The problem of morality is how it should be applied to a person. Moral problems of literature
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Problems of morality in the works of Russian literature Arguments for an essay
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Morality - This is a system of rules for the behavior of an individual, first of all, answering the question: what is good and what is bad; what is good and what is evil. This system is based on values that this person considers important and necessary. As a rule, among such values are human life, happiness, family, love, prosperity and others. Depending on what kind of values a person chooses for himself, it is determined what will be the actions of a person - moral or immoral. Therefore, morality is an independent choice of a person.
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PROBLEMS OF MORALITY: The problem of a person's moral quest is rooted in ancient Russian literature and folklore. It is associated with such concepts as: honor, conscience, dignity, patriotism, valor, honesty, mercy, etc. Since ancient times, all these qualities have been valued by a person, they helped him in difficult life situations with a choice. To this day, we know such proverbs: “Whoever is honored, that is the truth”, “Without a root, a blade of grass does not grow”, “A man without a Motherland is a nightingale without a song”, “Take care of honor from a young age, and a dress again”. The most interesting sources on which modern literature relies are fairy tales, epics, stories, novels, etc.
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Problems of morality In literature: There are works in literature that touch upon many problems of morality.
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The problem of morality is one of the key problems in Russian literature, which always teaches, educates, and not just entertains. "War and Peace" L.N. Tolstoy is a novel about the spiritual quest of the main characters, going to the highest moral truth through delusions and mistakes. For the great writer, spirituality is the main quality of Pierre Bezukhov, Natasha Rostova, Andrey Bolkonsky. It is worth listening to the wise advice of the master of the word, learning from him the highest truths.
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The problem of morality in the work of A. I. Solzhenitsyn "Matryona Dvor". The main character is a simple Russian woman who "did not chase after the factory", was trouble-free and impractical. But these, according to the author, are the righteous on whom our land rests.
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The problem of a person's attitude to his homeland, small homeland The problem of attitude to his small homeland is raised by V.G. Rasputin in the story "Farewell to Matera". Those who truly love their native land protect their island from flooding, and strangers are ready to abuse the graves, burn down the huts, which for others, for example, for Daria, are not just a dwelling, but a home where parents died and children were born.
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The problem of a person's attitude to the homeland, the small homeland The theme of the homeland is one of the main ones in the work of I.A. Bunin. After leaving Russia, he wrote only about her until the end of his days. The work "Antonov apples" is imbued with sad lyricism. The smell of Antonov apples has become for the author the personification of the motherland. Russia is shown by Bunin as diverse, contradictory, where the eternal harmony of nature is combined with human tragedies.
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The problem of loneliness in the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky It seems to me that sometimes the person himself is guilty of loneliness, having separated himself, like Rodion Raskolnikov, the hero of Dostoevsky's novel, by pride, the desire for power or crime. You have to be open, kind, then there will be people who will save you from loneliness. The sincere love of Sonya Marmeladova saves Raskolnikov, gives hope for the future.
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The problem of mercy, humanism. The pages of works of Russian literature teach us to be merciful to those who, due to various circumstances or social injustice, found themselves at the bottom of life or in a difficult situation. The lines of A.S. Pushkin's story "The Stationmaster", telling about Samson Vyrin, showed for the first time in Russian literature that any person deserves sympathy, respect, compassion, no matter what step of the social ladder he is.
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The problem of mercy, humanism in the story of M.A. Sholokhov "The Fate of Man". The eyes of the soldier, "sprinkled with ashes," saw the grief of the little man, the Russian soul did not harden from countless losses and showed mercy.
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The problem of honor, conscience In Russian literature there are many great works that can educate a person, make him better. For example, in the story of A.S. Pushkin's "The Captain's Daughter" Pyotr Grinev goes through the path of trials, mistakes, the path of knowing the truth, comprehending wisdom, love and mercy. It is no coincidence that the author precedes the story with an epigraph: "Take care of honor from a young age."
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The problem of honor and dishonor In Leo Tolstoy's novel War and Peace, Pierre Bezukhov challenged Dolokhov to a duel, defending his honor and dignity. Dining at the table with Dolokhov, Pierre was very tense. He was worried about the relationship between Helen and Dolokhov. And when Dolokhov made his toast, Pierre's doubts began to overcome even more. And then, when Dolokhov snatched out a letter intended for Bezukhov, there was a challenge to a duel.
