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The history of Russia from Rurik to Putin! To love your Motherland means to know it! Notable people of the War of 1812

Alexander Khristoforovich was born on June 23, 1783 in St. Petersburg in the family of a nobleman. He was educated at the Jesuit school of Abbé Nokol. In 1798, Benckendorff began military service with the rank of non-commissioned officer of the Semyonovsky regiment. Already in December 1798 he became an aide-de-camp of Paul the first with the rank of ensign. In 1803-1804, he was a participant in military operations in the Caucasus under the leadership of Tsitsianov. For distinction in the battles for Ganja, as well as in battles with the Lezgins, he was awarded the orders of St. Anna of the fourth degree and St. Vladimir of the fourth degree.

The Patriotic War of 1812 left many feats of various people in Russian history. Among the heroes of 1812 there are both simple peasant partisans, soldiers, officers, and even the Russian clergy. Now we will talk about the Russian priest Vasily Vasilkovsky.

Our hero was born in 1778. In 1804 he graduated from the theological seminary, became a priest and was sent to serve in the Elias Church in the city of Sumy. The life of a priest was not easy. His wife died, the father was left alone with his young son. In the summer of 1810, Vasilkovsky was appointed regimental shepherd of the 19th Jaeger Regiment. The head of the regiment, Colonel Zagorsky, could not get enough of the new priest, noted his excellent education. Vasilkovsky was strong in physics, mathematics, history, geography, knew several foreign languages. In general, he was a talented and versatile person.

By the Patriotic War of 1812, Stepan Balabin already had considerable combat experience:from 1778, that is, from the year of his entry into the service, and to 1785fought with "non-peaceful" highlanders for the Kuban. Participated in militaryexpeditions, in the protection of the state border, which passed alonglines of Russian fortifications in the North Caucasus. Was well acquaintedwith a camping life.

Stepan Fedorovich took part in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791 and received the rank of centurion for military distinctions. He distinguished himself in the battle on the Kinburn Spit, in which the Janissary troops were almost completely destroyed by the Suvorov troops. He courageously and courageously accepted the battle, participating in hand-to-hand combat.

Stepan Fedorovich took part in the battles for the Bendery fortress in the GZD year, one of the strongest strongholds of the Ottoman Port in the Northern Black Sea region. Then the Don Cossack received a saber wound in the shoulder, but remained in the regimental formation.

On the attack of the impregnable Ishmael in 1790, he went in the Cossack assault column already in the rank of centurion. Then he was shot in the leg. The award for the glorious Izmail case for Russian weapons to the Cossack officer was the Golden Cross "For Ishmael", which was bestowed on those who distinguished themselves by order of Empress Catherine II on George Ribbon. In the same year, Stepan Fedorovich received the rank of army lieutenant.

The baptism of fire for Mikhail Arseniev occurred in the wars against Napoleonic France. His regiment for valor in the battle of Austerlitz received the standards of a special sample "For Distinction" with a ribbon of the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called and the inscription "For the capture of the enemy banner at Austerlitz." Then the cavalry guards distinguished themselves in attacks on the fields of Gutstadt and Friedland. The chief of the regiment was Tsesarevich (heir to the throne) Konstantin Pavlovich.

In August 1807, Mikhail Arseniev was granted the rank of colonel of the guard. His service went well, and in March 1812 he was appointed commander of the Life Guards Horse Regiment, with whom he entered the Patriotic War. Regiment, in which there are four squadrons; 39 officers, 742 lower ranks, was part of the 1st Cuirassier Division of the 5th Infantry Corps.

The Life Guards Cavalry Regiment became one of the heroes of Borodin's day, being among those troops who courageously defended the center of the Russian position. When Emperor Napoleon finally decided to break the resistance of the enemy army at any cost, he ordered the entire mass of his cavalry to break through the center of its location. French and Saxon warriors began to deliver "ramming" blows.

Nikolai Nikolaevich Raevsky - famous Russian commander, hero of the Patriotic War of 1812.

Nikolai Raevsky was born on September 14, 1771, in the city of Moscow. Nikolai was a sickly boy.

Raevsky was raised by his mother's parents, he spent a lot of time in their house. Here he was educated, knew French perfectly.

Nikolai Raevsky began his service in the Russian army in 1786, at the age of 14, in the Life Guards Preobrazhensky Regiment.

A year later, in 1787, the war with Turkey began. Raevsky sends to the theater of military operations as a volunteer. Nikolai was assigned to the active Russian army, to the Cossack detachment, under the command of Orlov.

During the Turkish war of 1787-1791, Raevsky showed himself to be a brave and courageous warrior, participated in many difficult battles of that military campaign.

In 1792 he was granted the rank of colonel in the Russian army. For participation in the Russian-Polish war of 1792, Raevsky was awarded the Order of St. George of the fourth degree and the Order of St. Vladimir of the fourth degree.

Matvey Ivanovich Platov is a famous Russian military commander, a participant in many campaigns, one of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812.

He was born in 1751, in the village of Starocherkasskaya, in the family of a military foreman. Matvey Ivanovich received the usual primary education, and at the age of 13 he entered the military service.

At the age of 19 he went to the first war in his life with Turkey. In battles with the Turks, he showed bravery and courage, for which he was promoted to captain of the Russian army, became the commander of the Cossack hundreds.

The war continued - new battles, new exploits, new successes. Platov became a military foreman, commanded a regiment. But he was still very young, he was just over 20 years old.

In 1774, Matvey Ivanovich became famous in the Russian army. His soldiers were surrounded by the Crimean Khan, accompanied by transport convoys.

Platov set up camp, erected fortifications, and managed to repulse several dashing attacks of the enemy. Reinforcements soon arrived. After this event, he was awarded a gold medal.

Ivan Ivanovich Dibich is a famous Russian commander, one of the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812.

Unfortunately, few people know the name of Dibich today, although there is one very remarkable fact in the biography of this remarkable person.

Ivan Dibich is a full holder of the Order of St. George, and there are only four of them in Russian history - Kutuzov, Barclay de Tolly, Paskevich and Dibich.

Ivan Ivanovich Dibich was the son of a Prussian army officer who entered the Russian service. Dibich was born in the spring of 1785 in Silesia, where he grew up.

Ivan Ivanovich was educated in Berlin cadet corps. During his studies, Dibich proved himself to be an outstanding personality.

In 1801, Dibich's father achieved serious success in the service in the Russian army, becoming a lieutenant general. At the same time, the father attaches his son to the Semenovsky Life Guards Regiment, in the rank of ensign.

Soon a series of wars broke out with Napoleonic France. Ivan Dibich received his first combat experience on the battlefields near Austerlitz.

The battle of Asterlitz was lost, but the courage and stamina of the Russian soldiers and officers in this battle could only be envied.

There are many examples in Russian history when women, on an equal footing with men, defended Russia from the hordes of the enemy with weapons in their hands.

It will be about a simple Russian woman - Nadezhda Andreevna Durova, who devoted her life to serving the Motherland.

The name of Nadezhda Durova is also reflected in art. In the film "Hussar Ballad" there is the heroine Shura Azarova, who, with the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, went to fight the French. The image of Shura was written off from Durova.

Nadezhda Andreevna was born in 1783 in Kyiv. Her father, Andrei Durov, was an officer in the Russian army.

Mother Anastasia Alexandrovna was the daughter of a Ukrainian landowner. When she was 16, she unconsciously fell in love with Andrei and, without the permission of her parents, married an officer. Ivan Paskevich is a significant figure in Russian history. He was able, with his sweat and blood, to make a glorious path from an unknown warrior to one of the most authoritative and important people in the Russian Empire.

Ivan Fedorovich was born in 1782, in a family of noble Belarusian and Ukrainian nobles who lived in Poltava. Ivan had four younger brothers, who, like him, later became famous and respected people.

The brothers should be grateful to their grandfather, who in 1793 took his grandchildren to the capital of the Russian Empire. Two brothers Stepan and Ivan were enrolled in the Corps of Pages.

Ivan Fedorovich becomes the personal page of Emperor Paul I. Soon, having the rank of lieutenant of the Preobrazhensky Regiment, he was promoted to the adjutant wing.

The first military campaign in which Paskevich participated was the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. He was an adjutant to the commanders-in-chief of the Russian army, changing like gloves.He was the son of a court councilor who lived in the Tver Governorate of the Russian Empire. Born in 1780. And his role model has always been Alexander Vasilyevich Suvorov.

The future hero received military skills in the Artillery and Engineering Gentry Cadet Corps, and four of his brothers were trained there.

After graduation, Alexander Nikitich served in horse artillery, and participated in the wars with France and Turkey. In them, he showed himself as a brave warrior of the Russian Land.

He received his first baptism of fire in 1807 in battles with the armies of Napoleon. For the courage shown in the battle of Heilsberg, he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir. In the same battle, he receives a bullet wound.

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Faculty of Economics and Finance

Department of National History, Political Science and History

Abstract on the topic:" Heroes of the War of 1812"

St. Petersburg 2014.

