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The main methods of laying bricks. Brick laying by pressing and sticking Ways of laying bricks by pressing tightly

Stone structures are made from natural or artificial stones. Natural stone materials can be used after pre-treatment: chipped and hewn from hard rocks (granite, marble), sawn from soft rocks (tuff, shell rock), as well as in raw form: from torn and bedded rubble stone (limestone, sandstone), cobble stone, etc.

Of the artificial stone materials, the most widely used are: clay brick, full-bodied, porous, hollow, front and silicate; hollow and porous ceramic stones; small concrete and ceramic blocks, the mass of which allows their laying by hand.

Depending on the type of stone materials used, the masonry is called: brick (solid and lightweight), small-block (made of ceramic and concrete stones), plank, rubble and rubble concrete. Varieties of solid brickwork are reinforced, decorative and facing masonry.

To increase the strength of the masonry and give it solidity, the stones are fastened together with a solution that promotes the distribution of forces between the stones and protects the masonry from blowing and moisture penetration. The gaps between adjacent stones filled with mortar are called seams, and the edges of the stones - bed, spoon and poke. The average thickness of horizontal joints is 12 mm, vertical -10 mm.

A row of masonry, laid out with spoons, is a spoon, and with poke - a poke. The outer and inner rows are called the outer and inner versts, respectively, and the filling between them is called backfill. At breaks in the masonry, a straight or stubborn stroke is left.

For masonry, whole bricks, three-quarters, halves and quarters are used. In connection with the desirable laying of as many whole bricks as possible in the wall flat without splitting into pieces, the thickness brick wall taken as a multiple of half the length of a brick: 0.5 bricks (120 mm), 1 brick (250 mm), 1.5 bricks (380 mm), 2 bricks (510 mm), 2.5 bricks (640 mm), 3 bricks ( 770 mm).

If the project provides for plastering the wall, then for better adhesion of plaster and masonry, the seams from the outside are not filled with mortar to a depth of 10 ... 15 mm. Such a laying is called wasteland masonry. If plaster or masonry cladding is not provided, then masonry is carried out under stitching, i.e. with complete filling of the seams and their subsequent processing (joining).

It is desirable to perform jointing immediately after laying the next three or four rows of bricks and clean with a rag or sponge. Stitching brickwork now it is used quite widely, especially when laying the outer verst of facing bricks and other facing materials.

The masonry begins and ends with tychkovy rows, lead with obligatory dressing of vertical seams. On the outer side of the wall, rows of masonry can alternate: bonder with bonder, spoon with spoon, spoon with bond, bond with mixed and mixed with mixed.

Depending on the number of spoon rows that are not covered by bonder rows, the masonry is called one-, two-, three- and five-row.

A single-row dressing system involves alternating tychkovy rows with spoon ones. The two-row system is highly resistant to horizontal shear forces. The three-row dressing system is used when laying walls made of hollow bricks, as well as when building narrow walls and pillars from solid bricks. The five-row (American) tie-down system is the most widely used, since a large number of whole (not chipped) bricks are laid with this system. For this reason, labor productivity increases, but the strength of the masonry is lower due to the presence of through longitudinal vertical seams for five rows of masonry .

bricklaying methods. Bricks are laid in verst rows using the methods of pressing, butt and butt with trimming the solution, and in the backfill - half-up (on the mortar). The choice of method depends on the plasticity of the mortar, the condition of the brick (dry or wet), the time of year and the requirements for the quality of the front surface of the masonry. Way in clamp used when laying walls on a hard mortar (draft of a cone 7 ... 9 cm) with full filling and jointing. With this method, the mortar is spread with a trowel moving it from the laid brick, arranging a bed for three spoon or five bond bricks. Way back to back they are used when laying on plastic mortars (cone draft 12 ... 13 cm) with incomplete filling of seams on the front side of the wall, i.e. when laying in a "wasteland". At the same time, for the formation of a vertical seam, the bricklayer does not use a trowel, but the solution spread on the wall is raked with a face of a brick, which then translates into a horizontal position, upsets and presses the previously laid brick, forming seams of the required thickness. way semi-butt carry out the laying of bricks in the rubble. At the same time, at first, a mortar is spread between the inner and outer versts, and then, after it is leveled, the brick is laid in the backfill.