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The problem of honor, conscience The problem of conscience is one of the main ones in VG Rasputin's story "Live and Remember". Meeting with her husband - a deserter becomes for the main character, Nastya Guskova, both joy and torment. Before the war, they dreamed of a child, and now, when Andrei is forced to hide, fate gives them such a chance. Nastena, on the other hand, feels like a criminal, because the pangs of conscience cannot be compared with anything, so the heroine commits a terrible sin - she throws herself into the river, destroying herself and the unborn child.
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The problem of moral choice between good and evil, lies and truth The hero of Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" Rodion Raskolnikov is obsessed with a diabolical idea. “Am I a trembling creature, or do I have a right?” he asks. There is a struggle between dark and light forces in his heart, and only through blood, murder and terrible spiritual torment does he come to the truth that not cruelty, but love, mercy can save a person.
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The problem of the moral choice between good and evil, lies and truth Pyotr Petrovich Luzhin, the hero of the novel "Crime and Punishment" is an acquirer, a business man. This is a scoundrel by conviction, putting only money at the forefront. This hero is a warning to us, living in the 21st century, that forgetfulness of eternal truths always leads to disaster.
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Problems of cruelty, betrayal in the modern world The heroine of the story V.P. Astafieva "Lyudochka" came to the city to work. She was brutally abused, and a close friend betrayed and did not protect. And the girl suffers, but does not find sympathy either from her mother or from Gavrilovna. The human circle did not become saving for the heroine, and she committed suicide.
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The problem of the cruelty of the modern world, people. The lines of Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" teach us a great truth: cruelty, murder, "blood according to conscience", invented by Raskolnikov, is absurd, because only God can give life or take it away. Dostoevsky tells us that to be cruel, to violate the great commandments of kindness and mercy, means to destroy one's own soul.
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The problem of true and false values. Let us recall the immortal lines of "Dead Souls" by N.V. Gogol, when Chichikov at the governor's ball chooses who to approach - the "thick" or "thin". The hero strives only for wealth, and at any cost, so he joins the "fat", where he finds all the familiar faces. This is his moral choice, which determines his future destiny.
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The problem of kindness, sincerity in the work of L.N. Tolstoy Kindness in a person must be brought up from childhood. This feeling should be an integral part of the personality. All this is embodied in the image of the main character of the novel "War and Peace" Natalia Rostova.
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The problem of the moral soul, the inner spiritual world A truly rich and complete inner world is made by the moral qualities of a person. Man is part of nature. If he lives in harmony with it, then he subtly feels the beauty of the world, knows how to convey it. Andrei Bolkonsky in the novel by L.N. Tolstoy "War and Peace".
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The problem of self-sacrifice, compassion, mercy Sonya Marmeladova, the heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's Crime and Punishment is the embodiment of humility and Christian love for one's neighbor. The basis of her life is self-sacrifice. In the name of love for her neighbor, she is ready for the most unbearable suffering. It is Sonya who carries within herself the truth that Rodion Raskolnikov must come to through painful searches. With the power of her love, the ability to endure any torment, she helps him overcome himself and take a step towards resurrection.
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Problems of self-sacrifice, love for people; indifference, cruelty In the story of the Russian writer Maxim Gorky "Old Woman Izergil" the image of Danko is striking. This is a romantic hero who sacrificed himself for the sake of people. He led the people through the forest with calls to defeat the darkness. But weak people began to lose heart and die along the way. Then they accused Danko of ineptly managing them. And in the name of his great love for people, he tore his chest, took out his burning heart and ran forward, holding it like a torch. People ran after him and overcame a difficult road, forgetting their hero, and Danko died.
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Problems of fidelity, love, devotion, self-sacrifice. In the story "Garnet Bracelet" A.I. Kuprin consider this problem through the image of Zheltkov. His whole life was in Vera Sheina. As a sign of his fiery love, Zheltkov gives the most precious thing - a garnet bracelet. But the hero is by no means pathetic, and the depth of his feelings, the ability to sacrifice himself deserves not only sympathy, but also admiration. Zheltkov rises above the whole society of the Sheins, where true love would never have arisen.
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Problems of compassion, mercy, self-confidence The heroine of the novel by F.M. Dostoevsky's "Crime and Punishment" Sonya Marmeladova, with her compassion, saves Rodion Raskolnikov from spiritual death. She achieves that he makes a confession, and then goes with him to hard labor, with her love helping Rodion to regain his lost faith.
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The problem of compassion, mercy, fidelity, faith, love Compassion and mercy are important components of the image of Natasha Rostova. Natasha, like no one else in the novel, knows how to give people happiness, love selflessly, giving all of herself without a trace. It is worth remembering how the author describes it in the days of separation from Prince Andrei: “Natasha did not want to go anywhere and, like a shadow, idle and dull, she walked around the rooms ...”. She is life itself. Even the endured trials did not harden the soul, but strengthened it.
