The effectiveness of social control is ensured mainly. cultural universals. Types of social mobility
Part 1
Establish a correspondence between examples and types of social mobility to which they refer: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
A) Alexey transferred from the Faculty of Biology of the University to the Faculty of Chemistry.
B) Engineer Semyon was appointed head of the department.
C) Student Olga married her classmate, who belongs to
to the same social stratum as her.
D) Entrepreneur Ivan went bankrupt.
E) Catherine joined the Society for the Protection of Nature.
TYPES OF SOCIAL MOBILITY
1. horizontal
2. vertical
1-A,C,D 2-B,G
Choose the correct judgments about the socialization of the individual and write down digital R s under which they are listed.
1) The socialization of the individual always occurs spontaneously.
2) Socialization is the assimilation by an individual of social values, norms and patterns of behavior.
3) The agents of the primary socialization of the individual are his immediate environment: family, friends, peers.
4) The agents of socialization are always responsible for the assimilation by the individual of the norms and values developed by the collective consciousness.
5) As a result of socialization, people accumulate social experience of life in a particular society.
Find a concept that generalizes to all the other concepts of the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.
1) Demographic group; 2) professional group; 3) small group; 4) large group; 5) social group.
Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of "social control". Find two terms that “drop out” of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
1) Comment; 2) sanction; 3) social norm; 4) political ideology; 5) condemnation; 6) spiritual culture.
Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
“Sociologists emphasize that social (A) can only be effective if it adheres to the “golden mean” between freedom of choice and
(B) for him. The effectiveness of social control is ensured mainly not due to coercion, but due to the presence of common values, established among people, and stability (B).
It should also distinguish between internal and external social control. In science, external control is understood as a set of social (G) that regulate the activities of people.
Excessively strong, petty social control, as a rule, leads to negative results. A person can completely lose the initiative and (D) when making decisions. Therefore, especially in modern society, it is important to form internal control in people, or (E)”.
list of those R mines:
1) responsibility 2) society 3) control 4) authority 5) citizen 6) mechanism 7) independence 8) self-control 9) status
Part 2
DEFINITION
What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "small group"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the types of small groups, and one sentence revealing distinguishing feature families as a small group.
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: a small group is a stable association of people connected by joint activities;
2) one sentence containing information about the types of small groups, for example: Small groups are divided into formal and informal;
3) one sentence that reveals the distinctive feature of the family as a small group, for example: Family members as a small group are connected by a common life, mutual care.
What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "worldview"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences: one sentence containing information about the levels of worldview, and one sentence revealing any function of the worldview in a person's life.
The correct answer must contain the following elements:
1) the meaning of the concept, for example: a system of views, assessments, norms and attitudes that determine the relationship of a person to society and nature, to himself;
(Another definition or explanation of the meaning of the concept that is close in meaning may be given.)
2) one sentence with information about the levels of worldview, based on the knowledge of the course, for example: There are ordinary-practical and theoretical levels of worldview;
(Another sentence can be made containing information about worldview levels ;)
3) one sentence, revealing, based on the knowledge of the course, any function of the worldview, for example: Worldview is the basis of a person's self-assessment and his assessment of events and processes of the surrounding reality.
ILLUSTRATIONS
Name any three agents of socialization and illustrate the action of each of them with an example.
In the correct answer, the following agents of socialization can be named and illustrated:
1) family: (In the family, Lena learned the basic rules of polite treatment.)
2) school: (Students of the 2nd grade, taking part in school patriotic holidays, learned to respect the heroic past of their country.)
3) mass media. (Reading articles on socio-political topics helped Nastya to form her conscious civic position.)
Under social control is understood as the whole set of norms that determine human behavior in society, streamline the relationship between people. We have already said above that social control is a special social institution that ensures compliance with norms.
A number of researchers emphasize that social control includes the ways in which society leads citizens to normal behavior.
Social control is carried out in the following forms:
1) coercion;
2) the influence of public opinion;
3) regulation in social institutions;
4) group pressure.
How effective are these forms? As practice shows, far from always coercion, tough police measures applied to the offender contribute to the correction of behavior. It becomes much more effective for a person to make an independent conscious choice of behavior that meets the norms and take responsibility for it.
Sociologists emphasize that social control can be effective only if it adheres to the "golden mean" between freedom of choice and responsibility for it. The effectiveness of social control is ensured mainly not due to coercion, but due to the presence of common values established among people and the stability of society.
It should also be highlighted interior And external social control. External control is understood in science as a set of social mechanisms that regulate people's activities. External control can be formal and informal. Formal is based on instructions, prescriptions, regulations; informal control is based on the reactions of others and is not formalized.
