Construction technology of monolithic walls. What is monolithic construction. Monolithic walls - brick layer

Monolithic housing construction is a modern building technology that makes it possible to construct buildings of any number of storeys and shapes in the shortest possible time, and almost anywhere, even in the city center.

The advantages of this housing construction technology are the ability to create free layouts with large spans and the required ceiling height. The ability to create any curvilinear shape expands the variety of architectural forms in the design of unique buildings.
Interior layout monolithic houses is not limited, as in panel housing construction, to the dimensions of factory panels, and can take into account the wishes of the customer as much as possible.
Construction process monolithic house consists of several stages. On the site of the future house, special forms (formwork) are mounted that follow the contours of the building element (walls, beams, etc.). Reinforcement is installed in them and concrete is poured. After the concrete has hardened, a finished building element is obtained. Formwork elements are dismantled (collapsible formwork) or become part of the wall (fixed formwork).
Monolithic houses have very good rigidity indicators. These are one of the most reliable and durable buildings that have practically no seams, which also increases the performance of heat and sound resistance.
The possibility of erecting monolithic walls and floors of smaller thickness reduces the load on the foundation, which leads to a reduction in the cost of its construction. For the most part, monolithic houses are high-rise. Monolithic houses occupy the market price niche of low-cost housing or housing for the middle class.
For internal walls in a monolithic house, aerated concrete, drywall and other similar materials are used, which makes it possible to make the walls thin enough. It turns out that brick houses that are identical on the outside and brick-monolithic ones have different usable areas inside: apartments in monolithic houses are more spacious.
In panel buildings, the walls are also not thick, however, for example, drywall absorbs sound better. On the other hand, heavy furniture cannot be attached to such a wall.

In terms of construction speed, the monolithic method occupies an intermediate position between prefabricated (panel) and brickwork. The fastest way to build - panel. Therefore, if a panel is chosen for the outer walls, the construction is a little slower than when building a panel house. If a brick is selected, the construction is completed a little faster than the construction of a similar house from one brick.
The speed of construction also depends on the amount of formwork - how many structures are in operation at the same time and how complex they are. If safety precautions and the size of the house allow, work on building up the frame and facing it with bricks or hanging panels can be carried out in parallel - then the process goes faster.
The construction of a monolithic house is less dependent on suppliers of building materials, since the main component is concrete.
Depending on the wall material used (brick or panel), the architectural appearance of the house will vary. Today, factories produce facing bricks of any color and shape, which allows architects not to curb their imagination in the process of developing a project.
In a monolithic house there will never be cracks in the ceiling - it is not for nothing that the technology is called seamless. In addition, on gypsum walls and ceilings, the finish holds better and longer.
A house built using monolithic technology is considered stronger than any other. In case of soil subsidence brick house may collapse, whereas a monolithic one can be strengthened.

Any prefabricated structure is inferior to a monolith in terms of freedom of planning - the scope of imagination is limited only by the frame and outer walls. Partitions inside the apartment can not be set at all. The spans between the reinforcing "columns" reach 9 meters. Monolithic reinforced concrete is the only building material that only gets stronger over time.
Also, monolithic technology allows for more free and attractive layouts, and allows you to raise the ceiling to any height, but if the outer walls are made of a panel, the ceiling height will correspond to the size of this panel.
For the price, monolithic houses are in an intermediate niche between a cheap panel and an expensive brick. Square meter V panel-monolithic house without interior decoration costs about the same as a "square" in a panel house, but with a fine finish. The cost of an apartment in a brick and brick-monolithic house is approximately the same.

Advantages of monolithic construction

First and most important, monolithic low-rise construction can significantly reduce the time and cost of building construction. In this case, the production step building materials at the factory is lowered, all monolithic construction work is transferred directly to the construction site, labor costs are carried out once. There are many more stages of prefabricated construction. In Europe, prefabricated houses are built very rarely, as their economic efficiency is recognized as very low.

With monolithic construction, fixed formwork allows you to design and erect buildings of absolutely any geometry, change them or add new elements without significant downtime, while factory technologies for the production of building materials do not allow you to quickly deviate from norms, standards and standard sizes.

A monolithic cottage or house is 15-20% lighter than a brick, and even more so stone counterpart. The technology of casting into fixed formwork allows to reduce the thickness of the walls, while maintaining the desired thermal insulation qualities. Accordingly, a lighter building requires a lighter foundation, which also contributes to savings.

In addition, a decrease in the thickness of the walls of cottages made of monolithic concrete in polystyrene formwork leads to the release of space. Due to the fact that the thickness of a monolithic concrete wall is 2.5 times thinner than a brick wall, the interior space of the house measuring 10 x 10 m is 15 square meters larger. m. You get additional space the size of a small room.