Wall and corner masonry . The laying of brick walls begins with fixing the corner and intermediate orders, to which a mooring cord is then attached, and when laying the outer versts, it is pulled for each row. To simplify the control over the quality of the masonry, after fixing and reconciling the orders, beacons are laid out on them. After installing the orders, laying the beacons and stretching the mooring, they proceed directly to the laying of the wall. Bricks are laid out on the wall, the mortar is spread under the outer verst and it is laid. Further, the masonry is carried out depending on the accepted method of masonry - in order, stepped or mixed. Corner laying is the most demanding job and is performed by skilled masons.

Reinforced brickwork is a masonry reinforced with steel bar reinforcement or strip steel, which is laid on the mortar in the seams between the bricks. Reinforcement can be transverse and longitudinal. The transverse is used in the masonry of pillars, walls, piers, I work

mainly in compression, using rectangular meshes and zigzag shapes with a rod diameter of 3 ... 8 mm.

Longitudinal reinforcement is used when masonry absorbs tensile forces during bending, tension or eccentric compression.

Ceramic stone masonry with seven and a large number of voids, it is performed in compliance with the same dressing rules as for bricklaying.

Laying of cinder-concrete stones is somewhat more complicated, since the mass of such stones used for laying ground walls is 14 ... 25 kg, and used for laying foundations and basement walls - 28 ... 32 kg. Masonry of hollow concrete stones with closed slit-like voids is carried out in the same way as ceramic ones, they are laid with voids down. Masonry from processed natural stones of the correct form is performed by the same methods as masonry from concrete stones. Transverse bondage is done at least every two rows, and vertical transverse seams in adjacent rows are displaced by a quarter or half a stone.

Organization of the workplace and work of a bricklayer.

The workplace of the masons link (plot) includes a section of the wall being erected and part of the area adjacent to it, within which materials, fixtures are placed, tools move, and the masons themselves. The width of the workplace of masons consists of three zones: working- a free strip along the masonry 60 ... 70 cm wide, on which masons work; zones materials(width 1.3 ... 1.6 m), on which brick, mortar and parts laid in the masonry are placed; transport where riggers work, providing masons with materials and parts. The total width of the workplace is 2.5 ... 2.6 m.

Scaffolding and forests.

Since the laying of walls usually begins after the foundations have been erected, the first workplace of the masons is located at the level of the ground or the ceiling of the basement, but then after the masonry has been erected to a height of 1.2 m (masonry tier), the new workplace of the bricklayer must be raised to the scaffold. Scaffold represent a working platform in the form of flooring on inventory supports,

allowing to change the height of the workplace for laying 2 ... 3 tiers of walls. When masonry, scaffolds of various types are used, including rack-mounted, tubular, inventory and hinged block, panel (on metal triangular supports), etc. Portable platforms with fences are also used. The woods represent a system of rack supports on which adjustable working platforms are fixed. The most widely used in masonry are tubular boltless scaffolding designed by Promstroiproekt from racks and crossbars connected by hooks for branch pipes.

Organization of labor of masons.

The masonry process, which consists of many operations, is carried out by a link of two to six masons. The links of masons, depending on the quantitative composition, are called, respectively, two, three, four, etc. But the basis of any link is a deuce - a bricklayer of the 5th - 4th category (leading) and a bricklayer of the 2nd category (assistant). With this composition of the link, the leading bricklayer lays the verst rows, and the assistant spreads the mortar along the wall, delivers the brick, and fills the backfill together with the bricklayer. When erecting any walls of buildings, each link of masons works on a separate plot. The number of plots and their sizes are set depending on the complexity of the masonry and shift production.

The choice of method is influenced by the plasticity of the solution, the state (wet or dry), the season, and the requirements for the cleanliness of the front side of the masonry.

