Psalter, the Book of Lamentations of Jeremiah.

The division into separate parts is inherent in the meaning of the text. In the text of the beginning of the Bible, new introductions are often made. In the post-Flood period there is a constant alternation of history and genealogy. Each genealogy sums up a certain historical department.

There was a division for synagogue use. In the New Testament, division has existed in the Christian Church since the first centuries. Of the ancient conceptions, I would like to mention the pericopes of the Alexandrian deacon Ammonius (4th century). The modern liturgical division into conceptions is attributed to St. John of Damascus (8th century). The modern division into chapters was made in the West in the 13th century (1238 by Cardinal Hugon). The first Bible, completely divided into chapters and verses as we know them, appeared in 1555 in the Paris edition of Robert Stephen. It should immediately be noted that this division is very unfortunate.

History of exegesis.

Origen is considered the founder of exegesis as a science. But the Lord Jesus Christ must be considered the first Interpreter of the Holy Scriptures. He interprets the Old Testament on many occasions. Take a classic example: the interpretation of divorce law. He repeatedly refers to the Old Testament, pointing to Himself as the Messiah or substantiating some provisions of His sermon. After Jesus Christ comes the apostolic age, i.e. period of apostolic preaching. While preaching to the Jews, the apostles constantly referred to the Old Testament. Many examples can be cited, beginning with the speech of the Apostle Peter on the day of Pentecost. Then comes the period of the apostolic men. The apostolic men left few exegetical works. They paid attention mainly to the moral side of the life of believers. In the 2nd century, the period of the Apologists begins. At this time, Christianity became a significant force in the world and had to defend itself against Jews, heretics and pagans. From this period it is worth mentioning three apologies: the holy martyr Justin the Philosopher, his conversation with the Jew Tryphon, based entirely on the interpretation of the Old Testament. And two apologies of the Hieromartyr Irenaeus of Lyons: "Against the pagans" and "Against heretics." The third century is a period of continuous persecution of the Church. This period is famous for martyrs, not theological writings, and from the beginning of the 4th century the formation of theological schools takes place. It is worth focusing on two schools, because the history of the fight against heresies to a large extent represented the struggle between these schools.