The heat-insulating properties of expanded polystyrene are widely known. According to these characteristics, a monolithic wall with a thickness of 0.3 m (0.15 m of concrete + 0.15 m of expanded polystyrene) is equal to a brick wall with a thickness of 2.3 m. Monolithic houses are warm in winter and cool in summer. Due to this, the cost of heating in winter and air conditioning in summer will be reduced by 3-3.5 times.

Monolithic construction cottages takes place in such a way that walls and ceilings require minimal finishing. All surfaces are perfectly even and smooth, and with strict adherence to technology, the duration of “wet processes” is significantly reduced.

The construction of monolithic concrete provides an almost complete absence of joints and seams. Due to this, the sound and dust tightness of the premises increases, while the service life monolithic structures is over 150 years old.

In houses built using monolithic technology, due to the uniform distribution of the load, there are practically no risks of collapse, cracks and weaknesses. The whole structure settles evenly. The house is ready for occupancy immediately after completion construction works, you do not need to wait 1-2 years, as in the construction of wooden houses.

Monolithic works much easier than, say, traditional concrete block or stone work. Blocks are mounted by hand, and delivered and transferred without the use of heavy equipment.

Individual monolithic construction is a free layout, any architectural forms and combinations of materials for interior and exterior finish.

Expanded polystyrene does not emit toxic substances, is absolutely environmentally friendly and safe for human health.

We have given here far from all the reasons why this particular technology should be preferred. During the construction process and further during operation, you will repeatedly make sure that decision. However, we would not be atypical builders if we only cited the benefits in this article. We promised you to tell you honestly about all the intricacies of building houses using the technology of monolithic casting of concrete, fixed formwork. So here are the disadvantages:

Disadvantages of monolithic construction

Until recently, it was difficult to build a monolithic house in our country due to the lack of high-quality formwork, as well as due to adverse weather conditions that make it difficult to work with concrete. But over time, concrete production technologies are being improved and make it possible to obtain a material with the desired qualities. Nevertheless, a number of difficulties arise when working with monolithic concrete.

Firstly, all work is carried out on an open-air construction site. This means that rain, snow, severe frost and other natural factors will hinder the production of monolithic structural elements. It is especially difficult to carry out the construction of monolithic houses in winter and during periods of instability in air temperature, when scaffolding and towers become wet and slippery.

However, construction companies engaged in monolithic construction have the knowledge to reduce the negative impact environment on concrete.

The cost of monolithic houses is higher than the cost of foam block houses or gas silicate block due to the materials used and the complexity of the process. However, it should be noted that for this money you get a house with higher strength and quality characteristics.

There are two types of construction: actually monolithic And prefabricated monolithic buildings and constructions. In buildings of a prefabricated monolithic type, load-bearing elements are created as a monolith, and the outer walls are made of bricks or panels. It is worth noting that a brick can increase the consumer properties of a structure, however, the panels are deprived of such a plus, since as a result seams and other problems inherent in large-slit panel structures are created.

Construction process monolithic building contains the following stages: delivery and preparation of concrete (grades 200-400), formwork preparation and concrete laying. If it is possible to equip a concrete unit exactly on the construction site, then this makes all the work of building a building easier.

monolithic walls.Formwork for monolithic construction

Nowadays, in the construction of low-rise buildings are often used monolithic concrete walls. This was due to the introduction of industrial formwork systems and the existence of many methods of monolithic construction. It should be noted that the technology of precast concrete, to put it simply, divides the structure into separate structural elements that are produced at the factory, and the installation takes place directly on the construction site. All of the above significantly increases the cost of building a building.

However, when using a monolithic construction method, the building is a single structure that works like spatial structure, where it is not necessary to correlate the load-bearing walls in height. As a result, the building can be thought of as a construction of honeycombs, which together are unified system. When constructing the walls of a low-rise building, a prefabricated panel or fixed formwork is used.

Monolithic walls, removable formwork

In terms of construction, there are three types of monolithic concrete exterior walls that are built in removable formwork: the difference between the types is in the outer layer of a three-layer monolithic wall, that is, the layer can be monolithic, brick or plaster, which consists of polymeric materials.

Monolithic walls - monolithic layer

The three-layer monolithic carrier system with an outer monolithic layer is produced directly on the construction site during the construction of the building. From the point of view of technology, the specificity of this type is due to the placement of a thermal package in the formwork before the process of synchronous concreting of the outer and inner layers of the wall. In terms of thickness, the outer layer must be from 70 mm, and the inner layer from 160. The reinforcing cages of the concrete layers of the wall are connected by means of a knitting wire along the height of the floor in three layers. The difference in insulation thickness depends on the climate at the place of construction of the building.

Monolithic walls - brick layer

The option with a brick outer coating is carried out in stages:

1. First of all, an internal monolithic layer 160 mm thick is created, a heater is attached to it;
2. Then comes the connection of reinforcing outlets from the inner concrete layer with brickwork;
3. Next, concrete work is carried out to create the inner layer of the wall, the reinforcing outlets are bent;
4. Then, after removing the formwork, they are unbent and a heater is placed on them.