Introduction

1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov

2. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly

3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich

4. Denis Vasilyevich Davydov

5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev

7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich

Conclusion

Bibliography

Introduction

The Patriotic War of 1812 is a memorable, great event in the history of our country. Courage, valor, courage and love for the fatherland were clearly manifested in its course.

In 1811, Napoleon informed his ambassador in Warsaw, Abbé de Pradt, that: "In five years I will be the ruler of the whole world. Only Russia remains, I will crush it ..."

Napoleon's invasion was a great misfortune for Russia. Many cities were turned to dust and ashes.

Kutuzov M.I., who combined the remarkable features of the Russian spirit, did not accidentally find himself in the center of events. Nominated by the people, society, that year he became, in essence, a national leader.

But the expulsion of the French from Russia did not mean that the fight against Napoleon was over. He still kept almost all of Europe under his control and conceived the dominant plans. Russia, in order to ensure its security, continued hostilities and led the movement for the liberation of the European peoples from French rule. The victory in the Patriotic War was of no small importance, laying the foundation for the liberation of the peoples of Central and Western Europe.

In the Patriotic War of 1812, the Russian people, together with other peoples of Russia, defended their statehood and independence. It was one of the significant upsurges of patriotic feelings of all segments of the country's population - peasants, soldiers, and townspeople. The fight against Napoleonic aggression caused the growth of national consciousness, gave impetus to the development of Russian culture.

1. Mikhail Illarionovich Golenishchev-Kutuzov

Family and clan

Mikhail Kutuzov was born on September 16 (September 5 according to the old style), 1745, in St. Petersburg. The noble family of the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs traces its origins to the combatant of Alexander Nevsky, Gabriel Oleksich, who defeated the Swedish commander Birger Jarl in the Battle of the Neva in 1240. The great-great-grandson of Gabriel Fedor Alexandrovich retained the nickname of his father Alexander Proksha "Kutuz" (pillow) and became the ancestor of the Kutuzovs. The grandson of Alexander Proksha ("Kutuz") and the nephew of Fyodor Alexandrovich Kutuzov, Vasily Ananievich, had the nickname "Topper Leg" for his height, and the Golenishchev-Kutuzovs went from him.

Mikhail's mother, Anna Larionovna Bedrinskaya, born in 1728, the daughter of a landowner from Opochetsk, Pskov and guides, a retired captain of the Narva garrison regiment, died when her son was still very young. He was raised by his grandmother and later by his father.

Kutuzov's father, Illarion Matveyevich (1717-1784), military engineer, lieutenant general and senator. Illarion Matveyevich Kutuzov began military service under Peter the Great and served for at least thirty years in the engineering troops. For his mind and abilities he was called "a reasonable book." Under Empress Elizaveta Petrovna, he drew up a project for the construction of the Ekaterininsky Canal (Griboedov Canal) to eliminate the deadly consequences of the floods of the Neva River. The construction of this canal was carried out under the Empress Catherine the Great, and I.M. Kutuzov was presented with a golden snuffbox, strewn with diamonds. He was personally known to Catherine already at the beginning of her reign.

February 3, 1765 received the Order of St. Anna 1st degree. He then participated in Turkish war 1768-1774, under the command of Count Rumyantsev, and was considered "very knowledgeable, not only in military affairs, but also in civilian affairs." kutuzov war french

At the beginning of 1744, Larion Matveyevich was sent to Stockholm.

This time, the baron was to take the post of Russian resident minister at the Swedish royal court, that is, to become an ambassador extraordinary and plenipotentiary. New Ambassador and his adjutant went to Stockholm not by ship, but by a detour through Konigsberg, Berlin, Hamburg and Copenhagen. The journey took almost a year, and during this time Larion Matveyevich learned and saw a lot. During his stay in Stockholm, Larion Matveevich received a letter in which his wife Anna Illarionovna Golenishcheva-Kutuzova announced that they had a son named Mikhail. Returning home, Larion Matveyevich was greeted by joyful household members and, seeing his first-born, Mishenka, for the first time, took in his arms

Personal lifeM.I.Kutuzov

Kutuzov got married in the church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in the village of Golenishchevo, Samoluk Volost, Loknyansky District, Pskov Region.

The wife of Mikhail Illarionovich, Ekaterina Ilyinichna (1754-1824), daughter of Lieutenant General Ilya Alexandrovich Bibikov and sister of A.I. Bibikov, a major statesman and military figure (marshal of the Legislative Commission, commander in chief in the fight against the Polish confederates and in the suppression of the Pugachev rebellion, friend of A. Suvorov).

April 27, 1778 Kutuzov married Ekaterina Ilinichnaya Bibikova. They had six children in a happy marriage. The son, Nikolai, died of smallpox in infancy, and was buried in Elisavetgrad (now Kirovograd) on the territory of the Cathedral of the Nativity of the Blessed Virgin Mary.

Praskovya (1777-1844) - wife of Matvey Fedorovich Tolstoy (1772-1815);

Anna (1782-1846) - wife of Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo (1779-1827);

Elizabeth (1783-1839) - in the first marriage, the wife of Fyodor Ivanovich Tizenhausen (1782-1805); in the second - Nikolai Fedorovich Khitrovo (1771-1819);

Catherine (1787-1826) - wife of Prince Nikolai Danilovich Kudashev (1786-1813); in the second - Ilya Stepanovich Sarochinsky (1788/89-1854);

Daria (1788-1854) - wife of Fyodor Petrovich Opochinin (1779-1852).

Elizabeth's first husband died fighting under the leadership of Kutuzov, Catherine's first husband also died in battle. Since the field marshal had no offspring in the male line, the name Golenishchev-Kutuzov in 1859 was transferred to his grandson, Major General P.M. Tolstoy, son of Praskovya.

Kutuzov also related to the imperial house: his great-granddaughter Daria Konstantinovna Opochinina (1844-1870) became the wife of Evgeny Maximilianovich Leuchtenberg.

Kutuzov's father showed a great influence on the education and upbringing of his son.

From childhood, Kutuzov was a capable boy, combining curiosity, resourcefulness and playfulness with thoughtfulness and a kind heart. Already at such a young age of twelve, he entered the artillery and engineering school. There he attended lectures by M.V. Lomonosov and mastered the knowledge of four foreign languages, to which two more were added over time. He graduated from school in 1759 among the best, was left at the school as a teacher.

Military service

Two years after graduation, on January 1, 1761, he received the first officer rank (ensign) and, at his personal request, was sent as a company commander to the Astrakhan infantry regiment A.V. Suvorov. A year later, under the patronage of Empress Catherine, who knew I.M. Kutuzov, Peter III appointed Mikhail an aide-de-camp to the Governor-General of Reval, Prince Holstein-Bergsky. In August 1762 M.I. Kutuzov was promoted to captain. In 1764, when visiting Reval, the Empress invited him to distinguish himself on the field of honor in Poland, where the future commander received a baptism of fire in battles against Prince Radziwill. Then he again served in Reval, participated in the drafting of a new legislative code, working in the justice subcommittee, and fought with the Polish confederates. Since 1770, Kutuzov has been fighting the Turks as part of the army of P.A. Rumyantsev. In 1772, the commander found out that Mikhail was mimicking him at officer feasts, got angry and transferred the merry fellow to the Crimean army of V.M. Dolgorukov. After this incident, the young officer became secretive and distrustful.

In July 1774, after the conclusion of the Kyuchuk-Kaiyardzhy peace, Devlet Giray landed with Turkish troops in Alushta, but the Turks were not allowed to go deep into the Crimea. On July 23, 1774, in the battle near the village of Shumas, north of Alushta, a three thousandth Russian detachment defeated the main forces of the Turkish landing force. On July 24, during the pursuit of the Turks, Kutuzov, who commanded the grenadier battalion of the Moscow Legion, was seriously wounded by a bullet that pierced his left temple and came out near his right eye, which "squinted", but his vision was preserved. After being cured, he again serves in the Crimea under the command of L.V. Suvorov, at the request of which on June 28, 1777 he was promoted to colonel. For participation in the suppression of the uprisings of the Crimean Tatars in 1782, he was appointed brigadier, and in 1784 major general. Since 1787, the general has been participating in the second Russian-Turkish war as part of the Yekaterinoslav army of Prince G.A. Potemkin. In the summer of 1788, with his corps, he took part in the siege of Ochakov, where on August 18, 1788 he was seriously wounded in the head for the second time. This time the bullet went almost through the old channel. In 1790, he distinguished himself during the assault on Izmail, personally led by him the 6th column attacking the walls three times, finally broke into the fortress and defeated the garrison. Then he was appointed commandant of the captured fortress. In 1792, Kutuzov again fought with the Poles, and the following year, for his devoted service, he received an estate in the Volyn province with 2,667 souls of peasants and the post of governor-general of Kazan and Vyatka.

Catherine II highly appreciated the diplomatic abilities of the general, appointing him Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Constantinople. The newly minted diplomat successfully coped with his difficult duties, strengthening Russia's influence in Turkey and actively counteracting the intrigues of the emissaries of the French revolutionary government at the Sultan's court. Returning to Russia in the autumn of 1794, he became close to the favorite of the Empress, Count P.A. Zubov, and in early 1795 he was appointed commander of the troops and fleet on the Swedish border. Kutuzov became an experienced courtier, he was favored by both Catherine II and Paul I.