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The problem of Callous and callous attitude towards a person main character works of A. Platonov "Yushka". He is only forty years old, but to those around him he seems to be a deep old man. An incurable disease aged him prematurely. Callous, soulless and cruel people surround him: children laugh at him, and adults, when they have trouble, take out their anger on him. They ruthlessly mock a sick person, beat him, humiliate him. Scolding for disobedience, adults frighten children by the fact that when they grow up, they will become like Yushka.
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The problem of human spirituality Alyoshka, the hero of A. Solzhenitsyn's story "One Day in the Life of Ivan Denisovich", is just an example spiritual man. He went to prison because of his faith, but he did not give it up, on the contrary, this young man stood up for his truth and tried to convey it to other prisoners. Not one of his days passed without reading the Gospel, rewritten in an ordinary notebook.
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Problems of bribery, philistinism A striking example is the heroes of N. V. Gogol's comedy "The Government Inspector". For example, the mayor Skvoznik - Dmukhanovsky, a bribe taker and embezzler who deceived three governors in his lifetime, was convinced that any problems can be solved with the help of money and the ability to "splurge"
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As an art form, fiction reveals many moral, spiritual and social problems of an individual and society as a whole. This is both the main landmark of literature and its moral core is always in the spotlight.
Moral problems of literature
It is possible to single out those moral problems that literature focuses on most often. Everyone knows about the eternity of the question of good and evil, about the question of human dignity and conscience, the fiction of all times and peoples raises the question of justice, honor and virtue.
There is always a problem life choice, which is not easy for literary heroes - just like people in real life. The moral quest of this or that nation is always displayed in the literature of a certain nation, and therefore the ideals of a person can be revealed from completely different moral sides.
Whatever time period literature belongs to, it is always saturated with the solution of problems of a moral nature. And the problem of any nature - social or psychological - is considered from this side. The moral quests of the main characters reflect the main moral problems of a particular period.
The hero of a work of art, his character, actions
Most often, the definition of the hero of a work of art sounds like "the spokesman for the plot action." And it is through the hero that the key content of a literary work is revealed, since his character, his choices and actions testify to which side of morality the author wants to show us.
Revealing and drawing our attention to the character traits of a literary hero, the author shows the main idea of the work, and emphasizes a certain theme, of which there may be several in the work. Thus, the main lessons of morality that the author laid down in his creation become clear to us; using the example of the hero, we are better aware of them.
Techniques for creating character in epic, lyric and drama
The manner in which the personality and character of the protagonist in a work is revealed depends on the genre. In the epic, a person is portrayed to a greater extent through his actions and behavior. In this genre, the characterization of the hero by the author himself is also appropriate. For drama, this is not so typical, the drama reveals the character through the actions and speech of the hero, through his differences from other people.
In this, it is very different from the epic, which forms the character in a completely different way. In the center of the drama there can be only one problem, which reveals the moral bottom of the hero. And his choice speaks for itself, it is one specific act or decision that will show the true character of the main character.
And in the lyrics of the hero, it is most often shown through feelings and experiences, through filling his inner world. Understanding what exactly the hero is experiencing, what emotions he shows, the reader realizes his true nature and recognizes his real face.
The concepts of "morality" and "spirituality" are not static. Centuries are changing, life, way of life, mentality of people are changing. At the same time, the idea of morality, its limits and priorities are also changing. This is a completely normal process. They are ruled by evolution. But what we are seeing now is not just evolution. This is a real crisis of morality in our once spiritually rich country.
The biggest problem of education is the disinterest of society in the spiritual and moral education of children. The lack of interest in culture and morality in families cuts off the process of educating morality and spirituality in the younger generation. The loss of moral guidelines led to the search for artificially created false values. The problem of the moral upbringing of children lies in the upbringing of their parents.
How did we get there
When any political system collapses, ideals, goals, social guidelines fall along the chain behind it. This has already happened in our country. Suffice it to recall the first time after the revolution of 1917. Everything that we believed in collapsed overnight. The country did not need spirituality- we needed working hands, strength, teamwork. The country was going through a severe spiritual crisis until it got stronger, the old guidelines were replaced by new ones. Society began to see a new person- as an honest, hard-working, kind, self-sacrificing patriot of his Motherland.