Laying method - press:

choose when laying walls using a hard (cone 7-9 cm) mortar with jointing and full filling of joints;
suitable for laying both bonded and spoon versts;
indent from the face of the wall at - 10-15 mm;
the solution is leveled and arranged from the solution simultaneously for 5 bonded or 3 spoon bricks;
the sequence of actions when laying in a clamp: 1 - level the mortar bed with a trowel, then rake up part of the mortar with the edge of the trowel and press it against the vertical edge of the brick laid earlier. With the second hand, they bring a new brick to the place of laying; 2 - they lower the new brick onto the already prepared mortar bed, move it to the brick laid earlier, pressing the trowel to the canvas; 3 - take out the trowel with an upward movement and clamp the solution between the laid brick and the previously laid brick; 4 - they press the laid brick with their hand, putting it on the mortar bed. At the same time, excess mortar is squeezed out of the seams, which is cut with a trowel in one step after laying every two spoon or four / five bonder bricks. The trimmed mortar is thrown onto the mortar bed for the next bricks. Below are the figures reflecting the sequence of laying in the clamp (a -, b - tychkovy row).

Clamp masonry - strong, dense and clean, with full filling of joints. At the same time, it is the most time-consuming, since it requires a large number of movements of the bricklayer compared to other methods of brickwork.

Laying method - end-to-end:

they are chosen when laying walls using a plastic (cone draft 12-13 cm) mortar with incomplete filling of the joints along the face of the wall with mortar (waste);
indent from the face of the wall when spreading the mortar beds - 20-30 mm. Then it will not be squeezed onto the front surface of the masonry;
the sequence of laying the spoon row (see figure (a) below): 1 - the brick is held obliquely and part of the spread mortar is raked in with the bonder face of the brick. The solution is raked in at a distance of 8-12 cm from the brick laid earlier; 2 - the brick being laid is moved to the already laid brick, gradually leveling its position, and pressed to the bed. In this case, the solution taken from the bed fills the vertical transverse seam; 3 - the laid brick is laid down by hand on the bed from the solution;
the sequence of laying the bonder row is the same as when laying the spoon row (see figure (b) below). In this case, the mortar is raked with a spoon face of the brick being laid.

In seismically hazardous areas, laying bricks in verst rows by the method of bricks not allowed.

Laying method - end-to-end with mortar trimming:

choose when laying walls with full filling of vertical and horizontal seams, with jointing;
indentation from the face of the wall when spreading the mortar - 10-15 mm (similar to laying with a clamp);
use a solution with a mobility of 10-12 cm;
the brick is laid on the mortar bed in the same way as masonry, but the solution is trimmed with a trowel, similarly to masonry (see figure below).

The time spent on laying end-to-end with trimming the solution is greater than when laying end-to-end, but less than when laying close.

Laying method - semi-adjacent:

used for laying bricks in a backfill (picture below);
first spread the mortar between the inner and outer versts, level it and lay the brick in the backfill. They work simultaneously with both hands and lay two bricks at once. At the same time, the brick is held flat at a distance of 6-8 cm from the one laid earlier and, lowering it onto a bed of mortar, a small amount of mortar is raked in with the edge of the brick. Then the brick is pressed against the previously laid one and laid down on the mortar bed. After that, the vertical seams are not completely filled, so they are filled, spreading the mortar for the next row of masonry;
when laying, it is necessary to ensure that the transverse seams between the bricks are completely filled;
backfill bricks must be pressed tightly against the bed so that their surface is on the same level as the versts.

It is important that when laying the backfill, the vertical transverse seams are well filled. Otherwise, the strength of the masonry decreases and the permeability of the walls increases, which leads to a decrease in their heat-shielding properties.

The main process of masonry work using bricks consists of the following technological operations: erecting corners, installing a mooring cord, supplying and laying bricks, spreading mortar, laying bricks on a prepared mortar pastel, checking masonry, and jointing facade joints.

Corners are laid by a highly qualified bricklayer, since this operation is the most responsible and requires careful execution.

The laying of right angles should begin with a mutually perpendicular arrangement of whole bricks. Basically, it is carried out using a chain or five-row dressing. Systems such as Dutch, cross and others are used in the performance of restoration and repair work.