Excessively strong, petty social control, as a rule, leads to negative results. A person can completely lose the initiative and independence in making decisions. Moreover, if external control weakens for any reason, a person may lose the ability to control his behavior altogether. Therefore, especially in modern society, it is important to form internal control or self-control in people.
Internal social control is carried out by the person himself and is self-control aimed at harmonizing his behavior with accepted norms. Regulation is carried out with the help of guilt, shame. Man's own conscience becomes the law.
Signs of social control:
1) orderliness, categoricalness and formality: social norms are often applied to a person without taking into account his personal characteristics, in other words, a person must accept the norms only because he is a member of this society;
2) connection with sanctions - punishments for violation of norms and rewards for their observance;
3) collective implementation of social control (the system of social control is simply impossible without the existence of a social group and an individual as its member).
Most Russians are quite liberal in everything that concerns their personal success in life. But they are quite conservative when it comes to the role of the state in the domestic and foreign policy. Such sentiments were revealed by the scientists of the Institute of Sociology of the Russian Academy of Sciences, who will present today the report "Civil Activism: New Subjects of Socio-Political Activity". Regardless of the value orientations of Russians, their civic activity in society is changing qualitatively, requiring reciprocal steps from the authorities towards dialogue.
Democratic institutions "are dissatisfied with a significant part of the population not only in Russia, but also in many developed countries," Vladimir Petukhov, one of the report's authors and head of the Center for Comprehensive Social Research, explained to Kommersant. But "compatriots have no total disappointment either in the Russian, very imperfect version of democracy, let alone in democratic values," he asserts.
There is disappointment in the active parties, as well as in the "same" political leaders who have been irremovable for more than 20 years. There is distrust in the institutions of power, the inefficiency of which everyone could see from their own experience. Because of this, civic activity is growing in the country, sociologists were convinced (the study was conducted in March 2014 with the support of the Institute for Socio-Economic and Political Research).
Sociologists have not found strong evidence for the stereotype that "Russian society, which has experienced post-totalitarian trauma, is apathetic, inert, and paternalistically oriented." According to their polls, 37% of Russians are focused "on initiative, the ability to achieve success, self-esteem, rationality, willingness to cooperate, desire for change." Sustainability, "stability, reproduction of oneself in an unchanged form and a negative attitude towards change" is characteristic of 29% of citizens.
True, Russians adhere to the liberal values of "individualism, nonconformism, entrepreneurship" "in achieving their own life goals." In assessing the role of the state within the country and abroad, the liberals make up 8%, and the statesmen-statesmen - 56%. According to sociologists, "the demand for a 'strong hand' and the development of one's own statehood as opposed to an orientation toward an alliance with Western countries" is obvious. But this does not mean a request to "tighten the screws". The sovereigns are sure that a "strong state" must ensure "the equality of all citizens before the law and the "rules of the game" binding on all."
A typical active Russian, as sociologists have revealed, is a person under the age of 30, who has a higher education and lives in a large regional or regional center, who considers himself to be in the middle strata of society and quite often (at least once a week) uses social media. A typical inert Russian is a resident of the regional center over the age of 60, who has a secondary specialized education and has retired, who considers himself to be in the lower strata of society and does not use social networks. This difference "distinctly expresses" the latent "conflict between the 'Soviet' and 'non-Soviet' generations." Sociologists have yet to figure out which generation is more sensitive, for example, to "tightening the screws."
However, despite the difference in "generations" and value orientations, activity in society is growing. At the same time, "non-political and political activism are not opposed, but, on the contrary, complement each other." The vast majority of respondents (79-81%), "participating in the activities of non-political public organizations, are included in one form or another in the political life of the country." In March, 57% of respondents said they were involved in political action to some extent. Of these, 12% have already preferred "active forms of participation" - from online communities of political like-minded people to party membership. Another 45% show interest in politics, but do not go beyond the episodic and mostly "ceremonial" involvement (they discuss politics in their circle and purposefully go to the polls).
Under these conditions, the dialogue between "state institutions and citizens" is extremely important. The latter are active and sometimes resolute in protecting the interests of their home, their court. But dialogue with local governments usually develops after protests. As for politics, according to sociologists, against the background of general disappointment with the current parties, "some kind of "departization" is objectively brewing" political life". The result may be a kind of "social-party holdings" or "parties of the same demand." This could "reduce the severity of the ideological and ideological confrontation" in society by "significantly expanding the socio-political agenda."