The fall of the USSR, the events of the 90s led the people in a similar scenario. But unlike the post-revolutionary time, people were not given anything to replace the fallen ideology. Nothing but rivers of informational garbage that rushed to us from under the raised "Iron Curtain". Never before has our country experienced something like this - young people were ashamed of their roots, their folk culture. Children's folk groups were empty. Propaganda of American culture and the Western way of life rained down from the televisions. “American fight, I’ll leave with you,” the then popular group “Combination” sang, they also sang “Once, I went for a walk with a foreigner.” They sang, we sang along. “Mom, don’t cry, I love Russian” - this is the text of the singer Carolina. It's just little bit of a big problem, the one that comprehended our society. Survival, race for profit, mafia clashes. Gang leaders instead of Robin Hood, jeans instead of a dress, inflated breasts instead of a modest blush. Children grew up on this. This is not their fault, but the imprint of the era in the soul, like a brand. Today these children are the parents of those whom we see in kindergartens and schools.. Where are the morals, you ask?
Problems of spiritual and moral education of children
The moral education of children begins with the family, since birth. No matter how great the role of educational institutions is, the foundation of morality and spirituality is laid by parents from the very moment of birth. Family mentality, cultural level, religious affiliation and the degree of depth of her beliefs - this is what a small citizen of his country will carry with him through life.
The desire for everything beautiful is inherent in us by nature. No one is born evil - that's a fact. Each baby is initially kind, open and ready to embrace the whole world. He does not know what money is, he is not interested in expensive clothes along with the wonders of technology. All a child needs is food, warmth, drink, soft bed, mother, loving people around. You cannot find a more moral and spiritual creature than a child of 3 years old. It already has everything: philanthropy, striving for beauty, healthy modesty and a desire to care. All it takes is don't let the child "spoil", show on own example correct directions. But what do children see at home:
- Angry at life and at each other, parents;
- Holidays, the crown of which is alcohol in the company of an abundance of food;
- foul language;
- Television promoting violence consumer attitude, illiteracy;
- The priority of the material over the spiritual.
Moral education is an external process. Spirituality is born and develops within. On the core of human qualities already laid down from birth, like a ball, experience is wound, experiences from what he saw and heard. Despite the fact that even younger students are at the heart of educational work, not all teachers fully understand what “morality and spirituality” is. Not all teachers (to be honest) are best example morality.
If we talk about an example, then it can become both a powerful tool in moral education and its first main enemy. Who sets an example for a child? Parents, teachers, relatives, high school students, popular personalities, characters in films and cartoons. You don't have to be a psychologist to analyze what our children see and hear.
Problems of morality among young people
The consumer age has given rise to a consumer society. Everything is bought and sold, even what should be unshakable and priceless. Young people are at the epicenter of this consumer whirlpool. Modern problems of moral education originate in everything that surrounds teenagers:
- A television. An endless stream of information with a minus sign is pouring from the TV screens. From the simplest cartoons and series to full-fledged ones feature films. Whatever the noble plot, the background passes:
- violence;
- sex;
- aggression;
- selfishness;
- consumerism;
- lust for power.
Superheroes, seemingly positive characters, have a number of flaws, bad habits, and sometimes use foul language. The image of a woman in modern (teenage) films is a completely anti-feminine figure. The image of a woman, mother and wife, is always distorted to the point of disgrace. The mother figure is often presented as unkempt, ugly, almost always shapeless. In place of femininity exhibited sexuality, promiscuity. Being sexy, looking sexy, and driving you crazy is what cinema broadcasts. This is what girls want to be.
- Press. All kinds of women's magazines pay so little attention to true women's issues, but so much advertising (revenue above all). From each page, directly or indirectly, products are offered, without which, as they say, we cannot be beautiful, loved, desired, successful and famous. The intimate secrets of the stars are raised, the press applauds scandals, divorces, intimate adventures. The press gives what people want to read - yes, but it was she who "hooked" the people on yellow and dirty gossip.
- Experience from childhood. Today's student youth are almost all the children of those who survived the collapse of the USSR at a young age. Loss of landmarks, the fall of culture, the collapse of values. The ground has been pulled out from under people's feet. There was no stability, no confidence. Creating families, young parents no longer knew what to teach their young children. There was no time to raise them - the struggle for survival set harsh conditions - the children were left to anyone - parents had to work. Today it is our student youth. They are kind and good, but there is a gap in their childhood past - they did not see a full-fledged upbringing in the family, so they cannot feel the value of the family.
Problems of spiritual and moral education from the point of view of the church
The atheistic views of the post-revolutionary Soviet period changed the spiritual and moral state of society. The Orthodox Church sees the future of Russia in children and youth, which means that the problems of educating young people should be considered as global problems.