When considering the layout of bricks in the corners with single-row and five-row dressing systems, it can be concluded that in the first case it is more rational to lay bricks in a decent way in the following sequence: outer verst, inner verst, backfill, i.e., each row lying above should be placed after the previous one has been fully laid out. When using a five-row dressing system, it is more rational to use stepped way laying bricks, in which at first one bonder and five spoon rows of the outer verst and backfill are laid out. mixed way implies the execution of 7 ... 10 rows in order, and then the use of a stepped method.

To maintain the horizontal rows of masonry, moorings from a cord with a diameter

2 ... 3 mm are installed on both sides of the wall, in order for the outer verst, after 2 ... 3 rows - for the inner one, and orientated with the help of orders, brackets, etc.

To eliminate sagging under the mooring, after 4 ... 5 m, bricks protruding above the masonry are laid on mortar or wooden blocks, equal in thickness to the row thickness. From above, the mooring is pressed with a brick installed on the edge.

Orders from a metal corner or a wooden lath, respectively, with the help of hook-holders or nails, are attached to the masonry at the corners, at the intersections of the walls and at the boundaries of the grips, and are aligned with the theodolite. On the edges of the orders, divisions are cut after 77 mm, the position of the mooring is fixed with clamps with a spring latch.

With the stepped method, attaching the mooring to the lighthouse masonry is more often performed using staples or nails. In the first case, the mooring is tied to the long blunt end of the bracket, the short sharp end of which is stuck into the masonry seam. Attaching the mooring to the nails is carried out with a double loop.

The layout (catch-up) of bricks is carried out by an auxiliary as close as possible to the place of its laying on the half of the wall opposite to the one on which the mortar will be spread.

Ceramic stones and small blocks are made up in one row up with the side face (on which the mortar will be spread). When laying, the stones are turned, and the vertical seams are filled.

The mortar is supplied to the wall in a volume sufficient for laying 5 ... 10 bricks, since with a larger spreading area, dehydration of the spread mortar layer is often observed and then poor-quality compression of the seam. In a hollow butt, the spreading of the mortar is carried out along the upper edge of the masonry with a deviation from the edge of the wall by 20 ... 25 mm, in a butt with a full seam - by 10 ... 15 mm. Under the filling, the solution is spread with a continuous tape.

Brick laying is carried out in the following ways: butt, press, butt with trimming.

The butt method is used when laying the backfill and the verst part of the walls in a wasteland. The bricklayer with this method works without a trowel and therefore can lay bricks with both hands. To form a vertical seam, the bricklayer, holding the brick obliquely, rakes in part of the spread mortar, and then, gradually straightening the brick, presses it together with the adhered mortar to the previously laid brick and upsets it with hand pressure.

The clamping method is used when it is necessary to completely fill the external seams. To form a vertical seam, a bricklayer levels with a trowel, rakes in and presses the mortar against the previously laid brick, after which he gradually removes the trowel, continuing to press the end of the brick.

The end-to-end method with trimming differs from the end-to-end method only in that the excess of the squeezed out solution is cut off with a trowel, as when laying against the back.

Laying "for jointing" is carried out with full filling of the seams and trimming the mortar.

The laying of pillars and piers should be carried out according to a three-row ligation system of whole bricks. Walls with a width of more than 1 m can be laid out according to a multi-row dressing system.

For increase bearing capacity heavily loaded pillars and piers, after 4 ... 5 rows, they are reinforced with metal meshes or rods. When reinforcing, welded rectangular or zigzag meshes are used.

The thickness of the reinforced joint must exceed the thickness of the mesh by at least 4 mm (2 mm on each side). Zigzag meshes are placed in two adjacent rows of masonry in a mutually perpendicular direction. The reinforcement method is chosen depending on design features elements, acting loads and forces arising in the masonry.

Pilasters and buttresses are made in the course of laying. Belts, sandriks, cornices are laid out according to the chain dressing system from selected whole bricks. The overhang of each row of masonry in the cornices is allowed no more than 1/3 of the length of the brick. With a large extension of the cornices, prefabricated elements are used.

The laying of ceramic stones is carried out in compliance with the same dressing rules as when laying bricks. It is desirable to carry out laying on a chain dressing system in such a way that the largest number voids were located along the wall.