Kutuzov in 1797 was again sent to fight French diplomacy, but now as an extraordinary and plenipotentiary minister (ambassador) at the Prussian court. In December, he was appointed inspector of troops in Finland and chief of the Ryazan Musketeer Regiment, which from April 2, 1798 became known as the Musketeer General of the Infantry Golenishchev-Kutuzov Regiment (this title was awarded to Kutuzov on January 4 of the same year). In 1799, he was appointed commander of the Russian troops in Holland, but due to the breakdown of Russia's alliance with Austria and England, he returned to St. governor. On September 8, 1800, he was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called, the highest award of the Russian Empire. At the end of the reign of Paul I, Kutuzov temporarily acted as governor of St. Petersburg, replacing the absent Count Palen.

Alexander I approved him in this position on June 17, 1801, but fired him a year later. Then Kutuzov lived in his estate Goroshki, Volyn province, doing housework. The commander began to be needed by the emperor, who was aggressive towards him, only in March 1805 during the war with France. Thanks to his command, it was still possible to save the Russian army, which found itself alone in the face of exceeding enemy forces after the defeat of the Austrians near Ulm, but after the union of the allied forces, he was actually removed from the leadership by Alexander I and therefore did not consider himself guilty for the defeat of the Russian-Austrian troops at Austerlitz.

In October 1806 Kutuzov was appointed military governor of Kyiv, and in 1807. went to war with Turkey as assistant to the commander-in-chief of the Danube army. Due to the intrigues of his boss, Field Marshal A.A. Prozorovsky, Kutuzov was obliged in 1809 to take up the post of Lithuanian military governor again. But it was difficult to do without a competent commander and diplomat, and in 1811 Kutuzov became commander-in-chief of the Danube army. In June, he finally defeated the Turks under the fortress of Ruschuk, repeating his success in early October and surrounding the Turkish army.

On October 29, he was granted the title of count. Kutuzov consolidated his military successes with the help of diplomacy, concluding on May 28, 1812, a much-needed peace treaty for Russia on the eve of the war with Napoleon.

Patriotic War of 1812

The Patriotic War of 1812 met Kutuzov in St. Petersburg idle. When, while the Russian armies in the west were led by Barclay de Tolly and Bagration, Kutuzov was elected head of the St. Petersburg and then Moscow militias. Only after the surrender of Smolensk to the French, Alexander I was forced to meet the demands of the public and the troops and appoint Mikhail Illarionovich commander-in-chief of the two armies, which had united by that time.

Enthusiastically greeted by the population along the way, Kutuzov arrived at the troops on August 17. Disagreeing with the proposal to immediately give the French a general battle, he led the army back for several more days and on the 22nd stopped at the village of Borodino, where preparations for the battle began. In the morning at dawn on August 26, the Russian army met with the army of Napoleon. Having lined up his troops in a deep battle formation, Kutuzov, with a sharp maneuver of forces and means, stopped all Napoleon's attempts to achieve a decisive advantage, he himself successfully counterattacked. at the cost huge losses the French managed to push the Russians on the left flank and in the center, but, recognizing the futility of further actions. By evening, Napoleon withdrew his troops to their original positions. The Russian army lost 44 thousand people in this battle, the French lost about 40. Kutuzov not only destroyed Napoleon's dream of winning the war in one battle, but also retained an impeccable combat-ready, morally strong army.

Implementing a strategically advantageous war plan, Kutuzov gave Moscow to the enemy on September 2, but already at that time the replenishment of the Russian army with reserves began, and partisan struggle unfolded behind enemy lines. Covertly maneuvering towards the village of Tarutino, Kutuzov blocked the French way to the south, where they could provide themselves with food and fodder. Realizing that a critical situation had befallen them, Napoleon sent an adjutant to Kutuzov with a proposal for peace negotiations, but he replied that the war was just beginning.

Leaving Moscow on October 7, Napoleon kept his way to Maloyaroslavets, where Kutuzov blocked his path and, after a bloody battle, ordered the French to retreat along the Smolensk road they had devastated. Having launched a counteroffensive, the Russian army launched strikes against the retreating French troops near Vyazma, Lyakhovo, and Krasnoye. Kutuzov's careful attitude towards his soldiers is characteristic: seeing the gradual depletion of the French army, he said: "Now I won't give even ten Frenchmen for one Russian." The famine and the ensuing Russian cold increased the morale of the French army, and after the Berezina, its retreat turned into a flight. Napoleon lost in Russia more than 500 thousand people killed, wounded prisoners, almost all artillery and cavalry.

On December 21, Kutuzov, in an order for the army, congratulated the troops on the expulsion of the enemy from Russia. For the skillful command of the Russian army in 1812, he was granted the rank of Field Marshal and the title of Prince of Smolensk. He was also awarded the Order of St. George, 1st class, becoming the first full cavalier of the Russian Military Order.

Kutuzov met the decision of Alexander 1 to move the army further west without much enthusiasm: he was haunted by future human losses and the possible strengthening of France's European rivals. With the arrival of the king to the troops, he slowly withdrew from the main affairs in command, his health was weakening, and on April 16 in the city of Bunzlau (Poland), he died at the age of 67 years.

2 . Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay -de- Tolly

Family and clan

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly was born on December 13, 1761, on the estate of Pamushis, Livonia province.

Johann Stefan, moved to Livonia in 1664 and settled in Riga. It was he who became the founder of the Russian line Barilaev. Johann Stefan Barclay de Tolly married Anna Sophia von Derenthal, the daughter of a Riga lawyer, who bore him three sons. Johann Stefan turned out to be not only the founder of the Russian line of his surname, but also the first of his kind, Barilaev, a Russian subject, since, together with all members of the Riga magistrate, he took an oath of allegiance to his new homeland - Russia. Johann Stephan's two sons became officers in the Swedish army. The eldest, Wilhelm, followed his father and in 1730 was elected a member of the Riga city magistrate. One of Wilhelm's sons, Weingold-Gothard, was born in Riga in 1726. He served in the Russian imperial army and retired as a lieutenant. The poor officer, who received only the rank of the eleventh class for military service, had neither peasants nor land and was forced to become a small tenant. In 1760 he began to live in Lithuania, on a small deaf manor Pamušys. Here, on December 13, 1761, his third son was born, who was named Michael. Thus, Mikhail Barclay de Tolly was a fourth-generation Russian citizen and the son of an officer in the Russian army.

Since the boy's father's name was Weingold Gotthard and his second name in translation into Russian meant "God-given", later Mikhail Barclay de Tolly was called Mikhail Bogdanovich.

Education and the beginning of military service

At a very early age, at the age of three, Barclay was sent to St. Petersburg to live with his uncle, Russian army brigadier von Vermeulen, who gave him his first primary general and military education. At the age of 14, Barclay was appointed to serve in the Pskov Carabinieri Regiment and after 2 years of hard study and excellent service became an officer. Since 1788, Barclay de Tolly fought in the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791, heroically showed himself in the army of G. Potemkin during the assault and capture of Ochakov. In 1790 he went to Finland, where he fought against the Swedes as part of the Russian army. When the Russo-Swedish war ended, he led a battalion of a grenadier regiment in St. Petersburg.

During the Russian-Prussian-French war of 1806-1807, acting as part of the corps of L. Bennigsen, Barclay de Tolly distinguished himself in the battle of Pultusk, where he commanded an advanced detachment of five regiments. Barclay confirms his military talent during the ice campaign across the Gulf of Bothnia to the Swedish company in 1809, for which he was promoted to lieutenant general and was soon appointed commander in chief of the Finnish army and the Finnish governor general.

In January 1810 M.B. Barclay de Tolly assumed the post of Minister of War, energetically taking up the reform of the army and preparing for war with France.

Patriotic War of 1812

With the outbreak of the Patriotic War on March 19, 1812, Barclay led the 1st Western Army. He was an opponent of the operational plan of the Prussian General K. Fuhl, according to which the forces that were considered the main ones were divided into two parts, and the battle was expected to be held in a military camp near the city of Drissa. After the retreat and connection with the 2nd Western Army, P.I. Bagration Barclay skillfully led the actions of the Russian troops in the bloody battle near Smolensk. Despite the objections of Bagration and other generals, he gave the order to retreat, thereby setting the military and the broad masses of the civilian population against him. What they forgave Kutuzov, Barclay de Tolly was not forgiven. With the appointment of Kutuzov as commander-in-chief, the commander of the 1st Western Army also fell under his command. Mikhail Illarionovich ordered to leave the position at Tsarev-Zaimishche. Before getting permission to leave active army, citing a serious state of health, at a meeting in Fili, he spoke in favor of leaving Moscow without a fight.

After treatment in Kaluga, on February 4, 1813, he took command of the 3rd Army. The general took the fortress of Thorn, and then distinguished himself in the battle of Bautzen. On May 19, he was appointed commander in chief of the combined Russian-Prussian army.