It is only important that the authorities and citizens equally perceive the term "dialogue". "This is not talking about "painful things" with someone from the authorities," Vladimir Petukhov explained to Kommersant. According to him, for civil activists "dialogue means an opportunity to put pressure on the government in order to get it to solve urgent problems." Sociologists do not rule out an increase in protest activity, despite its current decline. Moreover, in the course of the polls, it turned out that "the conformism and long-suffering of the Russian hinterland are greatly exaggerated."
"Already today, the readiness to protest in defense of the economic and social rights of citizens is more often expressed by residents of rural settlements (40%) and urban-type settlements (45%)", while among residents of megacities, where the "nuclear" protest electorate prevails, only 26 are ready for this %. But the inhabitants of the outback have "significantly fewer" opportunities to achieve an effect through legal forms of protest. Sociologists do not rule out the return of "such archaic forms of expressing one's discontent as spontaneous riots and pogroms." In addition, polls have shown that "today there is a latent legitimization of radical forms of political struggle - more and more citizens consider the formation of combat detachments an acceptable measure to protect their rights (growth from 25% in 2012 to 28% in 2014)". Sociologists emphasize that "aggressive discourse is no longer perceived as marginal."
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Option number 1
1. What concept does the following definition correspond to: “A set of specific functions that a person in a social group must perform”?
1)
socialization
2)
social norm
3)
social mobility
4)
2. Are the following judgments about social norms correct?
A. Social norms reflect the value representations of society.
B. Traditions and customs are varieties of social norms
only A is correct
only B is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are wrong
3. Write down the word missing in the table.
Type of social relationship
Content
social interaction
Sufficiently regular interdependent social actions of subjects directed at each other
Social
Behavior of individuals, groups when their incompatible views collide
4. Name any three "elevators" of vertical social mobility and illustrate each of them with an example.
5. What function of the family does planning illustrate? family budget?
reproductive
social control
social status
economic
6. Country Z surveyed students in grades 5 and 9 about their attitudes towards reading books.
The results of the survey (in % of the number of respondents) are presented in the table.
Student responses
students
5th grade
students
9th grade
“I read because teachers and parents require it”
"No one wants to read now"
2. Grade 5 students enjoy reading more than Grade 9 students.
3. Interest in reading is instilled mainly by the media.
4. The conclusion that no one needs reading now is made mainly by poorly performing students.
7. Are the following judgments about interethnic relations correct?
The objective trend in the development of interethnic relations in the modern world is
A. the desire to preserve national identity.
B. expansion of relationships in all spheres of public life.
only A is correct
only B is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are wrong
8. When applying for a job, citizen A. filled out a questionnaire in which she indicated that she was a specialist with higher education, comes from a family of employees, is married and has two children. Name one prescribed and two achieved statuses of citizen A., which she noted in the questionnaire. On the example of one of the named achieved statuses, indicate the status rights and obligations.
9. The K. family consists of five people. The husband is in business, the wife is
raising children. What additional information will allow us to conclude that this is a family of a patriarchal (traditional) type?
1) K. - hospitable hosts, in their country house relatives often stop by.
2) K. - the owner of a company selling flowers
3) K.'s family consists of a husband, wife, two daughters and the husband's mother.
4) The husband decides on the preparation and use of the family budget.
10. Find a concept that generalizes to all the other concepts of the series below, and write down the number under which it is indicated.
1) Classroom; 2) labor collective; 3) parental family; 4) socialization agent; 5) MASS MEDIA.
11. Name any three bases of social stratification and illustrate each of them with an example.
13. Read the text below, in which a number of words are missing.
Choose from the proposed list of words that you want to insert in place of the gaps.
“Sociologists emphasize that social __________ (A) can only be effective if it adheres to the “golden mean” between freedom of choice and __________ (B) for it. The effectiveness of social control is ensured mainly not due to coercion, but due to the presence of common values that have established themselves among people, and the stability of __________ (B).
It should also distinguish between internal and external social control. External control is understood in science as a set of social __________ (D) that regulate people's activities. External control can be formal or informal. Formal is based on instructions, prescriptions, __________ (D); informal control is based on the reactions of others and is not formalized.
Excessively strong, petty social control, as a rule, leads to negative results. If external control weakens for any reason, a person may generally lose the ability to control his behavior. Therefore, especially in modern society, it is important to form people's internal control, or __________ (E).”
The words in the list are given in the nominative case. Each word (phrase) can only be used one once.
Choose sequentially one word after another, mentally filling in each gap. Please note that there are more words in the list than you need to fill in the gaps.