Stones with non-through voids are laid with voids down, and through voids, if provided for by the project, are covered with dry thermal insulation materials. The sequence of operations when laying ceramic stones and small blocks is taken the same as when laying bricks.

Laying from natural stones of the correct form (plank) with a stone mass of up to 32 kg is carried out manually. Masonry is carried out according to a single or double-row dressing system. Apply the same techniques as when laying small blocks. Vertical seams are carefully filled with cast mortar (OK > 12 cm). Between themselves, the stones are connected with metal brackets, pyrons or planks and filled with a cast mortar on a rapidly hardening or stressing cement (NC).

Block masonry is often faced with facing or silicate bricks. For facing the facade surfaces of the walls, selective bricks with the correct edges and corners are used, having previously selected them by color and tone.

The outer surfaces of the masonry can be faced simultaneously with the laying of the walls or along the finished wall. The second method is less productive and more labor intensive. Usually, fully lined walls are not lined with bricks, but with other facing materials: tiles, aluminum lath, etc.

As a rule, masonry from ordinary (modular) bricks is performed according to a multi-row dressing system, connecting the facing layer with the main mass of masonry due to bond rows. The front layer of bricks 65 mm thick is tied with pine masonry of one and a half bricks.

AT recent times front masonry began to be carried out leaving ventilated cavities. The front layer is attached to the main masonry most often by installing metal meshes in the horizontal seams of the masonry through two rows of stones. To compensate for vibration loads, shock-absorbing anchors can be installed instead of grids.

Facing brick, which is used on a massive scale in construction, after moistening and drying the outer surface of the wall, is often covered with whitish stains (efflorescence) and causes a lot of trouble during the operation of buildings.

Lightweight laying. Two types of masonry are mainly used: well and three-layer.

well masonry provides for the formation of vertical wells in the massif of the wall, separated by stone diaphragms half a brick thick.

Three-layer masonry consists of two spoon walls (versts) and an inner part made of lightweight concrete or other insulating material. The outer layers are interconnected by horizontal bricks or bonded rows located at the same level or in a checkerboard pattern

In connection with the tightening of requirements for thermal resistance of enclosing structures, there is an urgent need for lightweight stone structures with high thermal performance.

Based on practical experience modern construction The following basic design solutions for effective stone walls have been approved: well masonry, solid masonry made of heat-resistant stone, three-layer masonry filled with heat-insulating concrete or slab insulation.

Modern well masonry can be performed both using traditional design schemes and with a stepped arrangement of brick diaphragms. Common to all schemes are: the presence of through vertical diaphragms with a thickness of half a brick and the protection of the insulation from moisture condensation, since the damp insulation reduces its thermal insulation properties several times.

Expanded polystyrene, mineral wool, as well as monolithic cellular concrete can be used as a heater. To protect the insulation from moisture, a vapor barrier layer is installed and an air ventilation gap is provided.

The disadvantage of well masonry is the presence of "cold bridges" along the vertical diaphragms. Therefore, diaphragms should be made of efficient porous bricks. Along the entire perimeter of the outer walls at the level of floor slabs and window openings, horizontal mortar diaphragms reinforced with mesh are installed, connecting the outer and inner versts of the masonry and serving as fire cuts.

Solid masonry with front brick facing is carried out according to the usual, proven technology that does not require the use of special devices.

So, for example, the THERMOLUX brick is created on the principle of a thermos with five air layers. To prevent the solution from flowing into the voids, the upper bed is molded solid, and the jumpers that serve to maintain the strength of the product are arranged in the form of a labyrinth.

The bricks in the laying of a row are stacked with a shift relative to the neighboring ones so that the bonded walls do not form continuous "cold bridges". With a large number of air layers, there is practically no air convection in the body of the masonry and the air works with maximum heat transfer resistance.

Masonry with widened seams resembles masonry with air gaps. But heat-insulating plates or polystyrene foam liners with closed air gaps are inserted into the vertical longitudinal internal seams. The connection of polystyrene foam plates with each other is carried out on glue or on the ends using adhesive tape.

Three-layer masonry fully meets the requirements for thermal protection. After laying out the main wall, heat-insulating slabs are installed to the required height and pressed with a front verst of front brick. As the front layer is erected, flexible plastic or metal stainless steel ties are installed.