On August 18, 1813, the troops under his command defeated the enemy at Kulm, and in the Battle of Leipzig, commanding the center of the allied forces, he again managed to achieve victory with his skillful skill, for which he was elevated to the dignity of a count. For the capture of Paris in 1814 M.B. Barclay de Tolly was promoted to field marshal general. The vicissitudes of fate undermined the health of the field marshal. In the spring of 1818, Barclay went to Germany for treatment on the waters. His path lay through East Prussia. Here Barclay fell seriously ill and died on May 13, 1818. It happened not far from the city of Insterburg, on the poor Shtilitzen manor.

3. Bagration Petr Ivanovich

Family and clan

Bagration Petr Ivanovich was born in 1765 in the city of Kizlyar (Tver region) in the family of a retired colonel from an old family of Georgian princes.

Personal life

One of the main events of Bagration was connected with Gatchina.

Here in early September 1800 he married.

Bagration, during balls and masquerades, in a whirlwind of secular entertainment, was noticed by a young St. Petersburg beauty, Countess Ekaterina Pavlovna Skavronskaya. At eighteen, she shone with beauty at balls and was surrounded by a large mass of admirers. The attention of the beauty to the famous General Bagration, shown in the summer of 1800, was not caused by serious feelings. Bagration was at that time thirty-five years old, he was not handsome, but he could attract attention. The military glory he won in tough battles created a romantic halo for him. Peter Ivanovich successfully distinguished himself from the courtiers: he was straightforward, honest, easy to handle and shy in women's society.

Education and the beginning of military service

Bagration P.I. received knowledge in the Kizlyar school of chief and non-commissioned officers' children.

He served in the military from 1782 to 1792. in the Caucasian Musketeer Regiment, and then in the Kiev Horse Chasseurs and Sofia Carabinier Regiments in the ranks from sergeant to lieutenant colonel. From 1783-1786 took part in hostilities against the mountaineers in the North Caucasus, and in 1788 on December 6 (17) he distinguished himself in the capture of Ochakov. In 1798 - colonel, commander of the 6th Jaeger regiment, in 1799 - major general. In the Italian and Swiss campaigns of Suvorov in 1799, Bagration commanded the vanguard.

Under the leadership of Bagration, the troops played no small role in the battles on the rivers Adda on April 16 (27), Trebbia on June 6-8 (17-19) and at Novi on August 4 (15), successfully and bravely fought at Saint Gotthard on 13-14 ( September 24-25, Chortova, Mosta.

During the war of the Third Coalition against Napoleon in 1805 he served in the army of M.I. Kutuzov, sent to help the Austrians. On November 4 (16), 1805, having at his disposal a small number of soldiers of only seven thousand, he covered the retreat of the Russian army to Moravia at Shengraben, repelled the attacks of Murat's fifty thousandth corps. In the battle of Austerlitz on November 20 (December 2), 1805, he led the right wing, which steadfastly repulsed the onslaught of the French; tried to capture the Pracen height, but was repulsed by Murat and Lann. After the battle, M.I. successfully covered the retreat of the main forces. Kutuzov.

He played an important role in the war of the Fourth Coalition with Napoleon. On January 26 (February 7), 1807, during the withdrawal of the Russian army, L.L. Bennigsen to Preussisch-Eylau thwarted the French task of cutting off the lines of communication with Russia. In the battles of Preussisch-Eylau on January 27 (February 8), Heilsberg on May 29 (June 10) and Friedland on June 2 (14), 1807, he proved himself brilliantly.

Bagration is a member of the Russian Swedish war 1808-1809 He led the Aland expedition in 1809. In the Russian-Turkish war of 1806-1812. from July 1809 to March 1810 he commanded the Moldavian army, from August 1811 he led the Podolsk army.

Patriotic War of 1812

During the start Patriotic War In 1812, in the conditions of a general retreat of the Russian troops, he made every effort to unite with the First Army of M.B. Barclay de Tolly. From March 1812 he commanded the 2nd Western Army. In the first period of the war, with a skillful maneuver from Volkovysk to Smolensk, he led his army from under the blow of the prevailing enemy forces to join the 1st Western Army, inflicting heavy losses on the French troops in the rearguard battles at Mir, Romanov and Saltanovka. In the Battle of Borodino in 1812, he commanded the left wing of the Russian army, which fell on the main blow of the French, and courageously defended the Semyonov flushes. September 12 (24) Bagration P.I. was badly wounded. He died in the village of Simy, Vladimir province, on the estate of his friend Prince B.A. Golitsyn, where he was buried.

4. Denis Vasilievich Davydov

Family and clan

Davydov Denis Vasilievich was born on July 16 (27), 1784 in the family of brigadier Vasily Denisovich Davydov (1747-1808), who served under the command of A.V. Suvorov, in Moscow. A descendant from an ancient noble family, leading its history from the first Kazan king Ulu-Magomed and Tsarevich Minchak Kasaevich, who swore allegiance Ivan III, inherited from his ancestors a passion for horses, a love for dashing cavalry fights, sudden attacks and long raids in horseback ranks at your own peril and risk. Denis's mother was the daughter of General-General Shcherbinin Evdokim Alekseevich.

Study and military activities

Little Denis was introduced to military affairs from an early age. Despite his small stature, on September 28, 1801, D.V. Davydov still managed to enter the Estandart Junker in the Guards Cavalier Guard Regiment. On September 9, 1802, he was promoted to cornet, and on November 2, 1803, to lieutenant. As part of the Guards Hussar Regiment, he participated in the campaign of 1807, where he received a baptism of fire and was almost captured by the French. Davydov was appointed adjutant to the commander of the vanguard P.I. Bagration. During the Swedish war of 1808-1809. he was with the detachment of his friend Ya.P. Kulnev, and then participated in the ice campaign to the Aland Islands. In the Turkish campaigns of 1809-1810. Denis Vasilyevich again accompanies Kulnev, participating in the siege of the fortresses of Silistria, Shumla and Ruschuk. On April 8, 1812, Davydov was promoted to lieutenant colonel and sent to the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment. Soon begins the most striking episode of his military biography, the campaign of 1812.

Patriotic War of 1812

On August 21, 1812, in view of the village of Borodino, where he grew up, they were already hastily dismantling the parental house. Five days before the great battle, Denis Vasilyevich proposed to Bagration the idea of his own partisan detachment. Bagration's order to create a partisan detachment was one of his last before the Battle of Borodino. On the first night, Davydov's detachment of 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks was ambushed by peasants.

Because the peasants were poorly versed in military uniforms, which were similar among the Russians and the French. In one of the sorties, Davydov with hussars and Cossacks captured 370 Frenchmen, while repulsing 200 Russian prisoners. His squad grew rapidly. The rapid successes of D.V. Davydov convinced Kutuzov of the expediency of guerrilla warfare, and he was not slow to give it a wider development and constantly sent reinforcements. Member of foreign campaigns 1813-14, commanded a cavalry regiment and brigade. He was close to the future Decembrists M.F. Orlov, F.N. Glinka, A.A. Bestuzhev and others. After the war, the restless nature makes him often change jobs, and on November 14, 1823, he resigns.

Denis Vasilyevich Davydov died on April 22, 1839 in the village of Upper Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province. He was 55 years old. The cause of such an early death is a stroke.

5. Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

She was born on September 17, 1783 in Kyiv from the marriage of the hussar captain Durov with the daughter of the Little Russian landowner Alexandrovich, who married him against the wishes of her parents.

The Durovs were supposed to lead a nomadic regimental life. The mother, who wanted to have a son, disliked her daughter, and all her upbringing was entrusted to the hussar Astakhov. In such an atmosphere, the child grew up to 5 years old and adopted the habits of a nimble boy.

In 1789 A.V. Durov leaves military service and receives a post of chief in the city of Sarapul. October 25, 1801 he marries his daughter to the head of the Sarapulsky lower Omsk court, V.S. Chernov. In 1803, Nadezhda gave birth to a son, Ivan, but soon left the family.

On September 17, 1806, having changed into a man's dress, Nadezhda joined the Cossack regiment. On March 9, 1807, in Grodno, under the name of the nobleman Alexander Vasilievich Sokolov, Nadezhda Durova enlisted as a private in the Horse-Polish Lancers Regiment, reducing her age by 6 years and without mentioning marriage and the birth of a child. She bravely fought on the battlefields of Gugstadt, Heilsberg, Friedland.

Soon the parents managed to find the missing daughter. With a special courier, she was sent to St. Petersburg, where on December 31, 1807 she received the highest meeting with Alexander I. The emperor personally presented the order, gave the go-ahead to remain in the army and ordered, under the name of Alexander Andreevich Alexandrov, to transfer her to the aristocratic Mariupol hussar regiment. Only in the capital, having received a letter from Grodno, Durova learned about the death of her mother. Three years later, she transferred to the Lithuanian Lancers, either because of a romantic story about a colonel's daughter who fell in love with her, or for an everyday reason: the dear life of hussar officers. In the Battle of Borodino, Lieutenant Alexandrov received a concussion in the leg. After leaving Moscow, Nadezhda Andreevna is already serving as an adjutant to M.I. Kutuzov. The consequences of the shell shock soon showed, and until May 1813 she was on vacation in Sarapul. In the battles for the liberation of Germany, Durova distinguished herself during the sieges of Hamburg and the fortress of Modlin. At her father's request, in 1816 she retired with the rank of staff captain and settled in Sarapul. On March 21, 1866, she died, having bequeathed to call herself Alexandrov at the funeral, which, of course, was not.