List of terms:
1)
responsibility
2)
society
3)
control
4)
voluntariness
5)
production
6)
mechanism
7)
initiative
8)
self-control
9)
normative act
The table below lists the letters that represent the missing words. Write in the table under each letter the number of the word you have chosen.
social norms -
generally recognized or fairly common patterns, rules of human behavior, means of regulating their interaction. They protect public life from chaos and gravity, direct its course in the right direction. Social norms include moral, legal, political, aesthetic, religious, family, corporate, customary norms, etc. Law was formed much later than other normative systems and mainly on their basis. It has become more rigid and purposeful to regulate economic and other relations. Historically, law arises, as it were, to compensate for the “insufficiency” of morality, which is revealed with the emergence of private property and political power. Subsequently, the norms of law and morality were closely intertwined, interacting with other means of social regulation.<…>Therefore, it is very important to identify the close relationship between law and morality.<…>
Lawyers, by the nature of their activities, study, interpret, apply, first of all, legal norms -
this is their speciality. But to assess the behavior of the subjects of legal relations and the correct resolution of emerging conflicts, they constantly turn to ethical criteria, because morality is the basis of law. Russian jurists invariably emphasized that law is legally formalized morality. Right -
a means of realizing the moral and humanistic ideals of society. Law is inconceivable without lessons of morality, morality, ethics.
V.S. Solovyov, for example, defined law as "a coercive requirement for the implementation of a minimum good and order that does not allow a known manifestation of evil."<…>Law and morality differ in the way they are established. Legal norms are created by the state, and only the state (or with its consent by some public organizations) are canceled, supplemented, changed. In this sense, the state is the political creator of law. Therefore, law expresses not just the will of the people, but its state will and acts not just as a regulator, but as a special, state regulator.
(N.I. Matuzov)
1. Give any two functions of social norms named by the author.
2. Name any five types of social norms listed by the author, and give one example of any two of these norms.
3. Based on the text and knowledge of the social science course, name three differences between legal norms and moral norms.
4. Based on the knowledge of the social science course, name three problems, the settlement of which is possible only with the help of law.
Option number 2
1. Means of encouragement or punishment that encourage people to comply with the norms accepted in society are social
1)
sanctions
2)
rules
3)
values
4)
traditions
2. Are the following judgments about social mobility correct?
A. Social revolutions increase social mobility.
B. The social mobility of an individual always leads to an increase in his social status.
only A is correct
only B is correct
both statements are correct
both statements are wrong
3. What is the meaning of social scientists in the concept of "social control"? Drawing on the knowledge of the social science course, make two sentences containing information about social control.
4. Based on social science knowledge, personal experience, model a specific situation illustrating negative deviant behavior. Give three examples of informal negative sanctions that are possible in this case.
5. What characterizes a democratic (partner) family?
unquestioning obedience of the younger to the elders
limiting the role of women to housekeeping
voluntary distribution of responsibilities among family members
cohabitation of several generations of relatives
6. In the course of a sociological survey, girls and boys were asked about the need for marriage. Answer options are given in the table (in % of the number of respondents).
Answer options
How necessary is marriage?
Youths
girls
Very important
71,9
66,4
Not very important
25,8
29,4
Doesn't matter
3,2
4,2
What conclusion can be drawn from the data in the table?
Boys and girls are equally frivolous about marriage.
More than half of young men and women consider the issue of marriage not very important.
Most boys and girls are indifferent to marriage.
Boys, to a greater extent than girls, are convinced of the need for marriage.
7. Are the following judgments about socialization correct?
A. Socialization is a process of assimilation social norms and values.
B. In modern society, the media are one of the most important tools of socialization.
1)
only A is correct
2)
only B is correct
3)
both statements are correct
4)
both statements are wrong
8. Establish a correspondence between examples and types of sanctions: for each position given in the first column, select the corresponding position from the second column.
EXAMPLES
TYPES OF SANCTIONS
A)
demotion
B)
state award
IN)
applause
G)
refusal to shake hands
D)
issuance of a warning by the administration of the enterprise
E)
compliment
1)
formal sanctions
2)
informal sanctions
Write in the table the selected numbers under the corresponding letters.
9. What sign underlies the unification of people in such a social community as the Parisians?
social class
ethnic
demographic
territorial
10. Below is a list of terms. All of them, with the exception of two, relate to the concept of "social control".
1) Comment; 2) sanction; 3) social norm; 4) political ideology; 5) condemnation; 6) spiritual culture.
Find two terms that “drop out” of the general series, and write down the numbers under which they are indicated in the table.
11. Name three characteristics that determine the ethnicity of an individual, and illustrate each of them with an example.
12. You are instructed to prepare a detailed answer on the topic "Socialization of the individual." Make a plan according to which you will cover this topic. The plan must contain at least three points, of which two or more are detailed in sub-points.