Despite the fact that the Russian people, generation after generation, were brought up in the spirit of morality, high culture, a sense of honor and mercy, orientation towards Western culture is increasingly common among young people. Not even on the culture itself, but on the modern paraphernalia of ostentatious European life.
The main problems of the implementation of spiritual and moral education, the church highlights:
- The absence in the country of a system of public spiritual and moral education and a structured curriculum that includes components of Orthodoxy;
- The problem of limited representation of folk culture and tradition;
- Lack of methodology of Orthodox culture;
- Destruction of the traditional way of life, perversion of the family model;
- The unpreparedness of the majority of the inhabitants of Russia to accept the spiritual part of traditional culture;
- political problem. Penetration into the spiritual and moral culture of the elements of Western ideology;
- Economic problem. Lack of funds for the development and creation of educational methodological products for the spiritual education of children (teenagers).
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| Problem | Thesis | |
| What is conscience? | Conscience is the ability to independently formulate moral duties for oneself, to demand from oneself their fulfillment and to make a self-assessment of the actions performed. | |
| V.G. Korolenko "Frost" A cart rushes along the forest road. The coachman and the travelers sitting in the wagon see a thin smoke not far from the road, but they do not stop, but go on. And only at night in a dream the hero realizes that there was a man in the forest, wakes up with a groan and sees above him the face of his companion, distorted by pain, who shouts: “Conscience is frozen!” The heroes of the story, showing inattention, did not come to the aid of a person who needed it. Obviously, at this moment they were thinking more about themselves, about their comforts. The realization of guilt came much later. The awakened conscience forces the travelers to make a self-assessment of the act they have committed and pushes Ignatovich, although it is life-threatening and really leads him to death, to go in search of a person freezing in the forest. | ||
| V. Rasputin "Farewell to Matyora" All her life, Daria lived as her father bequeathed to her before her death: "To have a conscience and not to endure from conscience." And in difficult moments of her life, the heroine wants to preserve her conscience in front of the house, in front of her native graves, in front of people and herself. All other feelings follow from this feeling: diligence, patriotism, heroism, responsibility for what is happening around. Conscience allows the old woman Darya to understand the truth that the meaning of life lies in the “need” of people. This is how Daria lived her whole life: people always needed her. | ||
| D.S. Likhachev “Letters about kindness” For his conversations with readers D.S. Likhachev chose the form of letters. In them, he says that the most valuable thing in a person is an unconscious spiritual need to do well, to do good to people. But this need is not always inherent in a person from birth, but is brought up in a person by himself - his determination to live kindly, in truth, that is, according to the dictates of conscience. According to academician Likhachev, conscience always comes from the depths of the soul, conscience “bites” a person and is never false. | ||
| III | ||
| Problem | Thesis | |
| What is honor? | True honor is always in accordance with conscience. | |
| Examples from the literature (argumentation) | ||
| A.S. Pushkin "The Captain's Daughter" As an epigraph to the story of A.S. Pushkin took the words: "Take care of honor from a young age." The problem of honor in the work is closely connected with the image of Pyotr Grinev, who lives and acts at the behest of his heart, and his heart is subject to the laws of honor. The hero several times has to choose between honor and dishonor, and in fact between life and death. After Pugachev pardoned Grinev, he must kiss the hand of the fugitive Cossack, that is, recognize him as king. But Peter didn't. Pugachev gives Grinev a test of compromise, trying to get a promise "at least not to fight" against him. However, the hero remains faithful to honor and duty: “Just don’t demand what is contrary to my honor and Christian conscience.” | ||
| D.S. Likhachev "Honor and Conscience" In this article, D.S. Likhachev talks about what external honor and internal honor are. Inner honor is expressed in the fact that a person keeps his word, behaves decently, does not violate ethical standards. Honor, according to the author, obliges a person to think about the honor of the public institution that he represents. There is the honor of the worker: to work without marriage, to strive to create good things. The honor of an administrator is manifested in the ability to keep one's word, fulfill the promise, listen to people's opinion, be able to admit one's mistake in time and correct the mistake made. The honor of a scientist: not to create theories that are not fully confirmed by facts, not to appropriate other people's ideas. The concept of honor is closely related to the concept of dignity. Inner dignity is manifested in the fact that a person will never sink to pettiness in behavior, in conversation, and even in thoughts. | ||
| III | ||
| Problem | Thesis | |
| What is dignity? | Dignity is the wise power to control oneself. | |