6. Yakov Petrovich Kulnev

The legendary hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 Ya.P. Kulnev was born on the night of July 24 to 25 (August 5), 1763, in the small Belarusian village of Sivoshino, located on the road to Polotsk Lyutsin (now the Latvian city of Ludza), where the family of officer Pyotr Vasilyevich Kulnev went on official business.

Poor nobleman P.V. Kulnev began his service as a corporal in 1746, took part in the Seven Years' War of 1756-1763, during the Polish campaign of 1769 he was seriously wounded and retired, and after 1775 until his death in 1795 he served as a mayor in Lucin . He married a German, during the Seven Years' War, a Catholic, Louise Grebippitz. They had seven children.

In 1770, Yakov and his younger brother Ivan entered the land gentry corps. In 1785 they were released with the rank of lieutenants and were accepted into the Chernigov Infantry Regiment, from where Ya.P. Kulnev in the same year transferred to the Petersburg Dragoon Regiment. In his first military campaign (in 1789 against the Turks), he distinguished himself at the siege of Bendery and was noticed by Prince G.A. Potemkin. But, however, the praises of the great commander A.V. were of much no small importance for the young officer. Suvorov during the Polish campaign of 1794, when during the storming of Prague on the outskirts of the Polish capital of Warsaw, Kulnev was one of the first to penetrate enemy fortifications, for which he was promoted to the rank of major.

Ya.P. Kulnev fought valiantly during the French campaigns of 1805 and 1807. On May 24, 1807, Lieutenant Colonel of the Grodno Hussar Regiment took part in the battle of Gutstadts, the next day his regiment made a successful attack on two enemy columns, on May 29 fought at Heilsberg, on June 2 - near Frndland. In the last battle, his regiment was surrounded, but thanks to the courage and courage, resourcefulness of the officer, the hussars broke through the encirclement.

The war with Sweden began in 1808. In the spring, Kulnev's detachment acted very unsuccessfully and was forced to retreat in front of the prevailing enemy forces, suffering significant losses. In August, Kulnev led the vanguard of the army of General P.V. Kamensky. On the night of August 21, after the Battle of Kuorgan, Kulnev noticed a secret retreat of the Swedish troops and immediately moved to pursue the enemy. Thanks to his determination and courage, the enemy was completely defeated. On December 12, Yakov Petrovich was promoted to major general. During an ice campaign in the spring of 1809, his detachment reached the Swedish coast near Cape Grisselgam, just 100 miles from Stockholm. For courage and determination, Kulnev was awarded the Order of St. Anna, 1st degree.

In February 1810, he became the head of the vanguard of the commander-in-chief of the Moldavian army P.V. Kamensky in the war against the Turks. On August 26, the enemy was defeated in the battle of Batin.

However, after a skirmish with the commander-in-chief, he left the active army and in January 1811 was appointed chief of the Grodno hussar regiment, located in the Vitebsk province.

Kulnev wanted to marry and received consent, but the bride, whose last name is unknown, demanded that he resign. However, the courageous general did not want to leave the service at such a difficult time for the Fatherland.

The first victories of the Russian army during the Patriotic War of 1812 are associated with the name of Kulnev. Leading the vanguard of the corps of P. X. Wittgenstein, who covered St. Petersburg, he inflicted several defeats on the French, captured up to 1 thousand prisoners, including General Saint-Genis (Genier) , the first general captured by the Russian troops in 1812. Covering the withdrawal of the main forces, Kulnev held back the corps of Marshal Udiyo, which was many times superior in number to his detachment.

7. Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich

Mikhail Andreevich Miloradovich, famous Russian general and hero of the Patriotic War of 1812

Mikhail was born on October 1 (12), 1771 in a family of emigrants from Herzegovina Andrei Stepanovich and the daughter of a Ukrainian landowner Maria Andreevna Miloradovich. At a young age of nine, on November 16, 1780, he was enlisted in the army and was soon transferred to the Izmailovsky Guards Regiment with the rank of ensign.

Education M.A. Miloradovich received abroad, where in 1778 he was sent along with the tutor I. JI. Danilevsky, the father of the famous military writer A.I. Mikhailovsky-Danilevsky.

For 4 years he studied at the University of Königsberg under the guidance of the philosopher I. Kant, then for 2 years in Göttingen. Later Miloradovich lived in France for 3 years.

The outbreak of the Russian-Swedish war in 1788 found a young second lieutenant in the Izmailovsky battalion, where he participates in hostilities in the territory of modern Finland. On January 1, 1790, he was appointed lieutenant, and on January 1, 1796, captain.

Emperor Pavel I, who was the chief and colonel of the Izmailovsky regiment, favored Miloradovich, who already in 1798 was appointed major general and appointed chief of the musketeer regiment. The military unit in 1799 was sent to Italy, where he was met by A.V. Suvorov with joy, as the son of his colleague. Miloradovich did not let down the commander, for the courage and courage shown in the battle near the village of Lekko (April 14), he was awarded the Order of St. Anna I and degree.

On April 29, two horses were wounded under him at the Battle of Basagnano. With a banner in hand, he led the attack.

Distinguished M.A. Miloradovich in the battle of Novi and during the assault on Saint Gotthard.

A.V. Suvorov appointed him an army general on duty. M D. Miloradovich, during the Italian and Swiss campaigns, became friends with the Grand Duke Konstantin Pavlovich.

In 1805, a separate brigade of Mikhail Andreevich covered the retreat of the army of M.I. Kutuzov. The 4th column of Miloradovich, in the battle of Austerlitz, advanced in the center of the Russian troops, was in the rearguard for three days, repulsing the endless attacks of the French.

Since 1806, he took part in the Russian-Turkish war, and in 1809 he was appointed general of infantry. At the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, Miloradovich was engaged in the formation of army reserves, with which he arrived on August 18 at the disposal of M.I. Kutuzov. At the Battle of Borodino, he commands two corps on the right flank, and then moves to the center, where he repels countless French attacks. Soon he had to replace the wounded P.I. Bagration as commander of the 2nd Army.

During the retreat to Moscow, he commanded the rearguard, constantly engaging in skirmishes with the enemy, because of which he was unable to participate in the famous council at Fili. Marshal Murat promised Miloradovich to stop the movement of his troops so that the Russians could freely leave the capital without fighting on its streets. With fighting, the troops retreated to Tarutin.

M.A. Miloradovich, having led the vanguard, during the counteroffensive of the Russian army, which consisted of two cavalry and three infantry corps, with a forced march, the troops approached Maloyaroslavets and saved the corps of D.S. Dokhturova.

On October 22, the troops defeated the French near Vyazma. In early November, with a skillful flank maneuver, they bypassed Napoleon's army near the village of Krasnoye, which ensured the victory of the main forces.

On August 18, in the battle of Kulm, he led the troops, replacing the wounded A.I. Osterman, and on October 6 near Leipzig led the Russian and Prussian guards.

Miloradovich was awarded the Order of St. Andrew the First-Called.

August 19, 1818 St. Petersburg military governor-general. After the death of Alexander 1, M.A. Miloradovich began to actively support the candidacy of Konstantin Pavlovich as a candidate for the Russian throne. His actions, especially the oath to Konstantin, objectively played into the hands of the conspirators, and an attempt on December 14, 1825, during a speech on

Senate Square to persuade the soldiers to return to the barracks ended with a pistol shot by P.G. Kakhovsky. The mortally wounded general died at 3 am on December 15 (27) and was buried in St. Petersburg on December 24.

Conclusion

The Patriotic War of 1812 was a difficult period for Russia. But neither the retreat nor the bloody battles broke the spirit of the Russian army. Many similar fates were given by the heroic Patriotic War of 1812. To those who went over to the side of the enemy, in a difficult time for the country, of course, there was contempt for the Russian people, but no manifestos could prevent this. Those who surrendered to the enemy were not punished in any way, which once again speaks of the strength and greatness of the soul of the Russian people. They defeated the enemy who encroached on our Motherland.

The people who rose to fight for the freedom of their homeland were the main hero of the war of the twelfth year.

Bibliography

1. Efremova L.V., I.Ya. Kraivanova, O.P. Andreeva, T.D. Shuvalova, O.N. Papkov: Borodino Panorama, Moskovsky Rabochiy Publishing House, 1985.

2. Zhukov E.M. Soviet historical encyclopedia. In 16 volumes. (Used volumes: 10, 4, 2), State Scientific Publishing House " Soviet Encyclopedia", 1962.