In connection with the emergence of new ultra-light concretes, three-layer masonry with monolithic filling with cellular concrete, foam insulation, polystyrene foam "Polyterm" has recently been developed.

Rice. 13 Workplace mason

Rice. 14 Masonry with porous blocks
Topic #10

Types of bricklaying.

Clamp method vertical brick structures are erected using a hard mortar (cone shrinkage of about 7-9 cm) with final filling, as well as jointing. By this method, they are laid together as spoon, as well as bonded versts. Be sure not to forget to spread the material, retreating from the front of the wall about 10-15 mm. The material is smoothed with the inside of the trowel, transporting it from the laid brick, and also mounting the mortar bed together for all spoon, and sometimes five tychkovy rows.

Laying by pressing the spoon (a) and bonder (b) rows of the outer verst: 1-4 - sequence of actions.

The clamping device is performed in this order.

Holding the trowel in one hand, they straighten the bed out of the mortar with it, then with the edge of the trowel they collect part of the mortar, which is then pressed against the side face of the previously laid material, and with the other hand the next brick is fed to the masonry process. Then the brick is lowered onto a specially prepared bed, passing along it with the left hand to the previously placed brick, pressing it to the space of the trowel. Moving up one hand, they take out the trowel, and with the stone material pulled up by the other hand, they fix the mortar inside the vertical edges of the brick being laid, as well as the previously laid brick. Compressing the laid brick with a hand, they upset it on the bed. If the solution is in excess, then, squeezing out of the joint, it is cut off with a trowel in one step after using the poking method on every 3-5 bricks, and also after laying out several bricks with spoons.

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Brickwork is produced in the following ways:

in verst rows- press, butt, butt with cutting solution;

in backfill- method for solution (semi-adhesive).

Press brick laying(Fig. 1) is carried out with the most complete filling of the seams. The solution for the vertical seam is raked in with a trowel, pressed against the previously laid brick and finally clamped with the brick being laid, at the same time upsetting the brick by pressing the palm of the hand and leveling it along the mooring. Excess mortar, squeezed out of the seam, is cut with a trowel edge through several laid bricks.

Rice. 1. Brick laying

Brick laying side by side(Fig. 2) is used when laying walls in a hollow and only on a plastic solution. The bricklayer levels the spread mortar with a trowel, and then rakes a part of it with a brick edge to form a vertical seam, upsets the brick and aligns it with the quay. If the mortar is well laid and spread with a shovel, then the brick can be laid with one or two hands without using a trowel. The brick is upset by pressing the palm of the hand.

Rice. 2. Brick laying in butt

Back-to-back masonry (Fig. 3) with cutting the seam is used when laying walls in a full seam, that is, with filling horizontal and vertical seams. A brick is laid on the spread mortar with raking the mortar with its edge to form a vertical seam. Moving the brick to the previously laid bricks, the bricklayer gradually straightens it, presses it to the bed, aligns it with the pier and upsets it. Excess mortar, squeezed out of the seam, is trimmed with a trowel edge every three to four bricks.

Rice. 3. Laying bricks side by side with trimming the seam

Brick laying in the rubble(half-joint) is performed with two hands (Fig. 4). Masonry is carried out on a leveled mortar. Between the outer and inner versts, the bricklayer rakes in an insignificant part of the mortar with brick ribs and upsets them with hand pressure to the level of the previously laid versts. Partially unfilled vertical seams in the backfill are filled with mortar when spreading it for the next row.

Rice. 4. Brick laying forget-me-not (half-up)

Laying for jointing carried out with complete filling of the seams with a solution. Masonry is carried out with trimming the solution. With the help of jointing, the seams of the masonry are given one form or another. First, the vertical seams are embroidered, then the horizontal ones. Jointing provides a more complete and uniform filling of the masonry seam.

Wasted masonry carried out when the front surface will be plastered or tiled. On the side of the surface to be plastered, vertical and horizontal joints are not filled with mortar to a depth of 10-15 m, which contributes to a stronger adhesion of the plaster to
masonry. Waste laying is most often done in a butt-joint way.