| Examples from the literature (argumentation) | ||
| A.P. Chekhov "The Death of an Official" The hero of the story accidentally sneezed in the theater, and the spray fell on the general sitting in front of him. And then the official begins to apologize. At this moment, Chervyakov suffers not from humiliation, but from fear that he may be suspected of unwillingness to humiliate himself. He is unable to control himself, unable to be above fear and stop humiliating himself. At the end of the story, Chervyakov is no longer funny and pitiful, but terrible because he has finally lost his human face, dignity. The general cannot stand the importunity of the official and yells at him. Chervyakov dies. The word "official" in the title of the story gives it a general meaning: we are talking not only about the specific Chervyakov, but also about the slavish psychology of people who do not want to recognize in themselves a person who does not have self-esteem. | ||
| V. A. Sukhomlinsky “How to raise a real person” In one of the chapters of the book, V. A. Sukhomlinsky talks about the dignity of the individual. He argues that the root of human dignity is in noble beliefs and thoughts. In the most difficult circumstances, even when life seems impossible, as the author believes, one should not cross the line beyond which the domination of the mind over our actions ends and the dark element of instincts and selfish motives begins. The nobility of the human personality is expressed in how subtly and wisely a person has managed to determine what is worthy and what is unworthy. | ||
| III | ||
| Problem | Thesis | |
| What is a person's duty? | Duty is one of the manifestations of the greatness of the human spirit. | |
| Examples from the literature (argumentation) | ||
| G. Bocharov “You Won't Die” In the story “You Won't Die,” the doctor, in order to save the life of a child, begins a direct blood transfusion, that is, he gives his blood. The author interrupts the course of the story with a discussion about what duty is. Bocharov describes an incident that took place in the city of Omsk. An appeal sounded from the television screens: the injured person urgently needs blood. And then 320 people arrived at the hospital in 30 minutes. People abandoned the warmth and comfort of their apartments, abandoned their business and hurried to help a person in trouble. Reflecting on why they did this in this situation, Bocharov comes to the conclusion that all these people acted from their moral ideas about duty, that their conscience was their highest controller. And for a doctor who gave blood to a child, his moral duty was repeatedly strengthened by his professional duty. | ||
| V. A. Sukhomlinsky "How to raise a real person" Sukhomlinsky in the book writes that life would turn into chaos if there were no such thing as human duty. A clear understanding and strict observance of duty to other people is for a person his true freedom. Sukhomlinsky argues that the moral devastation and corruption of a person begins with the fact that a person does not do what needs to be done. If a person does not keep his desires in check and does not subordinate them to duty, then he turns into a weak-willed being. Duty acts as a wise ruler in the most seemingly insignificant deeds Everyday life, such as whether a person will give up his seat in an elevator, a bus to an elderly person and to great responsibility for the fate of another person, for the fate of the Motherland. Forgetfulness of duty in small matters can lead to forgetfulness in matters of great and great importance, and this can lead to great human grief. | ||
| IV | ||
| Problem | Thesis | |
| In what and how is the mercy of man manifested? | Mercy is the willingness to help someone or forgive someone out of compassion, philanthropy. | |
| Examples from the literature (argumentation) | ||
| A. Kuprin "The Miraculous Doctor" The lack of livelihood, the illness of a child, the inability to do anything to help the closest, dearest people - such tests fell on Mertsalov's lot. He was seized with despair, and the thought of suicide appeared in his head. However, a miracle happened in the life of Mertsalov and his family. This miracle was performed by a passer-by - a man with a sensitive heart and an attentive look turned to other people. Dr. Pirogov, after listening to the story of Mertsalov, who got into trouble, showed mercy. He came to his aid both in word and deed. And although examples of such “miracles” in real life are quite rare, they leave hope for support from others and suggest that one should not lose heart, one must deal with circumstances and, at the first opportunity, reach out to someone who is now worse than you. | ||
| G. Bocharov "You will not die" This essay describes dramatic events. The boy fell from a great height onto the bank of the river. Various people come to help Vita, who is in trouble: the driver of the huge Colchis, a doctor who donates his blood. The noble deeds of these people speak of their mercy. According to G. Bocharov, mercy does not exist by itself, it is "melted" from other human feelings. Mercy is the sum of such qualities as kindness, nobility, determination, will. Without these components, there is not and cannot be mercy, but only beautiful and helpless compassion. In our energetic age, mercy is above all an action. An action to save someone who is in trouble. | ||
| V | ||
| Problem | Thesis | |
| The problem of human moral responsibility. | Man is responsible for his actions and for everything that happens on Earth. | |