Monolithic walls - a layer of plaster

The view of a three-layer monolithic load-bearing wall with an outer coating of polymer plaster is created according to this algorithm:

1. First, a monolithic layer of the wall is erected, to which a heater is attached;
2. Then a layer of polymer plaster is laid on a synthetic mesh.

Monolithic walls, fixed formwork

Technology of monolithic construction "Izodom"

Such walls can be made, for example, according to the Izodom system. In this system, an economical construction technology was used, which gives the outer walls good thermal properties. The formwork is made of non-combustible polystyrene foam.

This technology is based on the so-called hollow blocks (modules) with a thickness of 150, 200, 250 mm. They are small boxes with a missing bottom with a tongue-and-groove system of locks at the top and bottom: it allows you to securely fasten the blocks to each other. During the assembly of the wall structure, it is reinforced and then poured with concrete. The wall does not need additional insulation due to the fact that the structure, represented by a fixed formwork, already contains insulation.

At the moment, there are such types of modules as a wall module, a corner module, a rotary module, a floor support module and a corrector module. Wall blocks of various series differ in the thickness of the outer walls - it can be from 50 to 150 mm - this makes it possible to build residential buildings in different climate conditions. Thus, a wall 25 cm thick has a thermal resistance of 3.18 sq. C / W and is 15 cm monolithic reinforced concrete and 10 cm of insulation.

The construction of monolithic walls according to the Izodom system is carried out sequentially and contains three stages:

1. Fragments of the wall from fixed formwork blocks are being installed on this foundation;
2. Then the reinforcement is laid;
3. Next, the internal cavity of the polystyrene blocks is filled with concrete.

The special structure of the locks ensures easy and precise connection of the blocks and prevents the concrete from flowing out.

The formwork has an absolutely flat surface, which is ready for finishing. various materials. It is attached with an adhesive composition with polystyrene or mechanically attached to the concrete layer by means of anchors. The installation of walls does not require any specialized construction equipment or a highly qualified work team.

Interior decoration is carried out by classical methods: plaster on a reinforcing mesh or drywall on ordinary adhesive mastic.

There are the following options for monolithic construction of buildings:

• Front plaster on a grid;
• Siding panels;
• Brick cladding and others.

Technology of monolithic construction "Veloks"

Also, one of the most relevant technologies for monolithic construction in fixed formwork is the Velox system. From the Latin "Velox" is translated as "quick" or "fast". This technology was produced in Austria, but it is also successful in our country.

From the design point of view, Velox fixed formwork consists of chip-cement slabs, which are installed parallel to each other and fastened with wire ties. The fixed formwork of the external and internal walls, using ordinary screeds and nails, is manually set along the belts to the height of the floor. After that, on temporary racks and beams, which are edged boards, the floor formwork is installed by hand (Velox hollow boxes or ordinary Velox WS35 slabs) and reinforcement is placed.

Then the concrete work begins. The whole structure of fixed formwork is poured in two stages with a concrete mixture and the floor can be considered finished. Monolithic technology construction of houses makes it possible to increase profitability up to one and a half times relative to traditional types of construction. This is due to the fact that Velox is very technologically advanced, has a rather big pace, is easy to organize and requires the least use of heavy construction equipment.

External walls are subjected to plaster, which is a thin layer of cement-lime mortar, or they are finished with other facade materials. Internal walls either exposed to gypsum plaster, or finished with gypsum boards.

When using this construction technology, the design and assembly of buildings can be compared with the Lego constructor. "Veloks" is maximally unified and defined by the smallest number of types of structural elements and assemblies. A layer of insulation is glued to the outer, street, formwork slab. The thickness of this layer is determined taking into account regulatory requirements in heat engineering. Under the condition of using lightweight concrete (polystyrene concrete or foam concrete), thermal insulation will be the same without additional insulation.

The walls are assembled starting from the corner of the building, installing external formwork plates, connected by means of nails 10 cm long at three points at different angles. After that, the installation of double-sided metal ties is carried out. The first formwork slab is installed 5 cm further from the corner, the remaining slabs - with a gap that allows you to place at least four screeds per linear meter.

The inner formwork slab is fixed into the screed. The upper and lower belt screeds are placed apart.

After the installation of fixed formwork is completed, concrete is poured to a height of 400-450 mm. The second and subsequent rows along the height of the wall are made in the same way. Vertical reinforcement and, if necessary, ventilation and sewage pipes are placed in the formwork.

In parallel with the installation of walls, openings for doors and windows are provided. They are formed from three sides with slabs by fixing them to the walls of the formwork with nails (three nails per slab).

The most significant advantages of Velox technology can be considered:

• Use of natural and ecological materials;
• The simplest mechanism for the implementation of work on the construction site;
• Lack of stationary lifting equipment (tower or truck cranes);
• The ability to create various load-bearing and enclosing structures using concreting in fixed formwork;
• Relatively small weight of structural elements - no more than 25 kg./em.