3. Levchenko Vladimir: Heroes of 1812. Collection. Young Guard, 1987.

4. Opalinskap M.A., S.N. Sinegubov, A.V. Shevtsov: History of the Russian state. Biographies. 19th century first half. Moscow, Publishing house " book chamber", 1997.

5. URL: http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/BAGRATION_PETR_IVANOVICH.html

6. URL: http://smol1812.a-mv.ru/index.php/geroi-vojny-1812-goda

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Patriotic War of 1812

The war of 1812 took place between Russia and France due to violations of the Tilsit peace treaty signed by both sides. And although it did not last long, almost every battle was extremely bloody and devastating for both sides. The initial alignment of forces was as follows: six hundred thousand soldiers from France and two hundred and forty thousand from Russia. The outcome of the war was obvious from the very beginning. But those who believed that Russian empire lose, they were deeply mistaken. On December 25, 1812, Emperor Alexander the First signed an appeal to his subjects, which announced the victorious end of the war.

Heroes of the past

The heroes of the war of 1812 look at us from the pages of history books. Whoever you take - entirely majestic portraits, but what is behind them? Behind pompous poses and magnificent uniforms? Boldly going into battle against the enemies of the Fatherland is a real feat. In the war against the Napoleonic troops in 1812, a lot of worthy and wonderful young heroes fought and died. Their names are honored to this day. Portraits of the heroes of the war of 1812 are the faces of those who spared nothing for the sake of the common good. To take responsibility for command and control of troops, as well as for success or, conversely, defeat on the battlefield and eventually win the war - this is the highest feat. This article tells about the most famous participants of the year, about their deeds and accomplishments.

So, who are they - the heroes of the war of 1812? Photos of portraits of famous personalities presented below will help fill in the gaps in the knowledge of native history.

M. I. Kutuzov (1745-1813)

When the heroes of the war of 1812 are mentioned, Kutuzov, of course, comes to mind first. The most famous student of Suvorov, a talented commander, strategist and tactician. Golenishchev-Kutuzov (real name) was born in a family of ancestral nobles, whose roots were traced back to the Novgorod princes. Mikhail's father was a military engineer, and it was he who influenced in many ways future choice profession by his son. From a young age, Mikhail Illarionovich was in good health, inquiring mind and courteous in handling. But the main thing is still his undeniable talent in military affairs, which his teachers noted in him. He was educated, of course, with a military bias. He graduated from the artillery and engineering school with honors. For a long time he even taught at his alma mater.

However, about his contribution to the victory: Count, Kutuzov at the time of the war was already at an advanced age. He was elected commander, first of the St. Petersburg, and then of the Moscow militia. It was he who came up with the idea to give up Moscow, thus making a gambit, like in chess. Many generals who participated in this war were practically brought up by Kutuzov, and his word in Fili was decisive. The war was won largely thanks to his cunning and skill in military tactics. For this act, he was granted on behalf of the tsar to the rank of Field Marshal, and also became Prince of Smolensk. He did not live long after the victory, only a year. But the fact that Russia did not submit in this war is entirely the merit of M.I. Kutuzov. The enumeration of the list "People's Heroes of the War of 1812" is most appropriate to start with this person.

D. P. Neverovsky (1771 - 1813)

A nobleman, but not from the most famous family, Neverovsky began to serve as a private of the Semenovsky regiment. By the beginning of the war of 1812, he was already the chief of Pavlovsky. He was sent to defend Smolensk, where he met with the enemy. Murat himself, who led the French near Smolensk, wrote in his memoirs that he had never seen such selflessness. These lines were dedicated specifically to D. P. Neverovsky. Having waited for help, Dmitry Petrovich made the transition to Smolensk, which glorified him. Then he participated in the Battle of Borodino, but was shell-shocked.

In 1812 he received the rank of lieutenant general. Even after being wounded, he did not stop fighting, his division suffered the greatest losses in the war. Only this is not from unreasonable command, but rather from selflessness and dedication in the most difficult positions. Like a real hero, Neverovsky died from his wounds in Halle. Later he was reburied on, like many heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812.

M.B. Barclay de Tolly (1761 - 1818)

This name during the Patriotic War has long been associated with cowardice, treason and retreat. And very undeserved.

This hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 came from an ancient Scottish family, but at an early age, his parents sent the boy to study in Russia, where his uncle lived and served. It was he who helped the young man in many ways to get Mikhail Bogdanovich independently rose to the rank of officer at the age of sixteen. By the beginning of the war with Napoleon, he was appointed commander of the first Western Army.

This commander was an interesting personality. Completely unpretentious, he could sleep under the open sky and dine with ordinary soldiers, he was very easy to handle. But he held on by virtue of his character and, perhaps, his origin, it was cold with everyone. In addition, he was very cautious in military affairs, which explains his numerous retreat maneuvers. But it was necessary: he did not want to thoughtlessly waste human lives and, as he himself noted, he had no such right.

He was the Minister of War, and all the "bumps" from military failures fell on him. Bagration will write in his memoirs that during the Battle of Borodino, Mikhail Bogdanovich seemed to be trying to die.

Nevertheless, the idea to retreat from Moscow will come from him, and Kutuzov will support it. And, whatever it was, Barclay de Tolly would be right. He personally participated in many battles, by his example showing the soldiers how to fight for their country. Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly was a true son of Russia. The gallery of heroes of the war of 1812 was replenished with this name not without reason.

I. F. Paskevich (1782-1856)

The son of very wealthy landowners living near Poltava. Everyone predicted a different career for him, but from childhood he saw himself only as a military leader, and that's how it all happened. Proving yourself the best way in wars with Persia and Turkey, he was ready for war with France. Kutuzov himself once introduced him to the Tsar as his most talented young general.

He participated in the army of Bagration, wherever he fought, he did it conscientiously, sparing neither himself nor the enemy. He distinguished himself near Smolensk and in the Battle of Borodino. He was subsequently awarded the Order of St. Vladimir of the second degree. It was St. Vladimir, for the most part, that was awarded to the heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812.

P. I. Bagration (1765-1812)

This hero of the Patriotic War of 1812 came from an ancient royal Georgian family, in his youth he served in a musketeer regiment. And even took part in the battles of the Russian-Turkish war. He studied the art of war with Suvorov himself, for his valor and diligence he was extremely loved by the commander.

During the war with the French, he led the second Western army. Also visited the retreat near Smolensk. At the same time, he was extremely opposed to withdrawing without a fight. Participated in Borodino. At the same time, this battle became fatal for Peter Ivanovich. He was seriously wounded, and before that he fought heroically and twice with the soldiers threw the enemy away from his positions. The wound was extremely serious, he was transported to the estate of a friend, where he quickly died. After twenty-seven years, his ashes will be returned to the Borodino field to be buried with honors in the land for which he spared nothing.

A. P. Ermolov (1777-1861)

At that time, this general was known to literally everyone, all of Russia followed his successes, and they were proud of him. Very brave, strong-willed, talented. He participated in not one, but in as many as three wars with the Napoleonic troops. Kutuzov himself greatly appreciated this man.

He was the organizer of the defense near Smolensk, personally reported to the tsar on all the details of the battles, he was very weary of the retreat, but he understood all its necessity. He even tried to reconcile two opposing generals: Barclay de Tolly and Bagration. But in vain: they will fight to the death.

Most clearly in this war, he showed himself in the battle of Maloyaroslavtsev. He left Napoleon no choice but to retreat along the already devastated Smolensk route.

And although the relationship with the command because of the ardent nature at the end of the war went wrong, nevertheless, no one dared to diminish the importance of his actions and courage in battles. General Ermolov took his rightful place in the list, which lists the generals - heroes of the war of 1812.

D. S. Dokhturov (1756-1816)

Another hero of the war of 1812. The future general was born into a family where military traditions were highly revered. All of his male relatives were in the military, so there was no need to choose a matter of life. And in fact, in this field he was accompanied only by luck. The great Empress Catherine the First herself presented him with a sword for achievements during the Russian-Swedish war with a pompous inscription: "For courage."

He fought near Austerlitz, where, again, he showed only courage and courage: he broke through with his army through the encirclement. Personal courage did not save him from wounds during the war of 1805, but the wounds did not stop this man and did not prevent him from joining the ranks of the Russian army during the war of 1812.

Near Smolensk, he fell very seriously ill with a cold, but this did not tear him away from his direct duties. Dmitry Sergeevich treated each of his soldiers with great care and participation, he knew how to restore order in the ranks of his subordinates. That is what he demonstrated near Smolensk.

The surrender of Moscow was extremely difficult for him, because the general was a patriot. And he did not want to give even a handful of land to the enemy. But he endured this loss steadfastly, continuing to try for the sake of his homeland. He proved himself a real hero near Maloyaroslavets, fighting next to the troops of General Yermolov. After one of the battles, Kutuzov met Dokhturov with the words: "Let me hug you, hero!"

N. N. Raevsky (1771 - 1813)

A nobleman, hereditary military man, talented from the cavalry. This man's career began and developed so rapidly that in the middle of his life he was already ready to retire, but could not. The threat from France was too great for talented generals to sit at home.