| Examples from the literature (argumentation) | ||
| M.A. Bulgakov "The Master and Margarita" One of the most important problems raised by M.A. Bulgakov in the novel is the problem of a person's moral responsibility for his actions. It is most clearly revealed through the image of Pontius Pilate. The Roman procurator has no desire to ruin the life of a wandering philosopher. However, fear, born of the need to follow the interests of the state, and not the truth, ultimately determines the choice of Pontius Pilate. By departing from Yeshua, the procurator destroys both himself and his soul. That is why, driven into a corner by the need to put to death a wandering philosopher, he says to himself: "We perished!". Pontius Pilate perishes with Yeshua, perishes as a free person. He is punished by the memory of mankind and languishes alone for twelve thousand moons. | ||
| G. Baklanov "Responsibility" G. Baklanov in his article writes that a person endowed with talent bears great responsibility for what is given to him by nature. He has no right to squander his abilities and must increase them by his own labor. And then the writer reflects on the fact that there are discoveries that from the very beginning pose the question to the scientist: “What do you bring good or destruction to people?” Thus, G. Baklanov claims that scientists are responsible to humanity for their inventions. Each person, according to the writer, is responsible for the air surrounding our planet, for the oceans, for forests and rivers, for everything that lives in them. A person cannot transfer this responsibility to anyone, since only he alone is endowed with a higher power: the power of reason, which means that his actions must be reasonable and humane. It should not be assumed that responsibility comes to a person only along with the work entrusted to him. Responsibility must be cultivated in oneself, starting from childhood, otherwise one will not learn this feeling even in adulthood. | ||
IV. Workshop: "Writing an essay"
Lesson number 1. How to work with text when writing an essay?
There are many techniques that will help you work on an essay. We offer one of the options for preparatory work with the text.
I. Read the text.
(1) Clutching the pitchfork in her hand, Maria threw back the lid of the manhole and recoiled. (2) On the earthen floor of the cellar, leaning against a low tub, sat a living German soldier. (3) At some elusive moment, Maria noticed that the German was afraid of her, and realized that he was unarmed.
(4) Hatred and hot, blind anger swept over Mary, squeezed her heart, rushed to her throat with nausea. (5) A scarlet mist covered her eyes, and in this thin mist she saw a silent crowd of farmers, and Ivan swaying on a poplar branch, and bare feet Fena hanging on a poplar tree, and a black noose on Vasyatka's baby neck, and them, the executioners - fascists, dressed in gray uniforms with a black ribbon on their sleeves. (6) Now here, in her, Mary's, cellar, lay one of them, a half-crushed, unfinished bastard, dressed in the same gray uniform, with the same black ribbon on his sleeve, on which the same alien, incomprehensible, hooked letters were silver. ..
(7) Here is the last step. (8) Mary stopped. (9) She took another step forward, the German boy moved.
(10) Maria raised her pitchfork high, turned slightly away so as not to see the terrible thing she had to do, and at that moment she heard a quiet, stifled cry, which seemed to her like thunder:
Mother! Ma-a-ma...
(11) A weak cry with many hot knives dug into Mary's chest, pierced her heart, and the short word "mother" made her shudder from unbearable pain. (12) Mary dropped her pitchfork, her legs buckled. (13) She fell to her knees and, before losing consciousness, she saw close, close, light blue, boyish eyes wet with tears ...
(14) She woke up from the touch of the wet hands of the wounded. (15) Choking with sobs, he stroked her hand and said something in his own language, which Mary did not know. (16) But by the expression of his face, by the movement of his fingers, she understood that the German was talking about himself: that he had not killed anyone, that his mother was the same as Maria, a peasant woman, and his father had recently died near the city of Smolensk, that he himself, having barely finished school, was mobilized and sent to the front, that he had never been in a single battle, he only brought food to the soldiers.
(17) Mary silently wept. (18) The death of her husband and son, the theft of the farmers and the death of the farm, martyr days and nights in the cornfield - everything that she experienced in her heavy loneliness broke her, and she wanted to cry out her grief, tell a living person about it, the first, whom she met for everything last days. (19) And although this man was dressed in a gray, hated form of the enemy, he was seriously wounded, moreover, he turned out to be just a boy and - apparently - could not be a murderer. (20) And Mary was horrified that a few minutes ago, holding a sharp pitchfork in her hands and blindly obeying the feeling of anger and revenge that had seized her, she herself could kill him. (21) After all, only holy word“mother”, that prayer that this unfortunate boy put into his quiet, choking cry, saved him.
(22) With a careful touch of her fingers, Maria unbuttoned the German's bloodied shirt, tore it slightly, and exposed her narrow chest. (23) There was only one wound on her back, and Maria realized that the second fragment of the bomb did not come out, sat somewhere in her chest.
(24) She squatted next to the German and, supporting his hot back of the head with her hand, gave him milk to drink. (25) Without releasing her hand, the wounded man sobbed.
(26) And Mary understood, could not help but understand that she is the last person whom the German doomed to death sees in his life, that in these bitter and solemn hours of his farewell to life in her, in Mary, everything that is still connects him with people - mother, father, sky, sun, native German land, trees, flowers, the whole huge and beautiful world, which is slowly leaving the consciousness of the dying. (27) And his thin, dirty hands outstretched to her, and the fading look full of prayer and despair - Mary understood this too - express the hope that she is able to defend his passing life, drive away death ...
(According to V. Zakrutkin)
II. Find key phrases that will help you identify the issue raised by the author in the text and their position.
Write out these phrases, for example:
1) ... hatred and blind malice ...
2) ... a weak cry of many knives dug into the chest ...
3) ... after all, only the holy word "mother" ...
4) ... sat down next to me ... gave me milk to drink ...
III. Analyze your notes. Think about the problem the author raises in the text you read. Formulate and write down this problem, for example: Revenge or non-revenge?
IV. Determine the position of the author, that is, his opinion on the issue raised. From the fifth (5) sentence of the text, it is clear that the desire for revenge is a feeling that is difficult to resist. This is one of the views of the author, but gradually he leads the reader to the idea that the defeated enemy has the right to a humane treatment. Make a note in which indicate the position of the author.
VI. Think about what kind of introduction you can use. The most advantageous is the analytical introduction. It immediately declares you as a person who knows how to think logically competently. The essence of such an introduction is reduced to the analysis of the central concept of the topic of the essay.
VII. Make a plan. Try to keep it detailed and help you write an essay. For example:
Introduction:
What is revenge?
Main part:
1) "Kill the killer" "in the name of higher justice."
2) short word"Mother"...
3) Mary's humanistic choice.
Conclusion:
Revenge or non-revenge?
VIII. Based on the plan, write an essay.
Here is an example of such an essay. Of course, yours may be completely different. It all depends on your point of view, as well as reading and life experience.
Introduction
What is revenge?
Offended human dignity, cruelty can cause a response - revenge. What is revenge? This is the intentional infliction of evil in order to repay the insult, resentment. But not everything is so simple, because revenge is the most complex and controversial phenomenon in the life of society.
Main part
1) "Kill the killer" "in the name of higher justice."
Revenge or refusal to take revenge - this is the main problem of the text I read.
“The scarlet fog covered her eyes, and in this thin fog she saw ... Ivan swaying on a poplar branch, and Fen hanging on the poplar bare feet, and a black noose on Vasyatka’s baby neck.” After reading this sentence, I understand that the author considers the desire to avenge the death of loved ones a feeling that is difficult to resist. And his heroine lifts the pitchfork...
2) The short word "mom" ...
But at the last moment, Maria hears a strangled cry: “Mom!” Why did the author put this particular word into the wounded German? Of course, this was not done by chance. Only a terrified boy can scream like that. At the same time, Maria, having heard the word "mother", understands that before her is a helpless person, and she must be merciful.
3) Mary's humanistic choice.
And the heroine makes a choice. And this choice coincides with the position of the author: a defeated, and therefore no longer a dangerous enemy, has the right to a humane attitude.
This position has been close to me since the time when I read L.N. Tolstoy’s book “War and Peace”
Russian soldiers warm and feed Rambal and Morel, and they, embracing them, sing a song. And it seems that the stars are happily whispering to each other. Perhaps they admire the nobility of the Russian soldiers, who chose sympathy for the defeated enemy instead of revenge.
However, it is worth noting that the problem of revenge is connected not only with military events and exists not only in the world of adults. Revenge or not taking revenge is a choice that each of us can face. In this regard, I recall the story of V. Soloukhin "Avenger". In the soul of the hero-narrator there is a struggle between the desire to take revenge and the unwillingness to beat a gullible friend. As a result, the hero manages to break the vicious circle, and the soul becomes easy.
Conclusion
Revenge or non-revenge?
So revenge or refuse revenge? I think that a defeated, resigned enemy should be forgiven, remembering that "drying one tear is more valor than shedding a whole sea of blood."
IX. Remove plan points from the text of the essay. Reread the essay. Make sure that you have a logically connected text of the essay and that you have managed to prove your ideas and formulate a conclusion. Check the spelling of your text. Rewrite the essay cleanly. Check again what is written, pay attention to the observance of grammatical, punctuation, lexical norms.
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