It was the troops of Nikolai Nikolaevich who had the honor of holding the enemy's army until other units united. He fought at Saltanovka, his units were thrown back, but time was still won. Fought at Smolensk, near Borodino. In the last battle, it was on his flank that the main blow fell, which he and his soldiers steadfastly held back.

Later it will be very successful under Tarutin and at Maloyaroslavets. For which he will receive the Order of St. George of the third degree. Unfortunately, soon he will fall ill and very seriously, so that he will finally have to give up military affairs.

P. A. Tuchkov (1769 - 1858)

Not much is known about him. He came from a military dynasty and served for a long time under the leadership of his father. Since 1800 he served in the rank of major general.

He fought zealously near the small village of Valutina Gora, then personally took command near the Strogan River. He boldly went into battle against the army of the French Marshal Ney, but was wounded and taken prisoner. He was introduced to Napoleon as a Russian general, and the emperor, admiring the courage of this man, ordered that his sword be returned to him. Unfortunately, he met the end of the war, victorious for Russia, in captivity, but received his freedom in 1814 and continued to work for the good of the Fatherland.

A. A. Skalon (1767 - 1812)

A hero of the war of 1812, he was from an old French family, but only his ancestors had long ago moved to Russia, and he knew no other Fatherland. For a long time he served in the Preobrazhensky, and then in the Semenovsky regiment.

Skalon began hostilities against France only in 1812, when the generals were sorely lacking, and until now the emperor, knowing about his roots, removed Anton Antonovich from interfering in the war with France. Participated in and this day for the major general was the last. He was killed, Scalon's body fell to the enemy, but was interred with honors at the behest of Napoleon himself.

real heroes

Of course, these are not all the heroes of the war of 1812. The list of glorious and worthy people could be continued indefinitely. And much more can be said about their exploits. The main thing is that all of them spared neither their strength nor their health, and many of their lives for the sake of the main task - to win the war. It is so amazing to understand that once the real heroes were not on the book pages, but really performed feats just for the sake of the Fatherland flourishing. And it is not surprising that monuments to the heroes of the war of 1812 were erected throughout the country. Such people must be honored and remembered, they must live for centuries. Honor and glory to them!

Putintsev Sevastyan, Mitrafanov Vadim

HEROES OF THE WAR OF 1812

Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration

1778 - 1834

Prince, major general. From the Georgian family of the Bagratid kings, brother of P.I. Bagration. In 1791 he joined the Chuguev Cossack regiment as a constable.

In 1796, he participated in the capture of Derbent, for which he was promoted to cornet. In 1802 he was transferred to the hussar regiment as a lieutenant. Fought with the French in 1805 and 1807. In 1809 and 1810, as a volunteer inDanubian army fought with the Turks. He was awarded the Order of St. George 4th class "in retribution for the excellent courage and bravery shown in the battle against the Turkish troops at Rasevat, where, while under General Platov, he carried his orders in the middle of the fire from one flank to another and when the cavalry was ordered to do on the enemy's quick blow, then with the received two hundred Cossacks, being in front, hit the enemy until the very end of the case. Promoted to colonel in 1810.

In 1812 he was at the headquarters of the 3rd Western Army, seconded to the Alexandria Hussars and was in the 3rd Observation Army. He fought near Kobrin and Brest, distinguished himself in the battle of Gorodechno (awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 3rd degree). He participated in the Foreign campaigns of 1813-1814, on May 21, 1813, for distinction at Bautzen, he was promoted to major general, was at the siege of Dresden (awarded the Order of St. Anne, 1st degree). In the campaign of 1814 he was at the siege of Hamburg and Harburg. He was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd class "in recompense for the excellent feats of courage, bravery and diligence shown during the attack on Hamburg on January 13."

In 1817 he was appointed commander of the 2nd brigade of the 2nd hussar division. Awarded the Order of St. Anne 1st class with diamonds for excellent courage shown in the battle against the Persians on July 5, 1827, where, commanding the cavalry zemstvo militia, he rushed along with the cavalry to attack the enemy, chasing him and hitting him, setting an example for his subordinates fearlessness. He was promoted to lieutenant general for distinction in the war with the Turks on June 25, 1829.

In 1832 he was sent to Abkhazia, where he fell ill with a fever, from which he died in 1834. He was buried in Tiflis in the church of St. David.

Denis Vasilievich Davydov

1784 – 1839

The son of the commander of the Poltava Light Horse Regiment, Brigadier Davydov, who served under the command of Suvorov, Denis Davydov was born on July 17, 1784 in Moscow. His clan, according to family tradition, goes back to Murza Minchak Kasaevich (baptized Simeon), who entered Moscow at the beginning of the 15th century.

From the age of 17, he began military service as an Estandart Junker in the Cavalier Guard Regiment, a year later he was promoted to the first officer rank, and two years later he was expelled from the guard to the army for writing "outrageous poems".Belarusian hussar regiment. Davydov quickly settled into a new environment for him and continued to write poems in which he sang the delights of the reckless hussar life. These poems diverged in numerous lists and brought the young Davydov the first - poetic - glory.

In 1806 he was returned to the guards, who had just returned to St. Petersburg after a campaign in Austria. D.V. Davydov writes in his autobiography: "I smelled of milk, she (of the guard. - A.P.) smelled of gunpowder." Dreaming of the laurels of a hero, caressed in childhood by Suvorov, who promised him a brilliant military future, Davydov decided on a daring act: at four o'clock in the morning, "in order to preempt a new column of relatives" who were busy with their loved ones, he entered the hotel where Field Marshal M. F. Kamensky, appointed commander-in-chief in the upcoming new campaign against Napoleon, and asked to be sent to the army in the field. Davydov's perseverance was crowned with success in the end, and he became Bagration's adjutant. Together with him, the young officer went through the campaign of 1807, participated in all the battles and received five military awards, including a golden saber with the inscription "For Bravery".

In 1808 - 1809, during the war with Sweden, Davydov, being in the avant-garde detachmentKulneva committed with him hiking in northern Finland to Uleaborg and famous crossing the ice of the Gulf of Bothniato the coast of Sweden. In the same year, 1809, as Bagration's adjutant, in 1810, he transferred to Kulnev, who, in his own words, "finishes the course of outpost service begun in Finland."

Loud military glory Denis Davydov earned in World War II. At the beginning of the campaign, he commanded a battalion with the rank of lieutenant colonel.Akhtyrsky hussar regimentin the army of Bagration, to whom he turned shortly before the battle of Borodino with a project of guerrilla warfare. Kutuzov approved the submission of Bagration, and on August 25, on the eve of the Battle of Borodino, Davydov, having received 50 hussars and 80 Cossacks at his disposal, moved behind enemy lines. On his first "search", on September 1, when the French were preparing to enter Moscow, Davydov defeated on the Smolensk road, near Tsarev Zaimishch, two gangs of marauders who covered the carts with "the belongings robbed from the inhabitants", and transport with bread and cartridges, taking more than 200 people captured. The weapons repulsed at the same time, he immediately distributed to the peasants who were rising to the people's war. Davydov's success was complete. Almost every day, his detachment captured prisoners, carts with food and ammunition. Following the example of the Davydov detachment (its number increased to 300 people), other partisan detachments were created from regular and Cossack troops.

Davydov's success was largely due to his close ties with the population - the peasants served him as scouts, guides, they themselves took part in the extermination of gangs of foragers. Since the uniforms of the Russian and French hussars were very similar and the peasants often mistook Davydov for a Frenchman, he dressed in a Cossack caftan, grew a beard and is depicted in this form on several engravings of that time.

Particularly wide scope of action of military partisan detachments was adopted during the retreat of the French from Russia. Day and night, the partisans did not give the enemy a moment's rest, destroying or capturing small groups and uniting to strike at large columns. So, on September 28, the partisan detachments of Davydov,Seslavina, Figner and Orlov-Denisov were surrounded in the village of Lyakhovo, attacked and captured a 2,000-strong French column led by General Augereau. About the case near Lyakhov, Kutuzov said: "This victory is all the more famous because for the first time in the continuation of the current campaign, the enemy corps laid down weapons in front of us."

Denis Davydov with his detachment "escorted" the French to the very border. For distinction in the 1812 campaign, he was awarded the George Cross and promoted to colonel. In 1813 Davydov fought near Kalisz, Bautzen andLeipzig. At the beginning of the 1814 campaign, he commanded the Akhtyrsky hussar regiment, for his distinction in the battle on January 20 at Larotiere he was promoted to major general and entered Paris at the head of the hussar brigade.

In 1823, Davydov retired, but in 1826 he returned to the service. Participated in Russo-Persian War 1826-1828. On September 21, 1826, he defeated a 4,000th Persian detachment. He commanded a detachment during the suppression of the Polish uprising in 1830-1831, and only then finally "unbelted and hung his hat on the wall."

The name of Davydov as a "poet-partisan" fanned with loud romantic glory. He had a close friendship withPushkin, linguistic, Vyazemsky, Baratynskyand other poets who sang of him in their poems; his ownlyric and satirical poetry. As early as 1821, he published "An Experience in the Theory of Partisan Action", and after retiring, he "indulged in military notes", creating a number of essays on the events in which he was a witness and participant. Written, according to Pushkin, in "an inimitable style," these vivid and lively essays are of exceptional historical and literary interest.

In 1839, when in connection with the 25th anniversary of the victory over Napoleon, the grand opening of the monument on the Borodino field was being prepared, Denis Davydov suggested the idea of transferring the ashes of Bagration there. Davydov's proposal was accepted and he was to accompany the coffin of Bagration, whose memory he revered, but on April 23, a few months before the Borodino celebrations, he suddenly died in the village of Upper Maza, Syzran district, Simbirsk province.

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov

1745 - 1813

Born into a noble family with ancestral roots in Novgorod land. His father, a military engineer, lieutenant general and senator, had a great influence on the education and upbringing of his son. From childhood, Kutuzov was gifted with a strong build, combining inquisitiveness, enterprise and agility with thoughtfulness and a kind heart. He received a military education at the artillery and engineering school, which he graduated in 1759 among the best, was left at the school as a teacher. In 1761 he was promoted to the first officer rank (ensign) and, at his own request, was sent as a company commander to the Astrakhan infantry regiment. Due to his excellent knowledge of languages (German, French, and later Polish, Swedish and Turkish), in 1762 he was appointed adjutant to the Revel governor-general. In 1764 - 1765. served in Poland in the troops of N. Repnin. In 1767, he was recruited to work in the "Commission for the preparation of the Code", in 1769 he again served in Poland

Since 1770, during the decisive events of the Russian-Turkish war of 1768 - 1774, Kutuzov was sent to the 1st. Danube army P. Rumyantsev. In the positions of a combatant and staff officer, he took part in the battles that were the pride of Russian weapons - at Ryaba Mogila, Larga and Cahul; at Larga, a grenadier commanded a battalion, at Cahul he acted in the vanguard of the right wing. For the battles of 1770 he was promoted to major. In the post of chief of staff of the corps, he distinguished himself in the battle of Popesti (1771), granted the rank of lieutenant colonel.

In 1772, due to manifestations of a cheerful disposition (sometimes he imitated the gait and speech of superiors, including the commander), Kutuzov was sent by Rumyantsev to the 2nd, Crimean army of V. Dolgorukov. Since that time, Mikhail Illarionovich has changed dramatically, having learned to completely control his behavior and expression of thoughts. In 1774, in a battle with the Krymchaks near Alushta, he led a soldier into battle with a banner in his hand, while pursuing the enemy he was seriously wounded: a bullet entered below the left temple and exited at the right eye. Mikhail Illarionovich was awarded the Order of St. George of the 4th degree and sent by Catherine II for treatment abroad. While recovering, at the same time he got acquainted with the experience of military affairs in Austria and Prussia, had a conversation with Frederick II the Great.

In 1776, upon returning to Russia, Kutuzov was sent by the Empress to the Crimea to help Suvorov, who ensured order there. Won his trust by performing responsible tasks; on the proposal of Suvorov, he received the rank of colonel (1777), and then the brigadier (1782). In 1784, on behalf of G. Potemkin, he negotiated with Krym-Giray, the last Crimean khan, convinced him of the need to abdicate and recognize Russia's rights to the lands from the Bug to the Kuban; for this he was awarded the rank of major general. From the following year, Mikhail Illarionovich commanded the Bug Jaeger Corps that he had formed; supervising his training, he developed new tactics for rangers and outlined them in a special instruction. In 1787 he was awarded the Order of St. Vladimir, 2nd degree.

At the beginning of the Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791. Kutuzov with his corps guarded the southwestern borders of Russia along the Bug River. As part of Potemkin's Yekaterinoslav army, he took part in the siege of Ochakov (1788). Here, during the reflection of the sortie of the Turks, he was seriously wounded for the second time (a bullet hit the cheek and exited the back of the head). When he recovered, the doctor who treated him remarked: "Providence seems to be saving this man for something extraordinary, because he was healed of two wounds, of which each was fatal." The very next year, commanding a separate corps, Kutuzov successfully fought near Akkerman and Kaushany, participated in the capture of Bender by Potemkin, and received new awards.

Karl Osipovich Lambert

1773 - 1843

Count, adjutant general (1811), cavalry general (1823). A French nobleman whose family has been known in France since the end of the 13th century. John de Lambert was elevated by Queen Anne in 1644 to marquess and count. His descendant Heinrich Joseph during french revolution emigrated to Russia. His sons Karl and Yakov Osipovichi were in 1836 counted among the counts of the Russian Empire.

Karl Lambert entered the Russian service in 1793 with the rank of second major. He distinguished himself in the campaign of 1794 against the Poles (participant in the assault on Prague). In 1799 he participated in the Swiss campaign, fought at Zurich as part of Rimsky-Korsakov's corps.

Around 1803, with the rank of colonel, he was commanderElisavetgrad Hussar Regiment. In the campaign of 1806-1807 against the French, he was awarded the Order of St. George 3rd class for his heroism in battle.

In 1812, with the rank of Major General, he commanded a cavalry corps at the forefront of Tormasov's 3rd Army. He distinguished himself in the battles at Gorodechno, Minsk, Borisov (where he was seriously wounded). In 1814 he took part in the capture of Paris. ChiefAlexandria Hussars(commander - colonelEfimovich).

In 1823 he was promoted to general of the cavalry. He was considered one of the best and bravest cavalry commanders of the Russian army in the Napoleonic era. A. P. Yermolov, stingy with praises, calls Lambert in his "Notes" one of the most excellent and most efficient generals.

The war with Napoleon became nationwide for Russia - ordinary people helped to stop the army of the “little general” of the army. The confrontation with the French gave rise to many heroes whose names are still known.

Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration

This Russian commander of Georgian origin was the author of one of the plans for defense against Napoleonic troops. However, the emperor did not accept him, which almost caused the defeat of the Russian army. She was saved from this by the same Bagration and Barclay de Tolly, who united two fronts into one.

Rice. 1. Bagration.

Pyotr Ivanovich supported Kutuzov's plan for a general battle on the Borodino field and was mortally wounded in this battle. The commander was taken to his estate, where he died.

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly

By origin, this Russian commander was a Scot. He also took the initiative to repulse the French attack, and even before open war broke out. On his initiative, many fortresses were built, but the emperor did not accept the most important one - on the distribution of instructions by the commander in case of an attack.

When Napoleon invaded Russia, de Tolly commanded the western army and, having united with Bagration, did not allow the French to completely defeat the army. However, he was soon removed from the post of commander - he was replaced by Kutuzov.

After the battle of Borodino, he received the Order of St. George, and after the death of Kutuzov, he completed his work to defeat the French army - it was under his command that the Russian army entered Paris. Emperor Alexander rewarded him with a princely title.

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov

In 1812, when the Patriotic War began, he was in a tense relationship with the emperor, who decided not to trust him with overall command. Instead, Kutuzov was put in charge of the people's militia in St. Petersburg, which he became famous for, because it was the actions of the partisans that to a large extent undermined not only the forces, but also the morale of the French.

It was he who decided to give the enemy a fight on the Borodino field and then another, much more difficult - to leave Moscow. It caused a lot of criticism, but in the end broke Napoleon and caused ferment in his army. He died in 1813, before the complete defeat of the Napoleonic army, but even then it was clear that this was not to be expected for long. Buried Kutuzov in St. Petersburg.

Rice. 2. Kutuzov.

There were other heroes of the Patriotic War of 1812, known not only for their exploits, but also distinguished themselves in a different way.

Denis Davydov

It was he who proposed to Bagration the idea of forming partisan detachments and took upon himself the implementation of this initiative. On September 1, 1812, their first raid took place, and on November 4, they captured several French generals. For his exploits, he received the Order of St. George, and after his retirement he began to write poetry.

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova

The only female soldier in the Russian army, by the time the war began, she had already served for six years, since 1806. Durova met the year 1812 with the rank of second lieutenant of the Ulansky regiment and participated in many iconic battles of the Patriotic War, including Borodino, where she was wounded but survived. In September 1812, she became an orderly at Kutuzov's headquarters. She retired in 1816 and wrote memoirs of her service, especially the events of the War of 1812.

The history of Russia from Rurik to Putin! To love your Motherland means to know it! Notable people of the War of 1812

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Patriotic War of 1812

Heroes of the past

M. I. Kutuzov (1745-1813)

D. P. Neverovsky (1771 - 1813)

M.B. Barclay de Tolly (1761 - 1818)

I. F. Paskevich (1782-1856)

P. I. Bagration (1765-1812)

A. P. Ermolov (1777-1861)

D. S. Dokhturov (1756-1816)

N. N. Raevsky (1771 - 1813)

P. A. Tuchkov (1769 - 1858)

A. A. Skalon (1767 - 1812)

real heroes

Denis Vasilievich Davydov

1784 – 1839

Pyotr Ivanovich Bagration

Mikhail Bogdanovich Barclay de Tolly

Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov

Denis Davydov

Nadezhda Andreevna Durova